
Scholarly Articles on the Geology of the Beartooth Mountains
As a guide for those who want to dig deeper into the geology of the Beartooth Mountains, here is a bibliography of the historical to current geological literature on the many geologic phenomena covered in this field guide. Hopefully this will help provide a portal for personal discovery, and also a springboard for future development of educational activities, graduate student theses and dissertations, and future scholarly research.
The scientific contributions to geologic understanding is the highest value in recognizing geoheritage sites. Browse through a century of geologic literature that contributed to the understanding of the natural history of the Beartooth Mountains and the evolution of geologic thought. This reference list is a testament to the rich heritage of geoscience research that has been conducted in the Beartooth Mountains for almost a century; to the pioneer geologists who did the really hard work of mapping, classifying and characterizing this rugged country with little logistical support (Lovering, Bucher, James, Hess, Poldervaart and his students, Page, K. Pierce); and to the application of modern geochemical, geochronological, petrological, structural/tectonic, and geophysical studies that have led to our current understanding of geologic history and processes, and as a foundation for next generations of geoscience research in the area.
- Bowes, D.R. and Skinner, W.R., 1969. Geochemical comparison of the Stillwater Complex and alpine-type ultrabasic complexes, Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming:Geological Magazine,v.106, no. 5, p. 477-484, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800058854
- Butler, J.R., 1966, Geologic evolution of Beartooth Mountains Montana and Wyoming, Part 6. Cathedral Peak area, Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 77, no. 1, p. 45-64, doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[45:GEOTBM]2.0.CO;2
- Butler, J.R., 1969, Origin of Precambrian gneiss in the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming: Geological Society of America Memoir 115, p. 73-101.
- Casella, C.J., 1964, Geologic evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, Part 4. Relationship between Precambrian and Laramide structures in the Line Creek area: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 75, no. 10, p. 969-986, doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[969:GEOTBM]2.0.CO;2
- Casella, C.J., 1969, A review of the Precambrian geology of the eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming: Geological Society of America Memoir 115, p. 53-71.
- Eckelmann, F. D., and Poldervaart, A., 1957, Geologic Evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming 1. Archean History of the Quad Creek Area: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, no. 10, p. 1225-1261.
- Harris, R.L., 1959, Geologic evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, Part 3. Gardner Lake area, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 70, no. 9, p. 1185-1216, doi: 2.0.CO;2 'https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[1185:GEOTBM]2.0.CO;2']
- Larsen, L.H., Poldervaart, A., and Kirchmayer, M., 1966, Geologic evolution of Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, Part 7. Structural homogeneity of gneisses in Lonesome Mountain area: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 77, no. 11, p. 1277-1292, doi: 2.0.CO;2 'https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[1277:GEOTBM]2.0.CO;2']
- Poldervaart, A., and Bentley, R.D., 1958, Precambrian and later evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming: Billings Geological Society 9th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 7-15.
- Prinz, M. J. (1964) Geologic evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, Part 5. Mafic dike swarms of the southern Beartooth Mountains. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 75,1217-1248.
- Prinz, M., 1965. Structural relationships of mafic dikes in the Beartooth Mountains, Montana-Wyoming. The Journal of Geology, 73(1), pp.165-174.
- Rowan, L.C., 1969, Structural geology of the Quad Creek-Wyoming-Line Creeks area, Beartooth Mountains, Montana: Geological Society of America Memoirs 115, p. 1-18.
- Rowan, L.C., and Mueller, P.A., 1971, Relations of folded dikes and Precambrian polyphase deformation, Gardner Lake area, Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 8, p. 2177-2186, doi: 2.0.CO;2 'https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2177:ROFDAP]2.0.CO;2']
- Skinner,W.R.1969, Geologic evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, Part 8. Ultramafic rocks in the Highline Trail Lakes area, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Memoir 115, p. 19-52.
- Skinner, W.R., 1969. Geologic evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming. Mem. geol. Soc. Am., 115, pp.19-52.
- Spencer, E. W. (1959) Geologic evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, Part 2. Fracture Patterns. Geological Society of America Bulletin., 70, 467-508.
- Baadsgaard, H. and Mueller, P.A., 1973. K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages of intrusive Precambrian mafic rocks, southern Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84(11), pp.3635-3644.
- Chamberlain, K., and Mueller, P., 2018, Oldest rocks of the Wyoming Craton, in van Kranendonk, M.J., Bennett, V.C., and Hoffmann, J.E., eds., Earth's Oldest Rocks, Elsevier, 1112 p.
- Foster, D., Mueller, P., Vogl, J., Mogk, D., and Wooden, J., 2006, Proterozoic evolution of the western margin of the Wyoming Craton: Implications for the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the northern Rocky Mountains. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 43, p. 1601-19.
- Frost, C.D., Mueller, P.A., Mogk, D.W., Frost, B. R., and Henry, D. J., 2022, Creating Continents: Archean Cratons Tell the Story, GSA Today, v. 33, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG541A.1. CC-BY-NC.
- Frost, C.D. and Mueller, P.A., 2024. Archean cratons: time capsules of the early Earth. Elements, 20(3), pp.162-167.
- Geissman, J., and Mogk, D., 1986, Late Archean tectonic emplacement of the Stillwater Complex along reactivated basement structures, northern Beartooth Mountains, Southern Montana , USA, in M. Aldrich and A. Laughlin (eds.), VI International Basement Tectonics Symposium volume. p. 25-44.
- Guy, R.E. and Sinha, A.K., 1988. Petrology and geochemistry of Archean basement lithologies in the Yankee Jim and Lamar Canyon areas, Montana and Wyoming. Precambrian and Mesozoic Plate Margins: Montana Bureau of Mines, Special Publication, 96(195), pp.53-68.
- Harlan, S.S., Geissman, J.W. and Snee, L.W., 1997. Paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic data from Late Proterozoic mafic dikes and sills, Montana and Wyoming (No. 1580). US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1580.
- Harlan, S., 2003, Mafic Dikes of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming (Microsoft Word 4.6MB Oct30 24); from 2003 On the Cutting Edge Teaching Petrology Workshop.
- Harms, T.A., Baldwin, J.A., 2022. Paleoproterozoic geology of Montana. Geology of Montana, 1, pp.1-37.
- Henry, D. J., and Daigle, N. M., 2018, Chlorine incorporation into amphibole and biotite in high-grade iron-formations: Interplay between crystallography and metamorphic fluids: American Mineralogist, v. 103, no. 1, p. 55-68.
- Henry, D. J., Mueller, P. A., Wooden, J. L., Warner, J. L., and Lee-Berman, R., 1982, Granulite grade supracrustal assemblages of the Quad Creek area, eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana: Special Publication - State of Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, no. 84, p. 147-156.
- James, H.L., 1946. Chromite deposits near Red Lodge, Carbon County, Montana (No. 945). US Geological Survey, Bulletin 945-F, Strategic Minerals Investigations, p. 151-189.1314.1992.tb00094.x
- Mackinder, A., Cousens, B.L., Ernst, R.E. and Chamberlain, K.R., 2019. Geochemical, isotopic, and U–Pb zircon study of the central and southern portions of the 780 Ma Gunbarrel Large Igneous Province in western Laurentia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56(7), pp.738-755.
- Maier, A.C., Cates, N.L., Trail, D. and Mojzsis, S.J., 2012. Geology, age and field relations of Hadean zircon-bearing supracrustal rocks from Quad Creek, eastern Beartooth Mountains (Montana and Wyoming, USA). Chemical Geology, 312, pp.47-57
- Mogk, D. W., 1982, The nature of a trondhjemitic gneiss-amphibolite basement complex in the North Snowy Block, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 84, p. 83-91.
- Mogk, D. W., 1988, Archean allochthonous units in the northern and western Beartooth Mountains, Montana, in S. Lewis and R. Berg (eds.), Precambrian and Mesozoic Plate Margins, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Special Publication Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, v. 96, p. 43-52.
- Mogk, D.W., and Henry, D.J., 1988, Metamorphic petrology of the northern Archean Wyoming Province, southwestern Montana: Evidence for Archean collisional tectonics, in Ernst, W.G., ed., Metamorphism and Crustal Evolution in the Western U.S.: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, p. 363-382.
- Mogk, D., Mueller, P., and Wooden, J., 1988, Archean tectonics of the North Snowy Block, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, Jour. of Geology, v. 96, p. 125-141.
- Mogk, D.W., Mueller, P.A., and Wooden, J.L., 1992a, The Nature of Archean terrane boundaries--an example from the northern Wyoming Province: Precambrian Research, v. 55, no. 1-4, p. 155-168, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90020-O
- Mogk, D.W., Mueller, P.A., Wooden, J.L., and Bowes, D.R., 1992b, The northern Wyoming Province: Contrasts in Archean crustal evolution, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Basement Tectonics: Basement Tectonics 8, Springer, p. 283-297.
- Mogk, D., Henry, D., Mueller, P., and Foster, D., 2012 (Acrobat (PDF) 2MB Oct30 24), Origins of a continent: Yellowstone Science, v. 20, no. 2, p. 22-32.
- Mogk, D.W., Mueller, P.A., Henry, D.J., 2020 (Acrobat (PDF) 18.5MB Oct30 24), The Archean Geology of Montana, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Centennial Volume. Available online: https://mbmg.mtech.edu/pubs/GeologyOfMontana/ (accessed August 1, 2022)
- Mogk, D.W., Frost, C.D., Mueller, P.A., Frost, B.R., and Henry, D.J., 2022, Crustal genesis and evolution of the Archean Wyoming Province: Continental growth through vertical magmatic and horizontal tectonic processes, in Whitmeyer, S.J., Williams, M.L., Kellett, D. A., and Tikoff, B. (eds), Laurentia: Turning Points in the Evolution of a Continent: Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 220. https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.1220(01)
- Mogk, D.W., Mueller, P.A., and Henry, D.J., 2024, PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS OF THE EASTERN BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS, MONTANA AND WYOMING (Acrobat (PDF) 7.6MB Nov27 24), Northwest Geology, vol 53, Tobacco Root Geological Society 49th Annual Field Conference July 24-28, 2024, pages 29-33.
- Mueller, P., 1970, TiO2 and K-Ar age: A covariation in the mafic rocks of the southern Beartooth Mountains of Montana and Wyoming: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 9, p. 427-430.
- Mueller, P. A. (1979) Ages of deformation in the Hellroaring Plateau area, eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 1124-1129.
- Mueller, P.A., and Frost, C.D., 2006, The Wyoming Province: A distinctive Archean craton in Laurentian North America: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, no. 10, p. 1391-1397, doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/e06-075
- Mueller, P.A., and Rogers, J.J.W., 1973, Secular chemical variation in a series of Precambrian mafic rocks, Beartooth-Mountains, Montana and Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 11, p. 3645-3652, doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84%3C3645:SCVIAS%3E2.0.CO;2
- Mueller, P. A., and Wooden, J.L., 1988, Field guide to an Archean transect, eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana-Wyoming, in S.E. Lewis and R. B. Berg (eds), Precambrian and Meoszoic plate margins: Montana, Idaho and Wyoming with field guides for the 8th International Conference on Basement Tectonnics, Aug. 8-12, 1988, Butte, MT, p. 131-140.
- Mueller, P.A., and Wooden, J.L., 1988, Evidence for Archean subduction and crustal recycling, Wyoming Province: Geology, v. 16, no. 10, p. 871-874,doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016%3C0871:EFASAC%3E2.3.CO;2
- Mueller, P.A., and Wooden, J.L., 2012, Trace element and Lu-Hf systematics in Hadean-Archean detrital zircons: Implications for crustal evolution: Journal of Geology, v. 120, no. 1, p. 15-29.
- Mueller, P.A., Mogk, D.W., Henry, D.J., Wooden, J.L., and Foster, D.A., 2008, Geologic evolution of the Beartooth Mountains: Insights from petrology and geochemistry: Northwest Geology, v. 37, p. 5-19.
- Mueller, P.A., Mogk, D.W., Henry, D.J., Wooden, J.L., and Foster, D.A., 2014b, The plume to plate transition: Hadean and Archean crustal evolution in the Northern Wyoming Province, U.S.A, in Dilek, Y., and Furnes, H., eds., Evolution of Archean Crust and Early Life, v. 7: Netherlands, Springer, p. 23-54.
- Mueller, P.A., Wooden, J.L., Henry, D.J., and Bowes, D.R., 1985, Archean crustal evolution of the eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming: in Czemanske and Zientek (eds), Stillwater. Complex, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 9-20.
- Mueller, P.A., Wooden, J.L., Odom, A.L., and Bowes, D.R., 1982, Geochemistry of the Archean rocks of the Quad Creek and Hellroaring Plateau areas of the eastern Beartooth Mountains: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 84, p. 69-82.
- Mueller, P.A., Wooden, J.L., Schulz, K., and Bowes, D.R., 1983, Incompatible-element rich andesitic amphibolites from the Archean of Montana and Wyoming - Evidence for mantle metasomatism: Geology, v. 11, no. 4, p. 203-206, doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11%3C203:IAAFTA%3E2.0.CO;2
- Mueller, P.A., Shuster, R.D., Graves, M.A., Wooden, J.L., Bowes, D.R.,, in Lewis, S. and Berg, R.B., (eds) 1988, Age and composition of a late Archean magmatic complex, Beartooth Mountains, Montanaâ€"Wyoming: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 96, p. 7-22.
- Mueller, P. A., Wooden, J. L. and Nutman, A. P. (1992) 3.96 Ga zircons from an Archean quartzite, Beartooth Mountains, Montana. Geology, 20, 327-330.
- Mueller, P. A., Wooden, J. L., Nutman, A. P., Mogk, D. W., 1998, Early Archean crust in the northern Wyoming province Evidence from U-Pb ages of detrital zircons. Precambrian Research, v. 91, 295-307.
- Mueller, P. A., Wooden, J. L., Mogk, D. W., Henry, D. J., and Bowes, D. R., 2010, Rapid growth of an Archean continent by arc magmatism, Precambrian Research, v. 183, p. 70-88
- Mueller, P.A., Mogk, D.W., Henry, D.J., Wooden, J.L., and Foster, D.A., 2014, The Plume to Plate Transition: Hadean and Archean Crustal Evolution in the Northern Wyoming Province, U.S.A., in Y. Dilek and H.J. Furnes (Eds.), Evolution of Archean Crust and Early Life, Springer-Verlag, p. 23-54.
- Ronemus, C.B., Orme, D.A., Guenthner, W.R., Cox, S.E. and Kussmaul, C.A., 2023. Orogens of big sky country: reconstructing the deepâ€time tectonothermal history of the beartooth mountains, Montana and Wyoming, USA. Tectonics, 42(1), p.e2022TC007541.
- Rowan, L.C. and Mueller, P.A., 1971. Relations of folded dikes and Precambrian polyphase deformation, Gardner Lake area, Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82(8), pp.2177-2186.
- Simons, F.S., Armbrustmacher, T.J., Van Noy, R.M., Zilka, N.T., Federspiel, F.E., Ridenour, J., and Anderson, LA., 1979, Mineral resources of the Beartooth Primitive Area and vicinity, Carbon, Park, Stillwater, and Sweet Grass Counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 81-510, p. 1-93.
- Valley, J.W., Lackey, J.S., Cavosie, A.J., Clechenko, C.C., Spicuzza, M.J., Basei, M.A.S., Bindeman, I.N., Ferreira, V.P., Sial, A.N., King, E.M. and Peck, W.H., 2005. 4.4 billion years of crustal maturation: oxygen isotope ratios of magmatic zircon. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 150, pp.561-580.
- Warner, J. L., Lee-Berman, R., Simonds, C. H., 1982, Field and petrologic relations of some Archean rocks near Long Lake, eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming: In Mueller, P. A. and Wooden, J. L., eds., Precambrian Geology of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 8457-68.
- Wilson Jr, C.W., 1936. Geology of nye-bowler lineament, stillwater and carbon counties, Montana. AAPG Bulletin, 20(9), pp.1161-1188.
- Wilson, J. T., 1936, The Geology of the Mill Creekâ€"Stillwater Area: Montana [Ph. D. dissertation]: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University.
- Wooden, J.L., and Mueller, P.A., 1979, Mafic dikes of the Beartooth Mountains: Guide to the Precambrian rocks of the Beartooth Mountains (1979 Field Conference of the Archean Geochemistry Working Group, IGCP), p. 50-61.
- Wooden, J.L., and Mueller, P.A., 1988, Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic compositions of a suite of Late Archean igneous rocks, eastern Beartooth Mountains â€"implications for crust-mantle evolution: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 87, no. 1-2, p. 59-72, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90064-7
- Wooden, J.L., Mueller, P.A., Hunt, D.K., and Bowes, D.R., 1982, Geochemistry and Rb-Sr geochronology of Archean rocks from the interior of the southeastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 84, p. 45-55.
- Wooden, J. L., Mueller, P. A., and Mogk, D. W., 1988, A review of the geochemistry and geochronology of the Archean rocks of the northern part of the Wyoming Province. In (W. G. Ernst, editor): Metamorphism and Crustal Evolution of the Western United States, 7, 383-4 10.
- Wooden, J. L., Mueller, P. A., Mogk, D. W. and Bowes, D. R. (1988) A review of the geochemistry and geochronology of Archean rocks of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming. In (S.E. Lewis and R. B. Berg, editors) Precambrian and Mesozoic Plate Margins. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication, 96, 23-42.
Reference Materials for Teaching--from Stu McCallum, University of Washington, prepared for 2003 Teaching Petrology Workshop
- The Stillwater Complex: A Review of the Geology (Microsoft Word 1.4MB Nov19 03)
- Stratigraphic Column (Acrobat (PDF) 146kB Nov19 03)
- The Mountain View area of the Stillwater Complex as a field teaching model (Microsoft Word 53kB Nov19 03)
Scholarly Articles
- Boudreau, A.E., 1982, Fine scale rhythmic layering in the Stillwater complex, MT. In Magmatic Processes of Early Planetary Crusts: Magma Oceans and Stratiform Layered Intrusions (p. 56).
- Boudreau, A.E. (1987) Pattern formation during crystallization and the formation of fine-scale layering. Pp. 453-471 in: Origins of Igneous Layering (I. Parsons, editor). NATO ASI Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 186. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
- Boudreau, A.E. (1995) Crystal aging and the formation of fine-scale layering. Mineralogy and Petrology, 54, 55â€"69.
- Boudreau, A.E., 1999, Fluid fluxing of cumulates: The J-M Reef and associated rocks of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: Journal of Petrology, v. 40, p. 755-772.
- Boudreau, A.E., 2016, The Stillwater Complex, Montana--Overview and the significance of volatiles: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 80, p. 585-637.
- Boudreau, A.E., and McCallum, I.S., 1985, Features of the Picket Pin Pt-Pd deposit, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 346-357.
- Boudreau, A. E., Butak, K. C., Geraghty, E. P., Holick, P. A., and Koski, M. S., 2022, Mineral Deposits of the Stillwater Complex, 2020, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology https://mbmg.mtech.edu/pubs/GeologyOfMontana/ (accessed August 1, 2022)
- Brozdowski, R.A., 1985. Cumulate xenoliths in the Lodgepole, Enos Mountain and Susie Peak intrusions: A guide.in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92
- Carlson, R.R., Page, N. J., and Czamanske, G.K., 1985, Road log to the Picket Pin Mountain, Chrome Mountain and Contact Mountain areas, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 253-261.
- Carlson, R.R., and Zientek, M.L., 1985, Guide to the Picket Pin Mountain area, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 262-275.
- Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., 1985, The Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, 396 p., 4 sheets.
- Finn, C.A., Zientek, M.L., Parks, H.L. and Peterson, D.E., 2020. Mapping the 3D extent of the Stillwater Complex, Montana--Implications for potential platinum group element exploration and development. Precambrian Research, 348, p.105860.
- Foose, M. P., 1985, Primary structual and stratigraphic relations in Banded-Series cumulates exposed in the East Boulder Plateau-Cotact Mountain Area, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 305-324.
- Frost, B.R., 1982, Contact metamorphic effects of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, the concordant iron-formation--discussion of the role of buffering in metamorphism of iron-formation: American Mineralogist, v. 67, no. 1-2, p. 142-148
- Geraghty, E.P., 2013, Geologic map of the Stillwater Complex within the Beartooth Mountains front Laramide triangle zone, south-central Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open- File Report 645.
- Geraghty, E., 2024, FIELD GUIDE TO THE BENBOW AREA, EASTERN PORTION OF STILLWATER COMPLEX: EXAMINATION OF LARAMIDE TRIANGLE ZONE GEOMETRIES (Acrobat (PDF) 32.8MB Nov27 24), Northwest Geology, vol 53, 49th Annual Field Conference, Columbus, MT, July 25-28, 2024, p. 99-111.
- Geissman, J., and Mogk, D., 1986, Late Archean tectonic emplacement of the Stillwater Complex along reactivated basement structures, northern Beartooth Mountains, Southern Montana , USA, in M. Aldrich and A. Laughlin (eds.), VI International Basement Tectonics Symposium volume. p. 25-44.
- Geraghty, E., 2024 (Acrobat (PDF) 32.8MB Dec10 24), Field Guide to the Benbow Area, eastern portion of the Stillwater Complex: Examination of Laramide triangle zone geometries, Northwest Geology, vol 53, 49th Annual Field Conference, Columbus, MT, July 25-28, 2024, p. 55-97
- Hess, H.H. (1960) Stillwater igneous complex, Montana--a quantitative mineralogical study. Geological Society of America Memoir, 80. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
- Jackson, E.D., 1961, Primary textures and mineral associations in the ultramafic zone of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 358, 106 p.
- Jenkins, C.M., Zientek, M.>., Geraghty, E. P., and Parks, H. L., 2024, Geology of the Stillwater Complex in the Stillwater River Valley of Montana (Acrobat (PDF) 146.1MB Nov27 24), Northwest Geology, vol 53, 49th Annual Field Conference, Columbus, MT, July 25-28, 2024, p. 55-97
- Jones, W.R., Peoples, J.W. and Howland, A.L., 1960. Igneous and tectonic structures of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. US Geol. Surv. Bull, pp.281-340
- Labotka, T.C. and Kath, R.L., 2001. Petrogenesis of the contact-metamorphic rocks beneath the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113(10), pp.1312-1323.
- LeRoy, L. W., Troctolite-Anorthosite zone I and the J-M Reef: Frog Pond Adit to the Graham Creek Area, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 325-332.
- Lipin, B.R., Page, N.J., Zientek,M.L., Carlson, R.R., Loferski, P. J., Nicholson, S. W., and Moring, B. C., 1985, Guide to the Benbow area, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 125-146.
- Mann, E.L., (Bob),Lipin, B.R., Page, N.J., Foose, M.O., Loferski, P.J., 1985, Guide to the Stillwater Coplex exposed in the West Fork area, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 23--247.
- Mann, E.L. (Bob), Lin. C-P., 1985, Geology of the West Fork adit, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 247-252.
- McCallum, I.S., Raedeke, L.D., and Mathez, E.A., 1980, Investigations in the Stillwater Complex. Part I. Stratigraphy and structure of the Banded zone, in Irving, A., and Dungan, M., eds., The Jackson Volume: American Journal of Science, v. 280-A, p. 59-87.
- McCallum, I.S., Mathez, E.A., and Criscenti, L.J., 1985, The Contact Mountain section of the Stilwater Complex, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 286-292.
- McCallum, I.S., Raedeke, L.D., Mathez, E. A., and Criscenti, L.J., 1985, A traverse through the Banded Series in the Contact Mountain Area, in Czamanske, G.K., and Zientek, M.L., eds., Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, p. 293-304.
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