Week 11: Using Satellite Data to Investigate Deforestation

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Using ImageJ to Detect Change

Investigation questions:

• How has deforestation in the Amazon rainforest changed over time?
• What is the pattern of deforestation? Which areas were cleared first, later, and most recently?

One of the most deforested parts of the Amazon rainforest lies within the state of Rondonia in Brazil. The loss of the rainforest is primarily due to human activities such as raising crops and livestock. Unfortunately, although these activities have short-term benefits to people, over time, the loss of the rainforest can lead to the extinction of plants and animals as well as contribute to global climate change.

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Download Images of Deforestation

Download three images of deforestation to your Week 11 folder or directory. These images show deforestation in the Amazon rainforest during the years 2001, 2005, and 2009.

1. Click the thumbnail image below to open a full-size version in a separate window. Then right-click (Win) or control-click (Mac) the full-size image to choose File > Save Image As... and save it to your Week 11 folder. Close the image window after you have downloaded its file.
• amazon_deforestation_2001.jpg
2. Repeat the procedure for the 2005 image.
• amazon_deforestation_2005.jpg
3. Then repeat the procedure once more for the 2009 image.
• amazon_deforestation_2009.jpg

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Launch ImageJ and Import the Images as a Stack

• Launch ImageJ by double-clicking its icon on your desktop or by clicking its icon in the dock (Mac) or Launch Bar (Win).
• Import the three images into ImageJ as a stack.
Show me how
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1. Choose File > Import > Image Sequence...
   
2. Navigate to the folder where you stored the images and select the first one.
   
3. In the Sequence Options window that opens, set the Number of Images to 3, the Starting Image to 1, Increment by 1, do not scale the images, and make sure Sort Names Numerically is checked. Then click OK.
   

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Animate and Explore the Stack to Observe Change Over Time

You can step through a stack one slice at a time, or you can animate it like a repeating movie loop.

• Click and drag the scroll bar at the bottom of the stack window to move forward and backward through the stack. You can also use the Next Slice (>) and Previous Slice (<) keyboard shortcuts to move forward and backward through the stack.
• Choose Image > Stacks > Start Animation [\] to watch the stack play as a movie.
  
• Carefully observe the images in the stack. Notice the areas where trees have been cleared along with the position of smoke plumes.
• Based on your observations, between which years do you think the greatest deforestation occurred?
Show me the answer
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In these images, it looks as if the greatest deforestation occurred between 2001 and 2005.
• Set a scale for the images in the stack.
  
  Show me how
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  1. Use the straight line selection tool to drag out a line across the scale bar in the lower left hand corner of any image in the stack.
     
  2. Choose Analyze > Set Scale...
     
     
  3. A Set Scale window opens. The distance in pixels should be approximately 40. Set the Known Distance to 40 and the Unit of Length to km. Then click OK.
     
• Save the stack as Amazon.tif so that you can reopen a "clean" copy of it later.

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Process the Stack for Analysis

• Convert the color stack to 8-bit grayscale stack.
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• Make the stack binary.
Show me how
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1. Choose Process > Binary > Make Binary.
   
2. The Convert to Mask window opens. Make sure the Calculate Threshold for Each Image and Black Background boxes are checked. Then click OK.
   
• This is what the stack looks like when converted to binary format. The cleared areas are white, while the forested areas are black.
  

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Measure the Area of Deforestation Each Year

• Use the Threshold feature to highlight all the white pixels in red.
Show me how
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1. Choose Image > Adjust > Threshold.
   
2. When the Threshold window opens, be sure that Dark background is checked. Adjust the threshold as needed so that all the white pixels are highlighted in red. When you are finished, do not click apply. Just close the threshold window.
   
• Select the measurements that will be recorded in the Results window.
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1. Choose Analyze > Set Measurements.
   
2. The Set Measurements window opens. Make sure Area and Limit to Threshold are checked.
   
• Measure the area of deforestation on each slice of the stack (all three images).
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1. Choose Analyze > Measure.
   
2. The Results window opens. Notice that the area of the first slice is 53814 km squared.
   
3. Advance to the second slice in stack and repeat the procedure.
   
4. Here is the Results window showing all three measurements.
   
5. When you are finished, choose Image > Adjust > Threshold and click the Reset button
   

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Create an RGB Color Image from the Stack

• Choose Image > Color > Stack to RGB.
  

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Interpret Results

• This what the resulting RGB color image looks like.
  
• Open up the Amazon.tif stack that you saved earlier. Compare the RGB color image with the stack of original images. Animate the stack as needed to help you understand the colors in the RGB image.
To understand what each color on this final image means, reexamine the figure below. Remember the concept of additive colors; red, green and blue are the three primary colors which together add up to make white.





• Make the 3-slice binary stack active again by clicking on it. The deforested areas appear as bright white in each slice of the stack.
• Arrange the binary stack and the RGB color image so that you can see both side by side.
• The RGB color image you created is a combination of three individual images that are displayed in three primary colors. Notice that in the RGB image, the four most prominent colors are black, white, cyan and blue.
  Given how primary colors add together, what is your interpretation of what the colors mean on the RGB image?
  Show me how to interpret the image
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  • Black means that these areas are dark on all the three images. Thus, black represents areas that are forested in 2001, 2005, and 2009.
  • White means that these areas are bright on all the three images. Thus, white represents roads that were developed prior to 2001 and that continued to exist through 2009 and possibly beyond.
  • Cyan, which is a combination of green and blue, represents areas that were dark (forested) in 2001, but were cleared between the time the 2001 and 2005 images were acquired. These areas are bright in 2005 and were assigned to the green channel and are also bright in 2009 and were assigned to the blue channel. Therefore, these areas show up as cyan in the RGB image.
  • Blue shows the most recently deforested areas. Because the 2009 image was assigned to the blue channel, blue in the RGB image shows areas where deforestation took place after the 2005 image was acquired.

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