XPS and AES are the two most widely used surface sensitive spectroscopies today. Since their introduction for general use in 1970 they have shown a remarkable applicability to investigations in many disciplines. Explanations, procedures, examples and applications of the techniques, specifically slanted to the geosciences, are presented. Fundamental principles, spectral interpretation, instrumentation, experimental procedures, chemical quantification and application in geochemical research are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the techniques are compared with other surface spectroscopies.
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