General commentary from participants:

Are the new technological developments, such as web-based tools, contributing to our understanding of spatio-temporal concepts? And what is it about the traditional tools that we generally use to teach spatio-temporal concepts that make it work?
What effect, if any, does the digital age have on the generation that grew up with this technology, and their spatial-reasoning?
Which metaphors work to teach spatio-temporal concepts to students?
What models work to describe spatial and temporal characteristics of a feature?
Formation rate is a complex issue to grasp, that takes a long time to develop, and what can be do to develop spatio-temporal reasoning skills together.
What is the relationship of art (drawing) as a skill-set, and the development of spatial thinking skillset, and how can be improve student observational skills?
How was technology impaired student skill development, like in the case of Petrology where students no longer draw thin slides, and now include pictures taken by the microscope?
Is the lack of proper terminology/language impairing the communication between student and instructor, and the acquisition of new knowledge? The example is that students are unable to communicate whether they have gained an understanding of spatio/temporal skills

Web based GIS is available for everyone! How effective is Web GIS in teaching spatial concepts. Things like Google Earth, Arc GIS online, etc. or, are we just teaching the tools?

Play-doh, pipe cleaners, other physical objects to represent other physical forms. Are some more effective than others? What about technological options?

Are we jumping over the basics when we use technological tools like mapping programs and drones? Are students loosing spatial reasoning by using mapping tools?

How effective are different metaphors for geologic time in getting across the relative differences between different events in earth history? Where do these metaphors fall apart? Time metaphors? Distance metaphors? Activity metaphores?

How can we more effectively teach about rates? About landscape evolution, biological evolution, structure evolution etc. Are there ways to integrate spatial and temporal reasoning into one?

How can we teach how to look at geologic structures to reconstruct their evolutionary history?

How does use of artistic skills (like sketching) help students learn about different aspects of geology? (drawing structures, drawing fossils, etc.) Does drawing help you select the relevant features to show in the drawing, vs. not drawing other less important features.

How do we focus students on observation for scientific purposes?

How do humans process information differently on screens vs on paper or with physical objects? (Maps, digital 3D models, etc.) Same question for photos vs. drawings? Is taking photos helpful or harmful?

How does developing spatial reason relate to our use of language? Do students have the spatial vocabulary to describe what they see in their brains?

What value is there in teaching basic (paper and pencil type) skills to intro students when they are going to abandon that for higher tech computer models in the future?