GETSI Teaching Materials >Analyzing High Resolution Topography with TLS and SfM > Unit 2: Geodetic survey of an outcrop for stratigraphic analysis
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This module is part of a growing collection of classroom-tested materials developed by GETSI. The materials engage students in understanding the earth system as it intertwines with key societal issues. The collection is freely available and ready to be adapted by undergraduate educators across a range of courses including: general education or majors courses in Earth-focused disciplines such as geoscience or environmental science, social science, engineering, and other sciences, as well as courses for interdisciplinary programs.
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Unit 2: Geodetic survey of an outcrop for stratigraphic analysis

Bruce Douglas (Indiana University)
Chris Crosby (UNAVCO)
Kate Shervais (UNAVCO)

Summary

Geodetic survey techniques, such as TLS and SfM featured here, have many applications in sedimentology research, including lithological identification and analysis, sediment surface topography, and sequence stratigraphy. In this unit, students will design a survey of a geologic outcrop to conduct a sequence stratigraphy analysis. After conducting the survey in the field, students will analyze the parasequences found within the outcrop by mapping and measuring section thickness in the point cloud. The goal is to calculate deposition duration and sedimentation rate based on thicknesses extracted from the data.

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Learning Goals

Unit 2 Learning Outcomes

Students are able to:

  • Design and conduct a geodetic survey of a stratigraphic section to address a stratigraphy research question
    OR
    Use an existing geodetic data set of a stratigraphic section to address a stratigraphy research question
  • Identify parasequences within a sedimentary section and map and measure these parasequences
  • Articulate the societally important applications of stratigraphic analyses

Unit 2 Teaching Objectives

  • Cognitive: Facilitate design a more complex geodetic survey and apply geodetic surveying methods to a stratigraphic analysis. Understand how to identify parasequences within a stratigraphic section, quantify their thickness, and analyze the deposition history.
  • Behavioral: Promote student ability to set up and run a more complex geodetic survey with necessary supporting equipment and observations.

Context for Use

The content in Unit 2 was designed for upper-level geoscience majors in a course with field components. It can work in a field camp over the course of approximately one long day of field work and data analysis. It can also work in an academic year course such as sedimentology, geophysics, remote sensing/GIS, or field methods. It can be conducted over approximately one lecture (introduction to geodesy to study sequence stratigraphy) and two labs (conducting a small survey of a feature, exploring and interpreting the collected data). Another option is to collect data during a one- or two-day field trip, followed by data processing and analysis during subsequent class periods. If a LiDAR scanner or SfM collection platform is not available, this may be used in a classroom setting with a prepared data set. The material works well for a group of approximately twenty (or fewer) students with an instructor and teaching assistant/s. The ideal number of students for this exercise using TLS is twelve, as they can break into four teams of three, which means each feature will have four scan positions (doable with a group of students in eight to ten hours) and gives each student time for hands-on scanner time. The number of students is more flexible using SfM, as data may be collected on multiple platforms at the same time so many students can have hands-on data collection time. If both survey techniques are being used, larger classes can be accommodated but an additional teaching assistant might be helpful. Student experience with field observations, field maps, and trigonometry, along with other basic calculation skills is expected. In a field course, this unit is ideally situated mid-way through the course, as students will already have some field experience. The details of designing and conducting a survey are covered in Unit 1-TLS and Unit 1-SfM, so Unit 1 (for the technique/s of interest) is a necessary precursor to Unit 2. Unit 5 is the summative assessment for the module.

Description and Teaching Materials

1) Geodetic survey

Prior to departing for the field site, check equipment against the equipment list developed in Unit 1 to ensure all pieces are present. Students will need all their typical field supplies, including a calculator. Upon arrival at the site, introduce the area of interest and give a brief background. If this site has been used previously or if this outcrop features rock types students have seen in other locations, make the introduction a group discussion so students are actively engaged and reviewing prior knowledge from the course. This introduction to the site should conclude with a group discussion of the project goals for the unit. With these goals in mind, students should determine the ideal camera locations/collection path or scanner positions as well as target placements.

Students should then break into small teams of three to five people to set up the scanner (if doing a TLS survey), targets, and GPS, like they did in Unit 1. The team that set up the scanner for Unit 1 should set up targets so more students get hands-on experience with the scanner. If doing a TLS survey, teams will rotate and conduct a minimum of one scan each. The scan resolution parameter worksheet can be optional for this exercise, but students should consider scan resolution when conducting their scans. If doing a SfM survey, students should rotate (ideally in pairs) to operate the collection platform. While not collecting survey data, a team should be working on material for their write-up, a site map of the survey including target/GPS locations, scanner positions or camera locations / collection path, recording metadata, calculating scan resolution parameters on their provided worksheet, and taking field notes like those they would take at any other geologic outcrop. After conducting the survey, take down equipment and inventory prior to leaving the field site. This portion of the unit should take approximately eight to ten hours for a TLS survey and four to six hours for an SfM survey, although these estimates depend on the scale of the outcrop.

2) Data exploration and interpretation

After collecting survey data, students will then visualize and analyze the data they collected in the field. If doing a TLS survey, this can be done immediately after returning from the field. If doing an SfM survey, an eight-to-twelve-hour gap is needed to generate the model based on the field photos. Students or the instructor should begin running the model upon returning from the field. Give a brief presentation (~10-20 minutes) covering the scientific background for the parasequence analysis, including methods of calculating the deposition duration and sedimentation rate. After this, attach a projector to a laptop to open the program and walk students through the data exploration process. It is best to look through the included Data Processing and Exploration Manual prior to this part of the unit. If doing a TLS survey, students should first colorize the point cloud data using the RGB imagery collected during the survey. They can then choose how they would like to project the data. For both survey types, data should be rotated to an ideal orientation to represent true bed thickness for analysis determined by each individual student (or pairs/teams of students, if computers are limited). Rotation should be based on measurements the students made in the field while collecting the data. The thickness of the parasequence is then measured and the thickness is used for calculations.

Teaching materials

Teaching Notes and Tips

General advice on making the module work in field courses can be found on the module Overview page.

Survey preparation

Because students will be measuring bed thicknesses, it is important that the area of interest is clear so parasequence boundaries are clear. If needed, clean the outcrop prior to scanning to get the best scan. In addition, keep in mind the smallest bed thickness when setting the scan resolution parameters, as these may be quite small (2-5 centimeters). If doing a TLS survey, you may or may not have time to scan at a high enough resolution to capture these beds. If doing an SfM survey, you may need to take many photographs to show all the beds.

Write-up questions

The student exercise given is an example. You will need to look up specific years for your own student exercise based on your knowledge of the depositional history of the outcrop.

Multiple survey techniques

One way to fill student time when not actively collecting survey data is to use both survey techniques. While one group is running the scanner, other students can operate an SfM collection platform, taking care to stay out of the scan area and not obstruct the scanner.

CloudCompare

If you wish to have students compare point clouds or triangular meshes generated from the two different techniques (TLS and SfM), an open source software that may be of assistance is CloudCompare. A short overview of CloudCompare can give you sense for its general capability, while the main CloudCompare website includes several tutorial videos. An OpenTopography workshop "Applications of High Resolution Topographic data to the Earth Sciences" offers several hours of video instruction on the use of the software on second day of the workshop program and a general tutorial is also available: CloudCompare General Tutorial (Microsoft Word 2007 (.docx) 14.5MB Jun29 23).

Google Earth

If Internet access is available, you may have students view the area of interest the evening before. Groups can design the survey (placing targets and scan positions) in Google Earth using imagery and then print their design or load onto a tablet. After viewing the field site in person, students can discuss the validity of their original design and update as needed.


Assessment

Formative

Much of the formative assessment can be done through observations of and discussions with students individually, in pairs, or periodically in the whole group. Students can also hand in their work from the field, including field notes (atmospheric conditions, metadata) and sketch of survey setup. The work for formative assessment could be graded based on completion.

Summative

Summative assessment for Unit 2 is based on the completed student exercise, which includes details of their survey design and interpretation of the collected data. An assessment rubric is included in the student exercise. Summative assessment for the module as a whole will be evaluated at the end of the module in Unit 5. If students complete just Unit 1 and Unit 2, the Unit 5 topics we recommend that you choose from are "geologic outcrop with visible faulting," "sequence stratigraphy," "channel sands," "fault scarp," or "dinosaur footprints."

References and Resources


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This module is part of a growing collection of classroom-tested materials developed by GETSI. The materials engage students in understanding the earth system as it intertwines with key societal issues. The collection is freely available and ready to be adapted by undergraduate educators across a range of courses including: general education or majors courses in Earth-focused disciplines such as geoscience or environmental science, social science, engineering, and other sciences, as well as courses for interdisciplinary programs.
Explore the Collection »