Water Contamination Demonstration

Dorothy Merritts, Franklin and Marshall College
(dorothy.merritts@fandm.edu) 

Summary: Misplaced Matter and Water Pollution

The drinking water pollution demonstration provides a very simple but dramatic way to get students to think about water contamination and drinking water standards, such as the EPA maximum contaminant levels established under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. The demonstration takes about 10 minutes, and can be followed with a discussion of sources of drinking water, precision and accuracy of measurements of impurities in water (in ppm, ppb, ppt, etc), maximum contaminant levels for different pollutants, different ways to clean-up drinking water sources, and standards for bottled water. 

How to set up the water contamination demonstration

Materials: Seven tall, clear, drinking glasses (preferably identical). Seven straws. A long spoon for stirring. Enough rainwater (e.g., collected from a rain spout) to fill one glass (if not readily available, substitute tap water and tell the students it is rainwater). A bottle of salt. A container of sugar. A bottle of motor oil or transmission fluid. A bottle of store-bought bottled water.

Before class: Place a straw in each glass. Fill one tall drinking glass with rainwater, and fill five other identical glasses with tap water. Label the glasses one through five, starting with the glass containing rainwater as #1. Set the glasses at the front of the room just prior to class. Set a bottle of salt in front of glasses #3 and #4, a container of sugar in front of #5, a bottle of motor oil or transmission fluid in front of #6, and a bottle of store-bought drinking water in front of glass #7.

Tips on how to use the water contamination demonstration in class

At the beginning of the demonstration, explain to students that you have seven glasses, one of which contains rain water, one of which contains commercial bottled water, and 5 others of which contain the same tap water. Tell them that you are going to add different amounts and types of "impurities" to some of the glasses, but the second glass will contain only plain tap water. Add the impurities slowly and with drama, hinting that you will be drinking from the various glasses. In the glass labeled #3, add one teaspoon of salt and stir until it dissolves. In glass #4, add three tablespoons of salt and stir until it dissolves. In glass #5, add one tablespoon of sugar and stir until it dissolves. In glass #6, add one drop of motor oil (or transmission fluid). Fill glass #7 with bottled water purchased at a store.

What is pure water? To begin the interactive part of the demonstration, pick up the glass of rainwater and pose the following question: "Is this rainwater pure and safe to drink?" Someone might request that you define the meaning of pure. Explain that pure water contains no substances other than hydrogen and oxygen. Distilled water is pure water. Although students might guess that rainwater is likely to be pure, you can explain that it probably is not. Because water is a solvent, numerous substances are easily dissolved in it. As rainwater falls from thousands of feet above the Earth, it passes through clouds and atmospheric gases containing industrial pollutants and exhaust fumes. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide and numerous other gases are dissolved by water. If you were to set your glass over a heat source, tiny bubbles might rise to the surface as these gases--less soluble at higher temperatures--escape again to the atmosphere. This can be shown if you use a hot plate during the demonstration.

Which water is safest to drink? Pose the following question to students after discussing the 'purity' of rainwater: "Which of these glasses of water is likely to be the safest to drink, which is least safe to drink, why, and how do you know?" These questions are the crux of the demonstration and can be the basis of a discussion and lecture for the remainder of the class period.

When does an impurity become a contaminant? If the class is small enough, pass around the glasses and encourage students to use their sense of smell (but NOT to drink from any of the glasses)--which one has an offensive odor? They probably would feel safe drinking the rain, bottled, or tap water. All will say with certainty that they would not drink water with even a drop of motor oil, which can be smelled even in such a tiny amount. They might consider drinking the glass with one teaspoon of salt, but would not want to drink the glass with nine times more of the substance, that to which you added 3 tablespoons of salt. Salt is vital to life, as is water, but too much salt can cause illness in human beings, and even cause death. On the other hand, you can point out to them that if it were sugar rather than salt, they might readily add a tablespoon of it to their water, and often do so for example when making a glass of iced tea. As with salt, however, too much sugar might make the drinker feel ill, although it would not be as harmful as too much salt. Explore this dilemma of how to determine how much is too much of something that is safe in certain amounts, but not safe above some level. To make this point even more clearly, you could ask if a glass of water with only a very tiny drop of motor oil would be safe to drink.

To add drama, take a drink from the straw in the glass of low concentration salt water, then pretend to drink from the glass with a higher concentration of salt. Most students will groan or call out not to do it. For even more drama, while drinking from the glass of sugar water, add more and more sugar, taking tiny sips as you do so. As students groan, ask "What is the problem, since sugar is not poisonous, and there is plenty of sugar in sodas that you drink every day?"

Underground chemical storage tanks are one of the greatest sources of groundwater contaminants. More than two million commercial underground storage tanks are known to exist in the United States, and at least 100,000 are known to be leaking at present. Photo by Kevin Svitaana.

Ideas for discussing the water contamination demonstration in class

After completing the demonstration, it is helpful to guide the students in a discussion or lecture that relates the demonstration to geologic processes. Ideas that can be discussed in a post-demonstration debriefing include

• Drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA drinking water standards)
• Groundwater pollution and clean-up
• Surface water pollution and clean-up
• Bottled water standards

This detailed discussion of drinking water sources and standards can be incorporated into a post-demonstration lecture.

References and resources

The Office of Water Quality at the USGS (more info) maintains an excellent database on the quality of the Nation's surface-water and ground-water resources. 

Drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 and its 1986 amendments are listed at (EPA drinking water standards) 

Globalsecurity.org provides an excellent summary of the long history of groundwater contamination and clean-up at the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) on Cape Cod. The MMR is located over the Sagamore Lens, a sole source aquifer that provides drinking water for 200,000 year-round and 500,000 seasonal residents of Cape Cod. This site is a an important case study to explain the legacy of groundwater pollution associated with industrial and military activities of the 19th and 20th centuries. 

The Natural Resources Defense Council provide fact-filled comparisons of the quality of bottled and tap water.