Element Mapping part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis
John Goodge, University of Minnesota-Duluth Element map of Mg zoning in garnet. Details An element map is an image showing the spatial distribution of elements in a sample. Because it is acquired from a polished ...

Phase problem part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis
Christine M. Clark, Eastern Michigan University When X-rays are "shot" at a sample, the resultant waves (with characteristic wavelenghth, amplitude, and phase) are due to the interaction between the ...

You've Got Geochemical Data—Now What? part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis
Karl Wirth, Macalester College Organizing The Data Before you begin evaluating and analyzing your results, you will want to make sure that you have all your data organized and in final form. This process usually ...

Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis
Susan Swapp, University of Wyoming What is EBSD? Accelerated electrons in the primary beam of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be diffracted by atomic layers in crystalline materials. These diffracted ...

Generation of Characteristic X-Rays part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis
Darrell Henry, Louisiana State University Characteristic X-rays are generated when an energetic beam of electrons interacts with the inner shell electrons by inelastic scattering with enough energy to excite inner ...

Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis
John Goodge, University of Minnesota-Duluth Interaction of an electron beam with a sample target produces a variety of emissions, including x-rays. An energy-dispersive (EDS) detector is used to separate the ...

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (SIMS) part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis:Techniques
As a class, SIMS instruments (aka ion microprobes) use an internally generated beam of either positive (e.g., Cs) or negative (e.g., O) ions (primary beam) focused on a sample surface to generate ions that are then ...

Mössbauer Spectroscopy part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis:Techniques
The technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy is widely used in mineralogy to examine the valence state of iron, which is found in nature as Fe0 (metal), Fe2+, and Fe3+, as well as the type of coordination polyhedron ...

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis:Techniques
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens. The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions ...

Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) part of Integrating Research and Education:Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis:Techniques
Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a surface-sensitive analytical method that uses a pulsed ion beam (Cs or microfocused Ga) to remove molecules from the very outermost surface of the ...