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["Title","NSF Organization","Program(s)","Principal Investigator","State","Organization","PI Email Address","NSF Directorate","Abstract"]
["CAREER:  Wide Area Computer Vision - A Theoretical and Practical Framework","IIS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|ROBOTICS","Jaynes, Christopher","KY","University of Kentucky Research Foundation","Jaynes@cs.uky.edu","CSE","The proposal addresses research issues of distributed vision. In particular, new techniques will be developed to vertically integrate vision algorithms that enable loosely configured large networks of cameras to be treated as a single logical sensor. The proposed work includes: 1) calibration of large heterogeneous sensor networks; 2) wide-area object tracking and recognition; 3) a cooperative processing framework; and 4) development of new distributed multimedia courses and a community outreach program"]
["CAREER:  A Formally Verified Environment for the Production of Secure Software","CCF","COMPUTING PROCESSES & ARTIFACT|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Compagnoni, Adriana","NJ","Stevens Institute of Technology","acompagn@stevens.edu","CSE","This project studies new architectures for verifiably safe execution of software.  The first area of research is the production of a new generation of\n\ncompilers, called verifying compilers, that can only compile safe code according to pre-determined safety policies, such as protection of private information and resource-bounded computation. The second area is the production of code accompanied by formal proofs guaranteeing that code's compliance with\n\npre-determined safety policies, in the style of Proof-Carrying Code (PCC).\n\n\n\n   Typed languages guaranteeing different notions of safety criteria, including assembly languages and machine code, will be defined, studied, and modeled.  These languages will be relevant to both the design of verifying compilers and the PCC project.  One approach will be using dependent type systems to define powerful intermediate and assembly languages.  Furthermore, a prototype verifying compiler will be built by extending an existing compiler with a verifying module, using a type-theory based approach to program safety.  Representative safety policies will be implemented, and examples developed to show that malicious code cannot be certified. The research component will be adapted for inclusion in the graduate curriculum.  Furthermore, a student will be supervised towards a PhD in state-of-the-art compiler technology."]
["CAREER: Computational Approaches to Modeling Mechanical Phenomena at Nanoscales","CMS","MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER","Shenoy, Vivek","RI","Brown University","shenoyv@engin.brown.edu","ENG","Abstact:\n\nIn this career plan we propose to use computational approaches that\n\nintegrate atomistic simulation tools with mesoscale methodologies to\n\ntackle problems relevant to nanotechnology. The proposed\n\nwork on modeling of interactions and dynamics of\n\nsteps on crystal surfaces and dislocation-obstacle interaction\n\nin semiconductor heterostructures will provide guidance \n\nto experimental work in the areas of nanostructure \n\nfabrication on vicinal surfaces, stress measurements in\n\nnanoscale structures and growth of relaxed epitaxial semiconductor\n\nthin films.\n\nThe educational part of the career plan aims at\n\ndeveloping curricula that fosters transfer of information\n\namong disciplines. Specifically, we propose to \n\nprovide opportunities for undergraduate research projects\n\nin nanoscience and to develop senior-level/graduate courses\n\nthat focus on modeling of mechanical phenomena on\n\nnanoscales. The courses will incorporate methods and models of\n\nmodern statistical mechanics with emphasis on\n\n their application to defect mechanics in nanostructures."]
["CAREER: Near-infrared Intersubband Transitions in Low-dimensional Semiconductor Structures: Material, Devices and Physics","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Schmidt, Holger","CA","University of California-Santa Cruz","hschmidt@soe.ucsc.edu","ENG","True excellence in a career as university professor requires commitment, creativity and excellence in both research and education. In this proposal, a plan for implementing a research and education program in Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz is presented.\n\n\n\nIn the research part of the proposal, the investigation of intersubband transitions in low-dimensional semiconductor quantum structures in the near-infrared wavelength range is put forward as an area of research activity with long-term potential for advancing materials science, engineering and physics. As optical networks become a reality and solutions for higher data bit rates are sought, intersubband transitions are an attractive alternative to currently existing technologies for pushing the limits of optical communications to higher bandwidths. Increasing the bandwidth is essential for building faster and less costly communication products and systems. The material properties of antimony-based heterostructures for near-infrared intersubband transitions will be studied. This includes determining band offsets and optical nonlinearities as well as the growth of self-assembled quantum dots. Secondly, new devices such as ultrafast wavelength converters and photodetectors will be designed and realized. Finally, new physics can be explored. Examples are nonclassical light emission from quantum dots at room temperature and quantum interference effects such as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in intersubband transitions.\n\n\n\nThe educational aspects of this proposal are tailored to improve the educational programs in Electrical Engineering at the Universitt of California, Santa Cruz, on several levels: within the University -lf, the local community, as well as the global scientific community at large. To this end, a number of measures are proposed for each community. Within UC Santa Cruz, the emphasis lies on building up the educational program of a very new department by developing new classes for the curriculum and introducing new ideas for classroom instruction. Activities involving the local community have a special emphasis on interaction with students who are at critical points in their school careers. Examples are open houses for high school seniors and lectures and demonstrations at middle schools to expose students at a younger age to science. Finally, the paramount importance of global interaction between students and scholars is recognized by proposing a number of programs, which institutionalize and foster relations, that will be beneficial to all participants. This includes establishing partner schools for exchange programs and joint educational projects, for example with the German Academic Exchange Service\n\n(DAAD)."]
["CAREER:  Combined Shape- and Intensity-Based Methods for Tracking","IIS","COMPUTER VISION|ROBOTICS","Freedman, Daniel","NY","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","freedman@cs.rpi.edu","CSE","This project focuses on studying general purpose visual tracking systems.  A model-based approach will be used, emphasizing the particular class of objects to be tracked. The tracking procedure is to be based on solving partial differential equations describing curve flow. Schemes for performing tracking will be developed based on intensity information, which is contained within the region of the curve in question. Faster, more effective, and more robust  trackers  will be generated by extending the general framework via generalization of the assumptions used, and through formal analysis of the related  PDEs. Also addressed will be  the more general problem of combining shape and intensity-based information; as above, the algorithm will also look for intensity patterns that match what it knows about the class of objects to be tracked. The education part of the project includes curriculum development, undergraduate independent studies,  and exposure of a large number students to an experimental system designed by the PI."]
["CAREER:  Disinfection Using Membranes: Optimizing Virus and Disinfection By-Product Control","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Chellam, Shankar","TX","University of Houston","chellam@uh.edu","ENG","0134301\n\nChellam\n\nThe ultimate goal of this research is to develop tools to predict the removal of pathogenic viruses and precursors to potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic disinfection by products by membranes as a step towards reducing microbial and chemical risks in drinking water.  The proposed work is based on the following hypotheses:\n\n\n\n1. Hindered diffusion of natural organic matter (NOM) contributes significantly to its transport across nanofiltration membranes leading to formation of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) upon chlorination.\n\n\n\n2. Diffusion of pathogenic viruses contributes substantially to their transport across microfilters and ultrafilters and its dependence on water chemistry, temperature, and pore size can be quantified.\n\n\n\n3. Direct measurements of membrane pore size distributions and transport parameters of NOM and viruses in membranes can be incorporated into theoretical models to predict their removal.\n\n\n\nEven though early research had been conducted on diffusive transport of salts across reverse osmosis, this investigation will be the first to perform direct measurements of NOM diffusion across nanofiltration membranes.  Transport of NOM, DBP precursors, and viruses across membranes will be investigated experimentally and theoretically.  Direct measurements of convection and diffusion of these contaminants across membranes under varying water chemistry conditions will be interpreted by undertaking numerical calculations of hindered transport.  Universally applicable models (independent of membrane used and source water location) to predict trihalomethane and haloacetic acid speciation in \"precursor-limited\" waters (low NOM content) will also be derived."]
["CAREER:  Interface Control and Three Dimension Mechanisms of Branch-Limited Eutectic Growth","DMR","METALS","Napolitano, Ralph","IA","Iowa State University","ralphn@iastate.edu","MPS","The project seeks to advance the fundamental understanding of microstructural transformation in materials with emphasis on eutectic solidification. Major objectives are to identify, characterize and quantify the complex three-dimensional mechanisms involved in local adjustment and self-optimization of irregular growth morphologies. The project will develop a more complete and general view of coupled growth phenomena. Several solidification techniques will be used to grow eutectic structures under various types of thermal and geometric constraints. State-of-the-art characterization techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, serial micromilling, diffraction-based methods and in-situ imaging will be utilized to investigate the 3-D adjustment mechanisms and their relationship to the relevant anisotropic interfacial properties. Computational methods will also be employed for the investigation of various specific morphological features such as interface curvature, missing orientations, faceting behavior, growth mode transitions, and triple-junction morphology. Technological importance of eutectic solidification provides a clear source of motivation for students, and the visually striking microstructures that typically evolve during eutectic solidification serve as graphic illustrations of transition dynamics, providing very effective teaching examples.\n\n\n\nThe topic of eutectic solidification offers a wealth of rich problems involving multicomponent thermodynamics, solid-liquid and solid-solid interfacial phenomena, morphological stability, chemical and thermal diffusion, and nucleation phenomena. The educational efforts are designed to establish a set of standard practices that will facilitate integrated research and teaching with the involvement of education professionals, leaders of student organizations, and representatives from various community youth organizations. By involving youth organizations, such as the Boys & Girls Clubs of America, an effort will be made to engage the disadvantaged and underrepresented segments of our youth population."]
["CAREER:    Cooperating Underwater Robots:    Theory and Practice","IIS","ROBOTICS","Stilwell, Daniel","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","stilwell@vt.edu","CSE","Cooperating underwater robots must coordinate their actions despite severe communication bandwidth limits that exist underwater.  This proposed research addresses the coordination of underwater robots through the development of theoretically justified decentralized control laws that enable a platoon of autonomous underwater vehicles to cooperatively achieve a common goal while requiring minimal communication.  Fully realistic field trials are a crucial adjunct to our analytic activities.  In a collaborative effort with biologists and marine scientists, platoons of small, inexpensive, autonomous underwater vehicles will be deployed in a large coastal estuary to rapidly and adaptively map bio-active chemicals.  Education and outreach will be integrated with the proposed research through both the development of a new course on the dynamics and control of underwater robots, and the creation of a new autonomous underwater vehicle contest for middle school and high school students in collaboration with colleagues at MIT and the Association of Unmanned Vehicle Systems International.  The intellectual merits of the proposed research include the development of an improved toolbox of distributed control laws and an improved understanding of communication requirements for platoons of autonomous vehicles in unstructured, real-world environments.  The broader impacts of this research effort include: the development of affordable technology that will enable ocean and marine scientists to conduct scientific investigations that are not otherwise possible; the development of curriculum, course materials, and laboratory projects for underwater robotics; and the creation of an autonomous underwater vehicle contest that is accessible to middle school and high school students."]
["CAREER: Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and Land Plant Phylogeny","DEB","SYST BIOLOGY & BIODIVERSITY IN|PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","Qiu, Yin-Long","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","ylqiu@umich.edu","BIO","0093012\n\nQiu\n\n\tPlants are primary producers on the earth, supplying our food directly and indirectly, creating the habitat we live in, and providing many other materials for everyday life.  However, our knowledge of plant evolution remains scanty.  Improvement of crops and understanding the\n\nroles of plants in our environment partially hinge on our knowledge of plant evolution.  Revolutions in molecular biology, phylogenetics, and computer science have made it possible for the first time in history to reconstruct accurately the phylogeny of plants.\n\n\tIn this project by Dr. Yin-Long Qiu at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, three different approaches will be employed to understand both organismal and molecular aspects of land plant evolution.  First, several genes from all three plant genomes (nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion) will be sequenced and analyzed in combination with the data available from the public domain to reconstruct a multigene land plant phylogeny.  Second, several genomic structural features from the mitochondrial genome, such as intron acquisition, intron transposition, and gene cluster disintegration, will be investigated independently to evaluate critical parts of the sequence-based phylogeny and at the same to understand mitochondrial genome evolution in early land plants.  Last, a few mitochondrial genomes will be sequenced to gain an in-depth look at mitochondrial genome evolution during early land plant radiation and to provide more genomic structural characters for assessing robustness of the relationships resolved through gene sequence analyses among major lineages of early land plants: liverworts, mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants.\n\n\tPlant science is at the dawn of a new era.  After two decades of separate development along distinst lines of morphology, systematics, genetics, physiology, and ecology, these sub-disciplines begin to integrate into a new comprehensive plant biology.  Thus, this project also aims to reach two educational goals.  One is to train several graduate students and postdoctoral associates in the newly emerging field of evolutionary genomics.  They will fill in a knowledge rift between traditional systematics and modern genomics that is developing in many biology departments.  The other is to develop three courses, Plant Evolution, Evolutionary Genomics, and Phylogenetics, which are emerging fields with a recent explosion of new information.\tThese courses will serve the function for both undergraduate and graduate education.  In summary, the five lines of work outlined in this project are likely to enhance significantly our knowledge of land plant evolution."]
["CAREER: Algorithms for Services - Oriented Communications Networks","CCF","NETWORKING RESEARCH|THEORY OF COMPUTING","Goel, Ashish","CA","Stanford University","ashishg@stanford.edu","CSE","The focus in modern computer networks has started to shift towardsservices and functionality rather than efficiency andoptimization. This calls for algorithms that combine user-centricperformance metrics such as fairness, availability, and latency withmore traditional objectives such as the total bandwidth cost or totalthroughput; it is desirable for these algorithms to provide formalguarantees in abstract models, as well as general rules of thumb forsystem developers. This research involves the study of severalproblems within the above framework.The first problem is to design efficient distributed algorithms forachieving approximate fairness in computer networks, and to studysimple mechanisms that induce convergence of selfish users toapproximately fair solutions. The second problem is to study routingissues in peer-to-peer systems; peer-to-peer systems are groups ofend-nodes that collaborate to implement new network services at theapplication level. Another problem is to study the packet-injectionrate at which common packet scheduling protocols such as FIFO becomeunstable.In an attempt to overcome the gap between theoreticians andpractitioners in this field, a new course titled \"Algorithms forcomputer networks\" will be developed, and the course material will bemade publicly available. Another course titled \"Modern algorithmictechniques\" will also be developed."]
["CAREER:  Noradrenergic Regulation of Hippocampal Interneurons","IOB","FUNCTIONAL & REGULATORY SYS CL|NEURONAL AND GLIAL MECHANISMS","Doze, Van","ND","University of North Dakota Main Campus","vdoze@medicine.nodak.edu","BIO","The research supported by this CAREER award examines the role of the naturally occurring neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in the brain and its effects on the physiological functions of interneurons.  The excitatory networks of higher brain structures, such as the hippocampus, consist primarily of relay neurons.  The activity of these cells is controlled by local inhibitory synaptic interactions, mediated by a small number of specialized cells called interneurons.  These interneurons are a diverse group of cells, each presumably responsible for a distinct form of synaptic inhibition.  The hippocampus receives a large input of NE-containing fibers, many of which appear to form contacts with interneurons, suggesting that the noradrenergic system may regulate synaptic inhibition through direct actions on interneurons.  NE has been implicated in the regulation of sleep, arousal, learning and memory, but our understanding of how different subsets of NE-responsive interneurons modulate these neural processes is incomplete.\n\n\n\nEvidence suggests that NE differentially regulates at least two discrete, functionally defined, subpopulations of inhibitory hippocampal interneurons.\tTo test this hypothesis, this CAREER project will use an interdisciplinary approach combining electrophysiological, molecular-biological and neuroimaging techniques in the in-vitro rat hippocampus to (i) characterize the effects of NE on different populations of interneurons, (ii) identify the receptors mediating these NE responses, and (iii) determine the morphological profile of interneurons affected by NE.  In addition to extending our basic understanding of how NE modulates interneuron function, the information derived from this project may yield important insights into the mechanisms underlying certain cognitive and behavioral states.\n\n\n\nThis investigator will integrate education with his research efforts by developing and teaching in undergraduate- and graduate-level neuroscience courses, and participating in outreach programs to encourage more high-school and undergraduate students (especially women and minorities) to consider and pursue careers in science.  As part of the continued mentoring, a team of students will be trained to conduct the proposed research.  In addition, benefiting both students and other faculty, the investigator will help establish and direct an electrophysiology core facility.  Thus, this CAREER award will not only advance our understanding of how NE affects hippocampal network function, but also allow for high-quality training and research facilities, providing stimulating educational experiences for both present and future generations of neuroscientists."]
["CAREER:  Scaling Laws and Measure-Matching in Sensor Networks","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM","Gastpar, Michael","CA","University of California-Berkeley","gastpar@eecs.berkeley.edu","CSE","Sensor networks create new challenges in the understanding of communication and information processing. This research addresses two of the key issues: the scaling behavior of the networks, and the fact that sensor networks involve both sources and channels and hence generally perform both data compression and data transmission.\n\nThe \"scaling behavior\" of the network denotes its key properties and characteristics as a function of the number of nodes. For low-cost, low-power, and dense scenarios such as sensor networks, this is the most\n\nrelevant characterization, and it is theoretically important and successful since the exact analysis of network performance appears to be a very hard problem. By contrast, a scaling law focuses on how the performance depends on the number of nodes. Preliminary scaling-law results of the investigators suggest that qualitatively different laws and insights apply to large networks as compared to small networks. This is of fundamental importance to both research and education: different code constructions, algorithm designs, and signal processing techniques have to be developed, and a different intuition has to be taught to cover such networks.\n\nThe second key issue of this research concerns the fact that the sensed world is often analog, requiring both data compression and data transmission. This communication problem is unsolved to date: The omnipresent separation of the coding strategy into a compression and a transmission stage can lead to dramatically suboptimal performance, implying that the well-established understanding of information as \"bits\" needs to be revised. This research investigates a new and different understanding of communication as \"matching\" the source to the channel. In a scaling-law sense, this can lead to spectacular gains, as preliminary results have shown."]
["CAREER:     An Integrated Research and Education Program in Engineering Functional Block Copolymers","DMR","POLYMERS","Loo, Yueh-Lin (Lynn","TX","University of Texas at Austin","lloo@che.utexas.edu","MPS","This proposal seeks to address the governing physics - phase behavior and structure-function interrelationships - of functional block copolymers uniquely derived from living free radical polymerization techniques, and to exploit the physical properties of these novel materials in selected advanced applications.  Specifically, two classes of materials will be examined: polymers containing fluorinated blocks, and concentrated polyelectrolyte block copolymer solutions and gels. Fluorine-containing block copolymers provide the opportunity to explore the very strongly-segregated regime of the phase diagram at moderate molecular weights. Incorporation of a sacrificial block within these materials will produce nanoporous thin films with inherently low dielectric constants, making them attractive candidates for intermetal insulators in micro-electronics. As for concentrated polyelectrolyte solutions and gels, their amphiphilicity and ionic character render additional morphological richness and complexity. Adding moderate amounts of selective solvents (e.g., water) and adjusting pH can induce changes in microdomains sizes, and even transformations between ordered phases. The versatility of these materials will be further demonstrated through the construction of stimulusresponsive device and device components, such as mechanical switches and valves. An improved understanding of these materials - their nanoscale structures and how these structures affect macroscopic properties - will lead to the ability to engineer functional block copolymers with tailored properties a priori.\n\n%%%\n\nThis research program is highly interdisciplinary; students involved will be fully immersed in polymer synthesis, structural characterization, device design, fabrication, and testing. The broad range of concepts and techniques they are exposed to will build self-confidence, and will provide flexibility in their future careers.  Central to the educational outreach component of this proposal is undergraduate and graduate curriculum development. Current and emerging research concepts, characterization techniques, and processing technologies relevant to the proposed work will be implemented in an undergraduate core Chemical Engineering laboratory course to accurately reflect the changing trends in the profession. A graduate survey course on polymer characterization that emphasizes hands-on experimentation with existing state-of-the-art facilities on campus will be developed simultaneously. One of the missions of the proposed educational program is to strengthen and solidify the science curriculum in Austin's public elementary and middle schools by encouraging hands-on, inquiry-based learning. The learning materials and assessment tools that are being developed will be published on the internet so they are accessible to elementary school science teachers elsewhere. To promote science and engineering awareness among school children, a Nano-Exploratory Exhibit will be set up in Austin's Children Museum. The PI and her group will also be hosting exchange students and teachers from UT Pan America, UT Brownsville, and UT El Peso through the \"Nano@Border\" Educational Outreach Program.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Investigation of Regional Land-Atmosphere Interactions Using a Hierarchical Modeling and Data Assimilation Approach","EAR","CLIMATE & LARGE-SCALE DYNAMICS|INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES|HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES|LARGE-SCALE DYNAMIC METEOROLOG","Margulis, Steven","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","margulis@seas.ucla.edu","GEO","Margulis\n\n0348778\n\n\n\n\n\nImproved understanding and better representation of land surface heterogeneity, diurnal mixed-layer growth, and entrainment at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer is necessary for accurately capturing diurnal land-atmosphere interactions in large-scale models.  In this project, we will apply an advanced data assimilation scheme to estimate high-resolution rootzone soil moisture fields over regional domains. This new database will provide the ability to extend previous studies that analyzed the variability and scaling of surface soil moisture fields.  The rootzone soil moisture fields will then be used to initialize large-eddy simulations in order to investigate the importance of observed surface heterogeneity and provide insight into feedbacks in the coupled land-atmosphere system under a variety of surface and synoptic conditions.  The knowledge gained from these efforts will be used to investigate the representation of the complex interactions using low-dimensional models in an ensemble data assimilation framework.\n\n\n\nThe education component of the project is centered around providing broad-based environmental education to not only engineering undergraduates, but to those not sufficiently exposed to science, in an effort to increase awareness of environmental issues that are important to our society.  Based on this goal, the proposed education plan has three main components: 1) hands-on environmental education outreach to underrepresented minority and women students in Los Angeles high schools; 2) environmental awareness education for non-science and engineering freshman at UCLA; and 3) incorporating effective educational techniques, with a focus on better integration of research, into undergraduate engineering courses.\n\n\n\nThe proposed project aims to make a significant contribution by furthering environmental knowledge and understanding through research and education.  Broad impacts from the research plan will ultimately include better estimates of regional water and energy budgets and improved numerical weather and climate prediction, while the education plan will ultimately produce more environmentally aware citizens as well as scientists and engineers that are better equipped to solve future environmental problems."]
["CAREER:     Mapping the Mind in Search of Oculomotor Learning Strategies","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING","Alvarez, Tara","NJ","Foundation @ NJIT, New Jersey Institute of Technology","tara.l.alvarez@njit.edu","ENG","0447713\n\nAlvarez\n\n\n\n\n\nThis project will establish the Vision and Neural Engineering Laboratory at NJIT.  The PI has already established a working oculomotor research laboratory. The PI proposes a set of experiments to assess vergent (depth) eye movement mechanisms in motion tracking. The core of her proposed techniques is based around learning a motor control task under paradigms of reinforcement and interference learning. Visual tracking as well as fMRI diagnostics will be used, followed by subsequent analysis via ICA."]
["CAREER: Scale-independent Measures and Prediction of Space Weather","ATM","MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS","Wanliss, James","FL","Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University","James.Wanliss@erau.edu","GEO","This project combines research on the statistical nature and prediction of magnetic storms with educational components for both university students and K-12 teachers. Existing storm prediction systems do a good job on global scales but do not account for local variability. An understanding of local variations is particularly important since coupling of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system produces geospace and ground magnetic variations that depend on both local time and latitude. Several different subtopics will be examined: (1) fractal and multi-fractal characteristics of ground-based magnetometer time-series; (2) determination of characteristic differences in the scaling behavior between non-storm time and storm time dynamics; (3) the spatiotemporal statistical variations, from spatially separated magnetometers, as a function of proximity to a magnetic storm. For problem (1) the analysis techniques will include mono-fractal rescaled range, detrended fluctuation, and multi-fractal wavelet analyses. These approaches are appropriate since they take into account the very high resolution of magnetometer measurements, and also the intermittent, non-Gaussian, and nonstationary character of these data. For problem (2), analyses will be performed in terms of storm phases. This will develop methods to determine storm onsets via variations in nonlinear statistics. Problem (3) will provide a way to extend storm predictions to locations where there are no observing stations, and to paint a picture of overall (ground-based) storm behavior.\n\n\n\nThe educational initiatives will include the TEACHSPACE and Project LAUNCH programs. These programs address the need to increase interest in science and engineering education, but also the disparity in mathematics and science achievement in minority and traditionally underserved students. The project will focus on workshops for K-12 teachers. The P.I. will be involved in the delivery of workshops and lectures on space science, and development of laboratory experiments and instructional materials."]
["Evaluation of Biogeochemical Watershed Models: How Do We Know When A Model is Wrong?","EAR","INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES","Meixner, Thomas","AZ","University of Arizona","tmeixner@hwr.arizona.edu","GEO","0094312\n\nMeixner\n\n\n\nBiogeochemical watershed models have become disconnected from rigorous hypothesis testing due to a lack of available evaluation tools, thereby limiting the usefulness of these models.  I propose to improve the utilitty of biogeochemical watershed models by developing improved techniques of hypothesis testing using recently developed multi-criteria calibration techniques.  Three questions will be addressed:  (1) What are the benefits of distributed models of catchment biogeochemistry?  (2) How do we incorporate multiple fluxes and state variables into our judgment of how well a model is performing?  (3) How do we use different types of data in evaluating what is wrong with a model?  Preliminary results with multi-media methods have shown promise in solving the hypothesis-testing challenge of biogeochemical watershed models.  I will foster the development of these methods through both education and fundamental research into these techniques.  I will develop an innovative group project on watershed mass balance models for the general hydrology course I teach.  The graduate education portion of the project will involve lecture and collective learning in small groups using a simple bucket model of watershed processes.  The group project will take the students from the rudiments of model construction to the tools available for model calibration and model evaluation of lumped as well as distributed hydrologic models.  This course will form the foundation for the biogeochemical watershed modeling group I hope to create.  The research I propose will focus on the development of multi-criteria model calibration and evaluation tools for multi-process biogeochemical watershed models.  The proposed work includes testing the AHM model of the Emerald Lake watershed using \"true\" (testing for parameter uniqueness and identification) and real data sets using the available multi-criteria evaluation tools.\tModel calibration will be conducted for several scenarios comparing the level of spatial aggregation, time series duration, and the kinds of data available (outflow time series in addition to spatial data of soil conditions).  These studies will investigate the utility of distributed biogeochemical watershed models and what sort of data is needed to properly parameterize and evaluate these models.  I will also conduct similar modeling studies with agricultural non-point source models with the assistance of a post-doctoral associate trained in agricultural engineering.\tFinally, I will establish a biogeochemical watershed processes field site at the San Diego Experimental Forest."]
["CAREER: Optimization Problems in Wireless Sensor Network Design and Applications","CCF","THEORY OF COMPUTING","Cardei, Mihaela","FL","Florida Atlantic University","mihaela@cse.fau.edu","CSE","ABSTRACT\n\n0545488\n\nCardei, Mihaela  \n\nFlorida Atlantic University \n\n\n\nWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are recognized as a new frontier in networking. Deployed close to the phenomenon, a WSN provides a global view of the state of the phenomenon based on local sensor measurements. Sensor nodes have size, weight, and cost restrictions that limit resource availability, such as battery, CPU, and storage resources. These constraints severely affect application capabilities and performance. \n\n\n\nThis research project seeks to establish theoretical and practical foundations for fundamental optimization problems along the following research directions: sensor coverage, topology design and control, and efficient data gathering. In sensor coverage, this research will focus on new theoretical and practical advancements for the maximum set covers problem, as well as new concepts regarding connected sensor coverage and coverage problems for heterogeneous sensor networks and tiered network architectures. \n\n\n\nEnergy-efficient topology design and control is an important operation in WSN design. This research will investigate theoretical and practical mechanisms for range assignment in WSNs that minimize power consumption. For a general architecture with multiple sinks, this project will address mechanisms for deterministic sink locations and energy-efficient anycast topology-control. In support for applications that require high reliability, the k-degree anycast topology control problem will be investigated.\n\n\n\nAn important optimization problem in the design of energy-efficient data gathering involves selecting a minimum set of data forwarding nodes. This research work will investigate this problem when each forwarding node is connected to at least one of the deployed sinks. This project will also study the problem of reliable data delivery to one of the sinks in case of failure of at most k sensor nodes.  Activity scheduling is another research direction that will provide mechanisms of efficiently rotating the set of forwarding nodes in order to balance the energy consumption. This research will also investigate efficient mechanisms for cluster-based data gathering using multiple sinks.\n\n\n\nThis project is expected to have a lasting impact on the theory and practice of wireless sensor research, by providing integrated theoretical and practical foundations in sensor coverage, topology design and control, and data gathering. This research work will address these problems on two fronts. First, this project seeks to design and analyze solutions with provably good theoretic results, such as approximation algorithms and PTAS. Such results are very important and they will help understand system performance limitations through worst-case guarantees. Second, for practical implementations, this project will focus on the design of low-complexity distributed and localized algorithms. In addition, this project will provide extensive simulations for performance evaluation. \n\n\n\nThis program will integrate research and education through student participation in research projects, student mentoring, research seminar, and course development. Florida Atlantic University is a minority serving institution. This project will benefit minority students in performing research in the area of theoretical and algorithmic WSNs, offering them the opportunity to stay competitive with peers at other institutions, locally and nationally. The results from this research will be included in class materials and will be disseminated via web pages, invited talks, conference presentations, and journal publications."]
["CAREER: Function and Evolution of a Novel, Fundamentally Different Visual System in Dytiscid Diving Beetle Larvae.","IOB","ENVIRON & STRUCTURAL SYS CL","Buschbeck, Elke","OH","University of Cincinnati Main Campus","elke.buschbeck@uc.edu","BIO","Eye design is extensively influenced by the physical properties of light and the limits of optics.  Therefore, most animal eyes studied so far are variations of a few previously described types.  In this project, Dr. Buschbeck will study insect eyes that diverge in fundamental ways from known visual organs.  Eyes of the predatory larvae of diving beetles (Thermonectus marmoratus) contain at least two retinas, one with receptor cells oriented perpendicular to the axis of light, and one with receptor cells parallel to that axis.  This is in contrast to typical insect eyes, which have only one retina with receptor cells oriented parallel to the axis of light.  Based on preliminary findings, it is hypothesized that additional receptors are important to gauge appropriate strike distances by using a novel neural mechanism.  In this project, these eyes will be characterized using a combination of histological, physiological, optical and behavioral techniques.\tExperiments will involve the participation of middle- and high-school teachers, who will be trained in a set of simple experiments that can be directly integrated into their school curricula, fostering inquiry-based learning.   A broader impact on society at large is anticipated through an improved understanding of principles of vision that could ultimately lead to powerful new technologies.  Several graduate and undergraduate students will be involved in the research, in an ongoing collaboration with the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens, in broadly disseminating the results through high-profile journals and national and international meetings, and in local events that include public exhibits and lectures."]
["CAREER: Investigating Ricci flow singularity formation","DMS","GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS","Knopf, Dan","TX","University of Texas at Austin","danknopf@math.utexas.edu","MPS","Abstract\n\n\n\nAward:\tDMS-0545984\n\nPrincipal Investigator:  Dan F. Knopf\n\n\n\nThe broad goals of the investigator's research program are to find and\n\nclassify optimal geometries using curvature flows. This subject is\n\ncurrently enjoying a period of intense interest and rapid progress,\n\ninspired by Perelman's landmark results in Hamilton's program to\n\nresolve the Poincare and Geometrization Conjectures by Ricci flow. In\n\napplications of Ricci flow, one evolves a Riemannian metric on a\n\nmanifold to simplify and improve its geometry. In many cases, these\n\nimprovements involve changes in topology that are triggered by\n\nsingularity formation. Such improvements are possible because\n\nsolutions of Ricci flow (like many other nonlinear PDE) are expected\n\nto exhibit very special, highly symmetric profiles in a space-time\n\nneighborhood of a developing singularity. A thorough and deep\n\nunderstanding of singularity formation is therefore of critical\n\nimportance for extracting topological and geometric information from\n\nRicci flow behavior. The investigator's immediate objectives focus on\n\nsingularity formation for curvature flows, particularly (1) analytic\n\naspects (asymptotics) of singularity formation, (2) the structure of\n\nsingularities in dimension four, (3) singularities of Kaehler-Ricci\n\nflow, (4) the structure of Perelman's entropy and reduced distance,\n\nand (5) applications of geometric flows to problems in\n\nphysics. Progress toward these objectives will lead to new\n\napplications of Ricci flow in the geometry and topology of manifolds,\n\nproductive insights into parallels between various geometric flows,\n\nand new applications of curvature flows to problems motivated by\n\nmaterials science and physics. These objectives are well suited to\n\ncollaborations with other researchers in geometric evolution equations\n\nand in related fields like comparison geometry, low-dimensional\n\ntopology, and nonlinear analysis.\n\n\n\nThe partial differential equations that arise in curvature flows are\n\nremarkably similar to equations used to model heat propagation, the\n\nmovement of oil in shale and thin films, combustion in porous media,\n\nand certain effects in plasma physics. By increasing our understanding\n\nof singularity formation for such equations, the research elements of\n\nthis project may contribute to progress in these applications. The\n\neducation elements of the project are very tightly integrated with its\n\nresearch focus. The cornerstone of this integration is a series of\n\nannual workshops: each will contain a graduate education component, a\n\nresearch component, and an undergraduate outreach component. The\n\neducation component includes an organized seminar to prepare graduate\n\nstudents for participation in the research component. The outreach\n\ncomponent includes invitations to local undergraduate students to\n\ninteract with the visiting researchers with the goal of attracting\n\nthose students to further studies in mathematics. The project will\n\nbenefit undergraduate education in two other ways: the investigator\n\nwill develop a new course in optimal geometry and integrate it into\n\nthe liberal-arts honors curriculum at the University of Texas, and the\n\ninvestigator will organize and direct an undergraduate\n\nlearning-by-discovery project in which students investigate\n\ncombinatorial curvature flows."]
["CAREER:  Planning and Control for Overconstrained Mechanisms","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM","Murphey, Todd","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","todd.murphey@colorado.edu","ENG","Abstract\n\n\n\nMultiple point contact is common in many manipulation tasks.  Examples\n\ninclude arrays for distributed or micro manipulation, vehicles, and\n\ntraditional robotic grasping.  Although all of these applications have\n\nreceived a great deal of attention, no previous works have provided an\n\nanalytical approach capable of dealing with the inherent uncertainties in\n\nthe contact state--the state that represents whether a given contact is\n\nsticking, slipping, or is out of contact. These nonsmooth transitions\n\nbetween contact states have a dramatic impact on the dynamics; hence, it\n\nis important to systematically mitigate the negative performance these\n\nnonsmooth effects induce.  Moreover, these systems are often overactuated,\n\nso that each contact interface is independently articulated.  This leads\n\nto mechanisms that are nominally kinematically overconstrained--that is,\n\nthe kinematic relationships between all the point contacts cannot be\n\nsimultaneously satisfied.  Which constraint is broken is sensitive to\n\ndetails of friction and normal force modeling, so it is necessary to\n\nestimate the current contact state and incorporate the contact state into\n\nthe motion planning and control.  The goal of this research is to\n\nproduce hybrid estimators, motion planning algorithms, and control\n\nstrategies that will work in concert to guarantee performance and\n\nstability in the face of multiple contact interfaces in an unstructured\n\nenvironment.  An overconstrained multiple point manipulator prototype will\n\nbe developed and planning and control methods will be applied to this\n\nsystem to demonstrate manipulation that is not sensitive to the\n\nparticulars of the frictional interfaces.\n\n\n\nManufacturing often involves the need to reposition and reorient objects\n\nfor purposes of assembly.  To accomplish this, multiple actuators are\n\noften used, and these actuators experience stick and slip contact with the\n\nobject due to frictional interactions.\tThe physics of the actuators and,\n\nin particular, their interaction with the object are notoriously difficult\n\nto model accurately. Hence, there is a strong need for manipulation\n\nstrategies that are not sensitive to these low-level details.  Moreover,\n\nmany vehicles, such as the original Mars rover, have a mechanical design\n\nthat guarantees that some of the wheels must slip during operation.\n\nHowever, which wheels slip is dependent on unknown environmental conditions.  Hence, in this situation as well there is a need to develop motion planning strategies that are guaranteed to work even in the presence of substantial uncertainty arising from the environment.\tThis project will contribute to these needs by developing\n\nstrategies that have guaranteed performance in the face of inherent\n\nuncertainty. In the short term this project will contribute to macro-scale\n\nmanufacturing and vehicle control, and in the long-term will likely impact\n\nmicro-scale manufacturing."]
["CAREER: Aspiring for Spectrum Freedom Through MIMO Overlay Transmission","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH","Chen, Biao","NY","Syracuse University","bichen@ecs.syr.edu","CSE","The proposed project intends to explore the notion of overlay transmission as an alternative design criterion in wireless networks involving multiple transceiver pairs, i.e., the classical interference channels (IFC). Overlay transmission refers to the communication mode where the signals from multiple users superimpose in time and frequency. It is envisioned that, facilitated by the theory and technologies to be developed under this effort, more efficient spectrum utilization can be achieved by allowing concurrent transmissions without compromising each users Quality of Service.\n\nThe intellectual merit of the project lies in its pursuit of the novel MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) overlay transmission concept in wireless network design. This differs with existing overlay transmission, such as the code division multiple access systems, whose interference resistance comes at the cost of bandwidth expansion. Instead, we demonstrate that the interplay between spatial diversity and multiuser diversity in MIMO IFC enables overlay transmission to significantly outperform orthogonal transmission. This is also in sharp contrast to the single-input single-output system where overlay transmission has no tangible advantage in spectral efficiency over orthogonal transmission for IFC.\n\nThe proposed MIMO overlay transmission has broad applications in wireless networks. For cellular networks, prudent use of MIMO overlay transmission will enable novel frequency reuse schemes to\n\nimprove channel resource management. In ad hoc networks, incorporating MIMO overlay transmission\n\ninto the networking protocols will help enhance both the network and end-to-end throughputs.\n\nMIMO overlay transmission, with its superior spectral efficiency and its potential to enable novel\n\nnetworking protocols, has the promise to bring relief to the spectrum scarcity issue encountered in\n\ntodays wireless systems.\n\nAlong with the proposed research project, the PI has designed a set of education initiatives.\n\nThese include promoting active learning through innovative classroom teaching, enhancing graduate\n\nand undergraduate curriculum through course development, and involving undergraduate students\n\nwith diverse background in this project.\n\nThe broader impacts of this project are multi-faceted. By engaging students at both graduate\n\nand undergraduate levels in intellectually challenging activities, the students will assume a more\n\nactive role in various education activities. Encouraging and facilitating graduate students participation\n\nin professional meetings and conferences will help instill enthusiasm in scientific research into the\n\nstudents. Involving undergraduate students in carefully designed research projects will help foster\n\ntheir interest in scientific activities. The curriculum development plan caters to the increasing needs\n\nof students in the area of communication and signal processing. At the graduate level, it will provide\n\nan important venue for many local industries and research institutions for the continuing education\n\nof their employees. The PIs enthusiasm in developing and teaching undergraduate courses will ensure\n\nthe success of the ongoing undergraduate curriculum reform in the Department of Electrical\n\nEngineering and Computer Science at Syracuse University."]
["CAREER: Reliability and Security of Database and Web Applications","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Su, Zhendong","CA","University of California-Davis","su@cs.ucdavis.edu","CSE","CCF-0546844\n\nZhendong Su\n\nUniversity of California -Davis\n\n\n\nCAREER: Reliability and Security of Database and Web Applications\n\n\n\nDatabase and web applications contain many critical faults, seriously undermining the security and reliability of our national information system infrastructures.  Many such errors are introduced because of\n\nthese applications' dynamic and complex interactions with outside environments such as dynamically constructing queries to access a database.\tThus, it is important to automatically enforce the correctness of these interactions, but no such technique or tool exists. Consequently, these applications are susceptible to serious failures and security threats.\tThis project proposes a novel, systematic analysis framework to address this problem.  With static analysis and runtime checking as its foundation, this framework will\n\noffer a rigorous and comprehensive approach to validate and enforce large classes of high-level properties specific to database and web applications.  The additional educational component includes the development of an interdisciplinary course integrating concepts from databases, programming languages, software engineering, and computer security to address the educational need of engineering robust database-intensive applications.  This project is expected to impact both industry and academia.  Analysis tools developed in the project\n\nwill be distributed for teaching, research, and experimental evaluation at other institutions and by industry.\tThis project will also produce publicly available instructional materials including web sites and courseware that help people write more reliable and secure database and web applications, and serve as a clearing house for development tools such as the ones from this project."]
["CAREER:  Particle Morphology and Composition Effects on Chemical Reaction Rates in Aerosols","ATM","ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY","Smith, Geoffrey","GA","University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc","gsmith@chem.uga.edu","GEO","This project will use two complementary techniques to investigate chemical reactions in aerosols: Aerosol Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Aerosol CIMS) and Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry (SPMS).  A \"probe\" reaction between gas-phase ozone and unsaturated organics in various model particles will be studied to determine how different types of particles can influence reaction rates.  These model particles, consisting of organic, humic, soot and inorganic components, will be used to represent different types of aerosols found in the atmosphere.  The morphology of these particles will be studied using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), to seek correlations between the physical features (e.g. fractal nature, porosity, etc.) and the reactivity of the particles.  The goals are to help reduce the complexity of ambient particles by elucidating how particle morphology and the underlying particle substrate influence reactivity.\n\n\n\nEducational and outreach activities will be developed in conjunction with teachers and staff at the Fernbank Science Center in Atlanta in order to help educate students of all ages about specific atmospheric chemistry and air quality issues.  The activities include the introduction of an Atmospheric Chemistry component into the curriculum of a science magnet program at the Fernbank Science Center in Atlanta, development of an Atmospheric Sciences exhibit at the Science Center on issues such as global warming or smog formation, and creation of Teacher Resource Kits designed as stand-alone resources for teachers, with each kit focusing on a particular topic related to atmospheric chemistry or air pollution."]
["CAREER: Simulations of Nonlinear Water Waves and Air-to-Sea Momentum Fluxes in the Coastal Ocean","CTS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|FLUID DYNAMICS & HYDRAULICS","Chen, Qin","AL","University of South Alabama","qchen@jaguar1.usouthal.edu","ENG","PROPOSAL NO.:\t\t\tCTS-0547056\n\nPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS:\t\tQIN CHEN\n\nINSTITUTION:\t\t\tUNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA\n\n\n\nCAREER: SIMULATIONS OF NONLINEAR WATER WAVES AND AIR-TO-SEA MOMENTUM FLUXES IN THE COASTAL OCEAN\n\n\n\nThe goal of this project is to develop an integrated research and educational program in coastal engineering and science that will advance the capability of modeling storm surge and wave dynamics, and at the same time educate students and the general public about coastal issues in the Gulf area.  According to census data, more than 50% of the U.S. population lives within 50 miles of the shoreline, and the coastal population continues to grow.\tThe nation's near shore regions are severely stressed because of increased human activity and climate change. The continuing popularity of coastal areas and increased development along the coastlines puts more people and property at risk from coastal hazards, such as hurricanes and tsunamis. Winds, surges and waves are the major forcing of coastal flooding and erosion. Mitigating the impacts of such coastal disasters requires an accurate prediction of water surges and ocean waves generated by storms and hurricanes in order to inform the public and decision-makers, facilitate the management of coastal resources and emergency response, and improve engineering design of coastal infrastructure.  The research component of this program will employ an innovative, interdisciplinary (civil engineering, physical oceanography and computational science) approach utilizing the PI's advanced coastal wave modeling expertise in computational hydrodynamics. The five-year research plan consists of theoretical formulation and analysis, development and verification of a third-generation Boussinesq-type wave-current model that includes vorticity and wind forcing based on state-of-the-art formulations and spectral-element methods, and the utilization of the new model as a research tool to improve understanding of wind effects on wave-wave interactions as well as air-to-sea momentum fluxes for storm surge modeling. The education component of the program will be coupled with the research component to enhance undergraduate education and research as well as enrich a graduate curriculum with new graduate-level courses. Furthermore, a novel community outreach program will be integrated with the well-established Alabama Dauphin Island Sea Lab's K-12 education programs. The integrated educational program with an emphasis on high-school students and science teachers will enhance ocean-related education and attract U.S. students to the field of ocean science in general and to the profession of coastal engineering in particular. The proposed research and education activities will broaden the participation of the underrepresented Northern Gulf Coast residents and minorities in the discipline of coastal engineering. The multilevel community outreach program will improve the general public's understanding of the destructive forces of storm waves and water surges and their threat to coastal inhabitants and infrastructure. This will raise the public's awareness of the potential risk associated with many residential developments along the coastlines and therefore facilitate coastal zone management."]
["CAREER: Interfacing and Integrating Life-Sciences and Solid-Mechanics","CMS","NANO/BIO MECHANICS","Wan, Kai-tak","MO","University of Missouri-Rolla","wankt@umr.edu","ENG","Interfacing and Integrating Life-Sciences and Solid-Mechanics \n\nDr. Kai-tak Wan, Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla\n\nSolid-mechanics is incorporated into life-sciences to complement the conventional biochemical approach and to open new grounds for engineering research. Investigations in micro-mechanics and micro-structure of artificial, porcine and human eyes and ocular lenses will enhance fundamental understanding and bio-technology development in ophthalmic accommodation mechanics, presbyopia, prosthetic lenses for cataract eyes, retina detachment due to diabetes etc. Mechanical characterization of single cells and thin biomembranes will improve understanding in how cells deform and adhere to form multi-cell aggregate and ultimately 3-dimensional tissues. The work delves into the mechanical aspects of stem cell chondrogenesis, morphogenesis and developmental biology. Theoretical modeling and experimentation will be carried out at various medical schools and hospitals. The trans-disciplinary and inter-institutional project forges collaboration between mechanics and biomedical communities. An education program promotes Life-Science based Solid-Mechanics in engineering and medical schools."]
["CAREER: New Methods for the Direct Quantification of Air Pollutant Emissions and Education of the Next Generation of Engineers","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Marr, Linsey","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","lmarr@vt.edu","ENG","Marr   0547107\tIntellectual merit. The intellectual merits of this project are that it will provide a new tool for the quantification of air pollutant emissions, that it represents the first direct measurement of  anthropogenic fluxes of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and fine particulate matter to the atmosphere, and that it will significantly enhance understanding of air pollutant emissions. This method is a significant advance over the current approach, which relies on engineering estimates to predict emissions. These measurements will provide significantly improved data for the advancement of air quality science and management.\n\nBroader impacts. Ultimately, this research will lead to more effective air quality control strategies and cleaner air through both science and education. New air quality regulations are expected to cost over $6.5 billion per year and potentially save $120 billion in health-related expenses. Accurate measurements of emissions will ensure that efforts to reduce air pollution are optimized for cost effectiveness. The projects integrated educational components will have at least two significant impacts. First, introducing K-12 students to our field measurements will excite them about science and engineering and will encourage more of them to enter technical fields of study. Second, through the combination of new wireless classroom technology and active learning techniques, undergraduate students will gain a deeper understanding of environmental engineering and will be more likely to retain the knowledge throughout their careers. This technology may especially aid minority and female students to overcome cultural, gender, and social barriers that inhibit them from participating more actively in traditionally taught classes. A larger pool of better educated scientists and engineers will improve our ability to successfully tackle air pollution and other environmental challenges in the coming decades."]
["CAREER: Amphiphilicity-Driven Organization of Nanoparticles into Discrete Assemblies","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY","Zubarev, Eugene","TX","William Marsh Rice University","EZ@rice.edu","MPS","TECHNICAL EXPLANATION\t    \n\n\n\nThis CAREER project will use the hydrophobic effect as a means to assemble condensed matter into discrete functional objects.  Specifically, covalent attachment of Y-shaped amphiphiles to metallic clusters of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au) will impart the amphiphilicity to the resulting hybrid structure.  Because every particle will be the junction point of all hydrophobic and hydrophilic arms, the micellization will lead to a dense packing of particles exactly at the boundary between the core and corona of the micelle. Thus, the individual particles will organize spontaneously into finite and well-defined nanoarrays.  Importantly, each micelle will be a carrier of densely packed catalytic sites (Pt, Pd, or Au nanoparticles) and will combine the best features of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.  We hypothesize that the catalytic activity may not only be a function of size and the nature of particles, but will also depend on the curvature of nanoarrays and the degree of order in them.  The curvature can be dramatically changed as cylinders transform into vesicles, and vice versa.  Thus, the catalytic activity and/or selectivity may be manipulated by changing the morphology of the proposed assemblies.  The expected outcomes are strongly supported by the feasibility studies on gold nanoparticles, but the approach can be applied to any spherical or rodlike carrier of functionality. \n\n\n\nNON-TECHNICAL EXPLANATION\n\n\n\nThe broader impacts of the project are in developing new methods to bridge the gap between the nano- and mesoscale, and to strengthen the nanoscience education of the general public in Texas and nationwide.\tOf particular importance will be the collaboration with the NSF-funded educational outreach program NanoKids. The PI will introduce a Materials Studio Visualizer Program in the middle schools that are already using NanoKids educational materials.\tThis 3D Molecular Graphics Program will allow children to learn and better understand the structure of various molecules, crystals, and DNA.  In a parallel effort, three on-line mini-courses in nanotechnology, which will be used by 58 science teachers from the greater Houston area, will be developed.  Unique hybrid structures and advanced catalysts proposed in this project will be excellent examples to help K-12 teachers understand the origin of unusual properties of matter at the nanoscale, and to learn about the industrial and societal implications of nanotechnology. This project will open up a new avenue for organizing functional matter and creating better catalysts, which will directly benefit society."]
["CAREER: Fuel Cell Degradation Diagnostics and Control","ECS","POWER, CONTROLS & ADAPTIVE NET","Shaw, Steven","MT","Montana State University","sshaw@matrix.coe.montana.edu","ENG","CAREER: Fuel Cell Degradation Diagnostics and Control\n\nPI: Steven Shaw\n\n\n\n\n\nThis CAREER proposal focuses on developing an understanding of connections between fuel cell degradation and transient electrical loads, including controls that might mitigate degradation in realistic electrical environments.  The project will build and validate physical models to predict degradation from the electrical terminals of an operating fuel cell, using an extensive database of proton exchange membrane transient degradation at Montana State University. Using these diagnostics, the research will develop controls for fuel cell systems to achieve acceptable trade-offs between cell degradation and measures of system performance.\n\n\n\nIntellectual Merit: Fuel cell reliability is generally considered a materials problem, even though the electrical terminals of a fuel cell directly control the chemistry supported by the materials.  This project would develop controls and diagnostics at the electrical terminals to help mitigate fuel cell degradation. \n\n\n\nBroader Impacts: New control schemes developed through this project could enhance the extent to which fuel cells help solve future energy challenges. This project would begin to address the challenge of innovating across traditional engineering disciplines by creating a cross-disciplinary laboratory for the required undergraduate controls class in electrical engineering.  Hands-on opportunities in the new lab would enhance student understanding, allow research projects to be more accessible to undergraduates, and prepare students to solve future practical problems."]
["CAREER:    Disorder Induced Optical Heterogeneity in Solution-based Straight/Branched Nanowires","CHE","STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY|ELECTRONIC MATERIALS","Kuno, Masaru","IN","University of Notre Dame","mkuno@nd.edu","MPS","In this CAREER award, co-funded by the Experimental Physical Chemistry (CHE) and Electronic Materials (DMR) programs, Prof. Masaru K. Kuno of the University of Notre Dame and his graduate and undergraduate students will use single particle spectroscopy to study the optical and electronic properties of linear and branched semiconductor nanowires (CdSe, CdTe, and PbTe).  Experiments will focus on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) spectroscopy, photoluminescence excitation, and the fluorescence intermittency of single nanowires. The aim of this work is to explore the effects of disorder (including phase defects), heterogeneity, and the surrounding medium on the behavior of solution-based nanowires.\n\n\n\nUnderstanding the links between intrawire defects and the optical and electronic properties of nanowires will impact the further development of semiconductor nanowires as optical sensors and as photovoltaics.  The proposed work is integrated with educational activities involving undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Notre Dame.  These activities will lead to the development of a series of student-tested, undergraduate experiments and include the construction of an inexpensive, single-molecule microscope.  Prof. Kuno also plans to publish an introductory textbook on nanoscience."]
["CAREER:  Quantum Phase Transitions and Dissipation in Superconducting Nanowires","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Markovic, Nina","MD","Johns Hopkins University","nina@pha.jhu.edu","MPS","Non-technical Abstract\n\nThe goal of this Faculty Early Career Development project at Johns Hopkins University is to investigate the quantum phase transitions and dissipation in superconducting nanowires. A quantum phase transition can be observed close to absolute zero temperature when some critical parameter of the system is varied, such as the diameter of the wire or an applied magnetic field. The nature of the transition generally depends on the structure of the nanowire and the unwanted noise from the environment. A new fabrication technique will be developed in order to achieve precise control of the microstructure of the nanowires. The coupling with the environment will be purposely introduced in a controlled and tunable way in order to study its effect on the quantum properties of the nanowires. These nanowires will represent an experimental realization of a model system for investigating the general behavior of quantum systems interacting with the environment. Besides advancing our understanding of the fundamental physics of mesoscopic superconductors and quantum systems in general, this project will serve to prepare graduate and undergraduate students for scientific careers, develop new web-based teaching tools, provide research opportunities to high school students and teachers, and build a solid basis for future research. \n\n\n\n\n\nTechnical Abstract\n\nThe goal of this Faculty Early Career Development project at Johns Hopkins University is to investigate the quantum phase transitions and dissipation in superconducting nanowires. Quantum phase transitions occur at the absolute zero of temperature and are driven by quantum fluctuations of some parameter, such as the diameter of the wire or a magnetic field. A new fabrication technique will be developed in order to achieve a precise control of the physical properties of the nanowires and special attention will be paid to investigating the effects of an applied magnetic field, and the details of transport in the non-superconducting regime. A cryostat with a dilution refrigerator and the appropriate filtering arrangements will be used to minimize the unwanted noise from the environment. The coupling with the environment will then be introduced in a controlled and tunable way, in order to study its impact on the quantum effects in the nanowires. Realizing tunable dissipation and coupling it into a superconducting nanowire will provide an important model system for investigating the general behavior of quantum systems interacting with the environment. Besides advancing our understanding of the fundamental physics of mesoscopic superconductors and quantum systems in general, this project will serve to prepare graduate and undergraduate students for scientific careers, develop new web-based teaching tools, provide research opportunities to high school students and teachers, and build a solid basis for future research."]
["CAREER: Constrained Density Functional Methods for Accurate Electron Transfer Dynamics","CHE","QUANTUM CALCULATIONS","Van Voorhis, Troy","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","tvan@MIT.EDU","MPS","Troy Van Voorhis of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is supported by a CAREER award from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry program for the development, implementation and application of a consistent density functional theory (DFT) - based treatment of the dynamics of electrons in molecular systems.  The work  is resulting in the development of accurate adiabatic electron transfer (ET) parameters for use in describing molecular electronics.  In addition, the method is being used to study the energy landscape of ET in several molecules with interesting light-harvesting and electrical conduction properties.  A future goal of the project is to develop an exact treatment of out-of-equilibrium ET dynamics which can be used to study the electrical properties of various metal-molecule-metal junctions.  The results of the research are being incorporated into the NWChem software package, ensuring that the research will have a broad impact on the community.  In addition, Van Voorhis is developing a set of interactive lessons for MIT students involving a combination of in-class and web-based activities; the results of this curriculum development project will be made available through MIT's OpenCourseWare initiative."]
["CAREER:  Education and Research on Nanoscale Spintronic Systems and Heterostructures","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Binek, Christian","NE","University of Nebraska-Lincoln","cbinek2@unl.edu","MPS","Non-Technical Abstract:\n\nModern materials science permits manufacturing of layered magnetic thin film structures where growth conditions are controlled down to the atomic scale, which in turn enables fabrication of new and potentially useful artificially designed heterosystems. This Faculty Early Career Award funds education and research on nanoscale spintronic systems and magnetic heterostructures at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Special emphasis is laid on the fabrication of novel spintronics devices combining memory and logical functions. In general, spintronics takes advantage from the control of electric currents via the electron spin which adds a new degree of freedom to the conventional charge based current control. Here, new functionality is based on the electric control of the interface magnetization and the resulting electrically controlled interaction between magnetoelectric and ferromagnetic thin films in close contact. State of the art technology of thin film growth is used to produce these novel devices. In addition, fundamental aspects of thermodynamics in artificial magnetic superstructures are explored. This includes the control of interlayer interaction in novel superlattices by temperature, magnetic and electric fields.  These studies have applications in magnetic refrigeration technology and provide access to hitherto unexplored magnetic phases. Research and education in spintronics and nanostructuring offers key qualifications in a field which presumably will revolutionize future information technology and will have a huge impact on US economy. The complexity of this field demands new educational methods.   This award funds an E-learning approach using interactive online virtual experts (\"knowledge Avatars\") as a new key element.   An Avatar is an interactive online character communicating face to face with the user, creating an intimate relation with a virtual platform. Web-based, Avatar-guided visualizations, hypertexts combining power point shows and animations, and virtual \"hands-on\" experiments will provide an interactive approach to learning and are a modern platform to attract public interest in research and education at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. \n\n\n\nTechnical Abstract:\n\nModern materials science permits control of the composition and the morphology of layered structures on the nanoscale or even below, which in turn enables fabrication of new and potentially useful artificially designed heterosystems. This Faculty Early Career Award funds education and research on nanoscale spintronic systems and magnetic heterostructures at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Special emphasis is laid on the fabrication of novel spintronics devices combining memory and logical functions. Their functionality is based on the electric control of the interface magnetization in exchange bias heterosystems using molecular beam epitaxial growth of magnetoelectric/ferromagnetic exchange coupled thin films. In addition, fundamental aspects of thermodynamics in artificial magnetic superstructures are explored. This includes the control of interlayer exchange in antiferromagnetic superlattices by temperature, magnetic and electric fields.  These studies aim on the creation of very large entropy changes in artificial magnetocaloric heterostructures and the control of staggered fields in artificial antiferromagnets providing access to hitherto unexplored magnetic phase transitions. Research and education in spintronics and nanostructuring offers key qualifications for the challenges involved in future technology. The complexity of this field demands new educational methods.   This award funds an E-learning approach using interactive online virtual experts (\"knowledge Avatars\") as a new key element.   An Avatar is an interactive online character communicating face to face with the user, creating an intimate relation with a virtual platform. Web-based, Avatar-guided visualizations, hypertexts combining power point shows and animations, and virtual \"hands-on\" experiments will provide an interactive approach to learning and are a modern platform to attract public interest in research and education at UNL."]
["CAREER: Fundamental Studies of Contact Fatigue in Metallic Materials","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|METALS","Venkatesh, T.","LA","Tulane University","tav@tulane.edu","MPS","TECHNICAL: Research is directed towards obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the contact fatigue phenomenon in metallic materials. Through an approach that combines modeling and experimentation, the study will lay the foundation for a framework that explains the four stages of contact fatigue damage, namely, crack initiation, crack propagation under load, crack propagation under the influence of far-field loads, and fast fracture. A unique adhesion-based analytical model will be applied, which together with the formulation of a finite element based numerical model, would provide quantitative guidelines for crack initiation and life prediction. From experiment on materials (single crystalline- and polycrystalline-nickel, and duplex- and lamellar- titanium aluminide) with widely different microstructures, key insights on contact fatigue crack initiation will be obtained. Microstructure characteristic of contact fatigue such as the formation of dislocation structures and/or persistent slip bands preceding and contributing to crack nucleation will be identified through the study of single crystalline nickel. The role of grain-boundaries in inhibiting or enhancing contact fatigue cracking will be discerned through the study of polycrystalline nickel. The effects of phase distribution, i.e., duplex vs. lamellar forms, and domain orientations with respect to contact geometry, on contact fatigue crack initiation and propagation will be evaluated in the titanium aluminide system.   NON-TECHNICAL: Research would have scientific and technological impact in the aircraft, automotive, and bio-medical industry. The scientific understanding would help in the development of materials with microstructures that provide enhanced resistance to contact fatigue in safety-critical components in aircraft structures and biomedical implants. The activities will enhance Louisiana State's research base and educational efforts in the field of advanced materials. The research would integrate a three-tier educational plan involving outreach programs addressing K-12 students through the Tulane Science Scholar Program; class-room and research opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students at Tulane and Xavier University (a Historically Black College and University) and dedicated research training for graduate students. Additionally, nearly 100 high school students, 350 undergraduates, 105 minorities, and 25 graduate students would benefit from the effort during the five-year period. An online archive incorporating information about course contents and lectures will also be created to provide easy access to all students and faculty through the department web site. This grant is being co-funded by the Metals Program in DMR and EPSCoR."]
["CAREER: Catalytic Carbene and Nitrene Transfer Reactions by Metalloporphyrins","CHE","PHYSICAL INORGANIC","Zhang, Peter","TN","University of Tennessee Knoxville","pzhang@utk.edu","MPS","This CAREER award by the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Chemistry program supports work by Professor Peter Zhang at University of Tennessee Knoxville to study catalytic reactivities of metalloporphyrins for carbene and nitrene transfer reactions. In contrast to oxotransfer reactions, the analogous carbene and nitrene transfers by metalloporphyrins are less developed, but are important both fundamentally and practically. They generate valuable insights that aid the understanding of related biochemical processes and provide models for approaches to convert inexpensive and abundant hydrocarbons into value-added functional molecules via C-C and C-N bond formations. New porphyrins with tunable electronic, steric, and chiral environments will be synthesized by a modular approach from readily available bromoporphyrin synthons and will be used as supporting ligands to systematically probe, control, and optimize the catalytic reactivities and selectivities of metalloporphyrins. Detailed mechanistic studies, including elucidation of putative metalloporphyrin-carbene and -nitrene intermediates, will be carried out to understand the origin of catalytic reactivity and selectivity of metalloporphyrins. It is hoped that practical catalytic systems based on metalloporphyrins will ultimately be developed for selective conversions of alkenes and alkanes into more valuable functional molecules via well-defined carbene and nitrene transfer processes.\n\n\n\nThe multidisciplinary nature of the proposed research program provides an edcational opportunity for students to solve fundamentally and practically important scientific problems through a combination of inorganic, organic, organometallic, and biomimetic approaches. The proposed research will be integrated with a range of education missions. First, focused efforts will be made to mentor undergraduate students in active research projects, especially for women, underrepresented minorities, and students from primarily undergraduate institutes (PUIs), attracting them into careers in chemical and related sciences. Second, arrangements will be made to sponsor faculty members at PUIs to conduct research projects in the PI's laboratory, enhancing their research and educational opportunities. Third, an educational component titled \"The Colors of Life\", which is related to the proposed research, will be developed for K-12 teachers/students and the general public, promoting their appreciation of and interests in chemical science."]
["CAREER:    Understanding the Anomalous Ductility of Select B2 Intermetallic Compounds:    Polycrystal Plasticity Modeling and Validation by In-Situ Diffraction Techniques","DMR","METALS","Agnew, Sean","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","sra4p@virginia.edu","MPS","TECHNICAL: Intermetallic alloys have tremendous technological potential due to their exceptional physical properties. However, the vast majority of intermetallics suffer from low ductility at room temperature. A new class of fully ordered intermetallics was recently discovered which exhibits significant polycrystalline ductility. For example, YAg exhibits greater than 20% elongation in tension at room temperature in laboratory air. A scientific explanation for this surprising behavior remains to be elucidated, and will be studied. The new class of the ductile intermetallics includes dozens of stoichiometric line compounds, comprised of a rare earth element (R) and a metal (M) from groups 2 or 8-13. While it is often stated that 5 independent slip systems are required for polycrystalline ductility (the von Mises condition), single crystal trace analyses performed on the ductile RM compounds provide only 3 independent systems. The research will determine how these select alloys sustain ductile plastic flow, while apparently violating the von Mises condition. Polycrystal plasticity simulation of crystallographic texture evolution and plastic anisotropy will be used to predict the deformation mechanisms that sustain plastic flow. Parameters describing the grain-level mechanisms of dislocation slip and potential mechanical twinning and martensitic phase transformations will be obtained by modeling data obtained experimentally. In-situ neutron diffraction will be used to directly examine evidence of twinning or stress-induced phase transformation. Diffraction measurement of the internal strain development under load would also provide insight regarding dislocation slip mechanism. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) will be used to explore the details of the dislocation microstructure such as stacking faults and anti-phase boundaries. Planned TEM experiments also involve in-situ straining in order to determine the source mechanisms and kinetics of dislocation motion. NON-TECHNICAL: Research will impact a number of areas including magnetic storage, superconductivity, shape-memory alloys, fuel cells, and various structural applications. Research will also expose a broad segment of the population to the opportunities and challenges of a career in science and engineering. A summer research experience for teachers (RET) program will expose teachers from rural schools to the processing-structure-property paradigm underpinning materials science and engineering. Demonstrations will be developed to introduce students to the fascinating properties of intermetallic alloys. Some of these demonstrations will be designed to enhance undergraduate materials science and engineering classes, while others will be presented to pre-college students in the RET participants class rooms and at Engineering Open House events."]
["CAREER:  Investigations of Newly Discovered Metallic Nitride Caged Nanomaterials","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|BIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Stevenson, Steven","MS","University of Southern Mississippi","steven.stevenson@usm.edu","MPS","With the support of the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program in the Chemistry Division and the NSF EPSCoR Program, Professor Stevenson, of the Chemistry Department at the University of Southern Mississippi, will explore the chemistry of metallic nitride caged fullerenes (MNFs).  Areas to be investigated include the plasma arc synthesis of new nanoclusters, their purification, functionalization of their electronically charged cage surfaces, and molecular modeling to determine reactivity. Extensive collaborations will explore these MNF nanomaterial derivatives for applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and pharmaceuticals.\n\n\n\nWith the support of the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program in the Chemistry Division and the NSF EPSCoR Program, Professor Stevenson will pursue an educational strategy designed to improve traditionally low student test scores.  This strategy will target high school and lower-level undergraduate women and underrepresented minorities.  Stevenson will work synergistically with state and local institutions to provide a program that fosters discovery and learning through integration of research and education."]
["CAREER:    Non-Equilibrium Quantum Transport in Research and Education","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Zudov, Michael","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","zudov@physics.umn.edu","MPS","*****NON-TECHNICAL ABSTRACT*****\n\nUnderstanding electronic properties of semiconductor quantum devices becomes increasingly important as miniaturization of modern integrated circuits approaches a point where quantum effects come into play. This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project at the University of Minnesota integrates research and education in the area of electronic transport in semiconductor nanostructures. Of particular focus are experimental investigations of peculiar new phenomena recently discovered in GaAs-based quantum devices, which are driven out of their equilibrium state by microwave radiation. In particular, the electrical resistance of such a device can oscillate drastically with an applied weak magnetic field to the extent that the resistance totally vanishes under certain conditions. The physical origin of these oscillations and vanishing resistance remains under debate. By exploring new experimental regimes and techniques this project will provide valuable constraints to guide and filter theoretical models and identify novel technological concepts. The educational component of this project rests on the development of research-driven educational resources and direct involvement of students at all levels and from a variety of backgrounds in cutting-edge research to ready them for careers in nanotechnology industry, government, and academe. \n\n\n\n\n\n*****TECHNICAL ABSTRACT*****\n\nThis Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project at the University of Minnesota integrates research and education in the area of non-equilibrium transport in semiconductor nanostructures. Of particular focus are experimental investigations of peculiar new phenomena, resistance oscillations and zero-resistance states, recently discovered in microwave-illuminated GaAs-based quantum Hall devices. By exploring new experimental regimes and techniques, such as bichromatic and multi-photon microwave spectroscopies, this project will provide valuable constraints to guide and filter theoretical models and identify novel technological concepts. The educational component of this project rests on the development of research-driven educational resources and direct involvement of students at all levels and from a variety of backgrounds in cutting-edge research to ready them for careers in nanotechnology industry, government, and academe."]
["CAREER: Methods for Enhanced Kinetics: Application to Long-Time Biomolecular Relaxation, Conformational Transitions and Single-Molecular Manipulations","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS|BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS","Andricioaei, Ioan","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","andricio@umich.edu","MPS","Ioan Andricioaei of the University of Michigan is supported by a CAREER award from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry program for research which is developing methods for enhanced kinetics in biomolecular systems.  The work is partially supported by the Molecular Biophysics program within the Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences in a co-funding arrangement.  Andricioaei is developing methods for enhanced calculations of time-correlation functions from single trajectories.  Application of these techniques to the NMR relaxation of HIV-1 TAR RNA at short and long time scales is being made.  Further work is aimed at developing a family of methods for enhanced sampling of multiple trajectories, at simulating single molecule manipulations numerically and at deriving a potential of mean force to be used in a multi-approach dynamical propagation.  The work is having a broad impact on our understanding of fundamental biophysical processes and an additional impact through Andricioaei's involvement in the Michigan Math and Science Scholars program, designed to expose high school students to research."]
["CAREER: Selective Grafting of Responsive Polymer Brushes on Topographically Structured Surfaces: A New Route for Surface and Interface Manipulation","DMR","POLYMERS","Yang, Shu","PA","University of Pennsylvania","shuyang@seas.upenn.edu","MPS","The proposed research is based on an interdisciplinary effort that involves polymer surface chemistry, interface manipulation, and advanced nano-/microfabrication techniques. Through the interplay of surface roughness at the micro- and nano- scales at specific locations on a topographically structured surface, a quantitative understanding of surface properties will evolve and test the incompletely understood basic theories.  Specifically, the PI plans to: 1) design new chemical routes to selectively graft polymer brushes only on the tip of the nanopatterned surface; 2) develop novel synthetic and fabrication strategies to spatially control the grafting density, (relative) chain length, composition, architecture, and location of polymer brushes on the silicon and polymer nanostructures, 3) synthesize a variety of responsive brushes with increasing complexity, to systematically investigate their structure and function in collapsed and extended states on a patterned substrate; 4) quantitatively relate molecular parameters to the driving forces for the surface wettability and transition in response to a small temperature change. \n\n\n\nNature offers excellent examples of hierarchical architectures with multi-faceted functions.  For example, animal fur pulls the tips of the fibers together while keeping them separated closer to the skin, allowing for the sheeting of water off the fur. The geckos foot is self-cleaning, dry adhesive on the tips of the foot toes.  Inspired by the unique natural designs, this proposal aims to develop novel synthetic approaches that will spatially control and switch the surface/interfacial properties in three dimensions.  It will not only provide important scientific insights of how to manipulate surface wettability and adhesion, but also will impact a diverse range of technologies, including microfluidics, controlled assembly and material synthesis, cell engineering, and soft robotics. Students at all levels will be exposed to a diverse range of topics in chemistry, materials science and engineering, and nanotechnology through new training and outreach opportunities, including an annual research retreat, a new course development, and industrial internships at Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies."]
["CAREER: Chemical Processing and Cloud Nucleation Activity of Soot Aerosol","ATM","PHYSICAL & DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY|ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY","Brooks, Sarah","TX","Texas A&M Research Foundation","sbrooks@ariel.met.tamu.edu","GEO","This proposal focuses on the interactions of soot particles with gas phase species and how this may alter their ability to act as ice and warm cloud nuclei.  Using a diffusion chamber coupled with a chemical ion mass spectrometer, and a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter, chemical aging of aerosols will be studied and ice nucleation observed under upper tropospheric conditions.  Measurements of warm cloud condensation nuclei efficiency of aged soot will also be conducted.  Questions to be addressed include:\n\n1. Do soot aerosols react with oxidizing agents, such as ozone, OH radicals, and NO2?  Is oxidation a significant sink for tropospheric soot aerosol?  What are the major gas phase products of the oxidation?\n\n2. What is the ice nucleation (IN) activity of soot aerosol?  Is IN activity altered by oxidation reactions or by organic coatings?  Is there a correlation between altered IN activity and increased CCN activity due to aging processes?\n\n\n\nIn the educational component, high school students will measure precipitation in and near Houston, TX.  Surface tension measurements of the precipitation samples will be made and used as an indication of pollutant levels as a function of locale.  Undergraduates in a new atmospheric chemistry laboratory course will coordinate with the high school students to chemically characterize representative precipitation samples.  Results will be used to identify compounds present in the urban environment that could act as ice nuclei or CCN, and to determine whether organic compounds present are surface active and therefore capable of altering cloud nucleation activity.  Broader impacts also include teaching about air pollution and proper scientific methods to high school students who will be creating a location-specific data set of the volume and composition of precipitation in and around Houston.  Graduate, undergraduate and high school students will work jointly on this project and publish the results.  Data from this study will be put into formats useful for teaching about air quality issues at the high school level.  The results will be disseminated broadly, including kickoff and summary lectures at the high schools."]
["CAREER: Energy and Charge Transfer Dynamics in Hyperthermal Energy Ion-Surface Impacts","CHE","ELECTROCHEMISTRY & SURFACE CHE","Sosolik, Chad","SC","Clemson University","sosolik@clemson.edu","MPS","Professor Sosolik and his coworkers in the Physics Department at Clemson University are examining the interactions of hyperthermal ions with chemicurrent-sensing Schottky diode devices.  The goal of this work, supported by the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, is to understand energy and charge transfer processes in hyperthermal ion-surface interactions, and to examine the role of spin in ion neutralization processes.  This fundamental understanding broadly impacts the development of sensor devices and spin dependent ion-surface interaction systems.  A comprehensive educational plan focused on nanoscience integrates this research with educational outreach and involves a broad community of students and educators in this work.  \n\n\n\nWith the support of the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, Professor Sosolik is examining the detailed interaction of ions with thin layer Schottky diode sensor devices.  The goal of this work is to develop an understanding of charge and energy transfer upon ion-surface collision, and to use this information as a foundation for the development of sensitive gas sensors.  An educational outreach plan involving a broad range of constituencies is included in this CAREER development award."]
["CAREER:  Perfect sampling techniques for high dimensional integration","DMS","PROBABILITY","Huber, Mark","NC","Duke University","mhuber@math.duke.edu","MPS","This project will develop and analyze new computational methodologies for \n\ngenerating random variates from high dimensional distributions where the \n\nnormalizing constant is unknown.  These random variates are then used to \n\nobtain approximations for problems involving high dimensional \n\nintegrations.  Algorithms employing random variates are known as Monte \n\nCarlo methods.  Direct methods often suffer from  running times that are \n\nexponential in the dimension of the problem, whereas Monte Carlo \n\napproaches can have a polynomial or even linear running time. \n\nApplications include estimate of parameters arising from probabilistic \n\nmodels, approximation of exact p-values in statistics, and efficient \n\nalgorithms for approximate solutions to NP complete and \\#P complete\n\nproblems.  The new algorithms are in a class of methods known as perfect \n\nsampling algorithms.  Existing perfect samplers such as Coupling From the \n\nPast have made an impact on Monte Carlo methods, but suffer from certain \n\nflaws that limit their applicability.  Here new methodologies such as the \n\nRandomness Recycler and other modifications and generalizations of \n\nacceptance rejection approaches will be used to solve these problems.  As \n\npart of this project, new classes will be developed and undergraduates \n\nand graduate students will have opportunities to work on problems arising \n\nin this area.\n\n\n\nToday our data collection abilities are better than at any point in\n\nhistory, but the time needed to analyze data can grow exponentially\n\nin the amount collected.  The use of randomness in designing algorithms\n\nfor analysis of data can result in enormous benefits in speed and accuracy.\n\nThese techniques have been a cornerstone of computational methodology\n\nfor the last fifty years.  Statistics, finance, signal processing,\n\nphysics, and genetics are but some of the areas that have benefited\n\nfrom the injection of randomness into the design of algorithms.\n\nHowever, existing methods are not without difficulties.  A new class of\n\nalgorithms called perfect sampling methods solves many of these problems \n\nin specific cases, but their applicability is limited.  The goal of this \n\nproject is to extend the reach of these  methods by introducing new types \n\nof perfect sampling algorithms.  The result will be faster, more accurate \n\nalgorithms of the type used by practitioners every day in a wide variety \n\nof fields."]
["CAREER: Protein Templates for Controlling Inorganic Nanoparticle Formation and Assembly","CHE","PHYSICAL INORGANIC","Dmochowski, Ivan","PA","University of Pennsylvania","ivandmo@sas.upenn.edu","MPS","With the support of the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallics Chemistry Program, Professor Ivan J. Dmochowski, of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania proposes to exploit the geometry, assembly properties, and synthetic flexibility of ferritin proteins for the design of novel inorganic biomaterials.  The Dmochowski group will employ experiment and computation to explore the range of stable amino acid mutations and modifications on the interior of ferritin proteins for the synthesis of mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles as well as semiconductors.  By controlling the ligands inside the protein and the reaction conditions, it will be possible to direct the synthesis of materials with novel optical, electronic, magnetic, and catalytic properties.  He will also employ experiment and computation to modify the interior and exterior of ferritin proteins for the synthesis of metal-protein-metal or semiconductor-protein-metal sandwich complexes.  Finally, his group will covalently attach DNA and other moieties to the surface of ferritin in order to control the assembly of these nanoparticles.  This research program will extend frontiers at the interface of protein design, chemical synthesis, and nanoscience and will result in several new inorganic biomaterials.  The educational activities complement this research, and follow from his mission to make Chemistry accessible and relevant to the public.  Advances in undergraduate education will be made in a General Chemistry course, by incorporating active learning, wireless feedback, and real-world examples to engage the class in the scientific process.  Dmochowski will expand a graduate course in Biomolecular Imaging to include hands-on laboratory exercises in single-molecule spectroscopy, total internal reflection fluorescence and confocal microscopies.  Finally, mentored research opportunities in the laboratory will be extended to students of various ages, in collaboration with the NSF-sponsored Nano/Bio Interface Center (NBIC).  Through NBIC-sponsored community outreach activities, Dmochowski will work to educate the public about the importance of Chemistry in nanoscience and technology."]
["CAREER: Harnessing enzymes in novel synthesis of complex carbohydrates","CHE","METHODOLOGY","Chen, Xi","CA","University of California-Davis","chen@chem.ucdavis.edu","MPS","This project addresses the development of a novel chemo-enzymatic method for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. This unconventional method is especially useful in obtaining structurally defined complex oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Enzymes active in the formation of glycosidic linkages from monosaccharide substrates will be recruited to act upon disaccharide substrates. This chemistry will be exploited for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing non-terminal sialic acid residues and structurally defined heparin/heparan sulfate. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions (e.g. aldolase-catalyzed reactions) will be exploited on the educational front as well, introducing coordinated lecture and laboratory content to the undergraduate curricula (for both chemistry and biology majors, including premedical students). Comparisons with similar non-enzymatic organic reactions will serve as a springboard for additional discussions. Through the ACS Project SEED program, economically disadvantaged high school students will be introduced to the broad picture of interdisciplinary research. \n\n\n\nWith the support of this CAREER award from the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program, Professor Xi Chen, of the Department of Chemistry at the University of California at Davis, is exploring new methods for the synthesis of complex polysaccharides (sugars). Professor Chen is developing a novel chemo-enzymatic synthetic method to obtain these structures, which are difficult to obtain through conventional chemical and enzymatic synthesis. By taking advantage of the flexibility of some enzymes with regards to the molecules upon which they act, Professor Chen is able to recruit these enzymes to produce more complex products than those they were designed by Nature to produce. Access to these complex products is essential for development of our understanding of the numerous biological and biochemical processes in which polysaccharides play key roles, including cellular recognition and adhesion phenomena. Consideration of the methods by which enzymes catalyze organic reactions will also be brought to the undergraduate lecture and laboratory programs, with comparisons with non-enzymatic processes providing an interesting platform for student discussion and learning. Economically disadvantaged high school students will be introduced to the broad picture of interdisciplinary research through the ACS Project SEED program."]
["CAREER: Synthesis of the Halohistophan Alkaloids","CHE","METHODOLOGY","Baran, Phil","CA","The Scripps Research Institute","pbaran@scripps.edu","MPS","This project addresses the total synthesis of halohistophan alkaloids, including the securines, securamines, chartellines, and chartellamides. A biogenetic hypothesis is used to interrelate these natural products, each of which contains an indole core connected by one or more rings. A 1,2-aza-migration will be exploited to construct the spiro beta-lactam functionality. The mechanism of an unusual oxidative rearrangement discovered in the course of these synthetic ventures will be explored. Given the exceedingly strained and compactly functionalized architectures of the chartellamides, isomeric structures will be prepared in order to identify unambiguously the structures of the natural products. A web-based resource for researchers in heterocyclic chemistry will be developed, and outreach programs to local high schools will be pursued.\n\n\n\nWith the support of this CAREER award from the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program, Professor Phil S. Baran, of the Department of Chemistry at the Scripps Research Institute, is exploring the synthesis of a series of complex organic molecules. The target molecules, derived from marine organisms, are members of a structurally unique class of molecules containing exotic groupings of atoms. While other natural products isolated from related organisms have demonstrated intriguing biological activity, the targeted compounds have not been explored in bioassays, perhaps due to their isolation in vanishingly small amounts. By carrying out the synthesis of these complex molecules, Professor Baran will permit unambiguous determination of their molecular structures and make available sufficient quantities for biological testing. In addition, given their great complexity, new methods for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (heterocycles) will be developed. Professor Baran will develop a new online resource in heterocyclic chemistry, free and accessible to the entire chemical community, designed train students in the essence of heterocyclic chemistry and to demonstrate the chemical aspects of modern drug discovery. A high school outreach program will also been developed in order to inspire students at a young age to pursue a career in the art and science of synthetic organic chemistry."]
["CAREER: Global Assessment of Aseismic Faulting: The Search For a Common Mechanism Among the World's Faults","EAR","GEOPHYSICS|TECTONICS","Schmidt, David","OR","University of Oregon Eugene","das@uoregon.edu","GEO","Aseismic slip, which describes fault movement that is not associated with the production of elastic waves, is a phenomenon that is not fully understood.  While potential explanations, such as the presence of serpentinite or lateral variations in normal stress on the fault have been suggested, the community has been unable to explain why one active fault exhibits aseismic behavior while another only behaves seismically.  One key piece of knowledge that has not been fully addressed is whether aseismic slip is prevalent among the world's faults.  Aseismic slip remains largely under-reported because of the difficulty in identifying fault creep in the field without installing local instrumentation (i.e. creepmeters) or by noting the deflection of urban structures from fault movement.\n\nThe PI is evaluating the prevalence of aseismic slip around the globe using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR).  This technique is ideally suited to identify fault creep and other aseismic transients on a global scale in a consistent manner.  The growing catalogue of synthetic aperture radar data provides global coverage of the planet allowing for a systematic assessment of major fault systems.  After a global catalogue of aseismic and seismic faults is established, we perform an analysis of fault related characteristics in an effort to identify which factors are most correlated with aseismic behavior.  Characteristics of interest include near-fault geology, macroscopic geometry, as well as the orientation of the regional stress field. These comparisons allow the identification or exclusion of likely mechanisms that allow faults to creep and provide insight as to why one fault exhibits aseismic slip while others do not.  The collection and synthesis of several global data sets provides an ideal opportunity to involve both undergraduate and graduate students in a large research project.  The modular nature of the project allows students with a wide range of technical and geological skill sets to participate.  To facilitate the training of students, a series of courses are developed that cover InSAR processing and theory, GIS skills for extracting fault characteristics, and focus groups where participants perform collaborative research on a particular geographic region."]
["PECASE:  A Unified Methodology for Variation Management and Reduction in Multistage Manufacturing Processes","DMI","MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE SYS","Jin, Jionghua (Judy)","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","jhjin@umich.edu","ENG","Proposal Title: PECASE: A Unified Methodology for Variation Management and Reduction in Multistage Manufacturing Processes\n\nInstitution: University of Arizona\n\n\n\nThis PECASE grant sponsors research and teaching efforts in developing a unified methodology for variation management and reduction in Multistage Manufacturing Processes (MMPs). A MMP generally involves multiple operations to produce a product, which can be found in many industrial processes such as automotive body assembly, machining lines, progressive stamping, and semiconductor manufacturing. In a MMP, each operation adds inherent design variation when no fault occurs, and special assignable variation when a fault occurs, to the workpiece variation. The output workpiece of one operation is the input of the next operation. The final product variation is an accumulation of variation from all operations. Therefore, the characteristics of variation propagation is very complex in MMPs, depending on both product and process design. The research efforts in the project will develop methodologies to achieve on-target production with minimum variance by addressing both design and manufacturing concurrently. The research focus is to develop: (a) a math-based model to describe the variation propagation in a MMP; (b) an integrated methodology for variation management through design synthesis and optimization; and (c) statistical methods driven by engineering models for quick root cause identification and product defect prevention. In addition to research, new curriculums and courses will be developed. Various collaborative efforts with industry, international universities, and K-12 schools will be conducted in research and education in the project.\n\nIf successful, the project results will enrich the science base and technologies in variation reduction and process control methodologies for MMPs, which include: (a) analytical (rather than empirical) modeling of MMP variation and its propagation; (b) synthesis (rather than analysis) of product/process tolerance for optimal management of inherent design variation to minimize their impact on final products; (c) real-time root-cause identification (rather than change detection) for manufacturing process control and continuous improvement; and (d) prognostics (rather than defect inspection) for defect prevention throughout the manufacturing lifetime. The developed unified methodology will generate significant economic impacts in industrial sectors where MMPs are used.\n\n\n\nThis project was originally funded as a CAREER award, and was converted to a Presidential Early Career Award for Engineers and Scientists (PECASE) award in May 2004."]
["CAREER: Behavior and Design of FRP-Decked Concrete Bridges in Cold Regions","CMS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|INFRASTRUCT MAT & STRUCT MECHA","Ma, Zhongguo (John)","TN","University of Tennessee Knoxville","zma2@utk.edu","ENG","Absract \n\nThe research deals with an integrated research and education plan to evaluate and develop a durable bridge system for use in cold regions. The bridge system consists of glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite deck and precast/prestressed concrete I-girders. The primary  objectives are: (1) understanding the synergistic effects of low temperature and low-temperature thermal cycling combined with fatigue loading on the performance of FRP composite bridge decks in cold regions, and (2) quantifying the horizontal shear stiffness of typical deck-to-girder connection systems and developing the connection design criteria based on the shear stiffness rating of the connection.\n\n\n\nOne of the technical barrier to the use of composite materials in infrastructure applications is lack of data on environmental durability specific to typical infrastructure environments and for the types of composite materials that are likely to be deployed in the infrastructure. This project could potentially provide a basis for making long-term predictions about FRP composite material properties behavior under cold environmental conditions.\n\nThe basic knowledge obtained is likely to be of long-lasting value. It can especially advance the knowledge base for application of structural materials, including effects derived from interaction with a natural environment. By using the appropriate materials and structural forms, the research will ultimately extend beyond Alaska and will benefit other regions.\n\nThis project will enhance graduate student education through curriculum development and give undergraduate students an opportunity for research experience in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) by involving them in the research project. Another objective of the educational program is to involve K-12 students through UAF Alaska Summer Research Academy. These students will be exposed to structural engineering, and especially women and minority students in high schools will be mentored to encourage careers in structural engineering and to improve enrollment of traditionally underrepresented groups in engineering fields. With enrollments down and retirements up, what will our future engineering look like? A key part of the answer lies in the underrepresented majority, as pointed out in the recent ASEE 2003 Annual Conference & Exposition. This project also involves the development of a seminar series accessible through the World Wide Web (WWW) for remotely located professional engineers in the area of structural composite and precast concrete as alternative construction materials, which can extend the construction season in Alaska.\n\nThis research will improve engineering research, education, and, ultimately, the engineer resource pool in cold regions. This project is congruent with the mission of UAF in that it will advance knowledge of natural and technological systems and include a northern perspective on research and education. The PI is a member of the engineering faculty at an EPSCoR institution, and this project will support the development of advanced material testing facilities at UAF, thus enhancing our infrastructure for future research and education goals."]
["CAREER: On the Hydrodynamics of the Subtidal Exchange Between Estuaries and Their Adjacent Waters","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY","Valle-Levinson, Arnoldo","FL","University of Florida","arnoldo@ufl.edu","GEO","This CAREER award provides funding to characterize the subtidal exchange hydrodynamics between estuaries and adjacent waters based upon the scale of the estuary opening and its bathymetry.  Results from this and other funded research will ultimately result in proposing a dynamical classification of estuary/ocean subtidal exchange processes.  In the educational portion of this proposal, the PI requests funding to develop and implement educational programs that integrate hands-on experiences into science courses geared toward undergraduate and high school students, and to integrate multimedia techniques into programs for high school students, teachers, and the general public. This award is a transfer from the original award institution, Old Dominion University."]
["CAREER: Orientational Dynamics in Flows of Thermotropic Polymers","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Mather, Patrick","OH","Case Western Reserve University","ptm3@case.edu","ENG","Abstract\n\nCTS-0093880\n\nP. Mather, University of Connecticut\n\n\n\n\n\nThis proposal presents new experimental approaches, combined with carefully prepared model polymers, whose aim is to definitively answer outstanding questions of orientational stability for flows of thermotropic polymers. A third-generation controlled environment microheometer will be designed and assembled to allow direct measurements of both first normal stress differences and various measures of local and global orientation (birefringence, UV dichroism, IR dichroism, and wide-angle x-ray scattering) for the series of model materials is proposed. By examining the influence of TLCP chain flexibility on the linear Leslie-Ericksen tumbling parameter, and the evolution of microscopic (orientational defects) and macroscopic (birefringence) orientations in shear transients, we will significantly improve the understanding of TLCP dynamics, enabling both quantitative comparison with present polydomain models and further molecular modeling developments.\n\n\n\nAn education plan is proposed to combine outreach to local teachers in Connecticut with the development of a new undergraduate chemical engineering elective, \"Our World of Complex Fluids.\" In particular, the planned outreach efforts will feature the development of a pilot summer internship program for high school teachers. Polymer Links, in which high school teachers are teamed with chemical engineering faculty to conduct hands-on science projects (4-6 weeks) designed specifically to develop laboratory experiments in polymers and other complex fluids for use in the high school classroom. The complementary undergraduate course will first introduce students to a wide range of industrially relevant complex fluids, including foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and plastics along with biological fluids, including synovial fluid and cartilage. Then, this elective will expose students to underlying physical properties, microstructures, and quantitative descriptions of substances ranging from polymeric fluids to colloidal suspensions and from surfactant solutions to glasses."]
["CAREER:  A Pull-Based Architecture for Active Web Content Replication","CNS","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Abdelzaher, Tarek","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","zaher@cs.uiuc.edu","CSE","The phenomenal growth of the world wide web has made it the most popular\n\nInternet application today. Web proxy caching is an important vehicle to\n\nmitigate web traffic explosion.  Current web caching services are becoming\n\nincreasingly inefficient for two reasons. First, the continuous increase\n\nin dynamically generated content makes an increasing fraction of web-based\n\nmedia uncacheable. Second, the increasing diversity of web traffic\n\nrequires a QoS-aware caching infrastructure while the current caches are\n\nbest-effort.\n\n\n\nIn this project we shall design, implement and evaluate an active\n\ncaching/replication architecture that resolves the aforementioned major\n\nlimitations.  The service augments web caches with the ability to\n\nreplicate not only static data but also data sources in a demand-driven\n\nQoS-sensitive fashion.  The cache acts as a QoS-aware retailer that\n\nimports whatever active content is in local demand at the current time.\n\nDemand-driven data source replication allows dynamic content to be\n\ngenerated on the cache. Hence, it shifts the need for computing power from\n\ncentralized origin servers to proxies in the vicinity of end-users thereby\n\nimproving scalability and allowing cache-assisted customization of\n\nuser-perceived information access performance.  By offering data source\n\nlocation as a dimension to manipulate, the architecture achieves better\n\nsolutions for the web performance optimization problem that are\n\nwell-suited to diverse end-user needs."]
["CAREER:  Strategies Developed by Chemistry Graduate Students in Pedagogical and Empirical Content Knowledge","REC","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|RESEARCH ON LEARNING & EDUCATI","Bond-Robinson, Janet","AZ","Arizona State University","bond-robinson@asu.edu","EHR","Strategies Developed by Chemistry Graduate Students in Pedagogical and Empirical Content Knowledge. The study investigates the professional development of graduate students in two distinctly different areas, pedagogical content knowledge or PCK, and empirical content knowledge, ECK. Empirical content knowledge is defined as the knowledge of strategies, knowledge of research tools, and content knowledge that define successful research practice in a field.  The definition of PCK for successful teaching is the knowledge of teaching strategies , the particular student population, areas of common difficulty, and teaching tools. The context for study of both areas is one of situated learning as graduates students work in teaching laboratories and research laboratories. Inquiry also concerns the characteristics of the learning environment for new graduate students, particularly learning conversations about research and/or pedagogy. Since problem solving is the essence of successful research or teaching practice, one assessment of strategies will originate from solution-pathway analyses created by graduate students as they solve problems authored by the research & teaching directors in a virtual learning environment."]
["CAREER: Polyamorphic Behavior in Tetrahedral Network Glasses and Liquids","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Yarger, Jeffery","AZ","Arizona State University","jeff.yarger@asu.edu","MPS","Professor Jeffrey Yarger of the University of Wyoming is funded by the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry program as a CAREER award to perform experiments aimed at developing a new understanding of phase transitions in polyamorphic solids.  To date, the only demonstration of polyamorphism is in solid water.  Because of the importance of water, it is therefore of great interest to understand polyamorphism and to seek other examples.  The PI will look for such effects in other tetrahedrally bound systems such as BeF2.  The approach is to use cutting edge NMR and light scattering methods such as Brillouin spectroscopy.  The PI will also introduce laser based light scattering into the physical chemistry laboratory class, with an emphasis on making the experiments relevant to biochemistry students. \n\n\n\nThe increasing need for novel material properties provides some of the motivation for study of amorphous materials and their phase transitions.  Additionally, this research could help us to understand some of the unusual properties of water.  The training of biochemistry majors in physical methods will be of great benefit as biological advances depend to a greater extent on sophisticated technology."]
["Presidential Faculty Fellows","DEB","POPULATION DYNAMICS|METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY","Stewart, Caro-Beth","NY","SUNY at Albany","cstewart@albany.edu","BIO","9453469  Stewart       The long-term goal of the research in Caro-Beth Stewart's  laboratory is to understand the molecular basis for adaptive  evolution of higher organisms, such as humans.  That is, the  research is aimed at understanding how changes in DNA and protein  sequence are responsible for observed differences between species.   To address this large goal, Stewart's current research primarily  focuses on the regulatory and structural/functional evolution of  digestive enzymes in animals with different diets.  The digestive  tract is an ideal place to look for evidence of adaptive evolution  because the gut mucosa contacts the external environment, and diets  can shift rapidly due to environmental or behavioral changes.  The  gut is genetically plastic, showing morphological adaptations to  the diet of a species and expression of relevant digestive enzymes  in different regions.  A change in the expression pattern of an  enzyme can place it under new selection pressures, which may drive  the evolution of its primary structure and function.  This research  will help elucidate how organisms adapt genetically to  environmental change.  In addition, it will give insight into  changes that are allowed in protein sequence, structure, and  function."]
["CAREER: Time-Resolved Nonlinear Terahertz Spectroscopy","ECS","INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Zhang, Xi-Cheng","NY","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","zhangxc@rpi.edu","ENG","This research project proposes the development of a novel source of ultra-intense, ultrashort pulsed electromagnetic radiation for time-resolved terahertz (Thz) spectroscopy.  This table-top radiation source will emit subpicosecond electromagnetic pulses with Thz bandwith and gigawatt (GW) peak power.  The technique consists of using an amplified femtosecond laser beam to illuminate a large-aperture semiconducting emitters, and to generate electromagnetic radiation produced  by the rapid current transients due to optical injection of  free carriers into the static electric fields associated with the semiconductor surfaces and interfaces.  Since the energy carried by submillimeter-wave pulses is derived mainly from the electrostatic energy capacitively stored at the surface rather than from the incident laser energy, the total energy of the radiation can well exceed the incident of the laser beam. The academic  proposal results from a need to develop a new curriculum for the Optical Physics Program at  Rensselear. A pilot program is being developed to improve student learning and motivati on through  computer-based interactive teaching using graphics, multi-media, numerical simulations, and  hands-on  experiments.  The proposed Advanced Optoelectronic Laboratory for undergraduates will be furnished  with state-of-the-art equipment and instrumentation.  A computer-assisted Modern Optics Teaching Room  is under construction.  Undergraduate student research participation is strongly emphasized to tightly  couple experimental and class work activities."]
["4d Gauge Theories:  Relation to RCFT and Search of          Stringy Origin","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|ELEMENTARY PARTICLE THEORY|THEORETICAL PHYSICS","Shatashvili, Samson","CT","Yale University","smason@waldzell.physics.yale.edu","MPS","9500695  Shatashvili       This proposal is for a Career award in elementary particle  physics.  It involves a research and an education component.  The  research will be comprised of work on gauge theories which  describe the force laws between elementary particles.  The study  of the relationship between gauge theories in four spacetime  dimensions and rational conformal field theories in two  dimensions; and the connection between gauge theories and string  theory used to describe microscopic extended objects, will lead  to further understanding of fundamental properties of particle  interactions.  The education plan follows a Russian style program  of involving students in specially designed introductions to  advanced scientific ideas early on, say at the high school level  and in accelerated undergraduate programs.  ***"]
["Career Development in Research and Education in Stellar     Astronomy and Astrophysics","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY|STELLAR ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSC","Castelaz, Michael","TN","East Tennessee State University","mcastelaz@pari.edu","MPS","Castelaz   9500756  This award is made under the auspices of the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) program.  As a CAREER awardee the investigator is expected to pursue an active education plan in addition to his scientific research project.  This research project will establish a program of frequent spectroscopic and photometric observations of long-period, Mira-type variables.  The observations will provide substantial data needed to understand the relationship between their spectra and light curves.  It will search for Mira variables with companions, important for estimating the absolute   magnitudes of the variable stars.  The education component covered by this award includes incorporation of more research methodology into the undergraduate introductory astronomy class, development of an observational astronomy laboratory-type class and a physics senior major project related to the research project on Mira variables."]
["High-Level Design Methodologies for Time-Optimal and        Memory-Optimal Systems","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Sha, Edwin","IN","University of Notre Dame","edsha@utdallas.edu","CSE","This research is on optimization algorithms for synthesis of multi-  level loops, which occur in time and memory critical parts of  scientific computing applications.  The nested loops are modeled as  multi-dimensional data-flow Graphs (MDFG); and algorithms taking  advantage of the multi-dimensionality are being  designed.  By  considering the multi-dimensional iteration space and the iteration  body simultaneously, the transformation and optimization techniques  are able to optimize throughput and memory requirement at the  behavior level.  Research topics include: graph transformation and  optimization; data scheduling; and co-design.  Polynomial-time  algorithms for various graph models are being developed.  This  avoids exponential integer linear programming approaches."]
["Porphyrins as Building Blocks for Molecular Magnetic        Materials","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Shultz, David","NC","North Carolina State University","david_shultz@ncsu.edu","MPS","North Carolina State U.  This CAREER award is made in the Organic  Dynamics Program in support of   the research and teaching activities of Dr. David Schultz.  The research   will focus on the design, synthesis,  and characterization of molecular   magnetic materials based on  tetraarylporphyrins. The porphyrin nucleus   will provide sites for attaching organic free radical groups as well as   binding sites for metals, allowing for the preparation of extended   materials including charge transfer complexes and coordination polymers   through complexation with multidentate ligands. Specifically, metal   tetraarylporphyrin units  with four free radical substituents will be   oxidized to give  pentaradical systems which can undergo high spin   coupling. Characterization will be by EPR, crystallographic structure   determination and magnetometer measurements. Magnetization measurements   will be complemented by molecular modeling of intramolecular spin-spin   interactions.  Dr. Schultz'  teaching plan will focus on the development   of  animation  software for three dimensional  visualization of organic   chemistry structures and reactions. A salient feature will be   incorporating the animations into the organic chemistry courses at North   Carolina State and making them available to the chemistry community via   the Mosaic World-Wide-Web.  Metal porphyrin-based organic magnetic materials are of inherent interest   both for a fundamental  understanding of the molecular basis of magnetism   and their possible application to magnetic coatings and composites and   radical probes in biological systems. The involvement of both graduate   and undergraduate students in the implementation of the research will   have a significant educational value."]
["Investigation of Plasma Deposition Mechanisms for Silicon   Dioxide and Silicon Nitride Films","CHE","MATERIALS SYNTHESIS & PROCESSN","Fisher, Ellen","CO","Colorado State University","erfisher@lamar.colostate.edu","MPS","In this Faculty Early Career Development Award funded by the Advanced   Materials Chemistry Program in the Chemistry Division, Ellen R. Fisher of   Colorado State University will investigate plasma-enhanced chemical vapor   deposition of thin films of silicon dioxide and hydrogenated amorphous   silicon nitride films (alpha-SiNx:H).  Critical reactions between   gas-phase radical species and the surface being processed by an rf plasma   will be studied using a modified IRIS (Imaging of Radicals Interacting   with Surfaces) method which combines spatially-resolved laser-induced   fluorescence (LIF) detection with molecular beam techniques.  Radical   reactivities will be measured in real time during thin film deposition.    IRIS will enable radicals to be studied which desorb from a surface but   are not in the incident molecular beam, yielding information about   volatile products produced by surface reactions.  Alkoxysilane plasma   systems as well as SiX4/NH3 and SiX4/N2 plasmas will be examined.  The   reactivity of intermediates will be measured as a function of rf input   power, radical rotational state, and substrate temperature.  Silicon dioxide and silicon nitride films are widely used as gate oxides,   passivation layers, and interlevel dielectrics for integrated circuits.    Since the mechanisms for plasma deposition of these films is still   unknown, further progress to improve film quality will be enhanced by   understanding the underlying chemical processes involved, such as   provided in this project."]
["Electronic Structure and Interface Phenomena in Organic     Metals and Superconductors","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Smith, Kevin","MA","Boston University","ksmith@bu.edu","MPS","9501174  Smith    This career development project describes research and  educational thrusts to be undertaken over the next five  years.  It includes under research the investigation of  electronic structure and interface phenomena in organic  metals and superconductors, and the scientific challenge  posed by these materials to our understanding of basic  chemical and physical processes in this family of complex  solids.  Under education, the goal is to include enriching  and challenging undergraduate and graduate curriculum  developments into both lecture and laboratory courses, and  to expand advising and mentoring across a wide range of  undergraduate disciplines.  %%%  This award provides NSF support for a junior faculty member  to develop a full, balanced academic career in areas of  science and education of high priority.  ***"]
["Ab Initio High Resolution Spectroscopy and Atmospheric      Chemistry","CHE","QUANTUM CALCULATIONS|OFFICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY AC","Peterson, Kirk","WA","Washington State University","kipeters@wsu.edu","MPS","In this Faculty Early Career Development Award funded by the Theoretical   and Computational Chemistry Program at NSF, Kirk Peterson at the   Chemistry Department of Washington State University will study gas phase   processes that involve halogenated molecules which are found in the upper   atmosphere. The focus of the work is on reactive species which contain   chlorine and, in particular, bromine atoms. Highly accurate ab initio   electronic wavefunctions and energies are to be used to characterize the   thermodynamics, spectroscopy, and photochemistry of these molecules. The   wavefunctions are computed using coupled cluster theory and   multireference configuration interaction methods.  Since the discovery of the seasonal drop in Antarctic ozone levels,   accurate ab initio theoretical work has contributed to the understanding   of the atmospheric chemistry relevant to ozone depletion. However, nearly   all this work has focused on fluorine and chlorine compounds and bromine   compounds have been neglected. Yet, stratospheric bromine chemistry is   important because bromine species may account for 25% or more of the   Arctic and Antarctic ozone loss. Further, the concentration of bromine   molecules is expected to increase in the future. The work being supported   by this award is leading to a better understanding of these important   bromine reactions, a necessary precursor for their control."]
["Development of a Neutron Polarizer Using Compressed,        Optically Pumped Helium Gas","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|LOW ENERGY NUCLEAR SCIENCE|INTERMEDIATE ENERGY NUCLEAR SC","Snow, William","IN","Indiana University","snow@iucf.indiana.edu","MPS","9501312  Snow       A neutron polarizer for low energy neutrons will be  developed for use in fundamental symmetry tests, including tests  of time reversal invariance and weak interaction coupling  constants.  The latter will be used to test the unitarity of the  matrix describing weak transitions between the different quark-  lepton sectors, which in turn tests the fundamental assumption of  three generations of quarks and leptons.  The polarizer will be  based on neutron interactions with optically-pumped polarized  helium-three.  Experiments will be conducted at the National  Institute of Standards and Technology research reactor.  Research  in this area will advance our understanding of the electroweak  interaction and fundamental neutron physics, both high priority  activities in contemporary nuclear physics.  This project  represents development, construction, and utilization of major  state-of-the-art equipment and the education of graduate and  undergraduate students and postdocs.***"]
["CAREER:  Empirical Investigations of Software Inspections","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Porter, Adam","MD","University of Maryland College Park","aporter@cs.umd.edu","CSE","This CAREER award supports research and instruction in the  empirical evaluation of software inspection methods.  Software  inspection is a  widely used, but very expensive validation  process.  Initial research has  demonstrated that many of the  assumptions underlying this process are incorrect  and, therefore,  this research involves the following three families of  experiments.  (1) Comparing defect detection techniques.  This  experiment compares the cost-effectiveness of systematic  inspection techniques with that of  the standard Ad Hoc and  Checklist approaches.  Its hypothesis is that  systematic  inspection techniques are more effective that the nonsystematic  ones currently being used.   (2) Cost-benefit studies.  This  experiment is  conducted on a live development project to  compare the tradeoffs between  minimum inspection interval and  maximum effectiveness for several different  inspection  approaches.  Its hypothesis is that several recently proposed  methods significantly increase interval, but provide only a  slight improvement  in effectiveness.  (3) Inspection entry  criteria.  This experiment attempts  to establish whether or  not an artifact's quality affects inspection  effectiveness.  Its  hypothesis is that traditional inspections are not  effective for  artifacts with very high or very low defect density.    This  research is also producing materials that enhance both  graduate and  undergraduate teaching.  This includes a  4-week teaching module in which  students perform experiments, collect and  analyze data, and test  hypotheses as part of a graduate software engineering  course.  An  undergraduate software development course is being developed in which all students  work together  to develop one large-scale application, for real  customers with real needs."]
["Research in Galois Theory and Integrating Technology in     Undergraduate Mathematics","DMS","ALGEBRA,NUMBER THEORY,AND COM","Swallow, John","NC","Davidson College","joswallow@davidson.edu","MPS","This CAREER award supports the research and professional development of Professor John Swallow. This project has two primary goals: to find new constructive methods to realize groups as Galois groups, and to advance the use of technology in the undergraduate mathematics classroom. For the first goal, the study will focus on obstructions to central embedding problems. The project will provide new insights into the role of Galois cohomology and computation in exhibiting explicit polynomials with given Galois groups over the field of rational numbers. One specific aim of the educational plan is to write an undergraduate textbook on Galois Theory which will employ modern algebraic computation to present examples efficiently and will replace ruler-and-compass constructions with recent research in the area of explicit construction of fields as an underlying theme.    The research component of this project is in the general area of number theory. Number theory has its historical roots in the study of the whole numbers, addressing such questions as those dealing with the divisibility of one whole number by another. It is among the oldest branches of mathematics and was pursued for many centuries for purely aesthetic reasons. However, within the last half century it has become an indispensable tool in diverse applications in areas such as data transmission and processing, and communication systems."]
["Polyhalometalates and Framework Solids:  The Solvothermal   Synthesis of Transition-Metal Halides","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Martin, James","NC","North Carolina State University","JDMartin@NCSU.edu","MPS","9501370  Martin    This career development project describes research and  education thrusts to be implemented over the next five  years.  It includes the development of a research program  that will describe the relationship between solid-state  transition metal oxides and halides, and synthetic  approaches resulting from hydrothermal chemistry.  The  education thrusts include undergraduate curriculum  development and evaluation, developing and teaching  graduate courses in the inorganic division, developing a  materials group meeting and seminary program, and tutoring  \"less-advantaged\" high school students in math and science.  %%%  This award provides NSF support for a junior faculty member  to develop a full, balanced academic career in areas of  science and education of high priority.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Role of Mechanical Stimuli in the Development of   Engineered Smooth Muscle Tissue","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING","Mooney, David","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","mooneyd@engin.umich.edu","ENG","9501376  Mooney  This project is on research to develop a model system to  engineer smooth muscle tissue from cultured cells and to use  this system to study the role of mechanical stimuli in  regulating smooth muscle cell proliferation, gene  expression, and tissue formation in engineered three  dimensional structures.  Specific aims include: (1) design  and fabrication of three dimensional templates for formation  of 3D tissue from cultured cells, (2) determination of the  interaction of smooth muscle with these templates, and (3)  determination of the relation between externally applied  mechanical stimuli and gene expression in 3D templates  relative to that in 2D cultures.  ***"]
["Alternative Details for Steel Beam-To-Column Connections","CMS","ARCHITECTURE & MECHAN SYSTEMS","Schneider, Stephen","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign",null,"ENG","9501449  Schneider  This is a career award for young  engineering investigators.The  object of this project is to  develop practical and economical  alternative details for the fully  welded and the partially-  constrained moment-resisting  connection.  Clearly, from the  observed performance of steel  connections during the Northridge  earthquake, it is essential to  provide ductility for the bottom  flange.  Therefore, this research  proposes several viable connection  alternatives to be investigated  analytically and experimentally.  Results from the one-year  Northridge research program will be  used to determine appropriate  prototype frames and appropriate  structural steel sizes for testing.    The primary focus of the research  is the experimental performance of  alternate details for steel beam-to  column connections.  A series of  large-to full-scale near-real-time  cyclic deformation tests will be  performed on tee-shaped beam-column  specimens using a 110 kip hydraulic  actuator to deform the tip of the  cantilevered beam.  Deformations  will be imposed at approximately  the same frequency as a beam-to  column joint might experience  during the seismic vibration of a  structural frame.  Also a series of  earthquake simulator tests will be  conducted to investigate true  dynamic behavior of the joints.    Results from this research will  have a great impact within the  earthquake engineering comity.  The  near-real time full-scale tests  will begin to resolve some of the  differences between joint damage  noted after the Northridge  earthquake and typical joint  performance observed in the  laboratory.  Connection  alternatives will be tested in an  effort to improve the ductility of  the connection, and relieve some of  the high stress concentrations  associated with the highly confined  region of the joint.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Nanometer-scale Characterization and Fabrication   of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Devices","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Yu, Edward","CA","University of California-San Diego","ety@ece.ucsd.edu","ENG","9501469  Yu  Atomic Scale studies of structure and electronic properties in semiconductor heterostructures are investigated with cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy.  the semiconductor surfaces are prepared with molecular beam epitaxy and the growth processes are studied at the atomic scale.  MOSFETs and devices fabricated with Si/SiGeC heterostructures are to be examined, in collaboration with industry, with emphasis on feature sizes approaching 100 nm.  The educational activities will involve the development of interdisciplinary courses which bring together the fields of physics, biology and chemistry with electrical engineering.  ***"]
["Career Development Plan","CMS","STRUCTURES I|SPECIAL STUDIES AND ANALYSES","Toutanji, Houssam","PR","University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez","toutanji@cee.uah.edu","ENG","9501541  Toutanji  This is a Career Development award.  The research plan  includes the investigation of the deterioration of fiber  reinforced plastics (FRP).  The studies will include  consideration of the fibers, the matrix or resin, and the  interfacial bond between fibers and matrix.  Durability will  be evaluated under wet-dry cycles, and freeze thaw cycles.  Fresh and sea water will be considered.    The education plan will include undergraduates in research  projects, integrate state-of-the-art computer programs and  have the students undergo practical, real world experiences.  Develop outreach services to the community involving  undergraduate and graduate students.  ***"]
["Bayesian Methods for Multiple Sequence Alignment and RelatedStatistical Problems","DMS","STATISTICS","Liu, Jun","CA","Stanford University","jliu@stat.harvard.edu","MPS","9501570  Liu  Abstract (technical)    Multiple sequence alignment is crucial in research on the  structure and function of gene   products, through promoting the detection and description of  sequence motifs;  aiding   efforts at protein modeling, structure prediction and  engineering; and  shedding light on   molecular evolution and phylogeny construction in molecular  systematics.  We recently   presented new local  alignment algorithms (Lawrence et al. 1993,  1994) based on Bayesian   modeling and  Gibbs sampling. In this project, we propose to  develop several extensions   of our original Bayesian model  to accommodate various practical  situations, and to   investigate several statistical problems arisen from our study of  the alignment problem. On   the applied side, we wish to accomplish the following: (1) relax  the existence assumption   and develop Bayesian models to simultaneously detect and align  the common  multiple   motifs in the sequences; (2) combine the idea of Markovian  structure modeling of   sequence data (e.g., hidden Markov Model) with the block-based  method of Lawrence et.   al. (1993) to enhance the alignment of multiple motifs; (3)  modify and apply  the   methodology developed previously and in this project to several  other important biological   problems: the detection of subtle sequence signals in noncoding  DNA region; the   prediction of protein secondary structures; and the combination  of threading and alignment.   On the theoretical  side, we attempt to (4) understand the nature  and potential of predictive   updating in connection with the bootstrap,  the Bayesian  bootstrap, and general   nonparametric problems; (5) develop model selection criteria that  are useful for   determining pattern width in alignment problems; (6) study the  influence of prior   specifications  on the results and frequency properties of these  results in  Bayesian   classification problems; and finally, (7) study convergence  properties of several sampling   algorithms.    During  the award period, I will develop my own styles on teaching  introductory probability   and statistics courses with an emphasis on statistical thinking,  and get involved in a   program designed to attract talented undergraduates into our  field. I will also make an effort   to develop new graduate level courses on  current research areas  such as image processing,   missing data, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, genetics and biology. My  guideline for directing   graduate students is: independence, connections, and creativity.            9501570  Liu    Abstract (nontechnical)    A wealth of data concerning life's basic molecules, proteins and  nucleic acids, has emerged   from the biotechnology revolution. The human genome project has  accelerated the growth   of these data. Multiple observations of homologous protein or  nucleic acid sequences from   different organisms are often available.  However, since  mutations and sequence errors   misalign these data, multiple sequence alignment has become an  essential and  valuable    tool for  understanding the structures and functions of these  molecule, aiding efforts at   protein modeling,  structure prediction and engineering; and   shedding light on molecular   evolution and phylogeny construction in molecular systematics.  Traditional algorithms for   finding such alignment are either too computationally expensive  so as to limit their   applications or too heuristic so that the sensitivity to subtle  patterns is lost.  We recently   presented new local  alignment algorithms (Lawrence et al. 1993,  1994) based on a    probabilistic model of the sequences and a  stochastic simulation  technique  called the   Gibbs sampler. In this project, we propose to develop several  extensions of our original   probabilistic  model  to accommodate various practical  situations, and to investigate several   statistical problems arisen from our study of the alignment  problem. On the applied side,   we wish to accomplish the following: (1) relax the existence  assum ption and develop    more general mixture  models to simultaneously detect and align   common  patterns in   multiple homologous biological sequences; (2) investigate the  connection between our   method and  other successful approaches such as the hidden Markov  modeling; (3) modify   and apply  the methodology developed previously and in this  project to several other   important biological problems: the detection of subtle sequence  signals in noncoding DNA   region; the prediction of protein secondary structures; and the  combination of threading and   alignment. On the theoretical  side, we attempt to (4) understand  the nature and potential   of the  predictive updating, a new  iterative simulation method,   in connection with the   bootstrap,  the Bayesian bootstrap, and general nonparametric  problems; (5) develop model   selection criteria that are useful for determining pattern width  in alignment problems; (6)   study the influence of prior specifications  on the final  alignment results; and finally, (7)   study convergence properties of several stochastic simulation   algorithms.     During the award period, I will develop my own styles on teaching  introductory probability   and statistics courses with an emphasis on statistical thinking,  and get involved in a   program designed to attract talented undergraduates into our  field. I will also make an effort   to develop new graduate level courses on  current research areas  such as image processing,   missing data, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, genetics and biology. My  guideline for directing   graduate students is: independence, connections, and creativity."]
["Theory and Design of Filter Banks and Wavelets with         Applications in Signal Conversion, Adaptation, Detection    and Classification","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Nguyen, Truong","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","nguyent@ece.ucsd.edu","CSE","The proposed project is focused on the theory, structure and design  methods for the perfect-reconstruction (PR) /ncar-perfect-  reconstruction (NPR) filter banks and their applications in signal  conversion, detection and adaptation.  High performance filter  banks with high attenuation are needed in many applications such as  audio compression algorithms, high-bandwith high-resolution A/D  converters, wideband signal detection systems and adaptive  filtering algorithms.  The design of these filter banks are very  difficult because of the nonlinear relations between the parameters  and the objective function.  New structures and design methods will  be investigated.  They will open up new classes of filter banks,  some of which are addressed in the project.  They are the  biorthogonal cosine-modulated filter bank, the infinite-impulse-  response (IIR) cosine-modulated filter bank, and the nonuniform  filter bank.  These filter banks will be used in several  applications such as high-performance A/D converter, nondestructive  evaluation, echo cancellation and adaptive noise cancellation  systems.    The education part consists of writing an undergraduate textbook on  the theory and design methods of filter bank wavelets, establishing  an internet site for the storage of design programs and  coefficients of filter banks and developing a new course on time-  frequency and time-scale analysis."]
["Synthesis of Polycyclic Ethers via Alkynol                  Cycloisomerization","CHE","METHODOLOGY","McDonald, Frank","IL","Northwestern University","fmcdona@emory.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of the transition   metal-catalyzed cyclization of alkynols to afford isomeric endocyclic   enol ethers.  The methodology represents a key step in the projected   synthesis of two bioactive ionophores, routiennocin and calcimycin. The   focus of the educational plan involves the teaching of chemistry by   encouraging the use of inductive reasoning skills.  With this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program is supporting the   research and educational plan of Dr. Frank E. McDonald of the Department   of Chemistry at Northwestern University.  Professor McDonald will focus   his research efforts on the development of new methods for the synthesis of polyether natural products, compounds posessing important biological   properties.  The focus of Processor McDonald's educational plan involves   the teaching of chemistry by encouraging the use of inductive reasoning skills."]
["Architecture and Synthesis Techniques for Embedded Systems","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Gupta, Rajesh","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","gupta@cs.ucsd.edu","CSE","This research is on synthesis techniques for micro-electronics-  based \"embedded systems\".  An embedded system is one designed for  a specific functionality under stringent constraints on its timing  performance and cost.  Design automation techniques are being  developed for use in a framework where the designer can assess  tradeoffs between various embedded system architectures and  designs.  The main capabilities of this framework are: (a) timing  analysis for both execution delay and rate constraints; (b)  embeddable software and runtime system generation under timing  constrains; (c) software size-performance tradeoffs; (d) cost-  performance analysis of architectural alternatives, such as pre-  fetch and forward hardware.  This work is exploreing system  partitioning and transformation techniques to build system  implementations that \"guarantee\" constraint satisfaction while  optimizing system development cost."]
["Simulating Supernova Spectra & Teaching Astronomy","AST","STELLAR ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSC","Pinto, Philip","AZ","University of Arizona","ppinto@as.arizona.edu","MPS","Pinto   9501634  This award is made under the auspices of the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) program.  As a CAREER awardee the investigator is expected to pursue an active education plan in addition to his scientific research project.  Supernovae are the largest (well-observed) explosions in astrophysics.  They act as laboratories for the study of hydrodynamics, are the dominant driver of galactic chemical evolution and, if used with careful corrections, may be used as large-scale cosmic distance indicators.  Pinto will improve his supernova atmosphere computer code, which is used to model spectra and light curves of supernovae at all energies from gamma rays through the far infrared.  With the improvements the model code will be used for studies in all of the areas mentioned above.  The education component of the planned research includes teaching several   undergraduate and graduate courses, including setting up a computer laboratory with specialized software for astronomy undergraduates and non-majors to use in conjunction with their astronomy classes.   ***"]
["CAREER: Application For The Faculty Early Career Development Program.","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Gedra, Thomas","OK","Oklahoma State University","gedra@okstate.edu","ENG","9501646  Gedra  The objectives of the research are to include the effects of  various typed of system security into power system pricing.   Another objective of the research is to evaluate a particular  transmission pricing methodology which has been proposed  recently.  These are very important issues in the wake of the  1992 National Energy Policy Act (NEPA) which, among other things,  deregulates generation and requires open access to the  transmission.  The utility industry will become increasingly  competitive as a result of the Act, and systems are expected to  be increasingly stressed.  Some fear that, in a competitive  environment, system security will be neglected.  It is important  to include security in the pricing of electricity to encourage  security resources to be availa`le at the right location when  they are needed to encourage users to facilitate rather than  hinder system security.  At the same time, proper security  pricing will help to prevent unneeded or inefficient expenditures  to increase security, thus jeopardizing a utility's competitive  position.  Proper transmission pricing is also essential to the  efficient functioning of the newly competitive market in  generation.    ***"]
["CAREER:  Structural Properties and Irrelevant Attributes:   Implications for Learning and Complexity","CCF","THEORY OF COMPUTING","Hellerstein, Lisa","IL","Northwestern University","hstein@duke.poly.edu","CSE","The research component of this project addresses  fundamental questions in computational learning theory and  complexity.  It also  addresses specific learning problems that  are motivated by practical  applications.  Computational learning  theory provides a framework for the  formal study of problems in  machine learning.  The first goal of this project  is to determine  necessary and sufficient conditions for learning, prove lower  bounds, and design learning algorithms.  A focus is on query  models of  learning, which represent situations in which a learner  can ask questions of a  teacher or expert, or perform experiments.  Emphasis is placed on  the effect of forbidden  projections on the learnability of investigating   Boolean function classes.    The project also aims to determine structural  properties of  languages, in order to prove complexity results.  It is directed  particularly at resolving open questions concerning automata with  powers of  both randomness and nondeterminism.    Another major goal of the project   is to develop algorithms for learning in the presence of irrelevant data.    A particular  problem is to develop PAC (Probably Approximately Correct)  algorithms that are robust in the presence of irrelevant attributes   in the following way:  they  depending on only a few more attributes   then the concept they are  learning.  This problem is theoretical but   motivated by practical applications, such as medical diagnosis.  In these applications,  output hypotheses are used for future prediction  (diagnosis).  Determining the value of an attribute is expensive perhaps  involving a clinical test, and therefore it is desirable to limit  the number of  attributes whose values must be determined.    The educational component of this  project includes goals in both  undergraduate and graduate education.  At the  undergraduate level  a basic goal is to make theoretical courses accessible and  intellectually exciting to a wide range  of students.  Methods for  achieving  this goal include the following:  preparing handouts,  introducing historical  and biographical material, presenting  algorithms to students using algorithm  animation, and using  computer lab `algorithm experiments.`    At the graduate  level, the project includes teaching a graduate  course in computational  complexity theory with a significant  research component.  In addition, a  reading group in  computational learning theory, started last year, will be  continued."]
["Advanced Architectures for Multichannel Active Noise        Control","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Douglas, Scott","UT","University of Utah","douglas@engr.smu.edu","CSE","Active noise control is the suppression of unwanted noise via  destructive interference using a digital signal processing system  with sensors and actuators.  The goal of this research is to  achieve significant performance gains and computational complexity  reductions in active noise control technology through fundamental  research in multichannel algorithm design and analysis, to enable  the wider use of this technology in industrial and consumer  markets.  These efforts include:           1.     the development of computationally-efficient, gradient-  based adaptive controllers employing simplified updating  strategies;         2.     the application of least-squares and orthogonalization  methods for robust and statistically-efficient filter adaptation;         3.     the design of multichannel subband implementations of  active noise controllers using adaptive infinite impulse-response  filters; and         4.     analysis and development of multichannel system  identification methods that require a minimum of processing  capability and that provide robust performance in time-varying  situations.    The research effort includes both system simulation and hardware  development to verify the underlying principles, performances, and  constraints of real-world active noise control systems.    To be most useful, an engineering education must forge a  relationship between the capabilities of various technologies and  the needs of the community at-large.  The goal of this effort is to  maintain the relevance of an engineering education by bringing the  industrial, societal, and academic communities closer together  through individual and group interaction.  Activities to foster  this interaction include:           1.     promoting joint university/industry technical projects  through participation in the University of Utah Engineering Clinic  Program;         2.     incorporating research activities in active noise control  within the undergraduate and graduate curriculum through individual  clas s projects;         3.     developing an integrated electrical engineering  curriculum through departmental committee work; and         4.     reaching out to the community through Engineering Career  Days and the advising of prospective transfer students.    The educational effort involves the design of new course projects,  committee work at the Department level, and extensive interaction  with students, other educators, and members of the local community."]
["CAREER:  Piezoelectric Microelectromechanical Systems","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Kim, Eun Sok","HI","University of Hawaii","eskim@usc.edu","ENG","9501698  Kim  It is proposed to develop Piezoelectric Microelectromechanical Systems (PMS) through combining piezoelectricity, microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS) technology and IC-microfabrication technology.  Recent development of MEMS has opened up many new applications due to their small size, easiness of forming large number of arrays, integrability with circuits on a single chip, etc.  However, major activities in MEMS have involved electrostatic (or thermal) actuation and capacitive (or piezoresistive) sensing that have some inherent characteristics unsuitable in some applications.  PMS expand the application areas of MEMS due to their unique and promising features that are not offered by electrostatic, thermal, capacitive, or piezoresistive MEMS.    The proposed research takes full advantages offered by piezoelectric actuation and  sensing.  Specifically proposed for sensing PMS are dome-shaped piezoelectric microphones on silicon that can detect the direction of sound source as well.  For actuating PMS, the following systems are proposed: 1) dome-shaped microspeakers with beam forming and steering capability and 2) focused acoustic beam generators without acoustic lens.  Also proposed are lateral-field-excited bulk-acoustic-wave resonators for high-frequency (>Ghz) filters and oscillators.  Since the residual stresses coming from piezoelectric thin film has been the major performance limiting factor for PMS, it is proposed to develop (into manufacturable technology) our novel idea of using mechanical-vibrational energy to increase surface-adatom mobility during sputter-deposition of piezoelectric thin film for residual-stress reduction.    Various educational activities are proposed (1)to show the students how exciting an engineering is; (2)to inspire the students to develop right attitude (toward technical problems), proper analytical skills (to solve the problems) ingenuity and life-long-learning attitude; and (3)to teach the students the specific knowledge in the area of solid-stat e devices.  Specifically, new courses on sensors and actuators are proposed.  Through the proposed pre-college educational activities the general public and secondary-school students in the State at Hawaii will be drawn closer to engineering.  Through senior projects, design projects and research projects the students will closely interact with an inspiring professor and engineers in industry.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Computer - Aided Verification","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Henzinger, Thomas","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","tah@eecs.berkeley.edu","CSE","The discipline of Computer-aided Verification attempts to  provide  software and hardware engineers with (semi) automatic formal  methods  for improving the reliability of concurrent and real-time  systems.  Over the  last decade, Computer-aided verification has  matured into a well-defined but  loose collection of various  models, theorems, algorithms, techniques, and  tools.  Indeed, to  the outsider the discipline seems to provide a shopping list  of  different formalisms and methods, with little or no assistance as  to which  model, technique, or tool may be particularly (un)  suited for a given task.  This CAREER research seeks to aid the  further advancement of the discipline and  the technology  transition by a systematic organization of the core results in a  single standardized framework that can be taught on the  undergraduate level, the reactive-system  model.  To  achieve both simplicity and generality, a system is  identified with its  reaction function, which, given a system  state and an environment move, yields  a set of possible new  system states.  Based on the reactive-system model, this  research  pursues three objectives:    (1)  Development of a uniform, clean, and  comprehensive theory of  Computer-aided Verification.  While most results were  formulated,  originally, for specific formalisms with various idiosyncrasies,  it is expected that the translation of theorems and algorithms  into a common  framework will lead to a deeper understanding of  dependencies, connections, and  applications.    (2)  Preparation of a standard textbook on Computer-aided  Verification, targeted at the advanced-undergraduate level and  the  beginning-graduate level.  It is hoped that the text will  move formal methods  into the mainstream of the Computer Science  curriculum.    (3) Development of a  course on the practice and applications of  Computer-aided Verification, a  project-oriented course is  offered to advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate  students in engineering."]
["Static and Dynamic Behavior of Unsaturated Soils - Theory   and Validation","CMS","GEOTECHNICAL II","Muraleetharan, Kanthasamy","OK","University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","muralee@ou.edu","ENG","9501718  Muraleetharan  The objective is to develop a fully-coupled analysis procedure to  study the static and dynamic behavior of unsaturated soils, and  to validate the analysis procedure using geotechnical centrifuge  model test results.    The analysis procedure involves the finite element implementation  of the equations governing the dynamic behavior of a three-phase  system consisting of pore fluid, pore gas and soil skeleton. The  governing equations are derived by extending Biot's formulation  for the dynamic behavior of a fluid-saturated porous media to a  three-phase system, with an independent verification using  mixture theory. In developing these governing equations, special  attention is focused on defining the appropriate set of  constitutive equations.    This analysis procedure will improve the understanding of the  behavior and design for static and earthquake loading of  structures such as landfill clay covers and bottom liners and  compacted soil embankments. The developed analysis procedure will  also help to prevent the huge financial losses caused each year  by the damage to houses, buildings, roads and pipelines resulting  from the shrinking and swelling of soils. Furthermore, the  analysis procedure as well as the centrifuge tests will provide a  better understanding of the flow of water through unsaturated  soils, an important problem in studying the migration of  pollutants through soils.    EDUCATION PLAN    The education plan is a comprehensive approach to familiarizing  undergraduate and graduate students with the emerging  cross-disciplinary field of geo-environmental engineering and  current research and industry practices in geotechnical and  geo-environmental engineering.    An objective is to introduce more multi-disciplinary real world  design problems into the undergraduate courses, such as  introducing multi-media modules in the teaching of basic  principles so as to  allow the students to explore a certain  topic at their own pace. Another objective is to  acquire a small  teaching centrifuge for undergraduate students and to introduce  them to this important research tool in geotechnical and  geo-environmental engineering.    Graduate students are encouraged to acquire a broad knowledge  base by combining both experimental and analytical aspects in  their research, as well as working on projects with other faculty  outside their thesis or dissertation topics.  Development of a  graduate level course called \"Environmental Geotechnology\", which  can also be taken as a professional elective by undergraduate  students, emphasizes the importance of geotechnical issues in  solving environmental problems.  ***"]
["Research and Education in Integrated Circuit Design for     Communication and Magnetic Storage Systems","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Uehara, Gregory","HI","University of Hawaii","uehara@spectra.eng.hawaii.edu","CSE","There is an intimate relationship between the algorithms used in  communication and magnetic storage systems, the integrated circuits  (ICs) which implement the algorithms, and the system performance  which results.  As systems increase in complexity, trade-offs and  innovations need to be made at all levels of a system design in  order to drive system/circuit performance to approach fundamental  limits. This research is pursuing teaching and research plans which  have the goal of developing students into engineers prepared to  make significant and important technical contributions to the  development of high performance communication and magnetic storage  systems.    On the side of teaching, the goal is to develop a curriculum which  encourages students to make connections between both the  theoretical and practical aspects of electrical engineering. The  curriculum needs formal methods to bring out the synergy that  exists between these two aspects of their field. On the side of  research, the fundamental theme is to examine algorithms and  architectures important in communications applications, identify  performance or speed limitations of conventional implementations of  the algorithms and architectures from an IC implementation  perspective, develop ways in which modifications may result in  implementation advantages, and prototype the new approaches in  order to demonstrate its potential advantages. Proposed projects  include the development of analog, digital, and mixed-signal ICs  for wireless satellite and infra-red, wired LAN, and magnetic disk  read channel applications."]
["Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Membrane   Mimics","CHE","BIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Myles, David","CA","University of California-Los Angeles",null,"MPS","U. Cal Los Angeles  This CAREER award is made in the Organic Dynamics Program in support of   the research and teaching activities of  Dr. David C. Myles. The research   will focus on the design, synthesis, and characterization of self   assembled mono- and bilayers that serve as membrane mimics that will be   used to study fundamental parameters of interfacial recognition, orient   complex structures in the membrane, and carry out catalytic   transformations. Receptors such as bis-aminopyridines  will be tethered   to the surface of the monolayer membrane to study the effects of the   environment on the surface and the binding and detection of ligands such   as alkylbarbiturates.  The information gained through this research will   be used to self assemble membranes that model cell membranes by   incorporating helical peptides.  These systems will be used to model   complex membrane proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin.  The teaching plan   will address issues specific to communicating chemistry to the large   classes encountered at UCLA without losing sight of the individual. The   focus will be on individualized education, organic chemistry curriculum   development, mentoring , and outreach programs in elementary and junior   high schools.  The goal of this research is to gain insight into membrane bound   phenomena through study of well defined chemical events in the context of   structurally proscribed systems. Such studies are surface and interfacial   analogues of molecular recognition in solution and are relevant to   recognition phenomena in cell membranes. This research will also provide   high quality research opportunities for both graduate and undergraduate   students."]
["CAREER: Thermal Contact Resistance for Nonmetallic Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Phelan, Patrick","HI","University of Hawaii","phelan@asu.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  Phelan  U/ Hawaii  CTS-9501753    Research on the contact resistance between nonmetallic compounds at cryogenic temperatures will performed. This work has applications in mechanical cryocoolers and in applications of high-temperature superconductors. The work will focus on combinations of metallic-nonmetallic  and nonmetallic-nonmetallic contacts. The work will use experimental measurements to aid in developing a model of the contact resistance at these conditions with the goal of providing a tool for the thermal design of cryogenic equipment.    The education program includes development of advanced nontraditional courses in heat transfer as well as a new undergraduate course in Energy Conversion Systems. Of special note are proposed student exchange programs with a Japanese university and outreach programs to native Hawaiian and Filipino students. These programs have special value for the investigator+s home institution of the University of Hawaii."]
["Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement in Unsaturated Soils     With a Modified Cone Penetrometer","CMS","GEOMECHANICS & GEOTECHNIC SYST|GEOTECHNICAL I","Gribb, Molly","SC","University of South Carolina at Columbia","mgribb@boisestate.edu","ENG","9501772  Gribb  Soil mechanics and groundwater flow courses at the  undergraduate level, and  often at the graduate level, rarely include in-depth  discussion of the  properties of unsaturated soils.  Without an understanding  of fluid  transport and strength and volume change behavior of  unsaturated soils,  engineers are not well equipped to effectively design  foundations for  expansive soils, predict slope stability of residual soils,  or characterize  the flow of contaminants in the vadose zone.  Historically,  complexities  associated with unsaturated flow equations have made  analytical solutions  difficult and limited to relatively simple problems.  New  computational  methods, powerful personal computers, and improved soil  instrumentation  have made it possible to investigate a larger scope of  problems, both  numerically and experimentally.  The two overall goals of  this project are:  1) to increase the knowledge base of unsaturated flow  behavior and 2) to  incorporate the topics of unsaturated soil mechanics and  unsaturated flow  into the civil engineering curriculum at the University of  South Carolina  to better meet changing needs of the profession and society.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Surface Chemistry in Materials Processing","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Bent, Stacey","NY","New York University","bent@stanford.edu","MPS","9501774  Bent    This career development project describes research and  education thrusts to be implemented over the next five  years.  It includes the development of a research program  that addresses a molecular-level understanding of surface  chemical processes that describe microelectronics materials  fabrication processes such as chemical vapor deposition,  chemical etching, and lithography.  The education thrusts  include focusing on the concepts of \"connected curriculum\"  and \"active learning.\"  The goal is to develop  instructional methods and a novel curriculum that allows  for students to actively learn material which they see as  an integral part of the world around them.  %%%  This award provides NSF support for a junior faculty member  to develop a full, balanced academic career in areas of  science and education of high priority.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Microsystems for Least-Invasive Medicine","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING","Murphy, Michael","LA","Louisiana State University & Agricultural and Mechanical College","murphy@me.lsu.edu","ENG","9501793  Murphy  This project is on research to enhance the design and  fabrication of microsystems for medical and biological  applications.  Two demonstration projects are proposed for  this purpose.  The first project is the development of a  strain sensor to be mounted directly on bone fixation  plates, which could be monitored using an external  ultrasound sampling system.  This could significantly  improve the orthopedists' control of when bone plates are  removed, greatly reducing the risk of a second fracture  adjacent to the original break.  The second project is to  develop an arthroscopic instrument based on sensing  technology developed for in situ laboratory cartilage  research to assist diagnosis of a common orthopedic problem,  chondromalacia.  This project will push the limits of  current microfabrication technology and help to define the  requirements for interfacing between macroscale and  microscale machine elements.  ***"]
["Career:  Properties of Typical Computable Languages","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|THEORY OF COMPUTING","Fenner, Stephen","ME","University of Southern Maine","fenner@cse.sc.edu","CSE","The main  research goals of this project are to study new analytical   techniques for elucidating the internal structure of complexity classes.  These techniques adapt the theories of Lebesgue measure and Baire  category to  computational complexity.  They provide quantitative methods to  differentiate `typical` from `exceptional` properties of languages in a  particular class, shedding light on the  relationships between the structure and  intrinsic difficulty of  computational problems. These concepts are also closely  related  to the study of pseudorandom and `pseudo-generic` sequences.  Improvements to some of these analytic techniques are explored, and new types  of complexity-theoretic Baire category and their applications are  investigated.  The Educational Component of this CAREER Grant includes the  goals of: (a) Establishing theoretical computer science as an integral  part of the undergraduate curriculum at the  University of Southern  Maine, expanding the theory  offerings and more closely tying theory with  applications and with other subjects; (b) Implementing innovative ways  to attract nonmajors to  the computer science department, especially those who  are  interested in computer science, but may not be ready for a  traditional first programming course.   The routes to these goals run through  teaching, advising,  mentoring, and curriculum development. (This educational  component is part of the Research at Undergraduate Institutions  Program.)"]
["CAREER: The MosquitoNet Mobile Computing Project","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Baker, Mary","CA","Stanford University","mgbaker@cs.stanford.edu","CSE","The research project will investigate operating system and  application issues in a network that includes mobile and  wireless hosts.  Recent advances in wireless technologies  and light-weight computers make it  attractive to build  networks that combine traditional workstations and servers  with portable computers. But portables will not achieve  equivalence to  stationary hosts unless the portables can  remain continuously connected  to the  network, even when changing locations or  communication devices.    The project,  called MosquitoNet, will  increase the  connectivity of mobile hosts using the  following approaches.    (1) Enable portable computers to move seamlessly from  one  communications medium to another; for example, from an  Ethernet connection  to a wireless modem, without rebooting  or restarting applications.    (2)  Determine the feasibility of hiding the resulting changes  in throughput,  latency and other network characteristics  from applications.    (3) Design a  simple interface to expose these changing  characteristics to applications as  necessary.    (4) Examine communication device usage patterns for use in  implementing battery life extension policies.    (5) Develop new file data  consistency algorithms for use in a  distributed mobile environment where  disconnection is  allowed but not mandatory.    The educational component of the  CAREER project will  modernize and vitalize the teaching of operating systems  and  distributed systems at the Stanford University. In  particular a new course  on wireless and mobile computing  will be introduced along with the introduction  of  new  teaching tools, topics and projects into the current  curriculum on  opepating systems and distributed systems."]
["Performance Evaluation of Optimistic Replicated File System Architectures","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Page, Thomas","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","page@cis.ohio-state.edu","CSE","Replication is key to achieving performance and fault tolerance in widely distributed systems.  Conservative replica management schemes do not scale well, yet optimistic approaches depend in complex  ways on workload, architecture, topology, and failure modes of the system. This research captures the  design space for optimistically replicated systems in a flexible, object-oriented, simulation model,  allowing alternative architectures to be evaluated on a `level playing field.` The object-oriented  nature allows specialization of model components, permitting experimentation with alternative designs,  communications bandwidths, failure distributions, workload models, etc. A flexible workload generation  tool which can be tuned to produce synthetic traces matching the statistical properties of various  anticipated environments is also produced. The simulation and synthetic trace generator are validated  by comparison with analytical models and measurements of real systems.  This reqearch will enable  designers of a broad range of distributed database and filing systems to assess the impact of an  optimistic app roach to achieving high performance and availability in large scale systems.  The  educational plan seeks to add a `hands-on`, experimental component to the operating systems  curriculum. Synchronization, scheduling, and concurrency control simulation labs are constructed and  piloted using the same object-oriented simulation methodology as in the research plan. This provides a  balance to the current theoretical approach to teaching operating systems to both undergraduate and  graduate students."]
["Career:  Practical Performance Prediction for Parallel      Programmers","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Crovella, Mark","MA","Boston University","crovella@bu.edu","CSE","This CAREER award supports research in methods and tools  for  performance prediction of parallel programs.  The goal is a tool  set that  incorporates general and accurate methods to predict the  performance of a  parallel application in advance of its  execution.  The approach taken is based  on prior work that has  built tools to measure the performance of parallel  programs  (Predicate Profiling) and automatically construct performance  models  of existing applications (Lost Cycles Analysis).  While  the prior work has  relied principally on dynamic whole-program  analysis, this research will add  static analysis techniques and  apply dynamic tools to program fragments.  By  applying those  tools to program fragments, the research seeks a flexible method  for the performance prediction of alternative program structures.  The resulting  tool is expected to aid computational scientists  attempting to tune the  performance of programs running on high  performance, massively parallel  architectures.    The educational component of this CAREER award addresses  course  development and teaching of parallel processing for  undergraduates,  performance measurement and prediction for  graduate students, and a new  approach to introductory computer  science for freshmen."]
["Spectropolarimetry of Accretion Powered Compact Objects","AST","EXTRAGALACTIC ASTRON & COSMOLO","Kay, Laura","NY","Barnard College","kay@calisto.phys.columbia.edu","MPS","ABSTRACT    9501835  Kay, Laura    This award is made under the auspices of the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) program.  As a CAREER awardee the investigator is expected to pursue an active education plan in addition to her scientific research project.      Optical spectropolarimetry is a powerful technique for studying the wavelength dependence of the polarization of continuum and spectral line radiation in astronomical objects.  Dr. Kay uses this technique to investigate the nature of active galactic nuclei (AGN).  She will observe a class of broad-line radio galaxies with double-peaked emission lines that are suggestive of the presence of accretion disks.  High quality spectropolarimetric data of such objects could add support to accretion disk models of AGN.  Within her education effort, Dr. Kay will place special emphasis on involving women undergraduates at her institution in research.   ***  ??"]
["Scaling Reinforcement Learning by Adaptive Task Selection   and Linear Solution Merging","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Mahadevan, Sridhar","FL","University of South Florida","mahadeva@cs.umass.edu","CSE","The  aim  of  the  proposed  research is to study how  autonomous  agents  can  adapt to dynamic  partially known task environments.  Potential applications of such agents range from hardware  robots  that  automate delivery chores to software programs that retrieve  information from the  Internet.  This research will focus  on  an  adaptive  control   paradigm called reinforcement  learning.   In  this  approach,  agents  acquire task skills  through  trial  and  error    by   selecting   actions    that   maximize   a   reward  function.Reinforcement learning has some  problems.  It converges  extremely slowly, especially in large  state space problems where  rewards  occur  infrequently. Also, the  learned skills  transfer  poorly  across  related tasks.  This  research  will  investigate  using  a  novel  modular  task  architecture  to  overcome  these  limitations of reinforcement learning. The  proposed architecture  decomposes composite multiple goal tasks into primitive  subtasks  that  achieve  each individual goal.  It utilizes  training  time  more   efficiently  by  dynamically  switching  between  learning  different  tasks  based on their difficulty and  importance.   It  increases transfer across tasks by reusing  solutions learned  to  primitive  subtasks  using a weighted linear  sum  function.   It  solves recurrent tasks more effectively by  using a reinforcement  learning  method  that  optimizes average   reward.   A  detailed  experimental  study  of  the  proposed   architecture   will   be  undertaken, using a variety of simulated and real robot testbeds."]
["Mechanism and Inhibitor Design for Sialyltransferases and   Education in Biochemistry","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Horenstein, Nicole","FL","University of Florida","horen@chem.ufl.edu","BIO",";                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       R o o t   E n t r y                                                                            F             l   >      @         C o m p O b j                                                                                                         b       W o r d D o c u m e n t                                                                                                  !      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C                                                                   v       x       x       x               &                !  T   k!  *                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     v                                                                               v           b                                                                                                 9501866 Horenstein Significant efforts are being made by the PI to help develop a new biochemistry curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate levels, and to develop an interdisciplinary research program which includes undergraduate participation. The PI has instituted and is further developing a new graduate level course entitled \"Enzymes and Enzyme Mechanisms\". Over the period of the CAREER award, the PI will use this course and pedagogies as a laboratory for dhe creation of a new textbook on the same topic. Additional planned course development and teaching activities include teaching a special topics course concerned with the use of isotopes in biochemical research, and teaching the senior level Biochemistry course.   In relationship to this latter course, the Biochemistry Division is currently investigating the creation of an electronic study guide in Biochemistry, operating over the internet with a local World Wide Web client. The study guide would enable students to access a vast amount of material that could not be presented in traditional printed format.  The PI is a co-investigator in his departments renewal application of its previous and highly successful NSF-REU award. His laboratory has sponsored an NSF-REU fellow among odher undergraduate researchers. The PI's undergraduate research commitment is strong.  In the first year of his appointment, a total of four undergraduates have worked on original and interdisciplinary research projects. Two have chosen to continue on, and three of the four have represented women and minorities. Undergraduate participation in the PI's research program is and will remain a priority.  The research component of this proposal presents a plan for the mechanistic characterization of rat-liver sialyltransferases utilizing steady-state kinetics and multiple kinetic isotope effect experiments. Sialyltransferases (ST's) catalyze the transfer of N acetylneuraminic acid(NeuAc), (or sialic acid), as its cytidine monophosphate conjugate(CMP-NeuAc), to an acceptor hydroxyl group typically at the terminus of an oligosaccharide chain of a glycoprotein or glycolipid. The resultant sialoglycoconjugates are recognition elements in a variety of processes including viral replication, inflammatory responses, and adhesion of metastatic tumor cells. Sialyltransferases have not yet been characterized in mechanistic detail, nor have selective inhibitors been reported. These compounds will further illuminate the mechanism of sialyltransferases.  The ST substrate CMP-NeuAc is an unusual one for a glycosyltransferase because it is a sugar-mononucleotide and the anomeric carbon of N-acetylneuraminic acid has an adjacent carboxyl residue. The interplay of these groups in glycosyl transfer is unkno wn and will be investigated in the course of the mechanistic investigation.  Steady-state kinetic techniques, kinetic isotope effect experiments, and computational approaches will be used to define the kinetic mechanisms and transition state structure for rat liver a(2~6) and a(2~3) sialyl transferases.  Parallel to the above investigations, ST's will be cloned, and overexpressed in yeast..  Current understanding of the mechanisms of glycosyltransferases, and especially sialyltransferases is limited. The availability of transition state analogue inhibitors for sialyltransferases would facilitate mechanistic studies, and perhaps allow for manipulation of glycosylation patterns in vivo. %%% The research program will involve determination of the chemical mechanism of enzymes called sialyltransferases. Sialyltransferases link a type of sugar, sialic acid, to carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins, often found on cell surfaces. In the longer term, the mechanistic information obtained will be used to design and synthesize inhibitors of these enzymes. Sialyltransferase inhibitors may be useful tools to elucidate the biological functions of sialic acid-containing glycoproteins, which are involved in inflammation and metastasis.  The education component involves the development of a biochemistry curriculum in the Chemistry Department at the University of Florida.  One new course at the undergraduate level is \"Biochemistry Laboratory\", in which students learn how to create and analyze recombinant DNA molecules using state-of-the-art techniques. Students then use the recombinant DNA to produce a human enzyme, which will be purified and analyzed. Undergraduate students are also involved in research in the Principal Investigators laboratory, providing them with actual research training. New graduate level courses include \"Enzymes and Enzyme Mechanisms\" in which the fundamentals of enzyme m"]
["Integrated Framework for Test Synthesis, Power              Optimization, and Reliable Design of VLSI Circuits","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Roy, Kaushik","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","kaushik@ecn.purdue.edu","CSE","This research is an integrated approach to design of VLSI circuits,  with an emphasis on developing tests for thermal and electrical  stress, and power management.  The first goal is to use stress  testing as a low-cost alternative to burn-in.  Methods to  synthesize tests for electrical and thermal stress based on  accurate measure of signal activity are being explored.  In low  power design, the following are being pursued: 1. develop Monte  Carlo based approaches estimation of signal and glitching activity  in sequential and DSP circuits; 2. find architectural and  system-level power minimization techniques; 3. investigate current  switching techniques for power management; and 4. design layout  algorithms for circuits with low power consumption.  Sample  sequential and digital signal processing circuits are being  synthesized."]
["Ergonomics, Health, and Safety in Construction:  Research   and Education","CMS","CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Everett, John","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor",null,"ENG","9501887  Everett  The specific aims of this project are to improve our understanding  of how and why accidents and injuries occur in construction; to  assess the effectiveness of existing tools, technologies, and  construction methods in reducing accidents and injuries; to develop  and test new technologies to help reduce accidents and injuries;  and to educate a new generation of construction engineering and  management students to appreciate the hazards of construction craft  work and begin to do something about it."]
["CAREER:  Nuclelar Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Protein    Conformation During Bioprocessing","BES","BIOCHEMICAL & BIOMASS ENG","Fernandez, Erik","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","ejf3c@virginia.edu","ENG","9501909  Fernandez  This project is on research to exploit the detailed residue-level  structural information available from nuclear magnetic resonance  (NMR) to examine proteins in non-native environments relevant to  manufacturing.  Proteins will be examined in a  variety of  environments with the goal of developing a general understanding  of protein denaturation during precipitation.  Changes in  conformation that occur in the solution state before  aggregation/precipitation, conformation changes that occur upon  phase change, and the rates of these changes will be examined  with NMR.  In addition to this research activity, the  investigator will enhance education by engaging in activities on  curricular development, laboratory development and mentoring.  ****"]
["CAREER: Microscale Energy Transport In Aerogels","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC|HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT","Norris, Pamela","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","pmn3d@virginia.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  Norris  UVA  CTS-9501911     Aerogels are unusual materials composed of nanometer-sized particles and pores.  Silica aerogels have extremely low density, and the microstructure gives them unusual thermophysical properties that allow important applications such as for electrical and thermal insulators. This research centers on determining the thermal properties of thin-film aerogels, for which standard experimental techniques and analyses cannot be applied. Fractal analysis will be applied to understanding the properties of thin-films from their microstructure, and experiments will be carried out to determine the thermal conductivity of thin-film aerogels on substrates and to demonstrate the existance of length-scale effects at the microscale at room temperatures.    The educational plan emphasizes bringing statistical methods, including design of experiments, into the engineering curriculum. In addition, the PI has plans for expanding an already strong mentoring program for encouraging women to enter engineering, both in the university and with junior high and high-school students."]
["Mathematical Sciences:  Greedy Growing and its Applications","DMS","STATISTICS|PROBABILITY","Nobel, Andrew","NC","University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","nobel@email.unc.edu","MPS","9501926 Nobel  Binary trees play an important role in the methodology of statistics and engineering.  Classification trees have been applied to variety of statistical problems, ranging from mortality studies to the recognition of functional groups in gene sequences.  Quantization trees have been applied to the compression of medical images and sampled speech.  The problem of designing good classification and quantization trees from finite data sets is usually addressed through the use of greedy growing algorithms.  While the empirical behavior of these algorithms is well understood, there has been little theory to support their use, or to examine their behavior on large data sets.  The proposed research will undertake a systematic study of greedy growing algorithms.  It has three broad objectives: To develop theoretical tools that will provide a means of  rigorously analyzing such algorithms; To apply these tools to the analysis and comparison of existing algorithms; To use these tools, in conjunction with computer simulations, in the design of new algorithms for specific applications. A key feature of the proposed research is that it addresses classification and quantization in the same framework.  Educational activities  will be one of the key responsibilities of the principal investigator during the duration of the grant. The Statistics Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  has a strong tradition of graduate and undergraduate education. Maintaining the tradition entails a strong commitment to  teaching, as well as interaction with students, both inside and outside of the classroom. We hope to further the tradition through the development of new courses, which will introduce students to the basic ideas behind the proposed research.  Subject to departmental approval,  graduate level courses in  Statistical Pattern Recognition and Complexity-based Statistical Methods will be developed. A reading course will be designed to encourage advanced graduate students to undertake  superviqed research in the proposed area of study.   Tree-structured methods of data analysis play an important role in statistics and engineering, because they are easy to implement and  lend themselves to ready interpretation. Tree-structured procedures  have been applied to statistical problems ranging from the study of housing prices to the  prediction of heart attacks.   Related procedures  have been applied by engineers to the compression of medical images and human speech.   In each application, a suitable tree must be constructed from  experimental data sets that are typical of the behavior under study. In practice, trees are frequently designed by greedy growing algorithms,  which build a tree iteratively, from the ground up. While these  algorithms are well understood from an experimental standpoint, there has been little theory to support their use, or to examine their behavior on very large data sets.   The proposed research will undertake a systematic study of greedy growing algorithms.  It has three broad objectives: To develop theoretical tools that will provide a means of  rigorously analyzing such algorithms; To apply these tools to the analysis and comparison of existing algorithms; To use these tools, in conjunction with computer simulations, in the design of new algorithms for specific applications. A key feature of the proposed research is that it addresses statistical and engineering applications within the same framework.  Educational activities  will be one of the key responsibilities of the principal investigator during the duration of the grant. The Statistics Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  has a strong tradition of graduate and undergraduate education. Maintaining the tradition entails a strong commitment to  teaching, as well as interaction with students, both inside and outside of the classroom. We hope to further the tradition through the development of new courses, which will introduce graduate students to the basic ideas behind the  proposed research. In addition, a reading course will be designed to encourage advanced graduate students to undertake supervised research in the proposed area of study."]
["Interactive Simulation and Navigation for Collaborative     Research and Pedagogy","IIS","DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Teller, Seth","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","teller@csail.mit.edu","CSE","This research focuses on a comprehensive approach to achieving individual and collaborative interactions for extremely complex simulation data. Such datasets would overwhelm existing systems. They often share many common attributes in their organization, data evolution and dependencies, and patterns of shared, coherent access by human or automated agents. These commonalties can be captured through a suitable set of abstractions, and exploited to achieve fundamental improvements in methods for manipulating, sharing, and understanding such broad collections of data. Specifically, the project is aimed at constructing a system for interactive visualization of extremely complex datasets, by developing techniques for: (1) query factoring, (2) predictive fetching, (3) detail degradation, (4) conservative algorithms, (5) hybrid cost metrics, and (6) an interactive tool infrastructure. The educational component addresses the potential for collaborative interactive techniques to improve pedagogy at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels, and performance evaluation at the undergraduate level."]
["CAREER PROGRAM                                              ATDCC:  A Language for Communicating Reactive Process","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Jagadeesan, Radhakrishnan","IL","Loyola University of Chicago","rjagadeesan@cs.depaul.edu","CSE","The focus of this CAREER research proposal is the design,  semantics, and implementation of ATDCC, a language for a network  of  asynchronously communicating reactive programs.  Reactive  systems are tightly  coupled, event-driven systems that react  continuously with their environment at  a rate controlled by the  environment. Asynchronous systems are those in which  processes  are loosely coupled and communication can take arbitrary amount  of  time.  Complex applications, arising commonly in practice,  typically require  the combination of both these ideas, thus  motivating ATDCC.  ATDCC is expected  to have the following  advantages: (1) support for hierarchical construction of  programs/specifications; (2) good foundational properties; (3)  efficient  implementation as a network of asynchronously  communicating automata; (4)  verification of safety properties,  including real time constraints.  This  research is aims towards  the creation of a complete programming environment for  modeling  and analyzing complex electro-mechanical systems.    This CAREER  project includes active involvement in education, in  conjunction with the  research program.  The research program  itself involves the participation  of students, who will  benefit from the exposure to industrial  experience.  The  education plan includes course and curriculum development, for  both graduate and undergraduate students, incorporating current  research in the  general area of interest in the project.  An  undergraduate parallel programming  laboratory is planned to  collaborate, disseminate and share resources with  institutions in  the Chicago area.  The laboratory and curriculum development  are  intended to lead to undergraduate participation in research."]
["CAREER:  Shear Response of Polymers Grafted to Membranes","CTS","SEPAR & PURIFICATION PROCESSES","Sevick, Edith","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","sevick@escarides.colorado.edu","ENG","CTS-9501946  Edith Sevick  University of Colorado      The career development plan involves three areas of research:  polymer brushes as microvalves, electrophoretic separations using microlithographic arrays of polyelectrolyte chains, and adsorption of surfactants onto a model clay suspension.  The focus of the research will be on the design, modeling and construction of a novel microvalve system, consisting of polymer chains end-grafted onto pores several nanometers in diameter.  The microvalves impart unique flow control to the membrane without mechanical parts or feedback control loops.  Understanding how the adsorbed polymer brushes sense and respond to flow under different geometry's may lead to unique membranes with flow-dependent properties.  Potential applications include filtration and controlled drug release.  The educational plan involves the development of a graduate course in statistical mechanics, and the introduction of computer simulation and process simulators to the undergraduate curriculum."]
["CAREER: Automatic Data and Computation Partitioning for     Array-Parallel Languages","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Chatterjee, Siddhartha","NC","University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","sc@cs.unc.edu","CSE","This project will develop a set of tools that will  automatically  map data and computation for HPF programs, thereby reducing the  programming time and effort required for producing efficient and  portable  parallel programs. The system of tools will use the  alignment-distribution  graph as the internal representation of  Fortran 90 (and HPF) programs and use  graph-theoretic, linear-  algebraic and discrete optimization techniques to  determine  alignment and distribution of arrays that minimize program  completion time.  The system will not be limited to the `owner-  computes` rule  often employed by HPF compilers, but will choose  the computation rules that  minimize running time of the program.  The system will also provide a back-end  for generating code for  message passing systems, and a graphical user interface  for  debugging and visual feedback. The project will develop  algorithms for  inter-procedural layout analysis, and heuristics  for reducing the complexity of  analysis algorithms.    The educational component of this project will develop  undergraduate courses with laboratory emphasizing experiment  design,  measurement and use of statistical analysis."]
["New Inorganic Radical Reactions","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Cummins, Christopher","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ccummins@mit.edu","MPS","Dr. Christopher C.  Cummins, Chemistry Department, Massachusetts   Institute of Technology, is supported by the Inorganic,  Bioinorganic,   and Organometallic Chemistry Program of the Chemistry Division under a   Faculty Early Career Advancement Award to study radical bond-forming   reactions of inorganic compounds and to contribute to several aspects of   the MIT teaching program. A major portion of the research is directed   toward the design and synthesis of new metal complexes that will undergo   clean radical reactions with a variety of inorganic substrates. Examples   include Ti(III)-amido species which will react with early   transition-metal oxo-complexes to yield heterometallic bridging oxo   compounds and with nitrido complexes to form metal-nitrogen-metal units.   The teaching plan  has several goals including the design of a new course   in inorganic chemistry which is based on Nobel Lectures, the institution   of an informal seminar series, and service as an undergraduate academic   advisor.  In many chemical compounds each electron is paired with another. In some,   however, this pairing is not complete and compounds which contain one or   more unpaired electrons are called `radicals`. While radicals are known   to be very reactive, they have not been extensively explored as   precursors for inorganic substances. The purpose of this study is to   prepare stable metal containing radicals and utilize them to develop new   routes to important classes of inorganic compounds. The teaching portion   of the project is designed to improve the effectiveness of the chemical   education program, mostly in inorganic chemistry, at MIT."]
["Energetics of Great Lakes Aggregate-Forced Synoptic Scale   Vortices","ATM","PHYSICAL & DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY","Sousounis, Peter","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","sousou@msu.edu","GEO","9502009  Sousounis        Under the Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER), the  Principal Investigator will perform research on the Great Lakes and integrate aspects  of this research into the educational curriculum.  The CAREER Program is an  National Science Foundation Program is intended to support junior faculty within the  context of their overall career development.  It combines in a single program the  support of quality research and education.          For the research component, the Principal Investigator will utilized an  advanced mesoscale numerical model to study the aggregate effect of the Great  Lakes on larger scale meteorological systems.  The Great Lakes effect weather on a  variety of scales.  While intense lake-effect storms are primarily the result of forcing  from individual lakes, larger effects also occur in winter as a result of forcing from  all the Great Lakes (e.g. the Great Lakes aggregate).  Under certain cold air  conditions, a 2000 km wide and 3 km deep circulation can develop that significantly  impact weak synoptic-scale systems.  The development and impact of lake-aggregate  circulations have not yet been studied.  The two primary research objectives are to  understand: how lake-aggregate circulations develop energetically; and how heat  aggregate-forced circulations depend on synoptic conditions and aggregate heating  characteristics.            The objectives of the educational component are to: bridge the gap between  classroom work, theoretical knowledge and  real-world  problems; give students an  in-depth look and hands-on experience on a problem concerning atmospheric scale  interactions; provide students with experience in the applications of advanced computer  technology.  The educational component will be attacked through the development of  homework problems; class projects and research opportunities.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Synthesis and Electrical Characterization of       Ultrafine-grained Ceramics","DMR","CERAMICS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Demetry, Chrysanthe","MA","Worcester Polytechnic Institute","cdemetry@wpi.edu","MPS","9502016  Terwilliger    The goal of this research is to develop a scientific basis  for the understanding of nanoscale ceramics with novel  electrical properties.  Enhanced electrical conductivity at  low temperatures relative to conventional polycrystalline  material is expected due to grain size-dependent  nonstoichiometry as a result of impinging space charge  layers.  The effects of grain size, temperature, and oxygen  partial pressure on de and ac conductivity will be evaluated  for cryochemically synthesized, highly dense nanoscale  titanium (grain size < 30 nm), both pure and doped with  donor and acceptor solutes.  Impedance spectroscopy and  quantitative microanalysis will be used in parallel to  establish correlations between grain boundary and bulk  conductivity and chemistry, from which a unified model of  defect chemistry in ultrafine-grained nonstoichiometric  oxides will be developed.  %%%  The goal of this research is to develop a scientific basis  for the understanding of nanoscale ceramics with novel  electrical properties.  Innovative uses of active and  cooperative learning, student team work, and peer-assisted  instruction will be developed and assessed quantitatively  for several courses, with a concentrated effort in  Introduction to Materials Science.  In addition, the  possibility of a cross-disciplinary team master's thesis as  an innovative approach to graduate training will be  explored.  A long-term objective is to provide leadership at  the local and national level in understanding the \"pipeline\"  issues that continue to result in an underrepresentation of  women in science and engineering."]
["Dynamics of Organic Ion-Molecule Reactions in the Gas Phase","CHE","SPECTROSCOPY","Graul, Susan","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","sgraul@andrew.cmu.edu","MPS","In this project funded through the Faculty Early Career Development   (CAREER) Program  of the Chemistry Division, Professor Susan Graul  of   the Department of Chemistry of the Carnegie- Mellon University will study   the thermochemistry, kinetics, and dynamics of gas-phase ion-molecule   reactions.  Reaction cross sections and product angular and energy   distributions will be determined using mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy   spectrometry and guided ion-beam techniques.  Initial studies will focus   on the exothermic bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reactions   of methyl halides CH3X (X=Cl,Br,I) with F- and Cl- ions.  These studies   will be extended to other systems such as the reactions of F- and Cl-   ions with chloroacetonitrile and bromoacetonitrile, and others.    Furthermore, bimolecular elimination reactions will also be investigated.    These experimental studies will be complemented by electronic structure   calculations for relevant reaction intermediates and transition states,   and statistical theoretical modeling of the reactions studied for   comparison with experimental results.  Accompanying the research activity   is a specified education effort appropriate to the development of a full,   balanced, academic career.   The chemistry of ion-molecule reactions is at the forefront of gas phase   reaction chemistry.  As such it plays an important role in the chemistry   of combustion processes, the chemistry of the upper atmosphere, and other   areas. This research will contribute to our understanding of these   processes by providing data suitable for the development of advanced   theoretical, molecular based  models of chemical reactions."]
["Faculty Early Development (CAREER)","DMS","COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS","Almgren, Robert","IL","University of Chicago","almgren@math.uchicago.edu","MPS","Almgren  9502059  This work is supported by a National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development Award.  The National Science Foundation strongly encourages the early development of academic faculty as both educators and researchers.  The Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program is a Foundation-wide program that provides for the support of junior faculty within the context of their overall career development.  It combines in a single program the support of quality research and education in the broadest sense and the full participating of those traditionally underrepresented in science and engineering.  This program enhances and emphasizes the importance the Foundation places on the development of full, balanced academic careers that include both research and education.  The research will focus on the development of computational techniques for dendritic solidification in three dimensions using two methods.  The first method is implementation of adaptive mesh refinement to simulate the phase field model of dendritic growth, which models the solid/liquid interface by a  thinviscous layer.  In addition to the coding complexity, the central issues are construction of stable and accurate time discretization formulas, specification of accurate criteria to guide the automatic refinement strategy, and possible permiting the interface thickness to depend on local velocity.  The second, more speculative, method is a lattice-based variational method, using an Ising-type model and simulated annealing to minimize a combination of bulk and surface energy at each time step.  The first approach is expected to be effective at large undercoolings or supersaturations, where kinetic effects are important; the second approach will be more efficient at small undercoolings, near local equilibrium.    The overall purpose of this project is to develop effective computational tools for predicting and controlling the microstructure  which develops almost every time a metal or other substance solidifies  from its melt, that is, in almost every casting process from horseshoes to jet turbine blades.  The details of this microstructure have a tremendous influence on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the resulting material piece; if the processes which produce them could be understood and controlled, then dramatic improvements might be possible.  The teaching side of this project is construction of an applied mathematics component for the University of Chicago's SESAME program, which teaches mathematics to elementary teachers from the Chicago Public Schools.  The investigator will develop classroom and computer material focusing on the questions of how and why objects in Nature assume the shapes they do in response to their physical environment; he will consider trees and tree leaves, soap films, crystals, seashells, and square-cube scaling laws."]
["CAREER:  Faculty Early Career Development in Education and  Research","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING","Dong, Cheng","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","cxd23@psu.edu","ENG","9502069  Dong  This project is on research to better understand cell  adhesion under flow and cell motility.  The aims of this  research are: (1) to develop the experimental capability to  elucidate the cellular processes of adhesion and motility  and their related biological behavior, (2) to develop the  theoretical capability to derive satisfactory comparisons of  the model predictions with experimental results and to  obtain the mechanistic parameters affecting cellular  processes, and (3) to establish a foundation for an  integrated cellular engineering research program.  Cell  adhesion and motility are two intimately related biological  processes that affect the course of the inflammatory process  and the metastasis of cancer cells.  ***"]
["CAREER: Environmentally Benign Chemical Processing: A Theme for the Future of Chemical Engineering","CTS","CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","d'Itri, Julie","PA","University of Pittsburgh","jditri@pitt.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  Julie d'Itri    The focus of the research is the development of new processes for conversion of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to environmentally more benign hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by catalytic hydrodechlorination.  The initial model under investigation is the hydrodechlorination of 1,1- dichlorotetrafluoroethane catalyzed by palladium supported on various materials.  Emphasis is placed on elucidating the factors that dictate selectivity towards 1,1,1,2- tetrafluoroethane.  Quantitative rate measurements provide fundamental kinetics parameters such as heat of adsorption, activation energy, and intrinsic rate constant.  The influences of metal particle size, metal-support interactions, and support acidity on each of these parameters are determined.  The mechanism and transition state are examined using isotopic transient experiments and linear free energy relationships.    The results of this research are important for the destruction of chlorofluorocarbons in industrial wastes, for control of CFC emissions, and for the production of substitute refrigerants, cleaning agents, blowing agents, and propellants that are more tolerable environmentally.    Curricular materials in the forms of  both classroom courses and laboratory experiments are developed in tandem with this research.  Students at both undergraduate and graduate levels are exposed the concepts and goals of environmentally benign chemical processing.  The intent is to instill new standards of engineering practice that include recognition of environmental concerns and needs."]
["CAREER: A Faculty Early Career Development Proposal in      Electronic Materials","DMR","ELECTRONIC MATERIALS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Goorsky, Mark","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","Goorsky@seas.ucla.edu","MPS","9502117 Goorsky  This research program aims to develop a deeper understanding of the connection between microscopic materials structure and performance in compound semiconductors.  The relationship among substrate properties, initial defect nucleation, and device performance in GaAs- and InP-based heterostructures will be studied. The role of substrate perfection and substrate miscut on the initial stages of misfit dislocation formation and related defects in strained epitaxial structures will be explored as well as the behavior of layers grown under either tensile or compressive strain.  This will help develop a fundamental understanding of precisely how the magnitude and sign of stress in the layers influences the formation of defects. %%% This research will contribute to improving the general performance and to the realization of advanced devices and integrated circuits used in computing, information processing, and telecommunications.  An important feature of the program is the training of graduate and undergraduate students in a fundamentally and technologically significant area of materials and processing research.    ***"]
["Faculty Early Career Development:  Resampling Approaches    to Neural Model Validation","DMI","MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT|PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Smith, Alice","PA","University of Pittsburgh","aesmith@eng.auburn.edu","ENG","9502134   The focus of this research is the improvement of the validation of neural network models by developing neuro-adaptations and hybrids of statistical resampling methodologies for model validation.  The field of statistics has matured several approaches to statistical model validation which use the available data for both model construction and validation.  Resampling approaches have the drawback that they require the construction of multiple models.  The construction of several models is computationally intensive, unlike their deterministic statistical counterparts.  Furthermore, there are stochastic aspects to neural network model construction that are not present in statistical modeling.  This research is aimed at developing neuro-adaptations of resampling approaches by investigating the trade-offs between precision, bias, and variance of the validation procedure with the computational requirements for each of the three major resampling techniques - cross validation, jackknife, and bootstrap - along with the two most commonly used neural network validation techniques - resubstitution and train-and-test.  Other research issues to be investigated and resolved are alternative error metrics, initialization of neural network weights, hybrid resampling methodologies, neural network training termination criteria, and reuse of multiple neural network models through the committee network approach.  The methodologies developed will be demonstrated on typical manufacturing problems such as wave soldering of circuit boards, process planning for job shop metal forming, and other applications where data is sparse.   The improvement of validation techniques for neural networks is essential for furthering research and implementation of complex systems modeling and optimization.  The research has the potential to impact several disciplines currently involved in neural network modeling where data is sparse and model validation is crucial.  These areas include precision manufacturing, robotic control, me dical diagnosis, and defense pattern classification and control applications.  The methods to be developed can be generalized to other empirical modeling techniques where the construction of the model is computational intensive."]
["Syntheses of Mitomycin C and FR900482 Via Dialkylvinyl-     sulfonium Salts","CHE","METHODOLOGY|SYNTHESIS","Jimenez, Leslie","NJ","Rutgers University New Brunswick","jimenez@rutchem.rutgers.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is on natural product synthesis and relies on   the development of the use of dialkylvinylsulfonium salts as  reagents   for the preparation of intermediates for the construction of mytomycin C   and FR900482.  The focus of the educational plan involves the development   of a novel graduate course in drug design and mechanism as well as   involving undergraduates in an active laboratory experience.   With this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program is supporting the   research and educational plan of Dr. Leslie Jimenez of the Department of   Chemistry at Rutgers University.  Professor Jimenez will focus her   research efforts on the development of short efficient syntheses of the   natural products mitomycin C and FR900482.  The focus of Dr. Jimenez'   educational plan involves the development of a novel graduate course in   drug design and mechanism as well as involving undergraduates in an   active laboratory  experience."]
["Career Program:  Research and Education in Chemical         Engineering and Biotechnology","BES","BIOTECHNOLOGY","Przybycien, Todd","NY","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","todd@andrew.cmu.edu","ENG","9502184  Przybycien  This project is on research to study protein aggregation.  One  area of focus is on the structural characterization of protein  aggregates.  This will include the development of new information  on the mechanism of aggregate formation, the impact of  environmental conditions or process parameters on aggregation,  and the ease of reconstitution of aggregates.  Another area of  focus is on the identification of specific interaction sites in  protein aggregates.  The ultimate goal is to obtain predictive  ability for the propensity of proteins to aggregate and protein-  specific strategies for the promotion or inhibition of  aggregation in cellular, production and storage environments.  In  addition to this research activity, the investigator will enhance  education by engaging in activities to produce instructional  innovation, curricular synergy, and educational excitement.  ***"]
["Technetium Complexes of Metal Oxides","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC|PROF OPPOR FOR WOMEN IN RSCH","Francesconi, Lynn","NY","CUNY Hunter College","lfrances@hunter.cuny.edu","MPS","Dr. Lynn C. Francesconi, Chemistry Department, CUNY Hunter College, is   supported by the Inorganic,  Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry   Program of the Chemistry Division under a Faculty Early Career   Advancement Award to prepare technetium oxide molecules and to pursue a   five pronged program to improve the educational experiences offered at   Hunter College. In the research component technicium will be incorported   into cage polyoxoanion structures of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, and   phosphorus. In the educational component outside institutional research   collaborations will be established and the supervision of undergraduate   research students will be delegated to graduate students in order the   improve the relevance and vitality of the graduate training. At the   undergraduate level increased laboratory participation will be   accomplished by a redesign of the courses and the undergraduate research   experience, communication and student involvement will be increased in   the freshman course through the institution of a workshop approach, and a   new inorganic chemistry lecture course will be devised.  Technecium is used as an imaging agent in medicine and occurs as a   component in radioactive wastes. This research will produce new compounds   which may be valuable both in the imaging application and point the way   to substances which can efficiently remove technecium from water   solutions. The educational efforts will improve the teaching program at   Hunter College, particularly as it relates to minority students."]
["Two Degree of Freedom Design for Robust Nonlinear Control   of Mechanical Systems","CMS","DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Murray, Richard","CA","California Institute of Technology","murray@caltech.edu","ENG","9502224  Murray  This CAREER award emphasizes the use of two-degree-of-  freedom design techniques for generating nonlinear  controllers for mechanical systems performing motion control  tasks. Typical applications include high performance control  of piloted aircrafts using vectored thrust propulsion,  navigation and control of unmanned flight vehicles  performing surveillance and other tasks, motion control and  stabilization of underwater vehicles , and control of land  based robotic locomotion systems. The nonlinear controller  synthesis problem is initially separated into the design of  a feasible trajectory for the nominal model of the system,  followed by regulation around that trajectory using  controllers that have guaranteed performance in presence of  uncertainties. New methods are devised for quickly  generating suboptimal trajectories that accomplish a desired  control objective. Educational activities include  development of innovative curriculum in control and  dynamical systems, setting up experimental laboratories for  graduate and undergraduate teaching, and involving  undergraduate students in independent research-oriented  projects.***"]
["Low-Cost Test Techniques","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Vinnakota, Bapiraju","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","bapi.vinnakota@intel.com","CSE","This research is an investigation of techniques for efficient and  effective testing of large sequential VLSI circuits.  Two avenues  are being pursued.  First is the development of self-initializing  memory elements and test time reduction techniques for circuits  employing scan design.  Second is development of new functional  test techniques for large sequential circuits.  The approach is to  model large circuits as a network of finite state machines.  From  this model, algorithms for test generation are being developed.   The algorithms are being optimized to provide good coverage for  defects not modeled by stuck-at faults.  Software instantiations of  the test algorithms are being built."]
["CAREER:  Structure/Mobility/Property Relationships in       Polymers and Engineered Fibrous Substrates","DMR","POLYMERS|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Beckham, Haskell","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","haskell.beckham@ptfe.gatech.edu","MPS","9502246  Beckham  Through two distinct projects, detailed characterization of  molecular mobilities will be conducted and then used to  engineer improved or novel polymers and fibrous substrates.  Advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques will be  employed to specify molecular mobilities not only by  timescale, but also by geometry (2D exchange spectroscopy),  and by spatial direction (NMR imaging).  The following two  projects are described:  (1) solid-state polymer molecular  dynamics, and (2) water distribution and diffusion in  engineered fibrous substrates.  In both projects,  multidimensional NMR methods will be used to elucidate that  historically \"missing link\" for the correlation of molecular  structure with macroscopic properties in materials, that is,  detailed descriptions of molecular movements.  %%%  This research is important because it provides links to  important questions in polymer and textile science, and  covers both basic and applied subjects.    The educational component of this grant consists of  introducing modern topics into textile courses and to  develop new teaching methods in which students are activley  involved in the teaching process.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Ellipis Resolution in English in Natural Language  Processing Systems","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Hardt, Daniel","PA","Villanova University","hardt@vill.edu","CSE","The objective of this research is to develop a system that reliably resolves ellipsis in English.  The  system will accept syntactically annotated input, and it will produce output in which elliptical  expressions are resolved, either by producing a non-elliptical paraphrase or by linking the elliptical  expression to its antecedent.  The system will be develmped using the Penn Treebank, a syntactically  annotated corpus of several million words, containing a wide range of texts of varying styles.  This  research makes crucial use of newly available syntactic annotation and associated tools in the Penn  Treebank.  The system will be tested on examples from the Treebank to determine the percentage of  cases in which ellipsis is correctly resolved.  The primary goal of the system is to develop a  practical solution to a major outstanding problem in computational linguistics: determining the  antecedent for ellipsis occurrences. The project will also have an important secondary benefit: it  will result in a massive amount of valuable data for theoreticians studying ellipsis and related  phenomena."]
["The Distribution of Optically-Obscured Galaxies, and        Asymmetric Isolated Galaxies","AST","EXTRAGALACTIC ASTRON & COSMOLO","Henning, Patricia","NM","University of New Mexico","henning@cosmos.phys.unm.edu","MPS","ABSTRACT    9502268  Henning, Patricia    This award is made under the auspices of the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) program.  As a CAREER awardee the investigator is expected to pursue an active education plan in addition to her scientific research project.      About one quarter of the extragalactic sky is blocked by the dust and high star density of our Galaxy, the Milky Way.  Several superclusters of galaxies disappear into this so-called Zone of Avoidance (ZOA), so their true sizes and possible connections with visible structures are not known.  Dr. Henning will conduct a survey of the galaxies in the northern ZOA using the Dwingeloo telescope in the Netherlands to observe the 21-cm wavelength spectral line of neutral atomic hydrogen.  This line is not affected by the foreground dust, and the distribution of the galaxies can be determined.  The results of the survey will be used as a tracer of large-scale structure in the Universe, to investigate the space density of dwarf type galaxies, and to constrain models of their formation.  In the southern hemisphere, specifically selected galaxies will be observed, also at 21-cm wavelength, using the Parkes telescope in Australia.  In her education component, Dr. Henning will design innovative educational programs in conjunction with the Astronomy Science Center being formed by a consortium led by the University of New Mexico, with the goal of true combination of education and research.       ***  ??"]
["CAREER: Research into Self-Aware Optics within a Broad      Program for Education","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Green, Evan","CA","San Jose State University Foundation","egreen@sparta.sjsu.edu","ENG","9502288  Green  The program of research is intended to strengthen the country's research infrastructure through the education of  M.S. and B.S. level engineers - those engineers who are necessary for day-to-day operation of industrial and research environments - in an emerging field of technology.  The proposed research topic, \"Self-Aware Optical Elements,\" will result in advances in technology for optical systems.  The unifying feature of the various sub-projects described is that they are all intend, as a whole to advance the state of the art in manufacture of optical components with integrated sensors and actuators.  Through the success of this project, optical systems will become more robust because of elements which can measure their own performance.  Optical technology will therefore become more readily available bringing the vast powers of optics for signal processing, computing, sensing and communication further from the laboratory table-top realm into everyday use.  Resulting advances in MEMS fabrication and device design techniques will be important to the emerging MEMS technology field.    Course development efforts will be directed towards the integration of engineering design skills within the framework of laboratory instruction.  Early efforts in course development have resulted in an undergraduate laboratory sequence which teaches engineering design as a series of exercises covering fundamental skills necessary for successful projects.  Fundamental design skills include communications skills, data interpretation skills, and significant practice in approaching open-ended problems.  It is emphasized to students that engineering is a creative discipline, and solutions to difficult problems come from a combination of technical training and ability to anticipate and interpret the vast sea of the unknown.  ***"]
["CAREER: Ion Beam Assisted Deposition of Magnetoresistive    Films","DMR","METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Allen, Emily","CA","San Jose State University Foundation","elallen@email.sjsu.edu","MPS","The objective of this CAREER research program is to determine the effects of ion beam  bombardment on the magnetic and electrical properties of evaporated Permalloy-nitrogen-iron thin  films. The electrical, magnetoresistive and magnetic properties of the films are measured as a  function of ion species, flux and energy, substrate temperature, and post-deposition annealing  treatment.  The microstructure of the films is characterized and correlated to the electrical and  magnetic properties.  This research is a collaborative project with IBM Almaden Research Center.   The  educational objectives include course and curriculum development in electronic, optical and magnetic  materials, as well as undergraduate and graduate research supervision, advising, and educational  outreach.  The curriculum development efforts are focused on an interdisciplinary course sequence for  electrical and materials engineering students in electronic materials processing in a team-based,  open-ended design laboratory setting. %%% Ion beam bombardment during electron beam evaporation of  Permalloy films is used to imp rove the magnetoresistive response of films used in magnetoresistive  read heads in magnetic disk drives.                          ;"]
["Communication and Architectural Supports for Implementing   Distributed Shared Memory on Wormhole Networks","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Panda, Dhabaleswar","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","panda@cse.ohio-state.edu","CSE","The goal of this project are 1) determining the communication,  synchronization, and architectural requirements for supporting DSM  and 2) developing design guidelines to build efficient wormhole-  routed networks for supporting the DSM models.  The research is  focused on four research directions: developing multicast  algorithms for effective cache-coherency, mechanisms and algorithms  for barrier synchronization, techniques to alleviate hop-spot  problems, and determining the necessary architectural supports.   Theoretical and probabilistic analysis together with simulation  experiments are being used to develop and validate the results.    The educational activities of this project include enhancing and  strengthening the computer architecture curriculum (undergraduate,  graduate core, and graduate research courses), formulating a  capstone design course, undergraduate mentoring, and creating  challenging and interactive environment for graduate learning."]
["CAREER:  Tool for At-Speed Robust Path Delay Testing","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Gupta, Sandeep","CA","University of Southern California","sandeep@poisson.usc.edu","CSE","This research is on path delay testing.  Tools and techniques to  enable the development and evaluation of practical at-speed delay  tests are being investigated.  Test generators, fault simulators,  and techniques for the design of design-for-testability (DFT) and  built-in self-test (BIST) circuitry are being developed.  Special  attention is being paid to robust delay testing of the most  critical circuit paths.  Software tools which provide a practical  testing solution for large circuits are being developed."]
["Static and Dynamic Properties of Polyelectrolyte Solutions","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Yethiraj, Arun","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","yethiraj@chem.wisc.edu","MPS","Arun Yethiraj is supported by a CAREER grant from the Theoretical and   Computational Chemistry Program to perform theoretical studies of the   static and dynamic properties of polyelectrolyte solutions.  The   conformational properties of the polyelectrolyte molecules in dilute   solution will be investigated as a function of ionic strength.  The   predictions of the theory will first be tested against molecular   simulations for a simple model.  The theory will then be used to   investigate the conformational behavior of a chemically realistic model   for polyacrylic acid.  Simulations of two-molecule systems that   incorporate the rest of the solution via site-site solvation potentials   will be performed in order to estimate the importance of intermolecular   interactions in polyelectrolyte solutions.  These simulations will also   be used to interpret light scattering experiments on polyelectrolyte   solutions.  Finally, single chain and two-molecule Brownian dynamics   simulations will be performed in order to investigate the viscosity and   self-diffusion coefficient as a function of ionic strength.  Yethiraj's   teaching goals at the undergraduate level  include: 1) promoting in-class   discussions; 2) promoting group learning; and 3) computer aided   instruction.  In graduate level courses he will introduce computational   techniques ranging from ab initio and semi-empirical methods in quantum   chemistry to Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of classical   systems.  Polyelectrolytes are charged macromolecules.  They display a richer   variety of properties than neutral polymers, and they have a wide range   of technological uses, for example: as flocculants, dewatering agents,   demulsifiers, and drag reduction agents; as additives in detergents and   cosmetics; and in the manufacture of membranes, ion-exchange resins, gels   and modified plastics.  The behavior of polyelectrolytes, however, is far   from well understood, and there has recently been an increased interest   in obtaining a better molecular level understanding of these systems.    Yethiraj's research will help to elucidate those molecular properties   which are important in achieving desired materials properties for   polyelectrolyte systems."]
["CAREER:  Modeling and Control of Chaotic Chemical Reactions","CTS","PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Qammar, Helen","OH","University of Akron","hqammar@uakron.edu","ENG","Qammar    9502327    This is a Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) grant which includes both a research as well as an educational component.    Research:  The objectives of this research are to investigate how improved controller designs may allow a process to operate in a chaotic region which could correspond to the economic optimum, thus limiting overdesign and inefficient operation.  Numerical simulations using ideal chaotic systems where the underlying properties of the chaos are known will be performed on conventional feedback controllers to identify the effect of chaos on controller performance.  One measure of the performance will be the basin of attraction for the desired reference state.  A realistic model of an industrial-scale, chaotic polymerization reaction and another model of chemical passivation of metals in solution will be applied to a number of existing control algorithms including PID, exact-linearization, dynamic matrix control, an adaptive nonlinear predictive controller, and nonlinear inferential control.  In addition, an extensive study of nonlinear model predictive control will be performed to determine whether models, horizon times, or observers developed from chaos theory perform better than the generic choices.  Research will be performed on the applicability of NARMAX models and an ODE synchronization modeling technique to noisy, experimental data sets and a data-set describing a non-stationary process.  This work will be done in collaboration with researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and NASA Lewis Research Center.  The usefulness of the resulting models for process control will also be investigated.    Education:  High student attrition is a problem at many universities, especially for women and minorities in engineering.  As part of her educational career plan, the PI intends to develop and implement a number of new courses.  A multi-level design course for undergraduate chemical engineers will be developed.  A typical design group will consist of st udents from freshmen to seniors.  Each level will be responsible for that aspect of the project in which they have completed coursework.  The objective of the course is to minimize student attrition, especially women and minority students.  She also plans to develop a senior level project in advanced computational methods.  There are three main objectives in the course, to encourage computationally adept ChE students to pursue an advanced degree, to provide these students some experience in teaching via example problem development, and to reinforce the relationship between computational techniques and their application to fundamental chemical engineering concepts.  To support her research efforts, graduate courses in advanced process control, advanced computational methods, and the analysis, identification, and modeling of chaotic data will also be developed."]
["CAREER: Probing and Fault Injection of Distributed          Systems","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Jahanian, Farnam","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","farnam@eecs.umich.edu","CSE","This research will investigate fault injection techniques  for the evaluation and validation of dependable protocols.  The project will  focus on techniques that can be used to  demonstrate three aspects of a target  protocol: (i) detection  of design or implementation errors, (ii) identification of  violations of protocol specifications, and (iii) insight into  design decisions  made by the implementors.    The end goal of the project is the investigation of  techniques for testing the fault-tolerance capabilities of  dependable protocols  and the development of a tool for the  experimental evaluation of commercial and  prototype  protocols.  The approach will center around a  technique  called`script-driven probing and fault injection.`  A distributed protocol can  be  viewed as an abstraction through which a collection of  participants  communicate by exchanging a set of messages.  Hence, no distinction is made  between application-level  protocols, communication protocols, or device layer  protocols.  A probe/fault injection (PFI) layer is inserted  below a target  protocol to filter and to manipulate the  messages  that are exchanged between  participants.  The fault  injection layer supports the execution of  deterministic or  randomly-generated test scripts to probe the participants  and  inject various faults into the system.  In particular,  by intercepting messages  between two layers in a protocol  stack, the fault injection layer can delay,  drop, reorder,  duplicate, and modify messages. Furthermore, it can  introduce  spontaneous messages into the system to probe  the participants and to  orchestrate the system execution  into a particular path.  Since timing  constraints are often  an important component of the dependability requirements  on  a system, the intrusiveness of a fault injection mechanism  on a target  system is a key issue which will be addressed by  this research.    The  educational component of this CAREER project will  include `undergraduate  mentoring` and `learning via  experimentation.`  Mentoring exposes students to  one-on-one  technical interactions with instructors and more senior  students.  Learning via experimentation has a two pronged  effect.  It allows students to  `practice` how to apply  knowledge and to`learn` how to obtain new information.  These  two aspects of the plan will be formalized into the  curriculum with  the  following educational activities:  (1)  Refocus the Undergraduate  Directed Study  to involve junior  and senior-level students in some of the  ongoing  prototyping activities in research projects and in various  laboratories  on  campus;  (2) Develop a curriculum track that emphasizes  experimentation to  enhance  learning of software systems concepts."]
["CAREER:  Specification and Verification of Compiler         Algorithms","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Hannan, John","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","hannan@cse.psu.edu","CSE","The research goal of this CAREER project is the formal  specification and verification of algorithms that support the  implementation of  programming languages.  Such formal systems  can aid the development of new  languages and efficient  implementation of these languages.  This support arises  from both  the verification of algorithms, which increases confidence in the  correctness of a compiler, and from the improved understanding of  compilation  techniques allowed by formal specification.  Recent  work has focused on using  logical frameworks and mechanized proof  assistants to specify deductive systems  representing aspects of  compilation and to verify the correctness of these  specifications.  This research project extends these results  by considering  advanced, state-of-the-art algorithms found in  current compilers, formalizing  theories for these algorithms, and  verifying the correctness of these  algorithms.  One specific  problem area to be addressed involves closure  conversion  algorithms and the concept of `safe-for-space complexity.`  An  important aspect of this project is extending the use of  mechanized proof  assistants to support the verification of  complex flow analyses and  optimizations of programs.    The goal of the education plan is to provide both  a general, but  rigorous, introduction to the study of programming languages at  the undergraduate level and  would  introduce, at both the undergraduate and graduate  level, the  recently emerging field of logic and computation which studies  the  relationship between constructive logics and typed lambda  calculi.  Although  this is typically considered advanced material  and not suitable for  undergraduates, it can be made accessible to  students."]
["NMR Spectroscopic Investigation of Peptide Aggregation","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.|ELECTROCHEMISTRY & SURFACE CHE","Larive, Cynthia","KS","University of Kansas Main Campus","clarive@ucr.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project is in the  general area of analytical and surface chemistry and in the  subfield of bioanalytical chemistry.  During the tenure of this  three-year continuing grant, Professor Larive and her students at  the University of Kansas will pursue research designed to provide  a detailed understanding of the relationships between peptide  primary structure, three-dimensional conformation, and aggregation.   These studies will involve five specific aims, namely (1) to  understand the importance of primary structure in aggregation; (2)  to perform peptide conformation analysis; (3) to measure peptide  diffusion coefficients; (4) to develop an aggregation model; and  (5) to test the model by examining aggregation under various  conditions of solvent, temperature, pH, and ionic strength.  A  family of synthetic peptides based on systematic alteration of  primary structure of a sixteen-residue sequence will be examined  using a suite of experimental techniques featuring nuclear magnetic  resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism (CD).  The results of these  studies should indicate the relative contributions of hydrogen  bonding, dipolar interactions, and hydrophobic contacts to the  stabilization of aggregates of these peptides.  Also during this  grant period, Professor Larive will pursue an educational  development plan that includes the reorganization and  revitalization of the undergraduate analytical chemistry  laboratory, introduction of an environmental option for chemistry  majors, and increasing the involvement of undergraduates in  research.    Peptide and protein aggregation is a fundamentally and practically  important problem.  By exploring the effects of solution conditions  such as solvent, pH, and ionic strength, this CAREER research  project will produce a foundation of experimental results which  will be useful in controlling aggregation of proteins expressed for  research, therapeutic, or commercial purposes.  The educational  developmen t aspects of this CAREER project will enrich and broaden  the undergraduate analytical chemistry curriculum at the University  of Kansas."]
["CAREER:  Low Energy Ion Beam Modification of Magnetic Film  Structures","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Gutierrez, Carlos","TX","Texas State University - San Marcos","cg08@txstate.edu","MPS","9502413  Gutierrez    This CAREER project will explore the influence of impinging low-energy  ion  beams (down to ~50 electron-volts) on various polycrystalline and  single-crystalline  transition metal magnetic film  structures  (iron,  cobalt,  nickel  and their various alloys and nitrides)  deposited  on  silicon and gallium-arsenide substrates. Different ion beam sputtering  parameters  such as substrate temperature, processing gas environment,  ion beam angle of incidence, and ion beam energy will be varied in  an  effort to determine their influences on magnetic film characteristics.  The  physics  of the ion beam-induced property modifications  will  be  investigated,  and  this  knowledge  will  be  applied   towards   the  controlled   modification   of  technologically   important   magnetic  properties  such as saturation magnetization, coercivity,  anisotropy,  and  magnetoresistance  in  more  complicated  layered  magnetic  film  structures.  The  research  program  includes  relevant  collaborative  efforts   with  Southwest  Research  Institute,  the  Naval   Research  Laboratory,  the University of Texas at Austin, and the University  of  Missouri (Neutron Reactor Facility), and Commonwealth Scientific, Inc.  %%%  Magnetic   film   materials  are  lucrative  structures   for   device  implementation   in   the   magnetic   sensor,   microwave/fiber-optic  communication  and magnetic storage industries. These  materials  have  helped  spur  the rapid growth of the magnetic technology industry  to  its  present  ~$80 billion market. This CAREER research  project  will  explore  the  influence of impinging low-energy ion beams  on  various  transition  metal  ferromagnetic materials (iron, cobalt,  nickel  and  their  various  alloys  and  nitrides)  during  film  deposition.   In  particular,  the  ion beam-controlled modification of film  saturation  magnetization,    magnetic   anisotropy,   coercivity,    and    giant  magnetoresistance  will be investigated. All film  materi als  will  be  processed  on semiconductor substrates (silicon and gallium  arsenide)  to  promote  their possible implementation in devices.  This  research  project  will  be  operated in close cooperation with  the  innovative  Materials Physics undergraduate curriculum program at Southwest  Texas  State University.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Property Tailoring and Reliability in Ferroic      Film Actuators","DMR","ELECTRONIC MATERIALS|CERAMICS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Trolier-McKinstry, Susan","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","STMcKinstry@psu.edu","MPS","9502431 Trolier-McKinstry  This research addresses unresolved fundamental issues in the behavior of ferroic films, including the manner in which domain walls contribute to film properties, correlation between microstructure and electromechanical anisotropy, the role of thin film stress states, and the reliability of actuator devices.  Laser ablation will be utilized to prepare modified lead zirconate and lead titanium zirconate films in the range of 0.1 - 10 micrometer thickness.  Initial emphasis will be placed on developing deposition conditions for thick films on planar and non-planar substrates. Of especial interest in the research is the development of understanding how film microstructure and stress distribution modulate the electromechanical anisotropy of ferroelectric films.  The influence on the material properties of temperature, bias electric field, film stress, and stress in the underlying electrode material will be evaluated and utilized to develop a model for the way in which ferroelastic domains interact with two-dimensional stresses.  These studies will be coupled with a determination of the principal degradation and failure mechanisms in thin and thick film actuators.  Special emphasis will be placed on determining the role of device geometry in stress concentration and crack generation.  Finite element modeling will be used to calculate the stresses present in several different actuator structures.  Guidelines for acceptable stress concentrations in film-based actuators will be developed.  As a subsidiary component of this research, functionally graded films will be investigated.  %%% The understanding of fundamental features of thin film ferroelectric materials will be of scientific and technological significance.  Additionally, there is a strong educational segment to this project which stresses development of new courses and a focus on mentoring graduate, undergraduate, and pre-college students.  The principal investigator will develop two new courses in ''Optical Propert ies and Optical Characterization of Materials\" and ''Properties of Electronic and Photonic Materials.\"  The cornerstone of the proposed mentoring program for undergraduate and pre-college students is integration of participants into ongoing research projects.  The educational activities planned also include course materials development for faculty at four year colleges currently without materials science courses. ***"]
["Soil-Bentonite Cutoff Walls: Trench Stresses and Adjacent Ground Settlement","CMS","GEOTECHNICAL I","Filz, George","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","filz@vt.edu","ENG","9502448  Filz  Even though soil-bentonite cutoff walls are widely used, the  state of  practice is that they are designed and built without a  fundamental  understanding of the mechanics of the interaction between  the trench  backfill and the adjacent ground.  The consequences of this  are that  neither the hydraulic conductivity of the backfill nor the  settlement of  the adjacent ground can be accurately predicted.  The  principal objective  of this research is to put design of these walls on a sound  theoretical  basis.  The methods to be employed include laboratory  testing,  instrumentation of a full-scale cutoff wall, analytical  work, and numerical  analyses.  Methods used for the educational component  include:  1) a  version of multimedia developed to improve classroom  efficiency and to  create time for students to exercise new knowledge as soon  as they learn it  and get immediate feedback on their performance, 2) and  interdisciplinary  educational program will be developed that will involve the  environmental,  hydrosystems, and geotechnical engineering groups, and 3)  undergraduates  will participate in the soil-bentonite cutoff wall research.  ***"]
["CAREER:  The Distribution and Expression of BTX-Degrading   Microorganisms in Anoxic/Aerobic Single-Sludge Biological   Treatment Processes","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Love, Nancy","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","nlove@vt.edu","ENG","9502450  Love  This is an award to provide the support this investigator  requested in response to NSF 94-101, the National Science  Foundation Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program  which has the intent of encouraging the early development of  academic faculty as educators and researchers.  The research  this  investigator plans to conduct is directed toward improving  our  fundamental understanding of the biodegradation patterns of  benzene, toluene and xylene compounds in an anoxic/aerobic  sequencing batch, suspended biomass reaction process for  treatment of wastewater containing these pollutants.  The  investigator's education plan involves incorporating the  research  procedures into courses to illustrate the beneficial  attributes  of combining physical and biological approaches to the  engineering design of systems to accomplish useful  environmental  goals and objectives.    Results of this investigator's research are likely to  improve the  approaches taken toward engineering design of sequencing  batch  reaction processes for removal of benzene, toluene xylene  compounds from wastewater.  The teaching plan she plans to  pursue  is likely to produce innovations in the way that  environmental  engineering undergraduate courses are taught.  ***"]
["Probe-Ion Laser Spectroscoy of Interfaces in Conventional   and Nanocrystalline Metal Oxide Ceramics","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.|ELECTROCHEMISTRY & SURFACE CHE|OFFICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY AC","Tissue, Brian","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","tissue@vt.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focusses on the  study of structure and defect chemistry at grain boundaries in  conventional and nanocrystalline ceramics.  During the tenure of  this three-year continuing grant, Professor Tissue and his students  at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University will approach  this problem using laser-excited fluorescence (LIF) techniques.   Rare earth ions will be incorporated into ceramic materials and  these local probes, which segregate at interfaces during materials  synthesis, will be interrogated using LIF.  The objectives of this  research are (1) to characterize the structure and defect chemistry  at grain boundaries, (2) to determine the utility of probe-ion  spectroscopy for interface characterization, and (3) to identify  novel optical properties of rare-earth ions in restricted  geometries.  Also during this grant period, Professor Tissue will  pursue an education plan that focusses on the development and  evaluation of chemistry hypermedia for undergraduate students in  instrumental analysis and analytical chemistry.    The ability to probe the structure and composition of grain  boundaries and defects in ceramic oxide materials is of crucial  importance in materials chemistry and processing.  This CAREER  research project utilizes rare-earth based laser induced  fluorescence in the development of an enabling analytical  technology with which to address this problem.  The educational  aspects of this CAREER project will give rise to the integration  state-of-the-art information technology in the teaching of  chemistry at the undergraduate and graduate levels."]
["Career:  Faculty Early Career Development Proposal","CTS","POLYMERS|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS|INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Dorgan, John","CO","Colorado School of Mines","jdorgan@mines.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9502466  Colorado School of Mines  John R. Dorgan    Research activities focus on the development of novel hybrid polymer systems for the manufacture of advanced materials.  Three research projects are pursued, the first pursues the development of fundamental theory useful as an aide to processing liquid crystalline polymers into molecular composites and high tenacity fibers.  The second research project studies new chemistries for the production of polymeric monolayers on inorganic surfaces and involves the use of Monte Carlo simulation techniques to understand such systems.  The third research area involves the design and characterization of polymeric binding systems useful in  new manufacturing process for advanced ceramics.    Innovative teaching methods are described which allow the PI to serve as an effective instructor in the classroom.  Plans include the integration of computers and laboratory exercises into the curriculum.  Additionally, the development of teaching methods which allow different types of learners to be successful students are pursued.  The educational infrastructure of the Colorado School of Mines is greatly improved by having the interdisciplinary field of Polymer Science and Engineering represented on campus."]
["CAREER:  Quantum and Nonlinear Optical Effects in           Nanofabricated Optical Bragg Structures","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Ho, Seng-Tiong","IL","Northwestern University","sth@ece.northwestern.edu","ENG","9502475  Ho  This proposal describes a four-year research program whose main  objective is to focus on the investigation of quantum and nonlinear  optical effects in nanofabricated optical Bragg structures for  novel optoelectronic and photonic applications.  It includes:  (i)  realization of a novel Bragg structure in semiconductor waveguides  to achieve ultra-broadband reflection (equal to or greater than 20%  of the optical bandwidth); (ii) experimental demonstration and  study of a new type of optical solitary wave called Bragg soliton  that exists in Bragg structures with third order optical  nonlinearities; (iii) realization of novel microcavity  semiconductor laser structures and studies of quantum effects in  such structures.    The PI's education plan includes:  (i) The introduction of a new  design course for undergraduate students in the area of optical  communications to enable the students to have hands-on experience  with optical communication system; (ii) The creation of  opportunities for undergraduate students to participate in  research; (iii) The development of a course and textbook on  \"Introduction to Quantum Electronics\" for senior  undergraduate/graduate students.  The PI takes a new approach where  the importance of classical mechanics to the foundation of quantum  mechanics is emphasized.  ***"]
["CAREER:  The Coagulation and Gravitational Settling of Particles in Aqueous Environments","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Grant, Stanley","CA","University of California-Irvine","sbgrant@uci.edu","ENG","9502493  Grant  This is an award to provide the support this investigator  requested in response to NSF 94-101, the National Science  Foundation Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program.  The intent of this program is to encourage the early development  of academic faculty as educators and researchers.  The research  this investigator plans to conduct is directed toward determining  the effects of biologically produced polymers on the rate at  which aggregates form and settle from aqueous suspension.  He  plans on characterizing the aggregation process by comparing a  relatively clean system using polystyrene microspheres with one  involving exocellular polysaccharides produced by heterotrophic  bacteria.  The investigator's education plan centers on  modernizing the laboratory component of a core undergraduate  course on microbial processes and coordinating this with other  laboratory based courses in the environmental core involving  physical and chemical processes.    The research this investigator plans on conducting is expected to  be used in improving procedures used in the engineering design of  processes for removal of particles originally present in aqueous  suspension or produced during water and wastewater treatment  processes.  The goal of the educational component of this project  is to provide undergraduate engineering students illustrations of  the fundamental relationships that exist between chemical and  microbial systems used in environmental engineer practice.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Strategies for Metabolic Engineering of Bacteria:  Novel Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers","BES","BIOCHEMICAL & BIOMASS ENG","Keasling, Jay","CA","University of California-Berkeley","keasling@berkeley.edu","ENG","9502495  Keasling  This project is on research to develop a methodology whereby  bacterial  metabolism can be redirected  to  synthesize  all  precursors necessary or the production of a desired, complex  compound  from an inexpensive carbon source, and to  control  metabolism in such a way that a defined composition  can  be  achieved.   The  general aims of the research  are:  (1)  to  introduce multiple metabolic pathways from various organisms  into  a  single bacterium: (2) to determine how  to  balance  production  of  enzyme  subunits  at  stoichiometric  levels  sufficient  for  a  functioning complex: (3)  to  develop  a  mathematical model to predict how to balance more  than  one  flux   necessary  for  a  desired  product:   and   (4)   to  coordinately express the genes encoding the enzymes for  the  pathway  at the desired level.  In addition to this research  activity,   the  investigator  will  enhance  education   by  developing relevant laboratory experiments.  ***"]
["Methods for the Synthesis of Biologically and Theoretically Important Organic Compounds","CHE","METHODOLOGY","Leahy, James","CA","University of California-Berkeley",null,"MPS","The focus of this research is the development of rhodium catalyzed  reactions for the formation of carbocyclic rings, the application  of the Baylis-Hillman reaction to asymmetric synthesis and the  synthesis of a propellane structure containing a sigma-allyl  cation. The focus of the educational plan involves the teaching of  chemistry by using a modular approach and developing an  undergraduate research seminar program.  With this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program is supporting  the research and educational plan of Dr. James W. Leahy of the  Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley.  Professor Leahy will focus his research efforts on the development  of new methods for the catalytic formation of carbocyclic compounds  and the preparation of a  theoretically interesting fused-  ring system containing a novel carbocation. The focus of Professor   Leahy's  educational plan involves the teaching of chemistry by using a  modular approach and developing an undergraduate research seminar  program."]
["Complex Analysis and Partial Differential Equations","DMS","ANALYSIS PROGRAM","McNeal, Jeffery","NJ","Princeton University","mcneal@math.ohio-state.edu","MPS","Abstract  McNeal    McNeal will investigate the ways that the boundary of a smooth domain in C^n determines the size of holomorphic objects on the domain.  Particular aspects to be discussed are: Holder estimates on the solution to the d-bar equations in convex domains, estimating the Bergman kernel, on and off diagonal, for a general pseudoconvex domain, computing the asymptotic volume of sets defined by and ideal of holomorphic functions, and estimating solutions to second order subelliptic operators by scaling methods.    McNeal will also implement several education initiatives.  These include: teaching a multivariable calculus course with computer assignments as an integral component, conducting a junior seminar on topics in several complex variables, developing a uniform core curriculum for the first two years of the math major, and reforming the initial advising policy for entering graduate students in his capacity as Director of Graduate Studies."]
["CAREER:  A Compiler-Assisted Approach to High Performance   Memory Architectures","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Li, Zhiyuan","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","li@cs.purdue.edu","CSE","The widening gap between processor speed and memory latency will  continue to be a critical issue to the performance of computer  systems.  The  latency problem is even more acute on  multiprocessors that share the same  space, in which a main memory  module is typically remote to all or all but one  of the  processors.  It is therefore important to reduce unnecessary  remote  memory references and unnecessary network activities, and  to achieve high hit  ratio at the private, primary caches.    The project explores coherent  designs of compilers and  memory architectures to improve the average memory  latency, and  the network traffic.  The main thrust of this work is to combine  compilers' ability to predict program behavior with harrdware's  ability to  record memory reference patterns at run time.  The  research focuses on three  major issues:  (1) The use of a  compiler-assisted and hardware controlled  coherence mechanism on  multiprocessors with private cache memories; (2) The use  of  sophisticated interprocedural analysis to support the proposed  coherence  mechanism, via array data flow analysis and static task  scheduling; and (3) The  effects of program transformations, false  sharing and limited directory  pointers on the proposed coherence  mechanism.  This work covers a variety of  multiprocessors that  share a common address space, including bus-based systems,  the  Non-Uniform Access (NUMA) multiprocessors and the Cache-Only  Memory Access  (COMA) multiprocessors.    The main objectives of the PI's education plan in this  funding  period are (1) to redesign the compiler and language design  course  sequence for the Computer Science Department of Minnesota  and to solidify the  interfaces of these sources with other  language design sources; (2) to augment  the main compiler and  language design sources by seminar courses which address  new  issues regarding the interfaces of the compilers with the rest of  the  computer systems, and (3) to achieve teaching excellence in  these c ourses so  as to provide students solid understanding of  the principles of programming  language design and implementation  and compiler techniques which will be  important to their  scientific and engineering career.  The PI will conduct two  experiments in this funding period. One is to develop a language  design source  to be taught after the compiler courses and the  other is to add an operating  system implementation course to the  curriculum.    Additional educational  activities of the PI include exploration  of new avenues for creating industry  co-op programs for students  in the computer systems area and exploration of new  avenues or  providing professionals with excellent access to both the basic  courses and the seminar courses, e.g. through the university's  Distributed  Multimedia Learning Center."]
["CAREER: Physics of 2D Electronic and Helionic Systems","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Mullen, Kieran","OK","University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","kieran@ou.edu","MPS","9502555  Mullen    This CAREER grant contains two parts:  research and  teaching.  The research component concerns three theoretical  projects investigating helium 4:  the properties of films at  submonolayer coverages; the hydrodynamics and phase  transitions in a novel, low temperature state; and the  description of devices using lithographic technology to  pattern helium films.  Also planned is theoretical support  for ongoing experiments on two dimensional electron gasses  at the institution of the Principal Investigator.  The  teaching component is the revision of the Introductory  Physics course for majors, including the integration of  computers into the curriculum.  %%%  This CAREER grant contains two parts:  research and  teaching.  The research component concerns three theoretical  projects investigating helium 4:  the properties of films at  coverages less than an atom thick; the hydrodynamics and  phase transitions in a novel, low temperature state; and the  description of devices using lithographic technology to  pattern helium films.  Also planned is theoretical support  for ongoing experiments on two dimensional electron gasses  at the institution of the Principal Investigator.  The  teaching component is the revision of the Introductory  Physics course for majors, including the integration of  computers into the curriculum.  ***"]
["CAREER: Gate-Level Performance Optimization of Pipelines and General Sequential Circuits","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Sapatnekar, Sachin","IA","Iowa State University","sachin@ece.umn.edu","CSE","This project is concerned with performance optimization of high-  speed synchronous digital circuits It addresses the application of  timing optimizations to pipelines and general sequential circuits  in high-performance systems.  The core of the research effort is  directed towards the method of retiming at the gate level.   Retiming is a sequential logic optimization technique that  repositions memory elements, namely, edge-triggered flip-flops and  level-triggered latches, within a circuits to optimize the timing  behavior of the circuit.  The use of retiming optimization methods,  chiefly device sizing, is also being investigated.    Under the educational part of this project, the PI is incorporating  CAD techniques in the undergraduate program from the sophomore  level by the use of CAD tools in teaching.  At the graduate level,  he is involved in developing courses, the supporting existing  courses, and in advising graduate students.  He is also exposing  undergraduates to his research for a better appreciation of the  state of the art, and to motivate them towards higher education.   he is also contributing towards outreach activities by focusing  towards distance education through teaching courses to sites in the  state of Iowa via television, and around the country through the  medium of satellite."]
["CAREER: Molecular Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends and      Solutions:  A Research and Teaching Program for Early       Career Development","CTS","INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Honnell, Kevin","TX","Texas Engineering Experiment Station","k-honnell@tamu.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9502565  Kevin Howell  Texas A&M University    The molecular thermodynamics of polymer blends and solutions will be investigated using new liquid state theories, computer simulations and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS).  Integral-equation methods, such as PRISM theory, will be developed to understand the interplay between chain conformations and phase behavior in solutions.  The computer simulations will employ the Gibbs ensemble approach to study symmetric binary blends and osmotic equilibrium in polymeric solutions.  SANS experiments will probe the phase behavior of polyolefins as a function of molecular weight, architecture and composition.  The research may contribute to improved processing of recycled plastics and development of advanced polymeric materials.  The educational plan includes revision of thermodynamics course and introduction of a course in experimental design at the undergraduate level.  New graduate courses will be developed in statistical mechanics and polymer physics."]
["CAREER:  Flow Control and Traffic Modeling:  A Rigorous     Approach Toward Network Management","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Konstantopoulos, Takis","TX","University of Texas at Austin","takis@ece.utexas.edu","CSE","NCR-9502582  Konstantopoulos, Takis    This is a proposal about the development of a rigorous approach  toward network management and performance analysis for high-speed  networks considering local and global aspects of a network  management system.  Local aspects include the design of flow  controllers at the edges of the network that take into account the  provision of quality of service and the interaction between users  in a network switch.  The investigator will extend recently  developed techniques that are based on the so-called reflection  mapping, develop testing techniques and simulations, and compare  these to existing schemes.    The investigator will also study traffic modeling.   He will  develop rigorous methods for validating self-similar traffic  processes arising from the operation of an integrated services  high-speed networks and use such models in establishing performance  analysis methods.    Studying the global aspects of a management system involves using  a macroscopic picture of the network currently being developed by  the investigator.  The picture strips out the minutiae of the  operation of the network, while retaining its dynamic character (it  is not static).  The investigator proposes the use of such a  picture by a network management system in order to predict,  prevent, and correct undesirable behavior that might lead to  degradation of services across the network."]
["CAREER:  Computational Approaches to Materials Properties   and Engineering at the Nanometer Scale","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Brenner, Donald","NC","North Carolina State University","brenner@eos.ncsu.edu","MPS","9502586  Brenner    This CAREER grant contains both research and educational  thrusts that address the application of computer modeling  techniques to problems in materials science and engineering.  The research component focuses on a particular area, namely  the development of a fundamental understanding of mechanical  properties of solids at the nanometer scale, and the use of  this understanding to choose appropriate tip shapes and  applied stresses to mechanically build specific nanometer-  scale structures.  The education component will broaden the  department's curriculum in theory and modeling by the  development of graduate and undergraduate computer  applications courses, including hands-on experience through  computer laboratories.  %%%  This CAREER grant contains both research and educational  thrusts that address the application of computer modeling  techniques to problems in materials science and engineering.  The research component focuses on a particular area, namely  the development of a fundamental understanding of mechanical  properties of solids and the use of this understanding to  choose appropriate tip shapes and applied stresses to  mechanically build specific structures.  This will all take  place on the length scale of tens or hundreds of atoms.  The  education component will broaden the department's curriculum  in theory and modeling by the development of graduate and  undergraduate computer applications courses, including hands-  on experience through computer laboratories.  ***"]
["Parallel Sparse Matrix Computations: CAREER","OCI","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM|PART FOR ADVANCED COMP INFRA","Raghavan, Padma","TN","University of Tennessee Knoxville","raghavan@cse.psu.edu","O/D","9502594  Raghavan  The primary objective of Raghavan's research is to develop algorithms and software for a scalable, fully parallel solution of large, sparse linear systems of equations using  direct methods; the solver developed will be used in a key application both to demonstrate the significance of the work and to help study and resolve issues of interface.  A secondary objective is to provide tools suitable for other areas of scientific computing obtained as variants of some of the algorithms developed."]
["Audio-Visual Signal Compression Using Vector                Quantization","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Chan, Wai-Yip","IL","Illinois Institute of Technology","chan@ece.iit.edu","CSE","This research involves the development of efficient, reliable, and  real-time realizable coding algorithms and techniques for  compressing and transporting audio-visual signals, targeting  particularly the visual-telephone application. For a total channel  bit-rate of 64 kb/s or less, our goal is to achieve superior  grade-of-service by treating the compression of the audio (speech)  and video signals as an integrated problem. Our thrust centers  around the use of vector quantization techniques, and schemes that  jointly optimize the signal analysis and quantization functions. We  place particular emphasis on finding an efficient representation of  the displacement (\"motion\") field for motion compensated prediction  of the video signal. To facilitate personal wireless  communications, we are exploring adaptive coding schemes that  exploit the prioritized transmission of encoded data. For  compressing speech signals, we are exploring variable rate coding  schemes, and are allocating bits  between the speech and video signals to optimize the overall  grade-of-service. Achieving our goal would give significant impetus  to the development of the emergent Information Superhighway, which  can form part  of an infrastructure for supporting high performance computing.    Educational activities undertaken in conjunction with the above  research include but are not exclusive to: the development of  undergraduate digital signal processing laboratory courses; the  introduction of graduate courses in the area of audio-visual  information processing and communications; increasing the use of  computer-based multimedia instruction in the classroom; assisting  in speeding up the digitization of the library and networking of  its databases."]
["Development of New Methods in Multidimensional NMR Analysis","CHE","STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Frydman, Lucio","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","lucio@samson.chem.uic.edu","MPS","In this Faculty Early Career Development Award funded by the Experimental   Physical Chemistry Program in the Chemistry Division, Lucio Frydman of   the University of Illinois at Chicago will develop and apply new   multidimensional NMR techniques to the analysis of complex solids.  These   new techniques will rely on non-Cartesian sampling of time-domain spaces   which will shorten the duration of multidimensional NMR acquisitions  and   establish new correlations between spin interactions.  These experiments   will also focus on new methods of characterization of quadrupolar spins,   which comprise a large majority of nuclides which play a key role in the   structures of inorganic solid materials.  The techniques will be applied   to characterization of high performance ceramics used in the aerospace   industry.  The educational component of this program involves integrating   state-of-the-art NMR analysis techniques into the undergraduate   curriculum and establishing new courses in the graduate Analytical   Chemistry program aimed at providing students with a practical background   currently demanded by industry.    NMR has proven to be a reliable and powerful diagnostic technique in the   biomedical profession.  Similar analysis of solids cannot currently be   accomplished due to the different physical interactions in the solid   phase.  Professor Frydman will develop techniques that will permit   characterization of solid materials such as high temperature ceramic   fibers used in the aerospace industry."]
["CAREER:  Efficient Communication Primatives and Realistic   Models for Modern Multiprocessors","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Schauser, Klaus","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","schauser@cs.ucsb.edu","CSE","Efficient communication is central to parallel computing.  Modern  multiprocessors obtain high bandwidth, low latency user-level  communication through special hardware support, often implemented  as a  dedicated communications co-processor.  Future parallel  machines, including  high performance networks of workstations,  will be built using communications  co-processors.    The goal of this research is to study how the presence of a  dedicated co-processor affects the performance of interprocesor  communication  in modern parallel machines.  In particular, the  project focuses on two  aspects.    First, it studies the impact of communications co-processors on  the performance of various communication primitives and  determines the  architectural requirements for implementing  efficiently many-to-one  communication such as active messages.    Second, it studies how the  communications so-processor can be  captured by a theoretical performance model.  The goal is to  derive a performance model that is realistic enough to  characterize machines and accurately predict performance, but  still simple  enough to be used in designing and analyzing  parallel algorithms.    To study  these questions, the project takes a vertical approach,  spanning theory,  applications, languages, systems software, and  architecture.  The project  constructs a complete system which  allows taking an in-depth look at how  efficient communication  affects all of these layers.  The project leverages off  the work  on active messages, the parallel languages Split-C, and the LogP  performance model, developed at UC Berkeley.  The main  experimental platform is  a 64-processor Meiko CS-2, which the  UCSB Computer Science Department acquired  through an NSF CISE  infrastructure grant.  The CS-2 reflects, a modern high-  performance network of workstation enthronement equipped with  communications  co-pocessors, making it extremely well suited for  the study. The principal  investigator has already implemented  active mess ages and Split-C on the CS-2.  The project develops a realistic model for parallel computation  which captures  the capabilities of communication co-processors.  To create a framework to  characterize communication and measure  its performance, the project implements  a simulator based on this  model as well as a Split-C profiler.  This framework  is used to  fine-tune applications and for architectural studies.  Besides  answering these important research questions, the work also  provides  infrastructure which is used for teaching purposes as  well as by other  researchers.    The principal investigator ismstriving for a well balanced  career  as a professor in computer science, combining teaching and  research.  His areas of interest are parallel computing, computer  architecture, languages,  and compilers.  His educational  objective is to teach students in these fields,  to get them  excited about computer science and engineering, and to prepare  them for a successful professional career."]
["Development of Techniques for Neural Network Transfer, as   Applied to Hazardous Waste Characterization","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Pratt, Lorien","CO","Colorado School of Mines","lpratt@mines.colorado.edu","CSE","IRI-9502671  Pratt, Lorien  Colorado School of Mines    CAREER: Development of Techniques for Neural Network Transfer, as  Applied to Hazardous Waste Characterization.    In recent years, neural network systems have been used to provide  solutions to a variety of problems, from speech recognition and  manufacturing control to forensic hair analysis and medical  diagnosis.  This project uses an application to a problem of  national interest -- remediation of hazardous waste sites -- as  the focus of a program of research with broader implications.  Networks built as part of this project are being used to aid in  the interpretation of data supplied by noninvasive sensors such  as magnetic devices and ground penetrating radar, in order to  characterize the location and nature of buried waste before it is  dug up or treated in situ.  Students at both the undergraduate  and graduate levels are involved in this project, which serves  both educational and research purposes.    Within the work on waste remediation, research is being  undertaken on transfer of knowledge.   Neural networks are  automatically constructed (\"trained\") from a set of data  representing desired system input and output, and neural network  transfer addresses the question of how a network trained for one  task can be used to aid in training a network for a new but  related task.  Without transfer, training times for a new task  can be lengthy, and a large amount of training data can be  required.  With transfer, both of these factors can be reduced.  Transfer applied to the hazardous waste remediation problem  addresses important practical concerns in that type of  application.  For example, a network trained to interpret sensors  at one site can be used to facilitate training for a network with  different geophysical characteristics.  Also, a network trained  on data generated from a synthetic sensor model can be used to  facilitate training  on field data."]
["CAREER: Computing, Understanding, Stabilizing and Exploiting the Dynamics of Polymeric and Two-Phase Flows","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Graham, Michael","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","graham@engr.wisc.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9502677    A combined research ad education program is proposed in the areas of multiphase flow, viscoelastic fluids, and polymer science and engineering.  The main objectives are understanding the role of interactions between different physical phenomena on the flow stability and dynamics of the system.  The relevance of the research is in the area of polymer melt, stability analysis and control in materials processing, modeling of flow of composite materials, and bioseparation with application to environmental technologies.  A variety  of undergraduate and graduate student courses and activities are planned in the area of multiphase flow, mathematical theory of flow instability, and dynamic control at the University of Wisconsin."]
["CAREER:  Fast Access Techniques for Video Information       Retrieval","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE|DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES","Little, Thomas","MA","Boston University","tdcl@bu.edu","CSE","Digital audio and video are increasingly common as data that are manipulated in computer and  communication systems. The use of information retrieval mechanisms (e.g., Mosaic, Gopher) that allow  the exchange and display of audio, stills, and video is rapidly becoming a major consumer of network  bandwidth and storage. Without filtering mechanisms or hierarchical coding schemes one must process a  great deal of data to yield sought information. To support future interactive information delivery  services such as entertainment, distance learning, home health care, and telecommuting, there is a  need to provide efficient means for locating, accessing, and delivering enormous amounts of video  content. The research described in this proposal seeks to enable fast access during browsing and  retrieval of this video content.  The ``fast access'' is proposed to be achieved by a combination of  approaches involving: (1) development of domain-specific information models for video content, (2)  development of automated information capture for hierarchical coding and scalable delivery in the  audio/video domains, (3) use  of video query/interface techniques tailored to the information models,  and (4) mapping of information content to developed delivery protocols. Anticipated results are  techniques and proof of concept for the proposed fast access.   Proposed teaching activities encompass  the development of courses to reflect the changing needs of computer engineers and the use,  evaluation, and promotion of computer-based instructional tools."]
["Faculty Early Career Development:  Optimization Tools for   Planning and Scheduling in the Process Industry","DMI","PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Sahinidis, Nikolaos","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","nikos@uiuc.edu","ENG","9502722   The objective of this research is to develop optimization tools for solving planning and scheduling problems of significant importance to the process industry.  In particular, the following problems are investigated: (1)  model formulation to support production and scheduling needs in the process industry, (2) decomposition algorithms to exploit special problem and model structures, (3) method of modification or revision of production plans to accommmdate unexpected changes in demand and/or the production process itself, and (4) how to account for uncertainly in solving production planning and scheduling problems.  The educational component of the project is focused on improving the way in which optimization, engineering design, and production planning and scheduling are taught to students. Interdisciplinary new courses will be developed while existing ones will be revised.   Successful realization of the objectives of this research can produce several valuable results.  It will provide production planning and scheduling tools for the process industry.  It can produce significant savings in production cost to make the industry more economically competitive.  Teaching the needs of the process industry to students and introducing them to methods of modeling and analyzing such systems can pave the way for more future development."]
["Uncovering the Chemistry of ansa-Chromocene and             ansa-Vanadocene Complexes/Innovations to Teaching Inorganic Chemistry","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Shapiro, Pamela","ID","University of Idaho","shapiro@uidaho.edu","MPS","Dr. Pamela Shapiro, Chemistry Department, University of Idaho, is   supported by the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry   Program of the Chemistry Division under a Faculty Early Career   Advancement Award to develop the chemistry of bent-sandwich   ansa-chromocene and vanadocene complexes in order to uncover novel   reaction chemistry, discover new homogeneous catalysts, and further the   understanding of the dependence of electronic structure and reactivity on   metallocene geometry. Heteroannular bridges will permit a bent ring   configuration to be tailored in the bis-cyclopentadiene vanadium and   chromium complexes and this will allow an open site to be generated in   the equatorial plane of the complexes. The chemistry of these species   will be explored and the properties of the compounds will be tuned by   adjusting the bridging groups which join the two rings. Also part of this   project will be a restructuring of an inorganic chemistry teaching   laboratory to emphasize the use of modern techniques and the introduction   of computer generated teaching aids to several undergraduate lecture   courses.  Catalysts are used to improve the rate or efficiency of a chemical   reaction. Thus, the search for new, more effective catalysts is an   important area of contemporary chemistry. In the research portion of this   project a series of vanadium and chromium compounds, which are surrounded   by non reactive groups in  such a way as to leave a wedged shaped cavity   into which small reactants can easily fit, will be prepared. By tailoring   the size of this wedge, the ability of the compounds to effect   transformations of the molecules with which they interact can be tailored   to maximize the catalytic properties of the metals. The educational   portion will modernize and improve the chemistry curriculum at the   University of Idaho."]
["CAREER:  Research into the Hardness of Approximation,       Probabilistically Checkable Proofs, and Their Connection to Other Areas","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|THEORY OF COMPUTING","Arora, Sanjeev","NJ","Princeton University","arora@cs.princeton.edu","CSE","The classical theory of NP-completeness shows that many  optimization problems of practical interest are hard to solve: i.e.,  NP-hard problems that have no polynomial-time algorithms (assuming P   is not equal to NP).  A popular method for dealing with such an NP-complete   problem is to try to compute approximate solutions: i.e., solutions   whose cost is within some multiplicative  factor of the cost of the   exact solution.  The focus of this project is to demonstrate   that computing approximate solutions for NP-hard problems  is no easier than computing exact solutions.  The underlying idea   which is exploited, is that of a new probabilistic definition of   the NP complexity class, a definition  based on probabilistically   checkable proofs (PCP's).  Some of the  major goals of the  project include: (1) To better understand the approximability of NP-hard  optimization problems (including cataloging the hardness  of approximation of  many problems, improving existing  results about the hardness of approximation,  and  understanding the limitation of these techniques); (2) To develop  further connections between the theory of  PCP's and cryptography; (3) To   improve existing ways of representing data by error-correcting codes;  (4) To simplify the techniques used in the proof of this new  definition of NP.  The Educational Component of this CAREER Grant includes: (a) Development  of CORE undergraduate computer science courses (including Theory of Computation  and Applied  Discrete Mathematics); (b) Development of a graduate  computer science course and a corresponding text dealing with PCP's   and (approximate) complexity theory."]
["CAREER:  Water-Soluble Block Ionomer Complexes","DMR","POLYMERS|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Kabanov, Alexander","NE","University of Nebraska Medical Center","akabanov@unmc.edu","MPS","9421025     Freckman  Nematodes, microscopic roundworms, are among the most complex  animals capable of survival in the soils of the Antarctic Dry  Valleys.  If dispersal of nematodes to habitats is uniform and  unlimited by geographical constraints, communities of nematodes  could potentially establish in all soils of the Dry Valleys of  Antarctica, as they do in other ecosystems studied.  Nematode  distribution in the Dry Valleys is patchy.  It follows that  dispersal rates are low, or the establishment of nematode  communities is governed by the suitability of potential habitats  and the ability of nematodes to survive harsh environmental  conditions.  Habitat suitability may be defined by such factors as  carbon availability or salinity.  This research project is  organized around central hypotheses that move from individual to  ecosystem scales in order to understand how nematodes disperse,  survive, and develop functional communities in Antarctic Dry  Valley soils.  The hypotheses are: (1) nematode community function  is more influenced by desiccation than temperature, and (2)  habitat suitability, not dispersal, is the major factor  determining establishment and maintenance of nematode communities  in the Dry Valleys. To test these hypotheses, field work will be  conducted to examine the characteristics of habitats that appear  suitable for nematode community growth and establishment by  sampling from a variety of sites, encompassing a wide range of  salinities, moistures, and carbon contents.  Stable isotope  studies (C and N) will provide information on sources of C  entering soil ecosystems and supporting nematodes. Dispersal will  be examined with traps in the field, and molecular techniques in  the laboratory to investigate the genetic variability that exists  between widely distributed nematodes with similar morphological  characteristics. The survival strategies of nematodes will be  examined under field and laboratory conditions to better  understand how these animals are able to  persist under harsh  climatic conditions.  In addition, the soil food web serves as a  sensitive indicator of environmental change, particularly in this  ecosystem, where biodiversity is low and resource allocation is  primarily invested in survival.  Any knowledge about the degree of  influence of such change, as well as the influence of various  physical and chemical soil characteristics, can ultimately  extrapolated to other environments."]
["Energetics and Dynamics of H-H,C-H, and C-C Bond Activation by Transition Metal Atoms and Complexes","CHE","STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Davis, H. Floyd","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","hfd1@cornell.edu","MPS","In this Faculty Early Career Development Award funded by the Experimental   Physical Chemistry Program in the Chemistry Division, Harry Floyd Davis   of Cornell University will study the physical and chemical interactions   between neutral transition metal atoms and complexes and small covalent   molecules such as methane.  Laser ablation will be used to produce   sufficient quantities of transition metals which will react with a   molecular beam of the covalent molecule. Laser spectroscopies will be   used to excite the resulting complex in either the van der Waals region   or the insertion intermediate region of the potential surface.     Electronic excitation and vibrational overtone excitation will be used to   obtain information on excited state and ground state unimolecular   decomposition products by measuring angular distributions and branching   ratios. Studies of bimolecular reactions using different initial   electronic configurations of the transition metal will also be   undertaken.  The educational component of the program will involve   undergraduates in studying chemical reactions at the fundamental level in   a research environment less structured than regular undergraduate   laboratory sessions.  Transition metals are important in a wide variety of catalytic systems   involving organic and inorganic molecules.  Professor Davis will study   the effects of electronic structure and energy in reactions of transition   metal atoms with small covalent molecules.   A determination of these   effects is important in controlling reactivities and understanding the   mechanisms involved in catalysis."]
["Theory and Application of Dispersive Multirate Filterbacks  and Wavelets","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM","Wornell, Gregory","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","gww@allegro.mit.edu","CSE","The research component of this faculty early career development  proposal is aimed at developing a large, important, and  fundamentally new class of multirate filter banks, systems and  wavelets.  Traditional developments of this topic within the signal  processing community have been strongly motivated by applications  involving signal analysis.  In strong contrast, the research in  this proposal is motivated by some important contemporary  applications involving signal synthesis.  In particular, multirate  filterbank theory, wavelet theory have a potentially important and  largely unexplored role to play in the synthesis of waveforms for  a wide variety of broadband communications and remove sensing  applications.    In these applications, fundamentally different types of design  criteria and constraints come into play in developing suitable  multirate structures.  Foremost among the important differences is  that while for most applications involving signal analysis strong  localization in time and frequency is emphasized, the kinds of  applications that will be the focus of this work will require  filterbanks and wavelets whose energy is widely dispersed in both  time and frequency.  We propose to explore several classes of  orthogonal and biorthogonal dispersive, \"pseudorandom\" filterbanks  and wavelet bases.    Several specific application areas are to be pursued under the  proposed research.  One that will be emphasized will be digital  wireless communications.  Here dispersive filterbanks and wavelets  are expected to lead to new code-division multiplexing systems that  more efficiently combat fading, jamming, and other forms of  multiple-access interference.  Furthermore, we plan to implement  the new wireless modems we develop in a DSP-based, real-time 900 Mz  indoor wireless system testbed recently developed by the principal  investigator as part of his wireless communications laboratory.    The educational component of the proposal encompasses significant  curriculum development at b oth the undergraduate and graduate  levels, and a strong investment in the mentoring of graduate  students.  One teaching initiative involves the development of a  recently introduced unified new undergraduate subject.  This  subject introduces undergraduate students, for the first time, to  the fundamentals of communications, control and signal processing  from a common perspective and which builds on a foundation of basic  signals, systems, and probability.    The second major teaching initiative involves the re-engineering of  the fundamental graduate subject on stochastic processes, detection  and estimation at MIT.  In this subject, the object is to redevelop  a syllabus, course notes, Matlab computer exercises, and homework  problems that emphasize modern, unified perspective to random and  deterministic signals and the associated signal processing  algorithms.  These curricular changes will also allow a number of  advanced topics, including multiscale and nonlinear signal  processing, to be incorporated.    A final component of the education plan involves continued active  mentoring of a diverse group of graduate students and nurturing  their intellectual, professional, and personal growth.  Ultimately,  of course, this interaction is one of the most gratifying and  important aspects of a academic career."]
["CAREER: Rare Earth-Phosphide/III-V Semiconductor High-Speed, High-Temperature Electronics","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Hwu-Sadwick, Jennifer","UT","University of Utah","hwu@ee.utah.edu","ENG","9502891  Hwu-Sadwick  Rare earth-phosphide high speed, high temperature optoelectronic devices and circuits will be studied.  The growth of lattice-matched REP/III-V heterosystems will be undertaken to lay the foundation necessary to develop high speed and/or high temperature device concepts. Devices to be studied include resonant tunneling diodes and transistors and metal-based transistors.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Designer Proteases Using Catalytic Antibodies","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING","Sierks, Michael","MD","University of Maryland Baltimore County","sierks@asu.edu","ENG","9502901  Sierks  This project is on research to develop a methodology for the  selection of catalytic antibodies with specific protease  activity.  This research combines a new technology of phage  display for generation of a large number of antibody  sequences with a novel selection methodology employing  peptidase deficient auxotyphoic strains of s. typhimuvium  where only those cells possessing antibodies having the  desired protease activity will grow.  The results of this  research could have important applications in medicine and  in industry.  ***"]
["Luminescent Probes of DNA and Semiconductor Surface         Structure","CHE","PHYSICAL INORGANIC","Murphy, Catherine","SC","University of South Carolina at Columbia","murphy@mail.chem.sc.edu","MPS","Dr. Catherine J. Murphy, of the University of South Carolina, is  supported by the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic  Chemistry Program under a Faculty Early Career Advancement Award  for the study of uses of luminescence as a probe of surface  structure.  Three areas are targeted:  (1) Trisdiimine  ruthenium(II) complexes will be designed such that luminescence  will be observed only when one of the diimine ligands is of the  appropriate length to fit a cavity in a large molecule such as DNA  that is formed as a result of tertiary structure.  (2) The known  sensitivity of the luminescence of \"quantum dots\" of cadmium  sulfide to the nature and amount of surface adsorbate will be  investigated as a means of determining the nature of the  interaction of DNA with these particles.  It is hypothesized that  DNA that can bend will adsorb to particles that are of the  appropriate diameter and that this adsorption can be monitored by  changes in the luminescence of the particles.  Distances between  the ends of DNA molecules wrapped about suitably sized particles  may be further investigated by the extent to which energy transfer  between molecular tags on the two ends of the duplex (fluorescein  and rhodamine) occurs.  (3)  Synthesis of hollow \"quantum dot\"  cadmium sulfide particles will be attempted in an effort to model  the luminescence reported for porous semiconductor particles.   Optical/structure relationships for these particles will be used to  develop a model for the electronic structure of porous  semiconductors.  The teaching plan outlines several ways in which  materials chemistry will be introduced into the undergraduate and  graduate curricula through formal course work and  through both  undergraduate and graduate research.  Also detailed are plans to  foster the development of female scientists through interactions  with women's organizations on campus and in local high schools and  middle schools.    Luminescence is a unique property of certain classes of molecules  in whic h the absorption of light results in emission of light,  usually of a longer wavelength.  The wavelength and intensity of  such luminescence is generally very sensitive to the environment  about the absorbing molecule.  This research aims to utilize the  luminescence of several materials to probe the structures of their  environments.  These applications may provide unique information  about the structure of certain types of DNA that is not readily  determined by other techniques.  The teaching program is designed  to increase the exposure of undergraduate and graduate students to  materials chemistry and to foster the development of female  scientists."]
["Spectroscopy and Control of Molecular Dissociation Using    Strong Laser Fields","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|ATOMIC & MOLECULAR DYNAMICS|ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS","Gibson, George","CT","University of Connecticut","gibson@phys.uconn.edu","MPS","The proposal calls for the development of a versatile high-  repetition rate short-pulse laser system and the associated  ability to carry out correlation and coincidence measurements on  electron and ion time-of-flight signals.  These tools will be  applied to a wide range of problems including:  Correlation  techniques to unambiguously determine dissociation pathways of  highly ionized diatomic molecules in strong laser fields, Curve  crossing in transient states of molecular ions, and Fundamental  measurements in the above-threshold-ionization of atoms by strong  laser fields.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Molecular Forces and Mechanisms Controlling Cell   Adhesion","BES","BIOCHEMICAL & BIOMASS ENG","Leckband, Deborah","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","leckband@aries.scs.uiuc.edu","ENG","9503045  Leckband  This project is on research to elucidate the fundamental  interactions governing cell attachment to substrata and to other  cells by direct measurements of the fundamental forces and  mechanisms controlling these events.  This includes three  objectives: (1) to investigate the role of glycolipids in  protein-mediated cell adhesion; (2) to investigate the impact of  glycosphingolipid interactions on cell adhesion; and (3) to  develop a novel instrument for simultaneous spectral and force  measurements for approaching surfaces.  In addition to this  research activity, the Principal Investigator (PI) will enhance  education by establishing two new courses in biosensors and in  colloids, and by introducing computer-aided instructional tools  into the transport series.  ***"]
["Copper Pitting and New Approaches to Teaching:  A Career    Development Plan","BES","ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTERS|ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Edwards, Marc","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","edwardsm@vt.edu","ENG","9503079  Edwards  This is an award to provide the support this investigator  requested in response to NSF 94-101, the National Science  Foundation Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program  which has the intent of encouraging the early development of  academic faculty as educators and researchers.  The research this  investigator plans to conduct is directed toward improving our  fundamental understanding of factors that result in corrosive  behavior of materials used in distribution systems for water.  The investigator's education plan involves exploring changes in  basic course structure that include active learning, development  of supportive learning environments in the classroom and  implementation of a reward structure that encourages development  of non-traditional target skills such as teamwork, class  motivation and interest in learning outside the classroom.    Materials used in constructing water distribution systems are  subject to corrosion over long periods of time which reduces the  effective life of the system's components and has a potentially  degrading effect on the quality of water delivered to users  through the distribution system.  Procedures to adequately  determine the effect of corrosion can be useful in the improving  the engineering design of water distribution systems.  The  teaching plan this investigator plans to pursue seeks to  implement and evaluate new approaches to learning in the  undergraduate engineering classroom environment that will improve  the way in which undergraduate engineering courses are taught.  ***"]
["CAREER:  An Object-Oriented 3D Interaction Toolkit for      Virtual Ennvironment Research","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Turner, Russell","MD","University of Maryland Baltimore County","turner@cs.umbc.edu","CSE","While hardware issues are important, it is ultimately the software that will determine the success of  virtual environment applications.  One important new area of virtual environment software research is  in 3D interaction: how should such applications behave interactively and what software architectures  should they use? Since user input is relatively low-bandwidth, future solutions to these problems will  have enormous processing power to draw upon.  Recently, several developments have emerged in various  fields which hold great promise for advancing 3D interaction research. Examples are: object-oriented  frameworks, incremental hierarchical constraint solvers, automatic recognition of hand gestures,  inverse kinematics algorithms, and physically-based models of rigid or deformable objects.  Because of  the complexity of developing 3D interaction software, reusable software libraries are clearly needed.  While some virtual environment software libraries are currently available, there are no higher-level  toolkits available which incorporate these newer ideas, are publicly available and written in a  standar d object-oriented language. This research project will investigate what form of software  architecture a modern, high-level 3D interaction toolkit should take, build an implementation of one  in C++, and make a documented version publicly available for researchers and developers of virtual  environment applications. Such a high-level software framework would serve as a catalyst for  researchers developing highly interactive virtual environments in the sciences, medicine, engineering  and industry."]
["New Pathways for the Efficient Construction of Antiviral    Compounds","CHE","METHODOLOGY|SYNTHESIS","Pena, Michael","AZ","Arizona State University","Pena@ASUCHM","MPS","The focus of this research is on natural product synthesis and relies on   the development of biomimetic cyclizations, glycosylations and enzymatic   transformations.  Target molecules include the cycloviracins, phenoxan   and hennoxazole, all of which have antiviral properties.  The focus of   the educational plan involves strategies for the recruitment of Hispanic   students into the field of chemistry.  With this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program is supporting the   research and educational plan of Dr. Michael R. Pena of the Department of   Chemistry at Arizona State University.  Professor Pena will focus his   research efforts on the development of new synthetic pathways for the   preparation of four natural products, all of which have interesting   biological properties.  The focus of Dr. Pena's educational plan involves   strategies for the recruitment  of Hispanic students into the field of chemistry."]
["CARRER: Estimation of Fracture Aperture Distributions       From Wellbore Data","EAR","INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES|HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES","Renshaw, Carl","NY","SUNY at Buffalo","Carl.E.Renshaw@Dartmouth.EDU","GEO","9505773  Renshaw    Fractures are recognized as important component of many subsurface flow systems.  Consequently, an understanding of the hydrogeologic characteristics of fractures directly affects our ability to model such important societal problems as waste isolation, ore deposit genesis, natural resource recovery, and aquifer remediation.  Over the past decade, numerous investigators have used theoretical, numerical and experimental methods to attempt to understand the flow and transport characteristics of individual fractures.  While the experimental and conceptual models of the fracture geometry used by each of these investigators differs, the basic conclusion reached by each is the same; that flow and transport through an individual fracture is primarily controlled by the fracture apertures within the fracture plane and , in particular, the mean and variance of the fracture aperture distribution.    Unfortunately, little data are available on the distribution of fracture apertures in a single fracture.  Further, it is unclear to what extent fracture aperture data obtained from surficial exposures or laboratory samples, which have been subject to unloading and /or stress concentrations due to blasting, represent the in situ distribution of fracture apertures.  Thus the primary objective of the proposed work is to develop and experimentally test an indirect.in situ distribution of fracture apertures.  Thus the primary objective of the proposed work is to develop and experimentally test an indirect, in situ, technique for estimating the distribution of fracture apertures based on three different types of wellbore data: direct aperture measurement, hydraulic head measurements and tracer arrival time times.  For flow and transport through a very simple fracture in an impermeable matrix, the proposed estimation procedure is demonstrated to predict the distribution of fracture apertures with a reasonable degree of accuracy.  In order to adapt this procedure to real fractures, the possible diff usion and sorption of the tracer into and onto the fracture walls and rock matrix needs to be considered.  Testing the estimation procedure on a laboratory scale sample with a measureable aperture distribution is also proposed.  Such a test of the technique is a necessary prerequisite for the application of the estimation procedure to field data.   The proposed research complements the education objectives as both seek to further integrate the tools and techniques of engineering hydrolgeology with more traditional geological analyses.  For example, one of the education goals is to redesign the introductory hydrogeology curriculum to more thoroughly integrate the engineering and geological aspects of the field.  This includes the development of exercises and interactive computer-based laboratories which require the students to interpret and analyze geologic data before they begin to model the hydrogeology of the system.  Additionally, the introductory course is being redesigned to include many of the more recent engineering analyses not found in traditional courses.  These include discussions on such topics as slope and fault stability, geostatistics, linear estimation and uncertainty, and optimization and management.  The goal is not only to demonstrate the many different aspects of modern hydrogeology, but also to give the students sufficient background that they might apply these tools to problems in other geoscience fields beyond hydrogeology."]
["Assembly of the Bacteriophage T4 DNA Replication Sliding    Clamp:  A Functional Analysis of Protein-Protein            Subassemblies","MCB","GENE EXPRESSION","Reddy, Michael","WI","University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","mkr@uwm.edu","BIO","9506139  Reddy  This research will determine the key steps by which a multicomponent complex involved in the replication bacteriophage T4 DNA is assembled.  In particular, this research will yield a precise understanding of how complex termed the \"clamp loader\" (gp44/62, a hetero-oligomeric protein possessing an intrinsic ATPase activity) specifically interacts with a second protein, termed the \"sliding clamp\" (gp45, a homo-oligomeric protein) to subsequently \"load\" the sliding clamp onto DNA.  A variety of inter- and intracrosslinking methodologies, including both chemical as well as molecular biological approaches will be employed.  Using a recently refined version of the nitrocellulose filter binding assay, a thorough kinetic analysis of the binding and release of ADP to the ATP-dependent clamp loader protein complex will be done.  Development of novel protein chromatographic schemes such as affinity chromatography in the presence of a macromolecular crowding agent (polyethylene glycol) or specific retention of protein-protein complexes by the inclusion of Mg-ATP in all chromatographic buffers will be explored in order to facilitate the purification of intact protein-protein complexes directly from biological sources. The nature of the macromolecular interactions observed in the T4 system appear to closely parallel those currently under investigation in the field of molecular chaperones.  Therefore, insights garnered from these studies will add to the growing understanding of the molecular basis underlying the specificity and regulation of protein-protein interactions.  Current avenues of investigations in molecular and cellular biochemistry will be presented to both undergraduate and graduate students by a research-level analysis (lectures and assignments) in which understanding is considerably valued over rote memorization. Two \"Special Topics in Biochemistry\" courses entitled \"The Enzymology of DNA Replication\" and Cells as Macromolecular Assemblies\" will provide students with a breath of  knowledge that enables them to independently think about molecular mechanisms of biological relevance.  These courses combine formal lectures with class-sessions during which there is a critical assessment of directly relevant papers assigned from the primary scientific literature.  Modernization of a general biochemistry course will be accomplished by complementing molecular biology lectures with student assignments such as searching for DNA sequence homologies, designing oligonucleohdes for use in PCR, and performing secondary structure predictions. These tasks will require of the students that they learn how to navigate, using computers, the Internet (in particular, the World Wide Web).  An undergraduate Experimental Biochemistry Laboratory course has been designed as a mini-research project around the enzyme bacterial luciferase.  A laboratory manual also has been written for this course.  The structure of the course provides the students with an excellent and exciting model system by which to learn various common and important techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology.  %%%  This research will determine the key steps by which a multiprotein complex involved in the replication of bacteriophage T4 DNA is assembled.  Crucial features of the mechanism of DNA replication are conserved throughout Nature.  Therefore, insights garnered from these studies will add to the growing understanding of the molecular basis underlying the specificity and regulation of protein-protein interactions in general and of DNA replication in particular.  Current avenues of investigations in molecular and cellular biochemistry will be presented to both undergraduate and graduate students by a research-level analysis (lectures and assignments) in which understanding is considerably valued over rote memorization. Two \"Special Topics in Biochemistry\" courses entitled \"The Enzymology of DNA Replication\" and Cells as Macromolecular Assemblies\" will provide students with a breath of knowledge that enables them to ind ependently think about molecular mechanisms of biological relevance.  These courses combine formal lectures with class-sessions during which there is a critical assessment of directly relevant papers assigned from the primary scientific literature.  Modernization of a general biochemistry course will be accomplished by complementing molecular biology lectures with student assignments such as searching for DNA sequence homologies, designing oligonucleohdes for use in PCR, and performing secondary structure predictions. These tasks will require of the students that they learn how to navigate, using computers, the Internet (in particular, the World Wide Web).  An undergraduate Experimental Biochemistry Laboratory course has been designed as a mini-research project around the enzyme bacterial luciferase.  A laboratory manual also has been written for this course.  The structure of the course provides the students with an excellent and exciting model system by which to learn various common and important techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology.  ***"]
["Career: The Role of Protease Activities in Arabidopsis      thaliana Plants","IOB","WESTERN EUROPE PROGRAM|INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY|INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Gal, Susannah","NY","SUNY at Binghamton","sgal@binghamton.edu","BIO","9506195  Gal  Proteins are the major structural and enzymatic component of  the cell.  The level of these essential compounds is  dependent not only on the level of synthesis, but also on  the level of breakdown by proteolytic enzymes.  Despite  their identification and study since early in this century,  proteases have been primarily analyzed only in vitro.  This  includes analysis of their substrate specificity, pH optimum  and inhibitor susceptibility.  But, the role of these  enzymes in plant physiology can at present only be  speculated from these studies.  Proteases have been  implicated in such processes as leaf senescence, organ  abscission, seed germination and resource reutilization, but  are likely to be involved at many other stages of plant  growth where protein degradation is important.  For example,  expression of a number of specific protein products is  hampered by their instability due to natural mechanisms of  protein degradation in some tissues.  Relatively little is  known about the mechanisms of proteolytic degradation in  plants, so this proposed work will identify the proteases in  Arabidopsis thaliana.  The goal is to determine the role of  the these enzymes in plants and which one(s) affect the  accumulation of desirable proteins.  Not only will this work  set the stage for understanding how proteolysis controls a  number of cellular processes, but may also lead to new  approaches in plant biotechnology where protein levels are  critical for maintenance of a desirable phenotype.    The State University of New York at Binghamton prides itself  on its excellence in teaching and research.  Dr. Gal's  educational objectives during this granting period would  support that role of the university and the department.  The  goal is to integrate teaching and research by bringing more  research into course teaching and by bringing a teaching  framework to the undergraduate and graduate students in the  laboratory and the department.  This would equip the  students with the cri tical thinking skills needed for a  lifetime of learning in biology."]
["Faculty Career Development Including Kinetic Physics        of the Magnetotail and Teaching Enhancement","ATM","MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS","Cattell, Cynthia","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","cattell@belka.space.umn.edu","GEO","This proposal is designed to support the early career development  of the Principal Investigator in her position as a new faculty  member in the School of Physics and Astronomy of the University of  Minnesota.  This position requires both excellence in scientific  research, excellence in teaching, course development, and community  outreach activities.  The research component of the proposal is  focused on the kinetic physics of the Earth's magnetotail,  including data analysis, numerical studies, and both inputs to and  comparisons with various theoretical models of the magnetosphere.   Previous studies of electric field data in the magnetotail have  shown that the variable part of the field is usually one to two  orders of magnitude larger than the background field.  These  variable fields, including waves and large amplitude spikes, will  have a large effect on particle distributions as has been shown in  preliminary numerical studies.  It is proposed to characterize  statistically the parameters of the waves and spikes using data  from the ISEE-1 and Geotail spacecraft.  The results will be used  to provide empirical dissipation coefficients for use in MHD  simulations and global models and to develop a more realistic  electric field model for inclusion in the numerical study of  particle trajectories in the magnetotail.  The particle  distributions will then be compared to those observed on the  AMPTE/IRM spacecraft (as well as other plasma data).  As part of  this comparison, the nature of the complex distributions observed  at the plasma sheet boundary will be examined including effects  such as acceleration of electron beams in slow mode shocks and the  mapped location of the auroral zone/polar cap convection boundary.     The educational component will be focused primarily in two areas,  both of which have very high priority for the School of Physics and  Astronomy.  The first is improvement in the lower division physics  with calculus class which is the main introductory physics clas s  for engineers, physicists, and chemists with approximately 1200  students per quarter.  Modification of this course and TA training  for the course are an ongoing effort.  The second is inclusion of  undergraduates in research which has been a longstanding priority  for the PI.  In addition, there are many ongoing projects including  local efforts to improve K-12 science teaching, development of new  undergraduate courses, and outreach activities to share the  excitement of physics research with the community in which the PI  will participate, particularly in the later years of the proposal."]
["Structural Determinants of Substrate Specificity in Trypsin-Like Proteases","MCB","PROF OPPOR FOR WOMEN IN RSCH|MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Hedstrom, Lizbeth","MA","Brandeis University","hedstrom@brandeis.edu","BIO",";                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       R o o t   E n t r y                                                                            F              '  5      @         C o m p O b j                                                                                                         b       W o r d D o c u m e n t                                                                                                         O b j e c t P o o l                                                                                   '  5    '  5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          F    Microsoft Word 6.0 Document     MSWordDoc     Word.Document.6     ;                                                              Oh     +'  0                                       $       H       l                                               D       h                                                   R:\\WWUSER\\TEMPLATE\\NORMAL.DOT                                       marcia steinberg                    marcia steinberg            @      d 5                          @                                   @    _   5                                                                                                  @    0                                      Microsoft Word 6.0                                                      2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n                           (                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   #   $   &   '   (   )   +   ,   /   0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             u   c   u D     c      c                           #   %   &   '   (   *   +   -   .   /   0       '      '      '      '      '      '                                                                     '                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ,     0      !     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This P.I. outlines experiments designed to define the structural components of substrate specificity in the trypsin family of serine proteases. This family is chosen because its members display a great variety of different substrate specificities, the enzymatic mechanism is well characterized and a large amount of structural information is available. In previous work, this laboratory constructed trypsin mutants with chymotrypsin like specificity. These mutant enzymes have been extensively characterized: the kinetics of substrate hydrolysis, inhibition and inactivation have been analyzed, and the x ray crystal structures have been solved. This work revealed surface loops, which do not contact the substrate or determine specificity in the S 1 site. These mutants process substrates at rates comparable to chymotrypsin, but are defective in substrate binding. The specificity of the Sl site is linked to the Sl' and S2 S4 binding sites, and the structure of the Sl site i"]
["Genetic and Developmental Mechanisms of a Morphogenetic     Program","IOB","ANIMAL DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANSMS|EVOLUTION OF DEVELOP MECHANISM","Fitch, David","NY","New York University","david.fitch@nyu.edu","BIO","Fitch, David  IBN-9506844         To understand how morphological diversity in multicellular  animals has arisen by the accumulation of evolutionary changes in  genes, an understanding is first required of how morphology is  specified by genes and developmental mechanisms.  The 4-celled tail  tip of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is being studied as a  model for elucidating the genes and developmental processes  involved in producing its morphology.  Because this structure  adopts different morphologies in related species, the tail tip  provides a model for the evolution of morphogenesis as well.  In C.  elegans, the shape of the tail tip is pointy in adult  hermaphrodites and blunt in adult males.  The pointy shape in  hermaphrodites results from retention of the larval state, whereas  the blunt shape in males results from cell fusions and changes in  cell size, shape and possible adhesion that occur rapidly, just  before the last larval molt.  Additionally, a cell-cell signalling  event may induce the coordinated expression of these events.  To  identify genes involved in male tail tip morphogenesis,  morphological mutants are being isolated and characterized.  One  such gene, lep-1, acts specifically to control adult fate in male  tail tip cells and is being cloned to determine its molecular  function and expression pattern.  Epistatic interactions among  identified genes will eventually be studied.  The hypothesized  cell-cell interactions in the induction of tail tip morphogenesis  are being tested by selective ablation of multiple or single  candidate cells with a laser microbeam.  Other cellular processes  potentially involved in tail tip morphogenesis are being  investigated with markers and inhibitors of cellular components.   To provide a precise microanatomical framework for these genetic  and developmental analyses, the cellular architecture of the tail  tip is being detailed by electron microscopy.         The major educational activities take the form of  undergraduate and  graduate courses (mainly on evolution and  evolutionary developmental biology), but participation in pre-  service teacher education, undergraduate advising, and supervision  of high school, undergraduate and graduate student research  projects in the laboratory are also important.  In the courses and  laboratories, emphasis is placed on inquiry-centered, hands-on  learning.  Students are guided by question-based approaches to  construct their own knowledge and skills.  In particular  activities, cooperature learning is encouraged to develop  communication skills and the ability to work collaboratively as  well as independently.  A continuing emphasis in both coursework  and assessment will be the development of language and problem-  solving skills.  The objectives of all of these activities are to  develop in all of the participating students a solid foundation of  knowledge in biology, a hearthy skepticism and creative ability to  formulate constructive questions and hypothesis (and thus an  appreciation of science as an approachable, dynamic, creative,  human activity), a practical knowledge of the scientific method as  a general problem-solving tool, and an ability to effectively  communicate findings and concepts in both oral and written  language."]
["CAREER:  Molecular Evolution of the Old World Monkeys:      Research and Instruction","BCS","PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY","Disotell, Todd","NY","New York University","todd.disotell@nyu.edu","SBE","This is a new Faculty Early Career Development Program grant (CAREER).    The research plans of the P.I. center around the study of Old World monkey evolution from a molecular genetic perspective.  Three major components of this plan are - 1) the search for genes which are most informative on the phylogenetic and evolutionary histories of the monkeys; 2) the analyses of such genes; and 3) the actual population genetics of these monkeys using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers.  This is a very new and exciting area of genetic applications, and the investigator is well situated, in training and with facilities, to undertake the work.  The instructional component of the proposal is especially strong and innovative.  He will be bringing computer-aided instruction and hands-on laboaratory experience into the NYU curriculum.  He is also developing auto-tutorial and self-paced labs and practicals for several classes.  He has been particularly attuned and accessable to the minority student body at NYU, and this, in the inner city, is especially appropriate."]
["Identification of Physiological Substrates of pp60v-src:    Engineering Non-natural ATP Specificity","MCB","SIGNAL TRANSDCTN/CELL REGULATN","Shokat, Kevan","NJ","Princeton University","shokat@cmp.ucsf.edu","BIO","MCB 9506929  Kevan Shokat     Growth factors, transcription factors, hormones and cell cycle regulatory proteins utilize tyrosine kinases in their signaling cascades. The common molecular feature of these kinases is their activation of downstream proteins by phosphorylation of tyrosine residues.  The main obstacle to dissecting the involvement of specific tyrosine kinases in signal transduction cascades has been their lack of substrate specificity in vitro and in vivo.  The catalytic domains of tyrosine kinases possess little or no inherent substrate specificity.  In fact catalytic domains from one tyrosine kinase can be substituted into a different tyrosine kinase with little change in the function of the latter.  Other domains in the tyrosine kinases are responsible for assembling multiprotein complexes which guide the catalytic domain to the correct targets. The poor in vitro specificity makes it difficult to use purified enzymes and substrates to assess the involvement of an individual tyrosine kinase with phosphorylation of a particular substrate.  The manifestation of this poor substrate specificity in vivo is that many genetic approaches, such as gene knock out experiments, give no phenotype due to compensation by other cellular tyrosine kinases.  This proposal describes a method for tagging and identifying individual protein tyrosine kinases and their physiological substrates. The method is based on engineering the catalytic domain of a prototypical tyrosine kinase, v-src, to accept a non-natural ATP analog (A*TP).  A yeast based selection syqtem will be used to screen v-src mutants which accept unnatural ATP analogs.  Once the engineered v-src protein which accepts an unnatural ATP analog is identified it will be expressed in NIH 3T3 cells and  gamma- 32P A*TP will be provided to the cell.  Under these conditions, normal v-src induced signal transduction will cause all the physiological substrates of v-src  to contain an easily identifiable radiolabel (32PO4-Y single letter amino acid c ode ).  This methodology can also be used to label specific substrate tyrosine residues with the more stable phosphorothioate moiety resulting in a phosphotyrosine residue which is less sensitive to phosphatase catalyzed hydrolysis.  This method will provide a novel approach for the study of specific phosphatase involvement in signaling pathways.  The two types of experiments in concert will provide a powerful new tool for dissecting signaling cascades involving tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. The education plan of this project employs a multi-disciplinary approach to promote communication between biologists and chemists, and employs computer graphics to give the students a \"hands-on\" experience.  This experience is provided for both undergraduates and graduate students.  %%%  Cells process information about their environment by using protein signaling cascades.  Some types of cascades are so numerous and similar to one another that it has been difficult to study them  using standard biochemical and genetic techniques.  This proposal describes a chemical method for uniquely \"tagging\" one signaling protein at a time inside a cell which will allow us to decipher the molecular logic of signaling cascades.  The education plan is designed to improve the quality of both undergraduate and graduate education, and to promote communication between disciplines in science.  ***"]
["Functional Analysis of the Late Endosome and Associated Rab Proteins","MCB","CELLULAR ORGANIZATION","Wandinger-Ness, Angela","IL","Northwestern University","wness@unm.edu","BIO","MCB 9507206  Angela Wandinger-Ness     This project examines the mechanisms of membrane transport in the endocytic pathway and the function of the late endosome in both transport and in catalyzing  specialized reactions.  To this end, a combination of biochemical and genetic approaches will be used to characterize the interaction of specific forms of rab7 with the actin cytoskeleton.  The yeast two hybrid system will be employed to identify interacting partners of rab7 as a corollary approach.  In addition, an in vitro assay system will be developed to study late endocytic membrane transport.  This latter analysis will be extended by the development of a permeabilized system which examines the mechanisms of interaction between rab7 and its partners.  This project is a Faculty Early Career Development Award and also entail an education plan.  In the Education portion of this project an approach is developed for active learning in the undergraduate classroom.  In addition, introduction to career-training programs will be provided to the students to make them better suited to the job market.  Finally, the project includes outreach to pre-college educators.  %%%  This project will examine the mechanisms by which components are directed to specific locations within the cell.  It will help explain how molecules such as food enter the cell and end up in the correct location for digestion.  The education plan of this project will serve to strengthen the undergraduate education at the awardee's institution, and to make the undergraduates at the institution better suited to the job market.  ***"]
["Studies of the Folding of Thioredoxin by Fragment           Complementation on the Development of New Tools to Improve  the Understanding of Biomolecular Structure and Function","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","Tasayco, Maria Luisa","NY","CUNY City University of New York","mltj@figueirido.net","BIO","9507255  Tasayco  The goal of the research is to establish the principles underlying  the folding of  -sheets.  The approach chosen is to study the  structure, stability, dynamics and folding of a family of protein  fragments.  It is proposed to dissect E. coli thioredoxin, a well-  characterized small monomeric protein with a mixed   -structure,  into fragments.  They will be generated using tools of  biochemistry, chemistry and molecular biology.  These fragments  will be characterized using a combination of biochemical and  biophysical tools with increasing level of structural detail.   Circular dichroism in the far and near UV, fluorescence,  multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and  computer modeling will also be used. The educational aspect of this  proposal aims to complement the lectures of the standard  one-semester Physical Chemistry course for Biochemistry majors  using the Inverse Prediction Approach, which consists of building  a physical 3D-model of a macromolecular and using it to predict its  biophysical properties.   %%%  The ability to correlate structural changes with ahanges in the  biological function holds the key to the understanding of the  structure-function relationship of biological macromolecules.   However, protein structures are not established at the same pace at  which new amino acid sequence are generated.  Thus solving the  \"protein folding problem,\" that is, predicting the three  dimensional structure of a protein based solely on its primary  sequence, has become an area of intense research.  Much progress  has been made in the understanding of the principles behind the  formation of one kind of structure commonly found in proteins, the   -helix. However, little is known about the formation of  -sheets,  another equally important structural component.  This research will  compare the structure, stability and folding of the fragments of  thioredoxin and their association products with those of the  original protein to elucidate the folding of  the still little  understood  -sheets.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Composition Effects in Cyclical Productivity","SES","ECONOMICS","Basu, Susanto","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","sbasu@umich.edu","SBE","9507917  Basu    This project focuses on a continuing puzzle in macroeconomics:  why is aggregate productivity procyclical?  Initially interpreted as unobserved changes in utilization, this stylized fact has been reinterpreted as an indication of large changes in production technology and, more recently, as evidence of large increasing returns to scale in production.  This project explores an explanation based on composition effects: the idea that inputs may consistently move, in cyclcial fashion, from less- to more-productive uses.  For example, industries with higher returns to scale (e.g. durables) also account for a larger fraction of input growth in booms.  A numerical example shows that composition effects can lead to a large overestimate of the degree of returns to scale and a severe overstatement of the importance of technology shocks.  A preliminary application of these ideas to U.S. manufacturing data shows they are quantitatively significant: correcting for compostiion bias reduces the correlation between output and technology shocks by one-half, and the estimate of increasing returns by two-thirds.  These preliminary results indicate that neither large technology shocks nor large firm-level returns to scale are plausible building blocks of business cycle theory.  The project conducts more empirical work to document the full magnitude of compostiion effects; analyzes the link between aggregate productivity and welfare; studies how composition effects may arise naturally in a purely neoclassical model with multiple sectors and quasi-fixed inputs, since quasi-fixity naturally creates divergences between marginal products of inputs across sectors; and models composition effects within the context of endogenous-fluctuation models.  The education plan has four components: course development for intermediate macroeconomics that emphasizes giving students practice in evaluating policy debates; written handouts for graduate macroeconomics that better prepare students for future research; prog ram development to smooth the transition from graduate coursework to disertation research; and the development of a plan to increase minority student retention in the graduate program.    ??"]
["CAREER:  Brain Aromatase Cytochrome P-450 and CNS           Development","IOB","NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY","Lephart, Edwin","UT","Brigham Young University","Edwin_Lephart@byu.edu","BIO","IBN-9507972  Lephart, Edwin D.        The sex steroid hormones can be transformed from one class to  another by certain enzymes.  The conversion of androgens (e.g.  testosterone) to estrogens by an enzyme known as aromatase  cytochrome P450 plays an important role in influencing the  development of the central nervous system.  The dramatic impact of  estrogen formation via the aromatase enzyme is responsible for  structural differences between males and females in specific brain  regions.  These structural differences determine how the central  nervous system will function along male versus female patterns for  hormone secretion and the regulation of sexual behavior.  This  study will determine how brain estrogen biosynthesis is controlled  by the aromatase gene.  This will be accomplished by utilizing  various molecular biological techniques.  The goal of these studies  is to determine the molecular basis of brain aromatase regulation  by determining the regulatory elements governing how the aromatase  gene is activated.  To accomplish this goal, Dr. Lephart will  characterize the regulatory sequences upstream of the start site of  transcription for the aromatase gene and whether these elements  change during development.  The regulation of aromatase gene  expression by androgen will be investigated and the message in  brain encoding this critical enzyme will also be studied.  The  outcome of these studies will allow the development of a picture  about how the proteins in the brain control the expression of  enyzmes critical for the development of essential centers in the  brain."]
["Career:  Heterogeneity and the Macroeconomy:  Research and  Teaching in the Intersection of Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics","SES","ECONOMICS","Horvath, Michael T","CA","Stanford University",null,"SBE","9507978  Horvath    The objective of this CAREER grant is to strengthen the link between two strands of economics: industrial organization and macroeconomics.  The field of industrial organization has recently been successful in illuminating several key behavioral characteristics of firms.  For example, almost regardless of industry definition, small and young firms have been shown to have much more variable growth rates and higher rates of failure than large and old firms.  Little attempt has been made to determine the implications of these findings for the behavior of the macroeconomy, nor has much emphasis been placed on macroeconomic forces that may be shaping these findings at the industry level.  This research project would explore the interrelation between the microeconomic decision-making at the firm level and the macroeconomy.  The emphasis will be on understanding how macroeconomic forces such as fiscal and monetary policy, as well as aggregate demand and supply shocks affect the distribution of operating firm types in a broad selection of industries, and how the changing distribution of firm types influences fluctuations in aggregate variables such as productivity, job creation, employment, and output.      The education plan entails the development of course sequences for undergraduate and graduate student son desegregated aspects of the macroeconomy.  The discipline of economias has tended to overemphasize the division between micro and macroeconomics to the point where students feel it necessary to choose early in their studies which subfield to embrace.  This often works to the detriment of both the students and the entire field.  The merit of the research proposal hinges on the ability of microeconomic, firm-level behavior to indicate something meaningful about macroeconomic behavior and vice-versa.  Clearly, if the results provide insightful, then the distinction between microeconomics and macroeconomics from the perspective of how these subfields are taught is perhaps needlessl y stringent.  The proposed courses would detail the results of the proposed research but would also explore other topics."]
["A Career Development Plan with Primary Emphasis on a Process Study of Upper Troposphere Water Vapor in Middle Latitudes","ATM","LARGE-SCALE DYNAMIC METEOROLOG","Fu, Rong","AZ","University of Arizona","fu@eas.gatech.edu","GEO","9507987  Fu         This project involves the application of state-of-the-art  climate observations, especially satellite data, and simple  numerical models to clarify the processes that control the amount  and distribution of water vapor in the upper troposphere in the  middle latitudes.  Understanding these processes is critical to  understanding the earth's radiation budget and the potential for  global warming.  The objectives of the project are to: (1) identify  the main sources of and mechanisms controlling upper tropospheric  water vapor in the middle latitudes, especially the relative  importance of large-scale horizontal advection and vertical  transport by local convection and (2) examine whether these  processes are adequately represented in general circulation models.   The research will contribute directly to the goals of NSF's Water  and Energy - Atmospheric, Vegetative, and Earth Interactions  (WEAVE) effort.         The educational component of this CAREER award consists of a  variety of activities involving both graduate and undergraduate  students and an effort to encourage underrepresented groups,  particularly women, to pursue careers in the physical sciences.***"]
["CAREER:  A Simulation Study of Reconnection Layers in the   Magnetotail","ATM","MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS","Lin, Yu","AL","Auburn University","ylin@physics.auburn.edu","GEO","The objective of this proposal is to develop a full, balanced  academic career which involves both research and education  activities, as emphasized by the NSF CAREER Program.  A brief  summary of the research and education plans follows.         (A)  Research Plan:  Magnetic reconnection plays a very  important role in the transfer of the solar wind mass, momentum,  and energy into the earth's magnetosphere through the magnetospause  and in the development of geomagnetic substorms and energy release  in the magnetotail.  In the reconnection process, a layered  structure which contains several magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)  discontinuities and waves can be formed in the outflow region.  The  energy conversion in the magnetic reconnection is mainly through  the discontinuities and waves in this reconnection layer.  The  purpose of the research plan is to systematically study the  formation and structure of reconnection layers in the magnetotail.   The primary research tools of the study are one-dimensional )1-D)  and two dimensional (2-D) hybrid simulations, guided by MHD  theories and simulations of the reconnection layer.  Specifically,  this proposal is to:   (1) Determine the structure of the distant-tail reconnection layer  and associated discontinuities in quasi-steady reconnection during  quiet time;  (2) Study the structure and evolution of the near-tail reconnection  layer during transient stages of magnetic reconnection in a  substorm active time:  (3) Investigate the structure and ion heating of slow shocks in the  magnetotail  The proposed study is expected to contribute significantly to our  understanding of the structure of the tail plasma sheet boundary,  the slow shocks and electromagnetic waves, and the ion dynamics in  the magnetotail magnetic reconnection.         (B) Education Plan:  In addition to the scientific research,  the other important component of academic activities at the Physics  Department of Auburn University is science education.  Instruction,  research, and out reach are inexorably intertwined in a manner that  each re-enforces the other.  The PI's education plan is made to  balance the research activity of the PI and to be consistent with  the department goals.  Specifically, the education plan includes:  (1) A five-year plan of undergraduate and graduate course teaching  at the introductory level, advanced undergraduate and graduate  level, which effectively utilizes the expertise of the PI;   (2) Research projects for undergraduate students in order to  attract students to higher levels of study and to contribute to the  research activities of the PI;  (3) Outreach activities to area high schools, to interact with and  train high school science teachers and students, and participation  in the $1.3 million Hughes Initiative."]
["Tropical Convection and the General Circulation","ATM","LARGE-SCALE DYNAMIC METEOROLOG","Evans, Jenni-Louise","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","jle7@psu.edu","GEO","9508085  Evans         Under this CAREER award, Dr. Evans will examine the relationship between tropical  convection and the large-scale circulation.  It has long been hypothesized that the transports of  heat, moisture and momentum from the tropics to the extratropics, accomplished by tropical  convection, maintain the general circulation.  Dr. Evans further suggests that the degree to  which the convection is organized is determined by what is required to maintain the general  circulation, with highly organized systems playing a large, and necessary, role in maintaining  the Earth's energy balance.  Using satellite-based observations, Dr. Evans will classify various  types of tropical convective systems ranging from short-lived, disorganized convection to highly  organized tropical cyclones and mesoscale convective complexes, and then assess their impact  on the general circulation by analyzing the momentum and energy fluxes.  The analyses will  employ the gridded fields produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Forecasting for  a recent field experiment in the tropical Pacific.         Dr. Evans' educational program will focus on the recruitment and retention of talented  women at the graduate and undergraduate level, primarily through her work with the Women  in Science and Engineering Institute at Penn State.  She also will develop a new course on  climate modeling which will include special emphasis on current controversial topics related to  climate systems study and modeling.  ***"]
["Career:  Developmental Tradeoffs and Host Race Formation in Rhagoletis Pomonella","DEB","POPULATION DYNAMICS","Feder, Jeffrey","IN","University of Notre Dame","Feder.2@nd.edu","BIO","9508559  FEDER   The Tephritid fly Rhagoletis pomonella is of interest to both farmers and population biologists alike.  Not only are these flies major economic pests of apples, but they may also be in the process of speciating.  Although R. pomonella is commonly referred to as the \"Apple Maggot\", apples are not the native host plant of these flies.  That distinction belongs to hawthorns (thornapples).  In the mid-1800's a portion of the R. pomonella  populations in the Hudson Valley region of New York shifted from hawthorns and started attacking apples as a new host plant.  Since then, apple-infesting populations of R. pomonella  have spread across the eastern United States and have recently been introduced into California, Oregon and Washington.  Genetic studies indicate that apple and hawthorn populations of R. pomonella are partially isolated entities.  Six genes consistently display frequency differences between the apple and hawthorn fly races.  These studies suggest that Rhagoletis flies may speciate sympatrically (i.e. without geographic isolation) in the process of specializing on new host plants.   The goals of the proposed research are two-fold:1.)  To ascertain how R. pomonella has adapted its life history to allow it to successfully attack apples as a new host plant. 2.) To determine the role that such changes in life history play in isolating apples from hawthorn races of the fly.   Because R. pomonella flies have only one generation per year and adults live for only about a month, there is strong selection pressure on apple and hawthorn flies to match their development to that of their respective host plants.   To test this hypothesis, Dr. Feder will manipulate rearing conditions for flies in the laboratory to induce environment dependent changes at the six genetic markers differing between the host races.  In effect, he will be attempting to genetically transform the hawthorn host race into the apple race (and vice-versa) by selecting on hawthorn flies as if they were infesting f ruits with the earlier phenology of apples.         What will we learn from the proposed research?  First, the experiments will elucidate whether and how R. pomonella has altered its life history so that it can attack apples.  Second, the results will pinpoint which environmental factors are most important for R. pomonella to overcome in a successful host shift.  By subsequently measuring the intensity with which these factors act in the field, it will be possible to gauge how effective host-associated selection is at reproductively isolating apple and of the development traits adapting R. pomonella to apples.  Such information will aid us in devising new measures to control the Apple Maggot and other fruit fly pests.  The results will also help us predict what crops are potentially vulnerable to attack by Rhagoletis, as this pest spreads into new, fruit growing regions of the United States.   Dr. Feder also has a strong commitment to transfer knowledge of population biology to others.  This CAREER grant will also allow him to continue to pursue his teaching interest.  He will teach a series of three classes at the undergraduate and graduate levels, exposing students to the general principles and concepts that form the basis for this and other research in population biology & systematics."]
["CAREER:  R&D-Based Models of Semi-Endogenous Growth","SES","ECONOMICS","Jones, Charles","CA","Stanford University","chad@econ.berkeley.edu","SBE","9510916  Jones    The emergence of the R&D-based endogenous growth literature has led to an overlap between the macro growth literature and a micro literature on the economics of research and development.  Papers in each of these literature's have documented a number of distortions in the allocation of resources to R&D that may arise, often focusing on one or two of these distortions for illustrative purposes.  The contribution of this CAREER project is to incorporate several of these distortions into a single general equilibrium model and to analyze their effects empirically.  The project provides a coherent framework for thinking about these distortions and estimating their net impact on R&D.  It will focus on four key distortions in the allocation of resources to R&D: a monopoly markup effect, a knowledge spillover effort (\"standing on shoulders\"), a creative destruction effect, and a patent race effect (\"stepping on toes\").      The Education Plan consists of the development of an undergraduate research seminar for exploring the broad implications of the R&D-based growth model.  The seminar will be used to provide qualitative evidence to complement the formal statistical analysis in the Research Plan.  The initial part of the research seminar will highlight the lessons of old and new growth theory.  After discussing the subtleties associated with testing the R&D based models, the investigator will explore the historical analysis of technology and growth and the qualitative literature on population and economic growth."]
["A Comparison-based Architecture for Choice","SES","DECISION RISK & MANAGEMENT SCI","Markman, Arthur","NY","Columbia University","markman@psy.utexas.edu","SBE","ABSTRACT    Markman, Arthur  Columbia University  SBR-9510924    The PI has submitted this proposal under the Faculty Early Career Development Program   (CAREER).  He proposes ten studies on decision making.  The conceptual underpinning   for this research program is  comparison-based architecture for choice  (COBAC).  The   central principles of this model are predicated on the  alignability  of the features   belonging to various choice options.  Decision makers make more use of alignable than   non-alignable features.  Furthermore decision makers will attempt to convert the latter   into the former.  Some of the studies will use think-aloud and other process-tracing   methodologies.  The PI will also examine the importance of goals in choice behavior.    Finally, a computational model will be constructed on the basis of the results of these   studies.  The educational plan involves the PI s participation both in the development of   computer-assisted instruction and in the revision of the statistics/experimental design   curricula in his home institution."]
["Career:  Delay of Gratification","SES","DECISION RISK & MANAGEMENT SCI|ECONOMICS","Laibson, David","MA","Harvard University","dlaibson@harvard.edu","SBE","Formulating effective social policy requires careful analysis of  the intertemporal decisions that individuals make.  For example,  responding to social problems like drug use, criminal activity,  teenage pregnancy, and high-school failure, requires  understanding of the intertemporal decisions that contribute to  these outcomes.  Enhancing the understanding of intertemporal  choices is the focus of this study.  It will emphasize  interdisciplinary research projects motivated by behavioral  anomalies in intertemporal decision-making.  Each project  analyzes a new model of intertemporal choice suggested by  evidence and experiments in the psychology literature.  These  psychological models will be evaluated using standard economic  analysis.    This study involves three different research projects.  The first  project analyzes the behavior of decision-makers with hyperbolic  discount functions.  Hyperbolic discount functions suggest a  multiple-self interpretation of intertemporal decision-making,  generating an interesting framework for understanding phenomena  like self-control.  The second proposes a physiological  microfoundation for environmentally dependent motivational states  or drives.  This project uses physiological theories of  homeostasis and Pavlovian conditioning to build a theory of  endogenous motivational states.  For example, the model proposed  here explains how environmental cues elicit drives for  instantaneous gratification.  Finally, the third project builds  on the psychology literature about over optimism.  This project  examines the behavior of decision makers with over optimistic  priors and considers the consequences for consumption behavior."]
["War and Nature:  Science and Technology in the History of   Chemical Weapons and Insecticides","SES","Hist & Philosophy of SET","Russell, Edmund","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","russell@virginia.edu","SBE","Two of the most powerful factors shaping the 20th century have been war and the environment.  Traditionally, however, researchers have treated these issues as separate.  Dr. Russell asks whether this separation is the right approach.  He cites the history of chemical weapons and the parallel history of insecticides to argue that we should not separate these subjects.  Efforts to control national and natural enemies are linked, he argues, on at least three levels.  The first is technology.  Beginning in World War I, chemical compounds shuttled between battle fields and farm fields.  In Gerhard Schrader's laboratory, nerve gases and insecticides entered the world as fraternal twins.  The second is institutions.  Nation states harnessed military and civilian institutions in tandem to develop chemicals for war and peace.  The third was metaphor.  Soldiers and scientists shaped the way people experience war and nature through shared metaphors.  In World War II, for example, military and civilian publications published cartoons of half-Japanese, half-insect creatures and called for \"annihilation\" of both. These developments helped produce some of the most exciting, and the most tragic, events of this century.  Humans used a poison chemical to boost crop yields and free themselves from disease, but they also used the same compound to try to \"exterminate\" human beings.    Dr. Russell is organizing his research around case studies of institutions representing military, civilian, scientific and industrial interests.  His results promise to advance our understanding of interactions between science, technology and society, between military and civilian endeavors, and between humans and nature.  They also promise to inform debates about pest control, arms control, dual use technology and environmental policy.    Dr. Russell's  is using his research to help train students in  the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Virginia.  Hi is developing a module on environmental issues for use  in courses required of all fourth year students.  He is also developing two electives in environmental history and environmental problems and policies."]
["Dissection of an RNA Protein Interaction Involve in  Repression of Splicing","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","White, Susan","PA","Bryn Mawr College","swhite@brynmawr.edu","BIO","9513184  White  Yeast ribosomal protein L32, RPL32, binds to its own transcript and prevents splicing.  The RNA binding target can be reduced to as few at 24 nucleotides folded into a stem-internal loop-stem motif where the loop  is purine-rich and is closed by a potential G:U pair.  Previous experiments have localized the site of protein contact to the loop and some preliminary work to explore the sequence requirements for protein binding has been completed.  The experiments proposed herein directly address the question of hydrogen bonding within the internal loop.  Chemical modification of the hydrogen bonding faces of those bases not involved in pairing will be detected by primer extension methods.  NMR  spectra will be collected to detect imino protons protected from exchange with water.  Imino and amino resonances which are visible are probably involved in hydrogen bonds.  Probing the protein structure and its interface with RNA  makes up the second part of the proposal.  At present, only the primary structure of the protein in known and there are no obvious regions related to RNA  binding domains of other proteins.  At the outset, the purification protocol will be improved and the purified protein will be subjected to analysis of the protein, the CD spectrum of the complex will be compared to that of the RNA to determine whether protein binding changes the helicity of the RNA.  To determine which protein residues contact the RNA, crosslinking experiments will be carried out using native and modified RNA.  As a complement to these experiments, a type of \"footprinting\" experiment will be done on the protein to see what portions of the protein may be protected from hydrolysis on RNA binding.  These experiments will require some work to develop practical, general techniques which work for all RNA protein complexes.  In the third and final portion of the proposal, the mechanism of repression is examined.  Evidence from  one laboratory suggests that the U1 snRNP binds to the L32RNA/RPL32 complex  to form a termolecular complex incapable of splicing. The initial hypothesis is that the U1 RNA strengthens the binding of  L32 RNA to RPL32 and that the dissociation of RPL32 is slowed or prevented by complexation with the two RNAs. The Education Plan is based on the first three years of teaching at Bryn Mawr College. The overriding curricular philosophy is to devise genuine chemistry courses which convey the current excitement in biochemistry.  Every attempt is made to challenge  the students to become active, critical learners who see themselves as participants in the scientific enterprise.  Given Bryn Mawr's mission to  educate young women, it is particularly important to encourage its students to realize their scientific ambitions.  For undergraduates, a full year of  research is often the culmination of their liberal arts education and is frequently their first truly independent research experience.  It is a challenge to design projects where students can do successful experiments while contributing to the progress of the laboratory. Problem solving, visualizing molecules, moles, equilibria, and kinetics are still vital parts of  General Chemistry which students must master.  The challenge of teaching at the introductory level is thus to simultaneously hold the students' interest and insist that they develop the skills needed for future work in science.  %%%  This research involves the study of the structure of an RNA involved in regulating the production of a protein.  Unlike DNA, which forms a symmetric, elongated double helix, RNA forms a complex, convoluted shape.  While all of DNA's bases are involved in either G-C or A-T pairs, in RNA some bases are paired but others are not.  The first portion of the research involves determining which bases pair.  Due to its complicated structure, RNA presents a variety of features which could be recognized by a protein.  In the system under study, a small protein binds to a portion of an RNA which has both non-standard base pairs and unpaired bas es.  Experiments will be done to define how the RNA and protein features contribute to this molecular recognition event.  When the protein is bound to the RNA, its biological function is blocked.  Model experiments will be designed to test mechanisms for this repression of protein production. The teaching of biological chemistry to advanced students and introductory chemistry is discussed in the education plan.  The common theme is to challenge the students to learn a rigorous experimental science while sharing in the excitement of current developments in biochemistry.  ***"]
["Biomimetic Models of \"Acidic\" Biomineralization Proteins","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","Evans, John","NY","New York University","jse1@nyu.edu","BIO","9513250  Evans  Within biomineralized structures, there exists a group of macromolecules whose primary function is the nucleation of inorganic crystals and the regulation of their growth.  These molecules are referred to as \"acidic\" template macromolecules.  According to the paradigm of molecular complementarity, an effective template macromolecule must organize its ligand atoms in a compact array, such that this array complements the corresponding metal atom array on a crystal motif (Mann, 1993).   The question is, how is this \"organization\" of the template macromolecule achieved?  In the case of protein template macromolecules, such as the \"acidic\" proteins found in mollusc shell, tooth dentine, and bone, the problem of attaining this organization becomes a problem in protein folding.  Hence, if we can determine how \"acidic\" proteins fold in the presence of divalent cations and/or mineral crystal surfaces, we can (1) learn how these complex proteins work, and (2) eventually apply this information towards the design of inorganic motif-recognition polymers that can be utilized as components in the fabrication of novel composite materials.  Based on pioneering NMR protein-folding studies of an \"acidic\" template phosphoprotein, phosphophoryn, I have determined that an \"acidic\" template protein undergoes pH- and cation-induced global folding transitions, and that these folding transitions are mediated by hinge or intervening domains that are flanked on either side by the metal-binding polyelectrolyte domains.  I hypothesize that this hinge-mediated folding process may represent a possible mechanism for creating organized template molecular surfaces that will complement certain crystal motifs.  In this CAREER research proposal, I will refine our knowledge of the polyelectrolyte-hinge folding process by using the following strategy:  Explore hinge function the  cation-induced folding process by utilizing synthetic polyelectrolyte-hinge-polyelectrolyte (PHP) peptidomimetics, NMR spectroscopy, and mo lecular modeling.  %%%  Biomineralized tissues, such as bone, teeth, sea shells, and plankton, represent a naturally-occuring composite material:  Proteins and polysaccharides combine with inorganic mineral crystals to form highly structured, well-defined materials which have existed for millions of years.  Can we, as scientists, learn anything about these structures that might help us in our quest for new bio- and eco-compatible materials?  The answer is yes, since we are now beginning to understand that certain proteins can bind to minerals via a specific folding pathway, which, in turn, can affect the dimension and size of mineral crystals on a microscopic level.  This proposal plans to study the amino acid sequences of certain biomineralization proteins, and, determine how metal ions affect the shape or \"folding\" of the protein.  Our methods will include nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computer modeling.  This information will give us some idea of how the proteins themselves regulate the formation of mineral crystal sizes, and ultimately, the formation of composite structures.  My teaching proposal will emphasize teacher-student programs which will help to change the learning process at the undergraduate and graduate level at NYU, and, prepare high school and elementary school students for what science skills they will need to develop in their college years.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Steroid-Mimicking Properties of Xenobiotics:       Mechanisms of Action and their Role in Amphibian Declines","IOB","INTEGRATIVE ANIMAL BIOLOGY","Hayes, Tyrone","CA","University of California-Berkeley","tyrone@berkeley.edu","BIO","9513362  Hayes      The ultimate goal of this study is to assess and define the potential role of pollutants and pesticides such as DDT on the rapid disappearance of amphibians worldwide, particularly frogs.  Many of these pollutants act on the frogs as the animal's own substances do.  Consequently, a deeper understanding of the physiologic molecules and mechanisms may ultimately shed light on not only basic survival mechanisms but also disruptive mechanisms which are at the core of the decline of these species.  Another significant thrust of this project is to involve students, both undergraduate and graduate, in various stages of the project, thereby allowing them not only to develop as future scientists but also to acquire an awareness of this significant disruption of biological life.   ***"]
["Structural Energetics of Proteins:  Model Compound Studies","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","Murphy, Kenneth","IA","University of Iowa","k-murphy@uiowa.edu","BIO","9513523  Murphy  Knowledge of  the contribution of various interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, the hydrophobic effect, configurational entropy, etc., is crucial to understanding important biological processes such as protein folding and binding.  Precise knowledge of the contributions of structural features to the energetics of these processes will permit the design of new proteins and pharmaceuticals based on structural information garnered from x-ray crystallography of multidimensional NMR.  Unfortunately, the complexity of biological macromolecules makes it exceedingly difficult to untangle the contributions of these various interactions to structural stability based solely on the study of these molecules.  The transfer of simple amino acid compounds from the crystal into water (dissolution) is analogous to the unfolding of a protein or to the dissociation of a protein-protein complex, but the simplicity of these compounds allows for a detailed structural interpretation of the energetics.  To date only a few such compounds have been studied, but these data have been particularly useful in developing semi-empirical methods for calculating thermodynamic quantities from structural information.  This project will undertake the study of the dissolution of additional cyclic dipeptides (diketopiperazines) and a correlation of their dissolution energetics with specific structural features.  In particular, the role of hydrogen bonding, aromatic-aromatic interactions, and ionizable side chains will be studied in order to complement previous data on the contribution of aliphatic side chains.  The effects of co-solvents such as urea, guanidinium chloride, and trifluoroethanol, on the dissolution energetics will also be investigated as a means of better understanding how these compounds perturb protein structures.  The studies require the determination of the changes in free energy, (G( enthalpy , (H (, entropy,  and  (S (,  and heat capacity,  (Cp , which describe the temperature dependence of  the d issolution process.  These quantities will be determined by a combination of  techniques.  The (G(,  is given  from the solubility which will be measured using a differential refractive index technique.  The heat of dissolution,  (H (, will be directly measured using calorimetry, and the (Cp,  will be obtained by performing the calorimetry over a range of temperatures.  These studies will also be done in various types and concentrations of co-solvents to assess their effects on the energetics.  Structures of new compounds also will be determined by small molecule x-ray crystallography.  %%%  The goal of this work is to understand the molecular forces responsible for protein folding and the binding of proteins to each other.  This information can be used in the design of new proteins and pharmaceuticals based on atomic-level structural information.  Because of the complexity of protein structures it is difficult to obtain this information from studying actual proteins.  Alternatively, one can study simple model compounds which contain amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, which are held together by the same forces.  In this the energetics of work transferring cyclic dipeptides (composed of two amino acid residues) from the crystal into aqueous solution will be studies calorimetrically as a function of temperature.  This process is analogous to the transfer of amino acid residues from the protein interior into water which occurs upon unfolding of a protein.  The crystal structures of these compounds will also be determined.  The energetics will be interpreted in terms of the crystal structures in order to determine the contributions of different forces to the dissolution process and, by analogy to stabilizing protein structures and complexes.  The effect of different co-solvents (e.g. urea, alcohols, guanidinium chloride) of the dissolution energetics will also be studied in order to understand how these compounds perturb various forces and thus affect protein stability.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Neurosteriod Effects on Behavior","IOB","NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY","Frye, Cheryl","CT","Connecticut College","cafrye@cnsunix.albany.edu","BIO","9514463     Frye      The classical mechanism of action of steroid hormones is for the  hormone to diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to a cytosolic  receptor which is translocated to the nucleus of the cell, where  the receptor/ligand complex induces changes in gene transcription,  and subsequently protein production.  However, it has been observed  that some behavioral effects of these hormones take place quite  rapidly when compared to the hours required to change protein  synthesis in a cell.  As a result, the current theory of steroid  action includes the ability of these hormones to exert rapid,  non-genomic effects, possibly involving receptors imbedded in the  plasma membrane.  The investigations of Dr. Frye focus on the  non-genomic behavioral effects of steroid hormones.  A study of the  ability of steroid hormones to modulate classical  gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and reproductive behavior is an  integral part of this project.  In addition, the behavioral effects  of steroid hormones produced by the brain,  will be undertaken.   The notion that non-genomic effects of steroids complement genomic  effects of these hormones to initiate and terminate reproductive  behavior is unique and will provide essential new information in  the study of the brain communication mechanisms.  Additionally, the  evidence supporting novel, non-classical effects of steroid  hormones will be important for biologists investigating the  neurobiology and physiology of this essential class of molecules  that are used by organisms in many ways.  In addition to the novel  research to be undertaken during this research, Dr. Frye will also  engage in novel educational activities crucial to the development  of new programs at Connecticut College. The development of a new  curriculum in neuroscience and biopsychology incorporating novel  research experiences for undergraduate students is a centerpiece of  Dr. Frye's activities, as well as developing new outreach  activities.  Support for this research an d education program will  have great importance on the development of future generations of  neuroendocrinologists and neuroscientists from both an educational  and research perspective."]
["The Physics of Chemoreception:  Interactions of Fluid Flow  and Chemosensory Morphology","IOB","SENSORY SYSTEMS","Moore, Paul","OH","Bowling Green State University","pmoore@bgnet.bgsu.edu","BIO","Sensory reception of a stimulus often involves structures or processes called \"perireceptor\" features that affect the sensory signal before it gets access to the receptor cells.  Examples include the lens of the eye or the eardrum of the ear.  In chemoreceptor systems for taste and smell, there is a new interest in how solubility, microscale fluid mechanics, diffusion, and chemical reactivity affect responses to chemical stimuli.  The lobster antennule is a good example of a chemoreceptor working in a fluid; this organ, like a small antenna, is covered with fine bristles and chemoreceptors to sample, in time and space, odor plumes that come by in the water.  The lobster \"flicks\" the antennule as an analogy to \"sniffing\" with a nose, as the physical flick displaces the water mass trapped around the bristles with a new sample water mass.  This project uses sophisticated stimulus delivery techniques, 3-D video analysis, and novel sensor electrodes, working with this different appendages in the lobster as a model system, to provide novel quantitative data on temporal and spatial features in the microscale environment around the receptor cells.  Boundary layer and physical transport processes interact with the detailed structure of the receptor organ to provide \"filtering\" of the input signals, and it is this filtering that helps extract information from the environment in a way adaptive for the animal.  The morphology and sampling behavior of different chemosensory appendages will be analyzed to see what role the differences play in determining the spatial and temporal analysis of chemical signals.   Results from this work will lead to new understanding of how specialized chemoreceptors detect patterns of stimuli, and how such chemosensory organs have evolved to detect particular kinds of environmental signals.  The impact will extend beyond chemosensory neuroscience to behavioral science, evolutionary biology, fluid mechanics, and possibly also on marine aquaculture."]
["CAREER:  mRNA and Protein Turnover During Mammalian         Hibernation:  A Potential Stimulus for Arousals?","IOB","ARCTIC NATURAL SCIENCES|ECOLOGICAL & EVOLUTIONARY PHYS","Boyer, Bert","AK","University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus","ffbbb@uaf.edu","BIO","9514675  Boyer      Hibernation   is   an  extreme  adaptation   involving   the  coordination  of  multiple organs  in  lowering  whole  body  temperature  to  conserve energy for an extended  time.  The  PI's  study  hibernating ground squirrels which lower  their  body  temperature  for periods of up to three  weeks  before  they spontaneously rewarm to normal summer body temperatures  for  a  short  period  (< 24 hours).  Following  this  brief  rewarming  period, hibernators return to another three  week  period  of reduced body temperature. This repetitive pattern  of  cooling and rewarming might seem paradoxical,  since  it  requires  the  burning  of a significant  amount  of  stored  calories  throughout  the  hibernation  season,  unless  the  pattern  meets a critical physiological need.  The  proposed  research addresses this phenomenon and represents the  first  comprehensive  analysis  of the temperature  sensitivity  of  gene  expression  in a hibernating mammal.  The  PI's  major  objectives  are  to  (1) identify potential  messenger  RNAs  (mRNAs)  that  become limiting during low body  temperature;  (2) determine the turnover of these mRNAs by measuring their  rate   of  synthesis  and  degradation  as  a  function   of  temperature;  and (3) determine the effect of  reduced  mRNA  concentration  on protein synthesis rate as  a  function  of  temperature.  Comparison  of  the  relative  rates  of  mRNA  synthesis   and  degradation  during  warm  and   low   body  temperatures  will result in a considerable  advancement  in  our   understanding   of  biological  adaptations   to   low  temperature.    This award also includes a teaching component. Most students  are   unskilled  with  the  process  of  scientific  inquiry  including   observation,  inference,  hypothesis  formation,  experimental   design,   data   collection,   analysis   and  interpretation.   To   explain   biological   concepts   and  understand the nature of biology, students must learn how to  think    c ritically,   reason   logically    and    evaluate  technological information effectively by being introduced to  the  methods,  values  and process of conducting  scientific  investigations.   The  educational plan  provides  this  for  students by giving them the opportunity to contribute to  an  ongoing research project focusing on molecular and metabolic  adaptations to hibernation. Students willing to produce  and  follow  an organized research plan should develop  a  deeper  understanding of natural phenomena surrounding them  and  an  appreciation  for the tools of scientific  inquiry  and  the  expansion  of  biological  knowledge.  Concurrent  with  the  proposed   undergraduate  educational  training,   excellent  teaching  assistant opportunities will foster  the  academic  growth  of  graduate students by integrating  education  and  research into their professional development.  Additionally,  critical  thinking skills will also be introduced  into  the  classroom   through  an  inquiry-based  teaching   approach.  Students  will  participate in problem  solving  activities,  debate,   hands-on  demonstrations  and  writing   exercises  involving  local  examples of scientific interest.  Finally,  cooperative  research and teaching interactions  with  rural  high  school teachers are proposed and include sharing ideas  and  experiences  gained  from inquiry-based  teaching,  and  development  of investigative laboratory experiences.  These  collaborative interactions  will  foster  the  establishment of valuable  linkages  with  rural  teachers  and increase the representation  of  Native  Alaskans  and  other  underrepresented  minorities  in   the  biological sciences."]
["CAREER:  Consideration of Alternative Hypotheses in Judgment Under Uncertainty","SES","DECISION RISK & MANAGEMENT SCI","McKenzie, Craig","CA","University of California-San Diego","cmckenzie@ucsd.edu","SBE","Consideration of Alternative Hypotheses in Judgments Under Uncertainty  Consider a situation where a patient has illness A or she has illness B   f  there are two mutually exclusive and exhaustive hypotheses.  Given some evidence for illness A (e.g., a test result) a physician might then consider, or be asked, how confident knowing this result makes him or her that illness A is the problem.  One way to think about how to respond to this question is to compare how the evidence reflects on illness A in comparison with illness B.  An alternative is to consider how the evidence reflects on A versus against A (ignoring B or considering only how the evidence reflects on B versus not B).  How competing alternative hypotheses are represented mentally (as dependent or independent) will clearly influence evaluations of confidence.  This CAREER proposal, involves conducting  a number of experiments to:   Further refine and substantiate the idea that the way hypothesis testing is framed influences evaluated confidence  Extend the application of this theory of hypothesis testing to explain other apparent anomalies in judgment  Extend the model of hypothesis testing to more than two alternatives."]
["CAREER: Crustal Cracking along Multi-Segment Portions of    the Juan de Fuca Ridge and its Relation to Ridge            Segmentation","OCE","OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM","Wright, Dawn","OR","Oregon State University","dawn@dusk.geo.orst.edu","GEO","9521039  Wright    This project is supported under the NSF Faculty Early Career  Development (CAREER) Program. It provides support over four years  for a new Oregon State University faculty member, Dr. Dawn Wright,  to develop new, interdisciplinary courses in the marine and  geological sciences, to promote scientific careers to;  undergraduate and high school students, and to carry out a two-  pronged research program in different aspects of marine geophysics.  The first part of the proposed research focusses on a study of the  geophysical development of the Tonga forearc, a region formed in  response to ocean crust subduction and characterized by uplift of  volcanoes and deep ocean crustal material west of the Tonga trench  in the western Pacific Ocean.  This study will be carried out in  collaboration with Dr. Sherman Bloomer, Chair of the Oregon State  University Department of Geoscience. The second focus of Dr.  Wright's research will be the investigation of crustal faulting and  fissuring along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, a highly active ocean  spreading center located offshore western North America from  northern California to Canada.  This part of the project will  include the integration of several existing data sets of side-scan  sonar and photographic data along the spreading axis to define the  distribution and characteristic of cracks developed in response to  the stresses involved in ocean crust formation.  Understanding the  distribution, length and shape of these cracks will improve our  understanding of the mechanisms involved in sea floor spreading;  study of the Juan de Fuca Ridge expands on Dr. Wright's study of  the processes of crack formation on the East Pacific Rise, a  faster-rate spreading center further south in the eastern Pacific.  The Juan de Fuca Ridge region is a highly active area seismically,  with numerous earthquake reported annually.  Dr. Wright will be  working on this project in collaboration with researcher at the  Hatfield Marine Center in Newport, Oregon,  and will integrate her  study of crack distribution with the ongoing study of earthquakes  on the Juan de Fuca carried out at Hatfield Center.  The research  program on Juan de Fuca Ridge tectonics will be integrated into new  courses developed for graduate and undergraduate education, and  will allow a hands-on introduction to research techniques to  students at Oregon State University."]
["Aragonite Crystallography and Diagenesis: An Old Problem    Viewed at a New Scale","EAR","EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC PROGRAM|GEOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY","Haywick, Douglas","AL","University of South Alabama","dhaywick@jaguarl.usouthal.edu","GEO","Haywick  9527103   Aragonite diagenesis is responsible for much of the calcite cementation that lithifies carbonate sediment in contact with meteoric porewater.  Sedimentologists and crystallographers have long studied aragonite, and a considerable data base now exists concerning the mineral's physical properties, metastability and diagenesis.  Examination of aragonite at microstructural levels using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is a comparably new technique, in part, because of the minteral's instability to the electron beam.  Much of what has been done to date, has focused on microstructural features typical of all minerals (e.g., stacking faults, twinning).  Some evidence now suggests that biogenic aragonite may be characterized by a more pervasive microstructure.  Preliminary HRTEM imaging of chalky bivalves has revealed that 5-15 nm-scale microdomains (variably orientated lattice fringes), comprise much of the aragonite.  The implication is that bivalves, perhaps all biogenic aragonite, is heterogeneous at the microstructural scale.  Aragonite dissolution and diagenesis frequently initiates along structural weaknesses within shells and other skeletal frameworks.  Microdomains may represent yet another structural weakness to initiate diagenetic alteration.  Alternatively, microdomains may form due to diagenetic processes.  The proposal seeks funds to address these, and other pertinent questions regarding the origin of the microdomains, and their ubiquity within biogenic aragonite.   The study primarily targets bivalves from study sites in Alabama, Florida and New Zealand.  These three areas were selected because they contain abundant bivalves of similar age (Plio-Pleistocene to modern), that inhabited similar depositional environments (shallow carbonate shelf).  Most importantly, the Florida an New Zealand sites, have well documented, aragonite-driven diagenetic histories.  It will be necessary to resolve the grade of diagenesis in order to assess the role of diss olution and alteration on the formation of the microdomains.  The New Zealand study site is particularly well suited to do this.  Here, shells of relatively pristine character occur virtually alongside those that are partially dissolved (\"chalky\"), completely dissolved (molds or calcite spar-filled molds), or recrystallized to calcite spar.   This study will use a variety of established and relatively new techniques to achieve its goals.  Thin-section petrography, enhanced by high-resolution video imaging, and scanning electron microscopy will resolve shell fabrics, degree of dissolution (chalkiness) and intra-and intercrystalline porosity.  X-ray diffraction will be employed to establish bulk crystallography and sample purity.  Geochemical analysis (electron microprobe, inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry, stable isotopes) will be used to establish trace elemental and isotopic compositions, and diagenetic grade of thin-sectioned and powdered specimens.  These data will be used to select suitable samples for HRTEM imaging.  Ultimately, the results of this project will yield new information about the crystallography of aragonite.  Moreover, it will open up new avenues for future research projects examining the ultrastructure of carbonate minerals, and carbonate diagenesis."]
["Career:  Environmental Heterogeneity and the Relative Roles of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Forces in Oak Herbivore           Communities","DEB","ECOLOGY","Hunter, Mark","GA","University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc","mdhunter@uga.edu","BIO","9527522  Hunter  Most ecologists agree that populations of herbivores are influenced by both the availability of suitable plant food and by the actions of their natural enemies.  There is no consensus, however, on how the relative power of these two processes varies in different environments.  This project combines experimental approaches and field sampling to assess changes in the relative importance in food quality and natural enemies on populations of insect herbivores that feed on oak trees.  The quality of oak leaves will be manipulated by fertilization of trees in a plantation, and natural enemies will be excluded from a subset of the trees.  Sampling will determine whether insect populations respond more to changes in food quality than to changes in predation pressure.  The results from the oak plantation will be compared with a natural field site, the Coweeta Long-Term Ecological Research Site, where oak trees grow along a gradient in elevation.  The results will add to our understanding of the environmental conditions under which predators or food quality dominate populations of herbivores.  Humans are interested in managing populations of many kinds of herbivores.  Insect pest of fields and forests, and mammals such as deer and caribou, are among the herbivores that we seek to control because of their effects on food production and recreation.  Judicious management of herbivore populations requires understanding of the factors that influence their population ecology.  The results of this project will help determine the circumstances under which biological control or hunting will aid or hinder management goals."]
["CAREER: Skull Evolution in Early Mammals and Advanced       Cynodonts","DEB","PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","Luo, Zhe-Xi","PA","Carnegie Institute","luoz@carnegiemnh.org","BIO","9527892  Luo   In a CAREER project with both research and education components, Dr. Zhexi Luo of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and the University of Pittsburgh is studying new fossils of early mammals, mostly from China, and using Computer Tomography (CT) methods to acquire internal anatomical characters for comparative phylogenetic analyses. The three-dimensional graphical CT methods allow non-destructive sampling of fossils that might otherwise be rare or inaccessible to detailed study. Reptilian forms usually placed in the \"cynodonts\" are thought to represent animal groups from which the first true mammals evolved. New fossil findings in China have provided much new material of these animals, some with cranial remains that provide features of the nasal, orbital, sphenoidal, and ear regions. Changes in the structure of the skull attendant on the evolutionary transition to mammals likely relate to functional changes in feeding, respiration, olfaction, and hearing. With access to these new fossils through colleagues in China and elsewhere, the PI is in an excellent position to acquire new and potentially decisive data bearing on structural and functional changes in the early evolution of mammals from reptilian cynodonts.   This paleontological research is to be conducted with the help of undergraduate students enrolled in programs both at Carnegie Museum and at University of Pittsburgh, where the PI will be working with colleagues in biology and geology to establish new teaching and research programs in systematic biology and vertebrate paleontology. Students will have access to the impressive collections at the Carnegie Museum, along with associated curatorial expertise, while retaining valuable pedagogical links at the University."]
["Intergrating Programing into Engineering Education through  Context-Setting and Scaffolding","REC","APPLICATS OF ADVANCED TECHNOLS","Guzdial, Mark","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","guzdial@cc.gatech.edu","EHR","9550458  Guzdial    Our world is changing in ways that make learning a critical skill-a  verb, not a noun.  When our engineering students enter the  workplace, they will find: That organizations as a whole need to  learn, and that individuals who can learn are highly valued (Senge,  1992), that the half life of their engineering knowledge is  something on the order of five years (Lohmann & Stacy, 1990); and  that the artifacts they design and build must lend themselves to  being learned by their users; and it makes sense to design them so  that users can learn the artifacts easily (Norman, 1993; Soloway,  Guzdial, et al., 1994a).    Modern cognitive science has cast new light on learning. We know  that successful learners are active learners: They seek to  understand deep structure in what they learn, they integrate what  they learn into what they knew previously, and they index learned  knowledge so that it is usable later (Farnham-Diggory,  1990;kolodner, 1993).  Passive learners who rely on knowledge being  served to them in terms of lectures and presentations are not  successful learners-we cannot expect passive learners to be able to  learn from new situations without someone there to package the new  knowledge for them.  Active learners learn based on two components:  * Activity: Students who are active learners are actively doing,  and are learning in order to better engage in that doing. Support  which enables a student to be successful and learn from an activity  is called scaffolding (Palincsar, 1986;Wood, Bruner, et al., 1975).  * Context: The situation in which students learn has a significant  impact on what students learn and how well they may use the learned  knowledge later (Farnham-Diggory, 1990).    My research and teaching plan are geared to prepare students for  life in a learning society.  My research is focused on defining,  implementing, and evaluating methods that lead to active learning,  particularly using (1) context-setting and (2) scaffolding  techniques. I apply the se methods in engineering education because  of the critical need for engineers who can learn and the ready  access to engineering educators who are willing to explore  innovative methods in education at Georgia Institute of Technology  (Georgia Tech). My teaching plan has two focuses: (1) on using  these same methods in my own and other computer science education  and (2) on teaching these methods to others.    The specific research I propose in this research is to apply the  methods of scaffolding and context-setting to enabling the use of  programming as an activity in engineering education. My hypothesis  is:  *    Programming can be an effective and efficient activity for  engineering education, achievable by (1) redefining the activity of  programming and (2) creating environments to support this  redefinition based on techniques of context-setting and  scaffolding.    Products of this work:  *    An empirically evaluated theory of the technological context-  setting and scaffolding needed to integrate a complex activity  (programming) into a range of domains in engineering education.  *    The creation of a general programming environment to improve  engineering education by providing students with the opportunities  to define and debug processes in a domain-oriented manner.  *    A set of courses at the undergraduate, graduate, and  continuing education levels to inform students about educational  technology.  Impacts of this work:  *    Engineering education will be improved through use of a tool  for students in active learning.  *    Educational technology will have a theory to guide future  development of supportive and guiding structures in software to  achieve active learning.  *    Improvements in computer science education based on the  research into context-setting and scaffolding.  ***"]
["Presidential Faculty Fellows Program","ARC","ARCTIC NATURAL SCIENCES|ARCTIC SYSTEM SCIENCE PROGRAM","Kling, George","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","gwk@umich.edu","OPP","ABSTRACT        The receipient has been chosen for a National Science Foundation Presidential Faculty Fellow Award.  The receipient will continue his research in the transport of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur through Arctic tundra ecosystems to include both physical and geochemichal transport mechanisms and pathways.  These studies will lead to a better understanding of broad environmental problems such as acid rain, eutrophication, species introductions, and climate change.  The research will lead to a predictative capability for ecosystem function to show how organisms react to each other and to human-imposed change.  Fundamental questions about geochemical cycling within organisms at both the regional and global scales will be examined.  A novel technique involving the use of stable isotopes will be applied at the scale of entire ecosystems and will be used to estimate the current carbon balance in arctic ecosystems.  Determination of the processes controlling the current carbon balance will allow the principal investigator to predict the changes that may occur during forecasted climate change in the arctic."]
["Computer Based Simulation of Contruction-Related Activities","CMS","GEOTECHNICAL I|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Slaughter, E. Sarah","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","slaughte@mit.edu","ENG"]
["Dark Matter and Mass: From the Early Universe to the        Laboratory","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|ASTROPHYSICS & COSMOLOGY THEOR","Starkman, Glenn","OH","Case Western Reserve University","gds6@po.cwru.edu","MPS","A program of both research and teaching in physics will be  carried out.  The research, theoretical in nature, will pursue in  a variety of ways the possibility that the dark matter in the  universe-matter which is known to exist because of its  gravitational effects but which does not emit any light that  would make it visible - is composed of elementary particles  different from those already discovered in the laboratory.  Extensions of existing theory that may point to such new  particles will be pursued.  Methods for detecting the new  particles will be explored.  Models of the universe which contain  the new particles and/or other novel features will be studied.  The teaching will entail a number of innovations.  These include  allowing students in an introductory physics course to hone their  problem-solving skills by applying concepts they learn in class  to mechanical systems which they analyze, design, and build.  Also included is the creation of videotaped lectures for  distribution to universities in third-world countries.       The question of the nature of the dark matter is one of the  central issues in astrophysics, so the research addressing this  question will be very important.  Creative innovations in the  teaching of science to university students, both here and abroad  are of great importance to the healthy future of science and  society."]
["Molecular Basis of the Distinct Absorbance Spectra in       Salamander Rods","MCB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Ma, Jian-xing","SC","Medical University of South Carolina","majx@musc.edu","BIO","9600772  Ma  Rhodopsin is a light-absorbing protein residing in the outer segments of rods and mediates dim light vision. Amphibian photoreceptors are widely used models in vision research as they provide several advantages over mammalian cells. Salamanders have two types of rod cells in the retina: red rods and green rods, which have distinct absorbance spectra. The proposed research focuses on the molecular basis underlying the distinct absorbance peaks in the red and green rods, with the hypothesis that there exist two distinct rhodopsins (red and green) which are responsible for the distinct absorbance peaks. The first objective of this project is to clone and sequence the red and green rod rhodopsins in order to elucidate the primary structures and divergent residues of these two rhodopsin molecules. The second objective is to express the red and green rod rhodopsins in COS cells, regenerate pigments with a given chromophore, and measure the absorbance of the resulting pigments. The measurements using pure forms of the opsins and chromophores will provide precise determination of the absorbance spectra. The third objective is to identify amino acids responsible for the absorbance difference of the red and green rods using site-directed mutagenesis techniques. The long term goal of these studies is to understand the visual transduction system at a molecular level, which is of broad biological significance in that the visual receptor rhodopsin is the prototype of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors.  %%%  A career development program is proposed for integrating research that focuses on the molecular mechanisms of visual transduction with educational activities that bring molecular biology techniques into pre-college classroom settings. Dim light vision is mediated by a class of photoreceptor cells called rods. Salamanders provide a good source of rods for vision research because they have two types of rod cells, green rods and red rods, which mediate vision at different wavelength s. The molecular basis accounting for the difference has not been discovered. The goal of the research project is to clone the proteins responsible for the distinct color sensitivities in the two types of rods, and determine the structural difference of these two molecules. By changing the structure of the proteins at selected locations by site-directed mutagenesis, the part which is critical in controlling the function and color sensitivity of the molecules will be determined. An innovative education plan is also proposed using the MUSC Summer Institute for precollege teachers as a platform for bringing molecular biology and molecular genetics into South Carolina's high school classrooms.  The Principal Investigator will serve as an instructor in the laboratory activities of molecular biology which include DNA sequencing, PCR, restriction enzymatic digestion, Southern blot analysis and site-directed mutagenesis.  ***"]
["RUI: Membrane Insertion Regions Involved in the Ion Channel Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIIIA","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Walters, Frederick","PA","Geneva College",null,"BIO","9600810   Walters    A group of related experiments which will further our understanding of the ion channels produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) delta-endotoxins is proposed."]
["CAREER: Isolation and Characterization of Yeast Genes That  Genetically Interact with ARFI","MCB","CELLULAR ORGANIZATION","Graham, Todd","TN","Vanderbilt University","tr.graham@vanderbilt.edu","BIO","96-00835  Graham         Eukaryotic cells consist of functionally distinct  membrane-delimited compartments called organelles. Of these,  the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex form an  integrated system of membranes called the secretory pathway.  Proteins are targeted to the ER, modified, and are packaged  into membrane-bound vesicles that are themselves targeted to  the cis face of the multi-compartment Golgi complex.       The Golgi complex acts as a sorting center for proteins  as well as for lipids in the secretory pathway. The Golgi  complex contains porters that import sugar and sulfur  nucleotides into the lumen of the cisternae of the Golgi  compartments. Transferases within the Golgi complex catalyze  the assembly of these components into a diverse menagerie of  glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids. Once  assembled, the glycoconjugates are sorted and packaged into  vesicular carriers for export to specific subcellular  destinations. The cisternae of the Golgi complex are  organized into stacks that are divided into a cis face (ER  proximal), medial, trans, and trans Golgi network. It is  presumed that vectorial transport between the cisternae  occurs through membrane bound vesicles.       While lipids and proteins flow through the Golgi  complex, the Golgi complex itself must maintain its  integrity. How this is achieved is poorly understood.  Budding of vesicles from the Golgi complex requires a small  guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding protein ADP-  ribosylation factor (ARF). ARF is posited to associate with  membranes and aid in the recruitment of vesicle coat  components. Two classes of vesicles coat, clathrin and COP  I, apparently require ARF for membrane binding. By analogy  to other small GTP-binding proteins, several effectors  should modulate ARF activity in vivo. These effectors for  ARF are as yet unknown.       The PI will use genetic techniques developed in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify effectors that interact  with ARF. In addition, this  technique may allow for the  discovery of genes whose products are required for the  proper functioning of the Golgi complex. Previous genetic  screens for mutants defective in secretion (sec) have  uncovered very few mutants effecting protein transport  through the yeast Golgi complex. The genetic screen for new  mutants and their characterization will be carried out as  part of an undergraduate laboratory exercise in genetics.  This course will be designed to allow the students to  experience the excitement of probing the unknown and of  discovering unknown genes, while learning techniques in  screening mutants and in testing for complementation.  %%%       Eukaryotic cells consist of functionally distinct  membrane-delimited compartments called organelles. Of these,  the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex form an  integrated system of membranes called the secretory pathway.  Proteins are targeted to the ER, modified, and are packaged  into membrane-bound vesicles that are themselves targeted to  the cis face of the multi-compartment Golgi complex.       The Golgi complex acts as a sorting center for proteins  as well as for lipids in the secretory pathway. The Golgi  complex contains porters that import sugar and sulfur  nucleotides into the lumen of the cisternae of the Golgi  compartments. Transferases within the Golgi complex catalyze  the assembly of these components into a diverse menagerie of  glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids. Once  assembled, the glycoconjugates are sorted and packaged into  vesicular carriers for export to specific subcellular  destinations. The cisternae of the Golgi complex are  organized into stacks that are divided into a cis face (ER  proximal), medial, trans, and trans Golgi network. It is  presumed that vectorial transport between the cisternae  occurs through membrane bound vesicles.       While lipids and proteins flow through the Golgi  complex, the Golgi complex itself must maintain its  integrity. How this is achieved is poorly u nderstood.  Budding of vesicles from the Golgi complex requires a small  guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding protein ADP-  ribosylation factor (ARF). ARF is posited to associate with  membranes and aid in the recruitment of vesicle coat  components. Two classes of vesicles coat, clathrin and COP  I, apparently require ARF for membrane binding. By analogy  to other small GTP-binding proteins, several effectors  should modulate ARF activity in vivo. These effectors for  ARF are as yet unknown.       The PI will use genetic techniques developed in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify effectors that interact  with ARF. In addition, this technique may allow for the  discovery of genes whose products are required for the  proper functioning of the Golgi complex. Previous genetic  screens for mutants defective in secretion (sec) have  uncovered very few mutants effecting protein transport  through the yeast Golgi complex. The genetic screen for new  mutants and their characterization will be carried out as  part of an undergraduate laboratory exercise in genetics.  This course will be designed to allow the students to  experience the excitement of probing the unknown and of  discovering unknown genes, while learning techniques in  screening mutants and in testing for complementation.  ***"]
["The Use of Non-Aqueous Media to Probe Oxyferryl             Metalloenzyme Intermediates","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Mabrouk, Patricia","MA","Northeastern University","p.mabrouk@neu.edu","BIO","9600847  Mabrouk  In the research component of the program, spectroscopic studies, using uv-visible, circular dichroism, electron spin resonance and Raman spectroscopies, will be performed the characterize the geometric and electronic structure and redox properties of oxyferryl enzyme intermediates in organic solvents.  Study of direct interfacial electron transfer between these intermediates and solid electrode substrates will be investigated, using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, as a means of probing the relationship between metalloenzyme intermediate structure and redox function in enzyme catalysis.  Oxyfedrryl intermediates in the peroxidase and cytochrome P 450 enzymic pathways will be the focus of these studies.  The implications of this research include the ability to characterize the structure an redox properties of normally inaccessible enzyme intermedicates and the development of viable commercial catalytic electrocatalytic devices based on enzyme chemistry.  In the educational component of this program, efforts will  iclude modernization of the course curriculum and teaching methodology used in undergraduate Quantitative Analysis involving a \"discovery\"-based approach, expansion of current efforts to introduce undergraduate and graduate students to the scientific literature, and development of an integrated teaching/research program, which involves high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, that can serve as a holistic model of the scientific enterprise.  %%%  My research is focussed on studies that probe on a molecular level how enzyme active site structure is related to function for, in particular, horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome P450, enzymes that play important roles in biosynthesis, metabolism, and detoxfication.  We have found that by dissolving enzymes in organic solvents it is possible to generate highly reactive oxyferryl enzyme intermediates inaccessible to study in aqueous solution.  We have also shown that in organic solvents we can use electochemi call methods to learn about the redox character of enzymes.  We now intend to use a wide range of spectroscopic and electrochemical methods to probe the oxyferryl intermediates in horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome P 450.  The implications include the ability to map out individual steps in an enzyme's catalytic cycle and to develop viable (electro) catalytic methods based on enzyme chemistry.  My educational efforts have been  focused on involving students as early as possible in the research experience.  This has involved redesigning the undergraduate Quantitative analysis course, designing projects and assignments that introduce students at all levels to the scientific literature, and opening my research laboratory to high school and undergraduate as well as graduate students.  During the next four years, I intend to author a major textbook/lab manual for Quantitative Analysis, expand my efforts to make students   comfortable with the primary scientific literature, and develop an integrated teaching/research program, that can serve as a holistic model of the scientific enterprise.  ***"]
["CAREER: Protein Export in Escherichia coli","MCB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CELLULAR ORGANIZATION","Flower, Ann","ND","University of North Dakota Main Campus","aflower@medicine.nodak.edu","BIO","96-00851  Flower    Proteins destined for secretion are synthesized in precursor form with an amino terminal extension, the signal sequence. The latter is decoded by the protein export machinery which consists of sec proteins that are localized in the cytoplasm and in the membrane. Successful export of a protein requires sequential interactions among the various sec proteins. The long term goals of this research are to understand the functions of the sec proteins and to elucidate the requirements for productive interactions among the sec components. Escherichia coli is the model organism chosen for these studies. The translocation process in E. coli shares many similarities with the protein translocation event that is observed in the endoplasmic reticulum of higher organisms. The investigator will use a combination of genetic and biochemical methods to gain insights into protein export. The project has the following objectives: a) To use an in vitro system to study altered translocation processes in suppressor forms of SecE and SecY; b) To study SecA interactions with precursor proteins that have mutated signal sequences; and c) To generate synthetic lethal mutants of sec components to identify interacting domains. The educational component of this CAREER grant involves modernization of courses that are taught to students. To enhance comprehension of scientific concepts, teaching will also be performed within a laboratory. Also, mentoring of American Indian and Alaskan Natives will be made possible through Outreach programs.  %%%  Proteins destined for secretion are synthesized in precursor form with an amino terminal extension, the signal sequence. The latter is decoded by the protein export machinery which consists of sec proteins that are localized in the cytoplasm and in the membrane. Successful export of a protein requires sequential interactions among the various sec proteins. The long term goals of this research are to understand the functions of the sec proteins and to elucidate the requ irements for productive interactions among the sec components. Escherichia coli is the model organism chosen for these studies. The translocation process in E. coli shares many similarities with the protein translocation event that is observed in the endoplasmic reticulum of higher organisms. The investigator will use a combination of genetic and biochemical methods to gain insights into protein export. The educational component of this CAREER award involves modernization of courses that are taught to students. To enhance comprehension of scientific concepts, teaching will also be performed within a laboratory. Also, mentoring of American Indian and Alaskan Natives will be made possible through Outreach programs.  ***"]
["CAREER: Studies of Actin and Myosin Function During DirectedVacuole Movement","MCB","CELLULAR ORGANIZATION","Weisman, Lois","IA","University of Iowa","lois-weisman@uiowa.edu","BIO","96-00867  Weisman    This project is concerned with understanding the molecular basis of organelle movement during cell division, particularly with vacuole movement from the mother cell into the bud, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been demonstrated that Class V myosin and profillin are required for the migration of vacuole from the mother cell into the bud. This grant will investigate how Class V myosin interact with the membrane of the vacuole and determine if as yet unidentified components are required for vacuolar movement. Presumably, the myosin tail attaches to the vacuolar membrane. This will be determined by generating mutants of the myosin tail, expressing these in yeast, and examining the phenotype. Also, it will be determined if actin can move along isolated and fluorescently-labeled vacuole. This will be done using well established techniques for studying actin-based motility. Differentiation of many cell-type involves the polarization of their cytoplasmic organelles. It is likely that these studies will add to our knowledge of organelle partitioning in higher eukaryotes. It is likely also that the molecular basis of cellular polarization will bear some similarity with the molecular basis of organelle partitioning. The educational component of this CAREER grant involves the application of methods used mainly in small seminar courses to large lecture class. The educational component is designed to increase student motivation to learn and to make student learning a more active process. This will be done by asking questions during the lecture and by assigning scientific papers that will be discussed during the lecture. It is hoped that by involving students in these discussions they will learn the value of discovering new information and the ability to ask important, focused questions.  %%%  During the budding of S. cerevisiae, how are organelles moved from the mother cell into the bud? Are components of the cytoskeleton involved in this process? These are questions that w ill be investigated by this grant. Differentiation of various cell type involves the polarization of their cytoplasmic organelles. As yet, we know little about the molecular mechanism of this process. The goals of the educational component of this grant are designed to give students the excitement of discovering new information and the ability to analyze scientific data.  ***"]
["CAREER: Immunological Development In A Marsupial","MCB","EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC PROGRAM|SIGNAL TRANSDCTN/CELL REGULATN","Miller, Robert","NM","University of New Mexico","rdmiller@unm.edu","BIO","96-00875  Miller    The development of specific immune responses, such as generating antibodies, is an unique and fascinating aspect in the evolution of vertebrates. Immunology is an exciting area in biology for students and for the public, in general. This is caused in part by the daily reminders of new emerging diseases, such as the Ebola virus and Hantaviruses as well as the continuing AIDS epidemic. Most of what is known about the development and function of the immune system has been obtained from muridaes and from humans, little is known about the development of immunocompetence in other vertebrates. The objectives of the grant are to analyze immunological development at a molecular level in a model marsupial species, the short tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica. Immunocompetence in marsupials develops postnatally whereas in placental mammals this occurs early in the prenatal period. Little is known about the development of the immune response in marsupials. Toward understanding this process in marsupials, opossum genes that are apparently involved in lymphocyte development have been cloned and characterized and expression analysis of these genes during development has been initiated. This grant also outlines plans to integrate an active research program in comparative immunology that involves undergraduates and graduates as well as a research and educational program involving a local instructor and students at a nearby community college. This program is set in the unique environment created by the Albuquerque community and the University of New Mexico, which is one of the largest minority research institutions in the country. An important aspect of this educational plan is the use of this research project to foster an active collaboration with the biology faculty of the local community college.  %%%  The generation of antibodies in the immune response is an unique and fascinating aspect in the evolution of vertebrates. While much is known about the development and function of the immune  systems of murid rodents and of humans, little is known about the development of immunocompetence in other vertebrates. For example, how does immunocompetence develops in marsupials, which occurs postnatally, in contrast to development in placental mammals, which occurs early in the prenatal period? The educational component of this grant will foster an active collaboration with the biology faculty at the local community college. This collaboration will involve working with students, primarily minority, who enter four year University from the two year college without having been exposed to active research programs. Cross-institution course development is also providing exposure to research active faculty for these students.  ***"]
["CAREER: Biological and Molecular Studies of Trypanosomal    Ribonucleases H","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY|BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS","Campbell, Andrew","RI","Brown University","andrew_campbell@brown.edu","BIO","9600920  Campbell  The research portion of this CAREER proposal concerns RNases  H, widely distributed enzymes found in systems ranging from  retroviruses to humans.  They specifically degrade the RNA  strands of RNA:DNA duplex hybrids, an important function in  DNA replication.  The distribution of RNases H further  suggests that they are centrally positioned to regulate key  decisions in DNA replication and nucleic acid metabolism in  all biological systems.  Dr. Campbell will initiate studies  to establish the roles played by RNases H in eukaryotic DNA  replication and cell growth using the protozoan Trypanosoma  brucei. Expression patterns of the major RNase H, TbbRNHI,  of T. Brucei will be established; activity patterns of the  expressed and purified recombinant enzyme will be defined;  and mutations that result in catalytically altered enzyme  will be identified.  The educational plan consists of adding  innovative changes to a new course recently introduced into  the Brown undergraduate curriculum and implementing a  program to mentor and ignite under-represented minority  student learning and scientific interest.    RNase H is an enzyme that specifically degrades the RNA  strand of DNA:RNA hybrids (H for hybrid). The RNase family  is widely distributed, found in systems ranging from  retroviruses to humans. They are function in controlling the  replication of DNA, and thus are critical to the life cycles  of retroviruses as well as eukaryotic organisms.  In this  project, the role of RNase H in a complex organism, the  protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, will be studied in an effort  to learn more about their function in cells. The education  component adds innovative changes to a new course on  fundamental concepts in modern biology, as well as a program  to stimulate under-represented students to pursue academic  careers.  ***"]
["CAREER: Prosodic Phrasing and Feature Specification as      Determinants of Phonetic Form","BCS","LINGUISTICS","Huffman, Marie","NY","SUNY at Stony Brook","Marie.Huffman@sunysb.edu","SBE","The proposed project will integrate innovation in teaching with important basic research on  vocal  cord function in human speech.  The research component of the project will examine the ways in which  linguistic phrasing--position in a sentence, differences in sentence structure, etc.--affects the  quality of sounds, particularly the way the vocal cords move, during speech.  Many previous studies  have not given adequate attention to the possible effects that differences in sentence structure could  have on the timing of articulator movements for speech.  As a result, important generalizations may  have been missed about the way that variations in vocal cord function are used in the world s  languages.  This project will be one of the first large scale research studies which combines careful  control  of linguistic phrasing with carefully planned cross-language comparisons of vocal cord  position and movement during speech production.  The result of the research will be a clearer  understanding of the similarities and differences between languages in speech production.       The similarities between languages will further our understanding of the innate common linguistic  abilities of all humans.  The differences will make clearer some of the speech production skills which  must be acquired by individuals learning a new language.  The teaching portion of the project involves  developing a new curriculum for basic education  in  phonetics, using the research results as the core  of a laboratory-centered course.   Students will develop basic skills in speech acoustics and  physiology by collecting their own data  on vocal cord function, its coordination with other speech  articulators, its acoustic manifestations, etc., and comparing their data with that of the larger  corpus generated in  the research portion of the project.  By participating in analysis of data  pertinent to current research questions in the field, students will gain first hand knowledge of how  scientific methods are applied t o the study of human language, and they will have a more active    and collaborative educational experience."]
["Novel High-Field EPR Studies of Photosynthetic Reaction     Centers","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","Budil, David","MA","Northeastern University","dbudil@neu.edu","BIO","9600940  Budil  This project is directed towards characterizing the  structural features governing the primary light reaction in  photosynthetic organisms using novel high-field electron  magnetic resonance methods.  The excellent spectral  resolution at high field provides a new means of probing the  structure of the primary reactant radicals.  Orientation  selectivity at high frequency will be exploited to carry out  \"g-magnetophotoselection\" experiments that will relate  magnetic properties to the optical properties of the primary  reactants.  Where possible, single crystal studies will be  undertaken in order to correlate the magnetic tensors of the  reactants directly with the ground state structure of the  RC. Structural influences will also be investigated by a  novel \"electrostatic mapping\" approach in which nitroxide  spin labels are introduced at specific amino acid residues  of the protein using site-directed mutagenesis.  The  electric field sensitivity of high-frequency nitroxide  spectra will enable direct exploration of local  electrostatics at selected sites in the reaction center,  providing significant new information about the protein  microenvironment that guides the primary photochemistry. %%%  The broader research goal of this project is to develop new  magnetic resonance techniques for probing dynamic  macromolecular structures, with an immediate focus on the  structure and function of the photochemical reaction centers  in photosynthetic organisms.  High-frequency electron  magnetic resonance will be used to probe the microscopic  structure of the primary reactants and the surrounding  protein, as well as the photochemical reaction dynamics. The  educational goals of this program will integrate advanced  physical concepts, with an emphasis on magnetic resonance  methods, into training in molecular biology.  New  opportunities will be created for students to augment their  cooperative education experience at Northeastern University  by engaging directly in the development  of new biophysical  methodologies in collaboration with local entrepreneurial  companies.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Novel Subtype-Specific Peptide Ligands of the      Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor from Phage Display         Libraries","IOB","NEURONAL AND GLIAL MECHANISMS","McLane, Kathryn","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","kmclane@ub.d.umn.edu","BIO","9600963  McLane    The details of how specific molecules imbedded in nerve cell  membranes (molecular receptors) mediate the signaling of  nervous systems are still not fully understood.  One  particular molecule, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor  mediates neurotransmission in skeletal muscle, in the  autonomic nervous system, and in many areas of the brain.  It is known that there are many different nicotinic  acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the brain, but their  function remains elusive because subtype-specific probes are  not available.  The goal of the research project funded by  this grant is to isolate artificial, subtype-specific  peptide toxins that can be used to study the function of  different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. These  peptides will be selected from random peptide libraries  using phage display technology.  This new technology allows  the simultaneous selection of peptides that are displayed on  the surface of bacteriophage particles, which also contain  the DNA encoding the peptide sequence.  Peptides displayed  on phage will be selected for binding to nicotinic receptor  subtype-specific sequences.  In addition, this grant helps  support a new laboratory course in molecular neurobiology.    The research funded by this grant is expected to provide  important insights into the molecular function of neurons  and to lead to new tools for further research into the  molecular biology of neuronal receptors.  The laboratory  course to be developed under this grant is expected to  provide a novel approach to teaching molecular neurobiology."]
["CAREER:  Biochemical and Genetic Analysis of Vacuole-Mediated        Mitochondrial Turnover","MCB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY","Thorsness, Peter","WY","University of Wyoming","Thorsnes@uwyo.edu","BIO","9600975  Thorsness   This research project is focused on understanding the integration of mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, specifically the turnover of mitochondrial compartments.  In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mitochondrial compartments that are damaged or in excess of what is required for optimum cellular metabolism are specifically taken up and degraded by the vacuole.  In order to further investigate this process, a novel assay that monitors autophagy of mitochondria by vacuoles has been developed.  A yeast strain has been constructed in which the only alkaline phosphatase activity in the cell is localized in the mitochondrial compartment.  This alkaline phosphatase is inactive unless it is activated by a specific proteolytic event that occurs only in the vacuole.  Thus, changes in growth conditions, mutations, or damage by chemicals that alter the rate of autophagy of mitochondrial compartments by vacuoles can be easily monitored by assaying alkaline phosphatase activity.  A specific goal of this project is to define physiologically relevant events that change the rate of turnover of mitochondrial compartments.  The autophagy assay will be used to investigate the catabolite inactivation of mitochondrial activities occurring in yeast upon changes in culture conditions.  A second goal is to investigate the stability of mitochondrial compartments with respect to vacuolar function upon the inducement of damage to mitochondria by chemicals and drugs that inhibit mitochondrial activities.  Finally, a plate assay for mitochondrial autophagy will be developed with the long range goal of using that assay for the identification of vacuolar and mitochondrial gene products that are required for the turnover of mitochondrial compartments.  %%%   In addition to being an important site of cellular energy production, mitochondria are also the site of many essential biosynthetic operations.  Thus, mitochondria are essential components of all eucaryotic cells.  Under some circumstances, mitoch ondrial compartments can be damaged by environmental toxins or be present in excess and consequently need to be destroyed by the vacuole, a site of degradation in the cell.  This research project is designed to identify what types of damage lead to destruction of mitochondrial compartments and what metabolic conditions result in excess mitochondria that are subsequently destroyed.  Additionally, the components of mitochondria and vacuoles that are necessary for this destruction will be identified.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Contracts and Incentive Schemes for Coordinating   Production and Sales","SES","DECISION RISK & MANAGEMENT SCI","Donohue, Karen","PA","University of Pennsylvania","kdonohue@csom.umn.edu","SBE","Contracts and Incentive Schemes for Coordinating Production and Sales  The purpose of this project is to develop a comprehensive set of incentive and contractual schemes to coordinate forecasting, sales, and manufacturing efforts in industries characterized by uncertain demand, short product life cycles, and long production lead times.  Recent market trends favoring increased product variety and virtually zero customer lead times have escalated the need for coordination in fashion industries such as apparel, personal computers, and new title publishing.  The benefits of coordination are numerous.  Coordinating a firm's sales targets to reflect the actual capabilities of its manufacturing facilities helps avoid unfilled orders and wasted sales efforts.  Coordinating production to match the arrival of early demand information from customers reduces costs by eliminating excess inventory and wasted production efforts.  The obstacles to coordination also are numerous.  Most conflicts stem from a disagreement over the timing and quantity of products produced.  Manufacturing may complain that sales sets unrealistic production goals or deviates from forecast, leaving them with excess inventory or   scrambling to meet unplanned orders.  Sales may complain that manufacturing is unresponsive to customers needs and produces too little, too late.  This project examines the source of these conflicts and develops a series of normative models to realign the behavior of manufacturing and sales organizations. The project consists of four integrated components:  (1) an empirical investigation of how coordination within and between firms differs in selected industries plagued by uncertain demand, short product life cycles, and long production lead times, (2) an analytical study of internal incentive schemes which avoid problems of moral hazard and promote optimal profit for the firm, (3) an analytical study of external supplier contracts which encourage risk sharing and promote optimal profit for the channel, and (4) a simulation study which integrates results of the two analytical studies by testing the behavior of various incentive schemes across multiple echelons of a supply chain.  The project's educational goals follow in the spirit of improving coordination efforts between sales and production.  Currently, industry demand is at an all time high for undergraduate students with expertise in information technology and decision analysis tools such as simulation, math programming, risk assessment, and process analysis.  The `production` of such students has not risen to meet this demand.  My primary educational goal is to build-up our department's undergraduate program so enrollments are more in line with this exciting demand trend."]
["Study of Transition Metal-Carbon Mixed Clusters:  From Gas  Phase to Condensed Phase","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS|ATOMIC & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE|ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS","Wang, Lai-Sheng","WA","Washington State University","LS.WANG@PNL.GOV","MPS","9622733  Wang  This project will investigate the structure and formation of  metal carbide clusters (MxCy, where M is a metal and C is  elemental carbon) in the gas phase, as well as the  nanomaterials formed by these clusters in the condensed  phase.  The gas phase study involves anion photoelectron  spectroscopy, which will provide fundamental understanding  of the structure and bonding of the MxCy clusters in a wide  size range.  The technique is also sensitive to subtle  differences in bonding and structures between carbon and  different transition metals.  The condensed phase study  involves preparation of MxCy nanocluster samples by a novel  laser vaporization deposition technique and characterization  using various  modern microscopies (TEM, STM, AFM).  The gas  phase studies will lead to insight into the formation  mechanisms of three classes of novel materials: endohedral  metallo-fullerenes, single-shell carbon nanotubes, and  metallo-carbohedrenes.  Through the combined gas phase and  condensed phase studies, this project has  the potential to  discover new carbon-metal nanoclusters with novel electronic  and catalytic properties and efficient  methods to  synthesize them.  The project involves major collaborative  work at the Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories.  The  project is co-funded between the Condensed Matter Physics  Program and the Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  Program NSF.  %%%  Carbon and metals form a class of metal carbide materials  with unusual properties that find applications in electronic  materials for making faster computers, in catalysis, such as  automobile catalytic converters, and in tool hardening  manufacturing processes.  These properties can be enhanced  or modified when the materials are made of small carbide  particles, called nanoclusters, some of which are composed  of new, stable metal-carbon molecules.  This project  investigates the mechanisms of formation of such carbide  nanoparticles and the new metal-carbon molecular forms, and  al so will study the unique physical and chemical properties  of these clusters.  Understanding the formation mechanisms  will lead to more efficient methods to tailor the design of  the nanoclusters with desired properties.  The project  involves major collaborative work at the Battelle Pacific  Northwest Laboratories.  The project is co-funded between  the Condensed Matter Physics Program and the Atomic,  Molecular and Optical Physics Program NSF.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Stress Response and Gene Induction in Biofilms and Relation to Biofilm Detachment","BES","BIOCHEMICAL & BIOMASS ENG","Stewart, Philip","MT","Montana State University","phil_s@erc.montana.edu","ENG","9623233  Stewart  This career development plan contains both research and  education activities.  The objective of the research is  to form a genetic basis for biofilm detachment.  The  hypothesis of the research is that there are genes that  actively control the process of sloughing detachment,  and that these genes are regulated by cellular  environment or physiological status.  The objective  would be to develop methods to induce these genes to  control biofouling in a more cost effective and  environmentally acceptable manner than the current  heavy reliance on biocidal chemicals.  The goal of the  educational plan is for the PI to develop excellence as  a teacher.  This includes a set of well thought-out  activities to improve teaching technique.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Multi-Phased Lubrication of Ironing Processes","CMS","SURFACE ENGINEERING","Schmid, Steven","IN","University of Notre Dame","Steven.R.Schmid.2@nd.edu","ENG","9623412  Schmid  A CAREER award supports research and education related to  manufacturing tribology.  In the research arena a two-phase  flow model will be developed and validated for  coolants/lubricants in metals deformation processes, such as  ironing.  The model is based on an application of the  Reynolds equation independently to the oil and the water  components of the two-phase emulsion and it then couples  them via identical pressure gradient and viscous interaction  terms.  In the educational arena the multi-disciplinary  approach to design for manufacturing will be emphasized.  ***"]
["Career:  Silicon Etching:  Gas-Surface Dynamics and Profile Evolution","CTS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC|CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Giapis, Konstantinos","CA","California Institute of Technology","giapis@cheme.caltech.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9623450    This project addresses the importance of inelastic and reactive scattering in the etching of semiconductors.  Experiments are proposed with a recently invented hypersonic neutral beam of fluorine atoms with translational energies in the 3-25 eV regime for fundamental studies of the gas-surface dynamics occurring during steady-state etching of silicon and etching studies of submicron features in silicon in order to understand how neutral beams etch.  The effort is based on recent results from profile evolution modeling and experiments with flourine atom beams with translational energies between 3 and 18 eV.  Anisotropic etching of silicon at room temperature with fluorine chemistry (no sidewall deposition) is demonstrated as a proof of the capabilities of such beams.  This has been possible because of direct reactions occurring at the high translational energies employed.  Collision-induced desorption (CID) has been implicated as the mechanism responsible for the increased desorption rate of fluorinated silicon moieties from the SiFx layer at the higher energies.   Rapid removal of the SiF3 product in the CID mode enables rapid fluorination of the exposed surface, which increases fluorine utilization and, in turn, results in a reduction of the thermally desorbing unreacted fluorine-atom flux. Reduction of scattered fluorine to the sidewalls dramatically improves anisotropy.    Fundamental measurements of the energy and flux of unreacted F atoms and reaction products (SixFy) leaving the SiFx layer during etching are made.  Moreover, similar measurements are performed on the silicon dioxide surface.  Silicon dioxide is ubiquitous on today's wafers (e.g., as a hard mask, gate oxide, etc.) and scattering on its surface will also affect profile evolution.  Besides improving fundamental understanding of gas-surface dynamics, these measurements provide for a description of the physics and chemistry of the interaction, which is incorporated into a Monte Carlo simulator of profile  evolution.  Preliminary calculations based on detailed scattering experiments on SiFx are shown to capture profile peculiarities such as the so-called \"microtrenching\", that is, the appearance of grooves at the bottom of etched features.  The model is improved to describe pattern-dependent etching, three-dimensional effects, and the roughness appearing on etched surfaces.  By including microstructure charging and ion deflection effects, the applicability of the profile simulator is enhanced, enabling its combination with plasma reactor models (developed by others) for designing the etch tools for the next generation of ultrahigh-density semiconductor devices.  Etching experiments are also performed to support the model and verify predictions of profile peculiarities.  Understanding the origin of predicted and observed deviations from the ideal anisotropic profile is expected to enable control over the final profile. Electrical damage studies on gate oxides of MOS devices are done as a demonstration of the potential of the technique.  Finally, upon perfection of the technique, fabrication of quantum-confined and photonic bandgap structures is attempted.    In order to integrate research with education in chemical engineering, the relation between classical chemical engineering concepts and modern electronic material processing techniques is exposed.  As an example, special topics are offered in the undergraduate thermodynamics class, such as equilibrium in plasmas and surface thermodynamics, which are not traditionally covered.  An introductory plasma experiment is planned for the undergraduate laboratory with hands-on experience in diagnostics.  Extended research projects are also offered to undergraduates in the P.I.'s laboratory to enhance their appreciation of experimental science.  At the graduate level, in addition to a course on electronic materials processing, plans are made to offer a new course on beam modification of surfaces, which is based on results and understanding obtained from  this proposed research.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Career Development Research Plan Toward            Microstructural Engineering of Concrete","CMS","CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Lange, David","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","dlange@uiuc.edu","ENG","9623467  Lange  The microstructural engineering approach involves control of  concrete microstructure through processing to yield specific  material properties.  The overall objective of the study is  to enhance understanding of the relationship between  concrete material properties and the physical reality of  microstructure and crack geometry.  The study applies state-  of-the-art techniques for material characterization,  mechanical testing, surface characterization and  visualization, computer modeling and analysis toward the  objective of learning more about how concrete microstructure  controls bulk material behavior.  The Education Plan  includes curriculum development and undergraduate research  support, and an outreach project to local high schools.  ***"]
["CAREER: Tandem Repeats: Sequence Comparison and Search      Algorithms","CCF","THEORY OF COMPUTING|COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY ACTIVITI","Benson, Gary","NY","Mount Sinai School of Medicine","gbenson@bu.edu","CSE","This project focuses on expanding the capabilities of the  present (DNA) sequence analysis algorithms with respect to  comparing sequences and detecting features.  In particular,  the project concentrates on:(1) developing methods for  quantifying the relatedness of biological sequences under a  broader model of mutational events, than the currently used  substitution-indel model, and (2) improving methods for  detecting tandem repeats in sequences. The Integrated  Educational Plan of this CAREER Grant includes(a)developing  a curriculum for graduate study in computational and  mathematical biology, (b) developing courses and course  materials, including lecture notes, exercises, programming  projects and extensive bibliographies, that cover  combinatorial and algorithmic topics in sequence alignment,  DNA sequencing, DNA physical mapping, DNA physical mapping,  and prediction of protein folding and RNA folding, and  phylogenetic tree construction, (c) instituting a summer  training course for new researchers in computational  biology.***"]
["Excited-State Molecular Physics Probed by Laser-Induced     Grating Spectroscopy","PHY","PROF OPPOR FOR WOMEN IN RSCH|ATOMIC & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE|ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS","McCormack, Elizabeth","PA","Bryn Mawr College","emccorma@brynmawr.edu","MPS","This proposal develops single and double-resonance laser-  induced grating spectroscopy (LIGS) for the study of the  structure and decay dynamics of the excited states of simple  molecules.  The focus of the work will be to study the efficacy  and the range of applicability of the technique; to make  quantitative interpretations of observed transition intensities  in the context of nonlinear optical physics; and to apply that  knowledge to novel studies of small molecules and ions.  As part  of the career program, this work contains a special outreach to  enhance the involvement of women and nontraditional students in  this joint research/educational activity."]
["Synthesis of Novel Materials Utilizing Sialic Acid          Derivatives as Peptide Equivalents","CHE","SYNTHESIS","Gervay-Hague, Jacquelyn","AZ","University of Arizona","gervay@chem.ucdavis.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is threefold.  First, methods will be   developed for the preparation of a new class of materials derived from   condensation of amino acids with both carboxy and amino termini of   polymeric sialic acid oligomers.  Second, solid support methods will be   developed for the preparation of a new class of materials utilizing   sialic acid as peptide equivalents.  Third, the solution phase   conformation of these materials will be examined using nuclear magnetic   resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular modeling.  Educational   activities involve a program in chemical education directed to developing   discovery based learning methods in organic chemistry. With this CAREER   award, the Synthetic Organic Program supports the research and   educational activities of Dr. Jacqueline Gervay of the Department of   Chemistry at the University of Arizona.  Professor Gervay will focus her   research efforts on developing synthetic routes to novel materials that   will selectively replace important biological recognition processes.  The   synthetic targets include sialic acid based oligomeric compounds that   will disrupt protein-protein interactions involving both helical and   electrostatic interactions.  Dr. Gervay's educational activities involve   a program in chemical education directed to developing discovery based   learning methods in organic chemistry."]
["Career: Research Plan: Simulation of Surface Waterflow and  Transport in a Parallel Computing Environment               Teaching Plan: Engineering Futures and Engineering Education","OCI","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM|PART FOR ADVANCED COMP INFRA","Kolar, Randall","OK","University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","kolar@ou.edu","O/D","This project will investigate scalable parallel algorithms for the solution of the hydrodynamic flow and transport equations.  The algorithms studies will be implemented on a variety of platforms, including clusters of workstations and massively parallel systems.  The mathematical model will be based on the generalized wave continuity equation for surface elevation, the non-conservative form of the momentum equations for the velocity field, and the advection-diffusion equation for transport. Alternative numerical solution techniques, such as mixed finite element methods, will be investigated.  There are five phases to the research.  The first phase will use domain decomposition in conjunction with an existing hydrodynamic model to achieve parallelism.  In the second phase, parallelism will be realized by exploring new algorithms specifically designed to take full advantage of parallel hardware, e.g., domain decomposition techniques.  In conjunction with the second phase, a third phase will expand the codes capabilities by incorporating more physics into the governing equations.  For example, baroclinic terms, which account for driving forces due to density variations, would  be added so that simulations of, say fresh water/salt water interactions could be modeled.  The fourth phase will rigorously test and validate the model against field data and analytical solutions.  In the fifth phase, the code will be disseminated to users in academia, consulting, and industry, where it will be used to research topics, such as freshwater flow requirements in sensitive coastal ecosystems."]
["A Career Development Plan for Research and Education Based  on Joining of Intermetallic Compounds","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|METALS","Gale, William","AL","Auburn University","wfgale@eng.auburn.edu","MPS","9623599  Gale    This CAREER program focuses on research with closely linked  educational activities related to joining of intermetallic  compounds to conventional nickel-base superalloys. Transient  liquid phase (TLP) bonding is examined as a technique for  bonding structural intermetallics since it is tolerant of  limited low temperature ductility and stable oxide formation  often exhibited by such alloy systems.  The research aims to  elucidate the mechanisms controlling processing structure  property relationships in nickel aluminide/superalloy joints  and thereby demonstrate routes for improved microstructural  control.  The formulation of suitable process modeling tools  are a vital part of the research. A difficulty often  encountered by students is establishing interconnections in  terms of shared and linked concepts between different  aspects of science. The educational part of the program  develops an educational module on intermetallic alloy to  superalloy joining that illustrates key aspects of materials  science with appropriate emphasis on microstructural  development, materials processing, mechanical properties,  kinetics and thermodynamics.  This module will include  multimedia teaching resources and inclass demonstrations.  %%%  The field of intermetallic compounds constitutes a major  research activity both within the  US and worldwide.  Suitable methodologies are needed for initial fabrication  and post service repair.  The joining of intermetallics to  conventional materials, such as superalloys, is particularly  important as intermetallics are likely to be used locally  within engineering systems composed predominantly of such  materials.  ***"]
["Formally Verified, Efficient Tools for High-Level           Synthesis and Hardware-Software Codesign","CCF","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Chapman, Richard","AL","Auburn University","chapman@eng.auburn.edu","CSE","This is a program of research and education centered on development of efficient,  formally verified CAD tools for high-level synthesis and codesign of digital  systems.  The notion here is to develop CAD tools which are, themselves, formally  verified and guaranteed to synthesize correct designs.  This eliminates the need  for designers to master application of formal methods.  The aim is to produce  code running on an embedded processor and custom hardware on field programmable  gate arrays.  The tools are designed to partition a design into hardware and  software components, to generate microprocessor code, and to do high-level  synthesis.  Verification is done by providing semantic models for the  representation languages used in the system (behavioral specification, register-  transfer level description, gate-level circuit, machine code) and proving that  the tools produce designs whose meanings are refinements of the meanings of their  specifications.  Theoretical and practical classroom courses which compliment  this research are being developed."]
["The Incorporation of Quantum Effects in the Simulation of   Proton Transfer Reactions","CHE","QUANTUM CALCULATIONS","Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon","IN","University of Notre Dame","shs@chem.psu.edu","MPS","The Theoretical and Computational Chemistry program is supporting   Professor  Hammes-Schiffer at the University of Notre Dame as part of the CAREER   program for young scientists. The objective of this research is to   develop and apply new methods for simulating dynamical processes   involving multiple proton transfer reactions.   In order to simulate   proton transfer reactions, methods that incorporate the quantum   mechanical behavior of the hydrogen atoms being transferred must be   developed.   In surface-hopping methods such as molecular dynamics with   quantum transitions (MDQT), trajectories split into branches that are   each assigned to a particular proton quantum state, so branching   processes (i.e. processes involving multiple channels or pathways) are   described accurately.  The direct extension of MDQT to processes   involving multiple proton transfer steps, however, is not computationally   feasible.  The proposed new method, MC-MDQT, combines MDQT with a   multiconfigurational (MC)  self-consistent-field approach and will describe branching processes   properly as  well as allow the quantum mechanical treatment of multiple hydrogen   atoms.  This method will be applied to two classes of systems.   The first is   proton transport along linear chains of hydrogen-bonded water molecules.     This is an important process because the rapid transport of protons over   large distances in biologically important systems such as   bacteriorhodopsin and photosynthetic reaction centers is thought to occur   along such chains.   The second class of  systems that will be studied is   hydrogen transfer in enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, which plays a   vital role in glycolysis.   Kinetic isotope effect experiments indicate   that hydrogen tunneling is significant in a variety of enzyme reactions.    The goal of these applications is to elucidate the underlying physical   principles of proton transfer reactions and to clarify the detailed   mechanisms of these biologically important reactions.  The educational   objectives of this Carreer grant are to promote the wider use of computer   simulations in the areas of organic chemistry and biochemistry.  A course   in computer simulations has already been designed.  An outgrowth of this   project is the creation of a computer lab workbook, as well as a textbook   which will facilitate the development of such courses at other   universities.   A general proton transfer reaction involves the passing of a hydrogen   atom nucleus from a donor to an acceptor.  Experiments have shown that   the hydrogen atom can tunnel through an energy barrier required for such   a reaction.  This research will focus on methods that incorporate quantum   mechanical behavior, such as tunneling in order to simulate proton   transfer reactions.  The educational objectives of this Carreer grant are   to promote the wider use of computer simulations in the areas of organic   chemistry and biochemistry.  A course in computer simulations has already   been designed.   The course consists of three parts: The lectures convey   the fundamental concepts for computer simulation;  Computer labs provide   hands on experience with molecular modeling, while independent research   motivates sutdents to pursue future projects.   An outgrowth of this   project is the creation of a computer lab workbook, as well as a textbook   which will facilitate the development of such courses at other   universities."]
["Processing Chemistry, Solid Solution Inhomogeneity and      Relaxor Behavior","DMR","CERAMICS|SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Wilkinson, Angus","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","angus.wilkinson@chemistry.gatech.edu","MPS","Abstract       9623890     Wilkinson    Many solid solution oxides have previously been prepared using sol-gel techniques. One of  the often stated advantages of this approach is the chemical homogeneity of the end product.  However, there is reason to believe that the products will not be random solid solutions  under all circumstances. The existence of compositional inhomogeneities in solid solution  systems can have important consequences for the properties of the material. In this research,  samples of the ferroelectrics materials will be prepared using published sol-gel procedures.  The products will be examined using a combination of analytical electron microscopy and  solid state NMR. Pair distribution functions (PDFs) will be calculated from X-ray and/or  neutron scattering data. This approach should provide enough evidence to assess the  compositional homogeneity of individual crystallites within a sample and, hence, the ability  of existing sol-gel chemistry to produce random solid solutions. As sol-gel chemistry is  widely used for preparing oxides any information gained regarding the techniques ability to  produce compositionally random products is relevant to a large field.  Sol-gel chemistry will  then be exploited to deliberately prepare non-random solid solutions of the ferroelectrics.  Compositional and/or structural fluctuations on ~ 5-10 nm lengths scale within ferroelectrics  are known to give rise to relaxor behavior in many systems. It is thought that by introducing  compositional fluctuations into solid solutions that do not normally display relaxor properties  such behavior can be induced. The compositional homogeneity of the products will be  assessed using analytical electron microscopy and PDFs calculated from X-ray and/or  neutron scattering data. These experiments will be supported by measurements of the  materials dielectric properties as a function of frequency and temperature. This work will aid  the understanding of exactly what is required to produce relaxor beh avior and has the  potential to produce useful new materials.  %%%  The synthesis of ceramics using solution processing has been practiced for many years.  Such  routes have been the subject of a vast research effort in the last 10 - 15 years due to the wide  spread realization of the benefits offered by this approach. These potentially include, i) low  processing temperatures, ii) thin film and fiber fabrication, iii) good control over impurity  levels in the ceramic and, iv) chemical homogeneity in the end product. Characteristics such  as compositional homogeneity are clearly important to the properties of some materials. This  research will examine the relationship between processing chemistry, solid solution  inhomogeneity and dielectric properties for some sol-gel produced ferroelectric solid  solutions. A simple strategy is suggested for introducing controllable amounts of  inhomogeneity into the solid solution. By controlling the level of inhomogeneity in a solid  solution ferroelectric it may be possible to tailor the dielectric properties of the material."]
["Career: The Design and Implementation of a Coordination     Language for Multidisciplinary Applications","CCF","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM","Haines, Matthew","WY","University of Wyoming","matt@matthaines.com","CSE","This project will explore issues in designing and implementing a coordination language for multidisciplinary applications.  Multidisciplinary applications are becoming increasingly popular among computational scientists, due to their ability to accurately model complex systems involving a variety of multiple disciplines.  For example, realistic aircraft modeling is achieved only by coordinating models from different disciplines, such as aerodynamics, propulsion, and structures.  While data parallel languages, such as High Performance Fortran, can be successfully applied to many numerical applications, they are ill-equipped to specify and manage the complex coordination required by multidisciplinary applications.  Since they lack \"Programming-in-the-large\" features, most current multidisciplinary applications are executed in a disjoint fashion with file I/O providing the necessary \"plumbing\" between the various segments of the application.  This project will develop an alternative, language-based approach that concentrates on the coordination of the various discipline codes, resulting in a clean and efficient execution model that supports multiple levels of parallelism."]
["CAREER:  Generic Object Recognition in a Dynamic            Environment","IIS","ROBOTICS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Dickinson, Sven","NJ","Rutgers University New Brunswick","sven@cs.rutgers.edu","CSE","The  research  addresses object recognition from  controlled  industrial  environments to less restricted  domains.   This  will  require  object  representation that  can  encode  the  prototypical shape of an object without requiring its  exact  geometry.  Furthermore, object recognition is not  a  single  isolated task, but rather a complex interaction of a set  of  closely-related behaviors, including both bottom-up and  top  down    recognition,   localization,   active   recognition,  quantitative shape recovery, and object tracking.  Not  only  must  these  individual problems be  solved,  they  must  be  integrated within a common representational framework, since  a  complex  recognition task may involve  rapid  transitions  from  one behavior to another.  Earlier research in the PI's  laboratory  began with the introduction of  a  novel  object  representation      integrating     object-centered      and  viewercentered models, this representation, a  probabilistic  partbased  aspect hierarchy, has formed the  foundation  for  novel  approaches to each of the above recognition problems.  The  new  research will extend the work along each of  these  behaviors,  supporting  their application  to  more  complex  domains,  including that of visual aids for the disabled  as  well  as  content-based image retrieval.  In addition,  this  research will address the task of determining, for  a  given  set  of  3-D objects, the decomposition of the objects  into  parts which is optimal in terms of recognition performance."]
["Career:  Adaptation and Learning in Distributed Systems     Using Neural Networks","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Mukhopadhyay, Snehasis","IN","Indiana University","smukhopa@cs.iupui.edu","ENG","9623971 Mukhopadhyay  Distributed information-sharing computer networks and automotive systems are two examples of an increasing number of applications areas in engineering and computing systems which require collaborative interaction between physically distributed decision-makers and controllers.  Such distributed applications frequently give rise to nonlinear distributed decision and control problems in the presence of uncertainties such as the effects of the local decisions on the over-all objective and incomplete system state information.  Artificial neural networks in the past have proven effective in adaptive realization of nonlinear decision-making and control rules.  In order to apply them to distributes applications, new interconnection models as well as  adaptation and learning methods are needed to cope with distributed sources of uncertainty such as those mentioned above.  Utilizing results form large-scale systems theory and current research on multiple  neural networks, the proposed research will investigate several closely-related distributed interconnection models of neural networks.  Constructive methods will be found to determine local approximations to an overall performance function under different conditions on the completeness of local measurements.  These local performance functions,  in turn, will yield adaptive methods for realization of nonlinear decision and control rules using  neural networks.  The model and methods derived will be applied to problems in the application areas of information sharing over computer networks and automotive control."]
["CAREER:  Seismic Response and Cyclic Behavior of Sands","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|GEOTECHNICAL II","Pestana-Nascimento, Juan","CA","University of California-Berkeley","pestana@ce.berkeley.edu","ENG","***  9623979  Pestana    The importance of a rational approach to understanding the dynamic behavior of sands has grown with an increased awareness of the relationship between local conditions and the dynamic loading resulting from earthquakes. In particular, the experience and data gathered from the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu (Kobe) earthquakes clearly indicate that most of the ground failures appear to have been the result of liquefaction of cohesionless materials; predominantly loose, saturated hydraulically-placed fills. Overall, liquefaction played an important role in the extensive damage experienced by these port facilities. These events, including the October 1995 Mexico earthquake, are ever present and thus the need to quantify potential damage and assess the risk associated with these natural hazards.    The objectives of this research program are: a) development of an advanced constitutive model able to describe the observed behavior of cohesionless soils during cyclic loading, and the evaluation of its performance through selected comparisons with reliable laboratory data; b) implementation of this advanced soil model into a finite element formulation with dynamic capabilities; and c) application to the assessment of the seismic response of cohesionless soils thorough fundamental parametric studies of soil-structure interaction, such as the performance of deep foundations.    The educational goals are: a) To foster the integration of research and education; b) increase involvement of undergraduate students in research; and c) maximize the exchange between education and engineering practice and design. These goals are approached from the perspective of the following important factors: a) Trends and innovative thinking in engineering research; b) innovative instructional techniques; and c) involvement in the engineering state-of-practice.    The research will contribute to the fundamental understanding and prediction of factors such as volume change, shear modulus, dampin g and time effects during cyclic loading, and may be applicable to all liquefiable soils. The incorporation of the constitutive model into a finite element code to predict soil-structure interaction, including earthquake induced permanent deformation, represents a significant contribution earthquake hazard mitigation.    The education program will foster the involvement of undergraduate students in engineering design projects, and will encourage graduate students to learn the fundamental concepts and make critical use of available tools and techniques to succeed in their professional practice.***"]
["CAREER:  Key Problems in Wireless Communications","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH|NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Madhow, Upamanyu","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","madhow@ece.ucsb.edu","CSE","This  research can be classified into two major themes, motivated by the  following key bottlenecks for wireless systems: the scarcity of radio  bandwidth, and the problem of interfacing inherently lossy wireless links  with high-speed wireline networks where loss occurs mainlv due to  congestion. The first research theme is concerned with enhancing the  capacity and performance of direct-sequence CDMA, which holds great promise  as a robust workhorse technology for future wireless systems. Since  multiple-access interference imposes a major limitation on CDMA performance  two broad methodologies are considered for alleviating its effects:  decentralized adaptive reception and centralized multi-user reception. The  goal is to further the theoretical development of both these methodologies  with a view to developing practical receiver structures. The issues  addressed include devising methods for making adaptive interference  suppression work over the severe time variations of a wireless  multiple-access channel, supporting multiple classes of traffic (and hence  multiple rates) using direct-sequence CDMA, inventing near optimal adaptive  nonlinear receivers, incorporating antenna diversity into interference  suppression schemes with reasonable complexity, and deriving receivers  based on multi-user detection and estimation principles for systems to  which adaptive methods do not apply.  The second research theme is the  development of a theory for designing interfaces that ensure compatibility  between wireless and wireline networks while minimizing the use of precious  wireless bandwidth. The problem formulations, while of broader interest,  are motivated by the fact that two wireline technologies with which a  wireless network must be compatible are the emerging ATM networks and  TCP/IP. The problems considered include the formulation of service  guarantees over a lossy wireless link and the design principles for  implementing them, optimization of wireless bandwidth for a broadcast or  multiple-access wireless channel by using transmission control based on the  channel state seen by each receiver, manipulation of the feedback  mechanisms used by TCP/IP flow control and ATM rate control by the wireless  interface to provide good end-to-end performance over a heterogeneous  network with both wireless and wireline links, and the design of a flow  control mechanism that does not suffer from the shortcomings of TCP/IP."]
["CAREER:  Evaluation as the Basis for AI Agent Design","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Howe, Adele","CO","Colorado State University","howe@cs.colostate.edu","CSE","Many software developers view evaluation as a burden both because  it   currently   takes  significant  effort  and   because   most  programmers  are not trained in it.  In the context of  the  PI's  area  of  expertise  (planning and  agent  design  in  Artificial  Intelligence), the purpose of this project is to address two gaps  in  current  methodology and pedagogy: the dearth  of  evaluation  methods  for AI software agents and the absence of empirical  and  evaluation  methods  in the undergraduate and  graduate  computer  science  curricula.  Towards these ends, the  research  component  creates  new methods for evaluation that support AI agent  design  and development in the context of two agent projects: a simulated  robot  and  an  information gathering  agent  for  the  WWW.  The  teaching   component  integrates  evaluation  methods  into   the  undergraduate and graduate CS curriculum by incorporating modules  into  existing courses where possible and designing  new  courses  where  necessary.  Each  component  exploits  existing  and   new  research   projects  for  exploring  issues  of   evaluation   in  motivating design. The expected results are not only new software  evaluation  methods, documented examples of  their  use  and  two  thoroughly  evaluated software agents, but also experienced,  new  practitioners."]
["Joint Density-Based Methods of Applied Nonstationary        Signal Processing","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Loughlin, Patrick","PA","University of Pittsburgh","loughlin@engr.pitt.edu","CSE","While the Fourier transform is an indispensable tool in signal  processing and linear time-invariant (LTI) systems analysis, as  well as a staple of the electrical engineering education, many  natural and man-made processes are not time-invariant but rather  exhibit frequencies that change over time (e.g., FM communication  systems, the Doppler effect, speech and other biomedical signals).   The conventional short-time, or \"quasi-stationary,\" extensions of  LTI concepts for studying such processes is often inadequate; for  example, depending upon the short-time analysis interval length  selected, dramatically different results can be obtained for the  same process, particularly when the signal contains both transients  and harmonics.  Accordingly, there is a need, both in engineering  practice and pedagogy, for the development of new methods for time-  varying (or nonstationary) signal processing.    This research involves the development and application of a general  method of nonstationary signal processing that surmounts the  limitations of methods based on the extension of LTI concepts to  time-varying situations.  The principle objectives of this research  are to: (1) develop new joint density-based methods for  nonstationary signal processing (e.g., scale); (2) apply these new  methods to challenging, practical problems in biomedical signal  analysis and machine health monitoring (which fall under the  biotechnology and manufacturing Federal Strategic Areas); and, (3)  develop a general educational framework for nonstationary signal  processing based on the new methods, via new instructional  laboratory courses and research opportunities for college  undergraduate and graduate students."]
["Organic Thin Films Suspended Across Microfabricated         Structures","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Fritsch, Ingrid","AR","University of Arkansas","ifritsch@uark.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, aims to focus on  the synthesis and characterization of stable thin films that will  be suspended across microfabricated structures.  During the  tenure of this four-year continuing grant, Professor Fritsch-  Faules and her students at the University of Arkansas will test  these structures for application in novel devices for sensing and  for biomimetric applications.  Submicron structures will be  constructed to support suspended films such as artificial  biomembranes.  The inorganic substrates will be both insulators  and conductors depending upon the particular function they are  intended to serve in these structures.  Studies of these surface-  confined materials will probe their stability and function with  variables including electric field strength, solvent character  and ionic composition of these systems.  Professor Fritsch-Faules  will include a host of activities that are designed to involve  students in the K-12 grades.  Educating these students in the  high-order thinking abilities and problem-solving skills that are  part of science and mathematics will be emphasized.  Community  Access Television and the World Wide Web will be used to  disseminate such programs to diverse audiences.  The ability to construct new three-dimensional microfabricated  structures with wells having geometries for supporting suspended  thin films will be an important outcome of this CAREER research  project.  The characterization of these suspended thin films will  be a challenging scientific and engineering problem that depends  on Professor Fritsch-Faules' unique background in  electroanalytical chemistry and in microfabrication science.  Her  integrated educational plan is no less ambitious and it has the  potential for immense societal impact upon the K-12 students in  her immediate geographic area in the near-term and upon a much  more broadly distributed cohort in the long-term."]
["Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Imines","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC|PROF OPPOR FOR WOMEN IN RSCH","Meyer, Tara","PA","University of Pittsburgh","tmeyer+@pitt.edu","MPS","Dr. Tara Meyer of the University of Pittsburgh will study ring opening   metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of imines with support from a Faculty   Early Career Development award in the Inorganic,  Bioinorganic, and   Organometallic Chemistry Program.  Strained-cyclic imines will be   polymerized to synthesize polymers suitable for use as metal chelation   agents and drug carriers.  High-valent, early tranisiton metal catalysts   will be reacted with imine monomers to produce the polymers.  The   education component of this project focuses on the development of courses   which encompass a combination of complex thinking, decision making, and   problem solving skills that relate to real world  technology issues such   as risk assessment.  This project addresses the synthesis of new, polymeric materials   utilizing a known polymerization approach in a novel way.  The   fundamental chemistry  of the metal compounds and organic monomers will be explored, and it is   likely to provide new avenues to new polymeric materials.  The polymers   have potential for applications in drug delivery and metal removal from   aqueous solution."]
["Career: Integration of Systems Performance: Tools &         Technologies in Research and Education","OCI","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM|PART FOR ADVANCED COMP INFRA","Rover, Diane","MI","Michigan State University","drover@iastate.edu","O/D","This project focuses on instrumentation of parallel and distributed systems, integrated tool environments, and performance modeling of application-specific systems from high-level specification.  The objects of the research include:  Develop an integrated environment based on an instrumentation system (IS), so that a user may navigate among multiple performance tools to support analysis and diagnosis strategies; apply a structured approach for IS design and evaluation (P'RISM: PaRallel Instrumentation System Management) to develop new ISs according to system requirements and to provide feedback to other IS developers;  select metrics for evaluating IS performance; develop a software architecture for scalable ISs and identify requisite technologies.  Three primary activities support these objectives: (1) apply service request outcome analysis to derive a set of metrics for evaluating IS performance and further qualify those metrics that may be used for comparing performance of different ISs: (2) in coordination with the Paradyn project and the Parallel Tools Team at the Cornell Theory Center, complete a full IS performance evaluation study using analytical modeling, simulation, and measurement techniques; and (3) using P'RISM, develop the software architecture of an IS and develop a prototype based on this specification."]
["Career:  A Career Development Plan in Optimal and Robust    Control Theory and Application","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Bamieh, Bassam","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","bamieh@engineering.ucsb.edu","ENG","9624152  Bamieh         The research efforts outlined in this proposal are unified  by the idea of developing the existing paradigms in robust and  optimal control in a variety of novel problems, some of which  make contact with other areas such as nonlinear systems  sensitivity and identification.       The starting point of our investigations is the problem of  robust digital control.  We take the view that a digital control  system is a mixture of continuous-time and discrete-time systems,  with the resulting periodic behaviour, and the related nonlinear  quantization effects due to finite wordlength computations.  For  this problem the issue is to develop a systematic theory where  one can analyze performance tradeoffs between sampling rates,  periodic behaviour, and quantization effects.  Such a theory does  not at present exist.  This leads us to develop compatible  techniques in two different directions with a wide range of  applicability.  First, we develop a framework for the analysis  and synthesis of mixed continuous-time discrete-time systems  which extends the principal investigators previous work on  sampled-data robust control.  The second direction involves the  analysis of systems with switching nonlinearities such as relays,  hysterisis, and quantization.  We show via a multirate sampling  technique (akin to Sigma-Delta modulators in signal processing)  that many problems with switching nonlinearities are equivalent  to analyzing a LTI system in feedback with a relay.  We address  the problems of computing limit cycles and their sensitivities in  terms of the input-output loo nonlinear for such systems. This  effort seems to provide a connection between robust control and  certain types of so-called \"intelligent systems.\"       In a parallel and related effort, the L1 model reduction  problem is addressed and its significance as a \"good\" norm for  model reduction is outlined.  This problem is also motivated from  the perspective of reduced order robust controller design for  la rge scale systems.  In the area of control oriented  identification, we address the novel problem of the  identification of parameter varying systems, whose models would  be more useful for process control problems such as in the  real-time control of semiconductor manufacturing, and situations  where the underlying processes undergo rapid changes in operating  conditions, for which a single LTI model is inappropriate.  Preliminary results are outlined as well as their connection and  implication for identification and modeling in the bahavioural  framework.       The educational part of this career plan is guided by the  principle that control and systems theory are fundamentally  interdisciplinary subjects.  This idea is apparent in research  problems that cross departmental boundaries.  In education, this  can be carried out with interdepartmental courses and  laboratories.  The current involvement of the principal  investigator in the establishment of an interdepartmental  controls laboratory, will be a guide to the establishment of  common courses in controls and systems.  Another component in  this plan is the incorporation of recent research results to  update graduate and undergraduate courses.  Specifically, we  outline ongoing efforts at incorporating recent results on  sampled-data control from the hybrid systems point of view in  digital control courses.  ***"]
["Career:  Si-Based Alloys an Heterostructures for Improved   Performance","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Berger, Paul","DE","University of Delaware","pberger@ieee.org","ENG","9624160  Berger  This research project will examine and develop the Group IV alloy system (Si, Ge, C and Sn) studying material properties, fabrication techniques and electronic and photonic devices unique to the Si1-x-y-zGexCySnz  system.  Special attention will be focused on Si1-x-yGexCx alloys due to their inherent lattice matching ability to   Si substrates, but not be limited to these alloys.  Vegard's law predicts that an 8.2 to 1 ratio of Ge to C will be lattice matched to Si substrates.    Among the benefits gained would be development of high performance Si-compatible heterostructure electronics as well as Si-based alloys and heterostructures with enhanced optical properties.    The project commences with development of material issues related to these alloys by probing their optical, electronic and structural properties.  Concurrently, the project will develop processing techniques such as etching and metalization, which could be unique to this material system.    Optimized fabrication techniques will be applied to manufacture electronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits.  High performance electronic devices such as heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) and modulation-doped field effect transistors (MODFET) would be ideally suited to the bandgap engineering possible with development of lattice matched heterstructure on Si substrates.  Devices with enhanced photonic properties such as optical detectors and emitters will also be a primary focus.    In addition to the research plan outlined above, and educational plan will involve four main thrusts.  These four goals will be:    1.   to attract women, under-represented minorities and persons with disabilities to get     involved in research at the undergraduate level in order to promote future teachers  from these groups;     2. to strengthen the undergraduate curriculum on semiconductor materials and  devices by building lab demonstrations and competitive lab resources for the  undergraduate teaching lab;    3. to develop a new M aster's degree in Electrical Engineering on Interconnect  Technology;    4. to build a support structure for the retention engineering majors.  ***"]
["CAREER: Computer Graphics Techniques for Modeling and       Rendering Weathered Materials","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Dorsey, Julie","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","dorsey@cs.yale.edu","CSE","Research Component  Photorealistic image synthesis is an important problem for such  diverse fields as architecture, lighting and industrial design,  scientific visualization, simulation systems, entertainment, and  advertising.  An important component  that has been missing from  image synthesis  is the effect of weathering.  Existing models of  materials  in computer graphics assume that the materials are in  pristine condition.  This research program will focus on the  development of computer graphics techniques for modeling and  rendering weathered materials.    The research will proceed along four lines.  The first part of  the program involves the development of comprehensive material  models; and emphasis will be placed on models that can capture  the changing appearance of a given material over time.  The  second part of the program will entail the development of new  high-level representations for complex surfaces.  The third  aspect of the program includes creation of techniques simulating  the effects of the environment in both batch and interactive  modes.  The final stage involves developing techniques to render  weathered materials.    Educational Component  The pursuit of an integrated collection of educational  initiatives is an important goal.  The education plan proposes  the development of interactive pedagogical aids to augment  traditional classroom teaching, adaptive hypertext environments  for on-line student assistance, and interactive challenge-  response tools for student evaluation and certification.  Advanced courses in computer graphics are being developed using  these tools.  Mentoring and training of new researchers will  integrate the research and educational activities.    The principal investigator's track record of interdisciplinary  work, combining expertise in architecture and computer science,  will facilitate the work.  ***"]
["CAREER: Robust and Optimal Control of Nonlinear Mechanical  Systems with Rotating Components","CMS","DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Tsiotras, Panagiotis","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","p.tsiotras@ae.gatech.edu","ENG","9624188  Tsiotras  This CAREER project integrates the research and educational  aspects of dynamics and control of nonlinear systems.  Specifically, a special class of nonlinear systems, namely  those with rotating components is emphasized. A wide variety  of engineering systems such as aircrafts, robots, lathes,  milling machines, and underwater vehicles fall in this  category. An in depth analysis of the dynamics and  kinematics of the chosen system is carried out including  effective modeling of system equations, stabilization and  optimal control of each subsystem, synthesis of individual  controllers at the subsystem level into a complete  controller for the original system, and controller  implementation under actuator/sensor failure. The research  results are verified experimentally in the rotating  machinery and controls(ROMAC)laboratory. The educational  activities include introduction of new courses at the  undergraduate and graduate levels, participation in a  minority mentoring program, outreach activities at local  schools, and development of a dynamics and controls  laboratory for both research and teaching.***"]
["CAREER:  A Concurrent Design Paradigm for Small Companies","DMI","INTEGRATION ENGINEERING","Carlson-Skalak, Susan","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","s_skalak@virginia.edu","ENG","9624195    Carlson        This Career Award provides support for the development of a concurrent engineering methodology for small companies and educational activities to develop skills in team work, design, and product development.  Concurrent engineering has had a significant impact on the quality and development cycle of products in large corporations.  Even though small companies constitute ninety percent of all manufacturing firms in the United States, little work has been done to develop a concurrent engineering methodology that targets their needs.  An action research paradigm is used to gather information through interviews and participation in small company design teams.  Based upon this information, a methodology is proposed and taught to industrial participants and students.  After implementation of the methodology in companies and the classroom, revisions are made, starting the whole cycle again.  This action research paradigm allows practicing engineers and students to become partners in the development of a design methodology that uses teams of people to focus on the life cycle aspects of a product early in the design cycle. Educational activities include the development of a Technology, Management, and Policy minor that will be open to students across the university.  This minor will educate students on the development of technologies and products and the implication of these developments on the nation and the world, and will give the students an opportunity to work in multi-disciplinary teams on complex problems dealing with management and development of technologies.  These students will be better prepared to make tough decisions on how to govern and use technology as the nation faces the issues of global competition, sustainability, and diminishing resources.      This grant is likely to provide improvements in design within small companies and the education of students about design and interdisciplinary team work.  Similar benefits are expected from a concurrent methodology de veloped specifically for small companies that can be adopted without the expense of outside consultants."]
["The Gaseous Extent of Galaxies and the Origin of Quasi-     Stellar Object Lyman-Alpha Absorption Line Systems","AST","INFORMAL SCIENCE EDUCATION|SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Lanzetta, Kenneth","NY","SUNY at Stony Brook","lanzetta@sbast3.ess.sunysb.edu","MPS","Lanzetta  9624216  The research to be carried out focuses on the gaseous extent of galaxies and the origin of Quasi-Stellar Object (QSO) absorption systems.  The foundation for carrying out the research is an existing imaging and spectroscopic survey of faint galaxies in the fields of the Hubble Space Telescope spectroscopic target QSOs.  The goal of the survey is to probe the gaseous extent of galaxies and the origin of Lyman alpha spectral line absorption systems by directly comparing redshifts of galaxies and absorbers along common lines of sight.  Nearly 2000 faint objects in 25 fields have already been targeted with low-resolution optical spectroscopy.  A wide variety of follow-up observations of galaxies identified in the survey have already been obtained, including broad-band optical and infrared imaging, broad-band, high-resolution optical imaging, and high-resolution optical spectroscopy.  Additional follow-up observations of galaxies identified in the survey are planned, including 21 cm radio spectroscopy observations and wide-field, low-resolution optical spectroscopy.  The existing and planned observations will constitute an enormously rich data set that was designed for the purpose of providing new insights into many different aspects of the relationship between galaxies and absorption systems.  The observations and measurements characterize, in more or less as much detail as is possible, the properties of an unbiased sample of galaxies that by chance occur near lines of sight to bright background QSOs.  This allows  one to obtain unique measurements of the presence or absence of corresponding Lyman alpha absorption lines.  The potential application of these observations and measurements is enormous, not only from the perspective of the relationship between galaxies and absorbers, but also from the perspective of faint galaxies generally.  Specifically, the observations and measurements will be used to determine how the incidence and extent of tenuous gas around galaxies depends on  the luminosity, mass, morphological type, stellar population and star formation history, and large-scale environment of the galaxies.  The luminosity function of Lyman alpha absorbing galaxies will be derived.  This is a crucial quantity that links the number density of Lyman alpha absorbers with the number counts and redshift distribution of faint galaxies.  Galaxy and absorber pairs are also of interest because they provide a new and utterly unique dynamical probe of galaxies that extends far beyond conventional rotation curves and can be applied to determine the dark matter content of galaxies to unprecedented spatial scales and redshifts.  The education plan focuses on the development of a new course and textbook to teach quantitative reasoning skills to non-science majors and the development of a new program to involve undergraduate students and high school students in astronomical research.  The goal is to exploit the natural tendency of students in all areas of study to take an interest in astronomical topics to teach concrete, tangible skills drawn from the areas of applied physics, applied mathematics, and applied statistics.  The new course is entitled \"Impacts in the Solar System\" and is specifically aimed at non-science majors who have had minimal but some background in physics, mathematics, or statistics.  The objective of the course is to apply simple yet rigorous quantitative reasoning to a variety of problems related to impacts in the solar system, concentrating especially on terrestrial impacts and their consequences for evolution of life on Earth, but also covering impacts on other solar system objects.  The objective of the program of undergraduate research is to allow students from all areas of study particularly those who will not become professional researchers to benefit from the experience of conducting research."]
["Career:  Development of Hybrid (Passive/Semi-Active) Seismic Response Control Systems","CMS","ARCHITECTURE & MECHAN SYSTEMS|NAT & MAN-MADE HAZARD MITIGATI","Symans, Michael","WA","Washington State University","symans@rpi.edu","ENG","9624227  Symans  This CAREER award is for establishing a Structural Dynamics  and Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory (SDEER) to be  used for both research and educational purposes.  The main  objectives are to further the development of passive, semi-  active and hybrid seismic response control systems with an  emphasis on the viability of hybrid control systems; to  expand the graduate student research program in earthquake  and wind engineering, and structural control as well as  exposing undergraduate students to these fields; and to  provide students in local public schools with the  opportunity of working together with natural hazards experts  and of learning about recent advances in these fields of  research.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Design Assessment and Reuse","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Jacome, Margarida","TX","University of Texas at Austin","jacome@ece.utexas.edu","CSE","This research is on design reuse and design process assessment.  Design reuse can  be in any part of the design cycle from initial phases (capture, processing, and  organization of design information), to final phases (matching, retrieval and  actual reuse of design information).  Mechanisms for supporting this activity are  being explored.  Attention is being paid to maximizing opportunities for reuse,  and assessing the impact on productivity of the reuse infrastructure.  Issues  being addressed include the characterization and representation of design objects  and design processes, automatic capture, indexing, retrieval and reuse of design  information.  The second investigation is developing a framework, including risk  assessment and planning tools, for design process assessment.  Metrics or  measuring management objectives and parameters of the design process are being  identified and characterized.  Results of the research are being tested and  validated in the design of large embedded systems."]
["Enhanced Sensitivity NMR Studies of Nanostructured          Electronic Materials and Education in Physical Chemistry","CHE","STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Bowers, Clifford","FL","University of Florida","bowers@chem.ufl.edu","MPS","In this Faculty Early Career Development Program award funded by the   Experimental Physical Chemistry Program of the Chemistry Division, Bowers   will study nanostructured III-V semiconductor systems using enhanced   sensitivity nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).  Ultrahigh   sensitivity NMR techniques will be developed, including solid-state   optical pumping, spin inject dynamic nuclear polarization, and   magnetoresistance detection.  Some of the examples that will be examined   include structural studies of dopant complex bonding geometries, the   detection of skyrmions in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE), and   the determination of quasi-Landau level structure and magnetic moments of   composite Fermions in the characterization of ordering and phase domains   in semiconductor alloys including the III-V nitrides.  Some of these   experiments will be conducted at the National High Magnetic Field   Laboratory (NHMFL).  The education plan will include sponsorship of   undergraduate research at NHMFL, the development of computer-assisted   chemical education and the virtual classroom, and expansion of a highly   successful NMR seminar series.  One goal of this project is to demonstrate the potential of NMR to   provide new information about nanostructured electronic materials which   may not be available by any other analytical measurement.  All of the   systems of interest have novel device applications, such as in various   types of field effect transistors and in blue- or ultraviolet-light diode   lasers.  The educational part of this CAREER grant will promote an   understanding of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for both   undergraduate and graduate students through classroom work, seminars, and   hands-on research in one of the world's best a settings for research with   high magnetic fields."]
["Career Program:  Shear-Induced Slippage at Polymer-Solid    Interfaces","CTS","FLUID DYNAMICS & HYDRAULICS","Archer, Lynden","TX","Texas Engineering Experiment Station","archer@cheme.cornell.edu","ENG","9624254  Archer     This career development program combines course development and mentoring with fundamental studies of shear-induced slippage of polymeric fluids in simple geometry's.  The research focuses on the classic no-slip condition.  Recent studies indicate this condition may not be valid at sufficiently high shear stresses for polymer melts and solutions and even for some Newtonian fluids.   The research uses optical and spectroscopic methods to study spatial variations in polymer orientation in the bulk and close to confining walls.  The effects of chain length and polymer strand orientation close to bounding surfaces will be studied in entangled polymer solutions.  In polymer solutions and melts, the influence of inner-species  mixing and stress gradients on small molecule migration and slip will be determined.  Information of this type has application in polymer processing.   The educational component of this program includes further development of two new courses, Polymer Engineering and Polymer Dynamics.  These courses will be integrated into a new multi-disciplinary undergraduate polymer engineering program.  This is part of a strategy to make the chemical engineering program more responsive to changing industrial needs.  A special feature of the educational plan is a mentoring program whereby talented undergraduates are exposed to industrial research problems.  Specific plans are included for training promising underrepresented minority students in basic research methodology.  This plan includes efforts to improve graduation rates and post graduate enrollment rates for this group of students."]
["CAREER:  An Approach of Ordinal Comparison to the Design    and Optimization of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Dai, Liyi","MO","Washington University","liyi@zsch.wustl.edu","ENG","9624279  Dai  Research Plan       Discrete event dynamic systems represent many important  engineering systems such as communications networks, computer  networks, manufacturing systems, and transportation systems.   This project is motivated by the need for effective performance  analysis, optimization, and design of such systems.  There are  two integrated major research thrust we propose to pursue:  (A) Characterization and investigation of mechanism of ordinal  comparison.  Recent research as demonstrated that ordinal  comparison, or comparing relative orders of performances of  different designs, converges very fast despite possible presence  of large estimation errors.  The indicator process turns out  surprisingly to be a fundamental concept with several important  implications.  Based on the notion of indicator processes, the  ordinal comparison converges exponentially fast in many important  situations.  The indicator process also provides useful insight  on the dynamical behavior of ordinal comparison.  In this  project, we shall further investigate dynamic properties of the  indicator process and its impact on optimization, design, and  simulation of discrete event dynamic systems.  (B) A new ordinal approach to optimization and design of discrete  event dynamic systems. Discrete event dynamic systems are  complex, stochastic, and nonlinear.  System design has to cope  with difficulties such as complex structure, slow convergence of  performance value estimates, and large discrete search space.  We  shall (i) investigate simulation planning for efficient  comparison; (ii) establish new optimization and control  algorithms utilizing the fast convergence of ordinal comparison.  These algorithms can allocate quickly good designs with minimal  budget.    Education Plan:  The PI has (a) opened a new course in manufacturing systems which  draws students from business school and local industry; (b)  introduced computer into classroom; (c) mentored students.  In  this project, the PI will:        (1) develop a software for his manufacturing systems course;       (2) further refine a computer program he has written for a       course on matrix algebra;       (3) establish a partnership with local industry in          undergraduate and graduate education.  ***"]
["Extended Metal-Metal Interactions: d8 Stabilized            Multiply Bonded Dimers and Oligomeric Pt-Bipyridine         Springs","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Catalano, Vincent","NV","University of Nevada Reno","vjc@unr.edu","MPS","Dr. Vincent Catalano, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada,   Reno, is supported by the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic   Program of the Chemistry Division under a Faculty Early Career   Development Award  for studies of extended metal-metal interactions.   Multi-metallic complexes will be prepared by bridging multiply bonded   metal-metal dimers to late transition metal complexes using bidentate or   multidentate ligands.  The reactivity of these systems with small   molecules such as carbon dioxide will be explored.  Also, helical shaped   platinum bipyridine complexes will be prepared by covalently linking   multiple bipyridines through alkene linkages.  These complexes have the   potential to act as vapo-, baro-, or solvato-chromic sensors. The   educational plan is aimed at increasing science literacy at all levels of   education through simple programs that can be implemented based on a   `think globally-act locally` approach, which includes tying chemical   concepts to topical issues, integration of teaching with research, and   public outreach through chemistry club and science fair activities.  Synthetic systems will be designed in which metal atoms can interact with   one another in extended linear networks.  These systems are expected to   be unique in their reactivity and in their physical properties due to the   extended metal-metal interactions.  They are of fundamental interest from   the standpoint of understanding metal-metal bonding and through-space   interactions, and they may have applications as sensors and in small   molecule activation.  The educational plan focuses on modifications of   traditional chemistry courses to include topical issues and to integrate   teaching with research."]
["Morphological Study of Aqueous Processing of Biopolymers","DMR","POLYMERS|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Gido, Samuel","MA","University of Massachusetts Amherst","spgido@squeaky.pse.umass.edu","MPS","9624306  Gido  An integrated career development plan is proposed which  includes strong components in both research and education.  The major components of this plan are:  (1) to build a  research group of graduate students; (2) to assemble  laboratory facilities and equipment; (3) to develop a  nationally and internationally recognized research program;  (4) to develop educational programs in graduate research  training as well as class work for graduate and  undergraduate students.  The research component of this  career development plan is interdisciplinary in the sense  that the system of study is natural or biological in origin,  but the aspects of this system that are of primary interest  fall into the realm of polymer science and materials  science.  It is proposed to investigate natural silk  spinning processes in silk worms and spiders so that these  incredibly efficient processes may to be used as models for  aqueous processing of genetically engineered biopolymers.  The techniques employed in this research will be mainly  electron microscopy, electron diffraction, energy dispersive  X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy loss image  filtering (Gatan Imaging Filter) on cryogenically prepared  samples.  Using these techniques, structure will be  corrolated with protein concentration in the aqueous silk  solution and the concentration of various salts which are  naturally present in the silk gland, and are thought to  influence chain conformation and phase behavior.  %%%  The educational component of this CAREER grant involves  outreach to high-school students and teachers, summer  programs, and field trips.  Results from this research will  be incorporated into classroom teaching in order to  illustrate general principles of polymer morphology,  crystallography, electron microscopy, etc.  The techniques  discussed in classes are general techniques of polymer  science and materials science.  ***"]
["CAREER: Building and Searching Data Structures for          Spatial Environments","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Amato, Nancy","TX","Texas Engineering Experiment Station","amato@cs.tamu.edu","CSE","In recent years geometric modeling and simulation techniques  have become essential tools for applications involving  physical objects.  Although much progress has been made,  there are important applications that cannot be realized  with current technology. Examples include controlling  autonomous robots operating in dynamic situations, training  an employee for a dangerous task in a virtual reality  environment, and helping an engineer interactively analyze  design choices using a threedimensional model of a complex  product.  The general objective of this research is to  design and implement practical algorithms for such  applications.  Toward this goal, the applicability of  techniques developed in the field of computational geometry  to the following target applications will be studied:  performing robotic path planning and planning manipulation  tasks with contact, and analyzing product designs for  manufacturability, assembly, and disassembly. The research  will be performed in collaboration with an ongoing research  effort at Texas A&M in dextrous manipulation and with  researchers at GE R&D analyzing product designs for and  maintainability.  Two educational activities will be undertaken.  First,  mentoring and general support programs will be initiated for  undergraduate and graduate women in the Computer Science  Department at Texas A&M. The goal of these programs is to  encourage more women to pursue graduate studies and careers  in computer science and engineering. Second, group learning  methods will be incorporated into undergraduate and graduate  courses in theoretical computer science.  The change from  the standard lecture format is motivated by research that  has shown that group learning can increase student interest  and help them to understand concepts more fully.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Requirements Specification for Embedded            Systems:  An Integrated Framework","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Heimdahl, Mats Per Erik","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","heimdahl@cs.umn.edu","CSE","The vast majority of serious software design flaws are due  to incomplete, inconsistent, or obscure requirements  documents. It is in the very first stages of software  development, the requirements specification phase, that the  fewest formal procedures exist to aid the analyst.  Techniques to capture, verify, and validate requirements  specifications for embedded systems are of demonstrable  importance. This project focuses on validation of  requirements specifications, specifically on executable  specifications.  An integrated framework is being  constructed for the development, analysis, and execution of  high-level requirements specifications for embedded systems.  The framework is intended to support (1) execution and  simulation of embedded system requirements (hardware-in- the  loop simulation), and (2) requirements reuse and  requirements synthesis based on the structure and design of  the physical system. This environment will enable an  executable high-level requirements specification to interact  with: (1) models of the assumed behavior of the environment,  (2) software simulations of the environment, or (3) the  actual physical components in the environment.  The approach  taken is to extend an existing formal specification  language, RSML, with the capability to define system-level  inter-component communication in an embedded system.    The educational component of this CAREER project seeks to  increase industrial involvement in undergraduate and  graduate education through case studies and industrial  projects.  A remotely-accessible embedded systems laboratory  is being established, where students can gain realistic  hands-on experience with software development for real-time  systems.  ***"]
["CAREER: Sensor-Integrated Bearing with Self-Diagnostic      Capabilities","DMI","MANUFACTURING MACHINES & EQUIP","Gao, Robert","MA","University of Massachusetts Amherst","gao@ecs.umass.edu","ENG","9624353  Gao   This CAREER award will investigate the research issues associated with \"smart\" bearings that embed and integrate transducers and microelectronics for data processing for diagnostics and predictive maintenance. The educational plan will produce globally oriented engineers that understand competitive pressures and have experienced cross-disciplinary teaming.  The research plan starts with quantifying bearing failure signatures, considers microelectronics and miniaturization of sensors and data processing into a prototype smart bearing, and bench scale and cooperative industrial experiments for optimization reliability.   The educational program has components of percolate outreach  through the University of Massachusetts-Amherst's K-12 Outreach Committee, and undergraduate course in mechatronic system design, and a graduate course on random data analysis and measurement.     The impact of this innovative research plan is that it is a key component of predictive maintenance, with implications for productivity, availability and most importantly, safety, of manufacturing machines and transportation systems.   The educational plan will enable the students to think critically and  communicate better in a team environment, making the nations human resources more competitive in a global environment."]
["CAREER:  Multi-user Receivers for Advanced Wireless         Systems","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH|NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE","Mitra, Urbashi","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","ubli@usc.edu","CSE","The broad goal of this research is to exploit the nature of both   the future communications traffic and the communications   channel in the construction of high performance receivers for   multi-user Code-Division Multiple-Access  (CDMA) signals.   Issues include bandwidth efficiency, receiver/transmitter   complexity, and quality of service (QoS).  Two main research   areas within CDMA receiver design will be investigated: multi   rate communications and channel equalization. In order to   accommodate a variety of potentially disparate sources (voice,   data and video signals), multi-rate communication schemes must   be developed. Possible sources such as voice, video, and data   communications have inherently different QoS requirements. QoS  parameters include: bit-rate, allowable delay, performance, and   source priority. The constant bit-rate paradigm of the current   wireless network will not serve such multi-rate services of the   future. The focus of this research is  to: (a) develop optimal   detectors for the various multi-rate access methods and   compared, (b) create performance measures which capture   QoS  needs will be constructed and (c) construct multi-user receivers to   explicitly exploit the redundancy in the mixture of narrowband and   wideband user signals. A major consideration is the distortion   induced by the propagation effects of  the radio channel. Receivers   to combat the effects of multipath and fading  will be developed and  analyzed. While equalization in the context of  wireless systems is a   well-explored problem, the novelty of this research lies in the   consideration of (a) parameter estimation methods necessary for   the accommodation of new users, (b) the specialization of   existing blind  equalization techniques for CDMA signals which are   achieved with moderate complexity, and (c) the development of   partially blind methods to fully exploit any information present   about the CDMA signals and the communication channel."]
["Career: Nonlinear Control: New Problems for Robust and      Adaptive Design","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Krstic, Miroslav","MD","University of Maryland College Park","krstic@ucsd.edu","ENG","9624386  Krstic       The research objective of the proposal is to develop new  control designs which exploit, rather than counteract, nonlinear  features of engineering systems.  The Principal Investigator's  previous research includes solutions to several long-standing  design problems in adaptive nonlinear control and a new monograph  on control of uncertain nonlinear systems.  These designs are  gaining popularity in a number of application areas, and are  included in commercially available control design software.  This  proposal addresses new problems of robust and adaptive control  for systems with severe nonlinearities and highly uncertain  models. (A) New designs will be developed which avoid  cancellation of useful nonlinearities.  This is a major  theoretical and practical problem which the PI was recently able  to solve for application to jet engine stabilization.  A general  solution to this problem is likely to have a technological impact  in application areas such as automotive systems, flight control,  electric motors, power systems, manufacturing, and many others.   Designs without cancellation will contribute to solving robust  nonlinear control problems of practical importance: limited  control power, sensitivity to noise and unmodeled dynamics, and  stabilization of bifurcated equilibria. (B) Design methods will  be developed to solve the problem of \"peak seeking\"-regulation to  peaks of uncertain nonlinear functions. Such problems occur in  many inherently nonlinear applications where maximum efficiency  is achieved at the peak but the uncertainty prevents the designer  from choosing the set point a priori.  (C) Existing methods of  adaptive nonlinear control will be redesigned to allow  nonparametric uncertainties and improve performances under  unmodeled dynamics.  The PI's recent finding that adaptive  controllers can converge to destabilizing controllers (while  guaranteeing global regulation) advances the fundamental  geometric understanding of adaptive systems and will  guide his  future robust redesigns.  The objectives of the proposal are  motivated by application problems, and will provide a theoretical  base for future collaborative projects with United Technologies,  Ford Motor Company, and Rockwell International.       The focus of the education plan is on developing a new  graduate course Nonlinear Control Design based on the PI's recent  book.  An effort will be made to introduce nonlinear control  results of engineering relevance into the graduate control  curriculum.  A particular emphasis will be put on making  nonlinear control attractive to a broader spectrum of control  students, especially those with interest in applications, so as  to enhance appreciation of control among future industrial  leaders.  The undergraduate teaching plan is a part of a major  innovative reform of the undergraduate curriculum at UMCP.  The  dynamics of the industrial environment are much faster than those  of the academic environment, consequently, the plan calls for  undergraduate control education which teaches a lasting set of  skills with enduring value.  Computer animation is proposed as an  important tool for teaching undergraduate control.  ***"]
["Cooperative Information Systems","IIS","DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES","Singh, Munindar","NC","North Carolina State University","singh@ncsu.edu","CSE","The research component of this CAREER grant aims to uncover and develop principles for cooperative information systems (CIS).  CIS are multi-agent information systems in which search, enterprise integration, and reactive system approaches are employed, and which are geared toward open information environments.  The research goal of this project is to uncover principles of CIS and to realize them in primitives that can be used for building applications in open information environments. Using formal languages for inter-resource constraints, communication and activity behaviors of agents, and classes of CIS computations for applications of interest, a CIS agent toolkit will be built.  The educational component of this CAREER grant focuses on the development of courses and supporting technologies based on CIS techniques and principles."]
["Career: Cryptography, Proof Checking and Approximation","CCF","THEORY OF COMPUTING|ALGEBRA,NUMBER THEORY,AND COM","Bellare, Mihir","CA","University of California-San Diego","mihir@cs.ucsd.edu","CSE","NOTE: This CAREER award is a companion project to the CAREER  award CCR-96-24560, ``Practice-Oriented Provable Security'',  University of California, Davis. This project focuses on the  areas of (1) provable security and probabilistic proof  checking with orientation towards developing practical, but  proven secure protocols and (2) probabilistic proof checking  (PCP) with application to the derivation of  nonapproximability results for NP-hard optimization  problems. The problems examined cannot be solved by some  kind of ``technology transfer'' from theory to practice;  rather the theoretical principles have to be used to develop  new models and solve new problems.  Applications of the  techniques of practice-oriented provable security are  applied to such problems as: session key distribution, use  of block cyphers to provably achieve basic cryptographic  goals, and balancing between individual privacy and law  enforcement, via key escrow or other means.  In the area of  PCP, the problems studied include determining tight results  for the approximability of Max Clique, and improved results  for Max SNP problem. The Integrated Educational Plan of this  CAREER grant includes developing: (a) new undergraduate and  graduate courses in principles of sound protocol design,  with joint university/industrial training projects; and (b)  an undergraduate algorithm design course in which proof  checking tehniques for determining good approximate  solutions are taught and applied to NP-hard optimization  problems.***"]
["CAREER:  Efficient Implementation of Object Oriented        Languages on Superscalar Processors","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Hoelzle, Urs","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","urs@cs.ucsb.edu","CSE","9624458  Hoelzle  Programmers have long been faced with the dilemma of choosing  between abstraction and efficiency: if they use abstraction  pervasively, their programs become more maintainable but may  execute too slowly.  Ideally, hiding a design decision behind an  abstract interface should have no impact on performance, so that  programmers can reap the full benefits of encapsulation without  fear of performance problems. Thus, abstraction-oriented  languages must employ aggressive compiler optimizations to reduce  the run-time overhead of abstraction. Since the ultimate goal is  to increase programmer productivity, these optimizations must be  compatible with interactive, exploratory programming  environments. The focus of this work is on reducing the cost of  abstraction in object-oriented languages, as well as,  complementary educational goals.  The objective of this project is to develop adaptive  customization, a compiler technique that aims to make aggressive  optimization practical by improving performance without unduly  increasing code size. Being suitable for interactive programming  environments, adaptive customization could dramatically improve  the performance of real-world applications written in dynamic  languages like Smalltalk, Self, Java, Dylan, or CLOS.  Not all dispatches can be optimized away, and the remaining  dispatches may become more expensive on superscalar processors.  Thus, the goal is to develop new dispatch techniques specifically  optimized for such processors. A comprehensive study of dispatch  performance on superscalar processors will be undertaken in this  project. Benchmark suites and tools  will be developed to support  this research.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Molecular Modeling Studies of Poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(propylene oxide) in Aqueous Solution","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Smith, Grant","MO","University of Missouri-Columbia","gsmith@geoffrey.emro.utah.e","MPS","9624475  Smith  This is a new CAREER award for an integrated research and  education program.  Due to dramatic improvements in computer  hardware and computational algorithms, molecular modeling of  polymers has seen significant advances in the last few years.  As  these techniques become increasingly utilized tools in materials  research, the need for force fields which accurately describe  intermolecular and intramolecular interactions will  correspondingly increase, as will the need to expose both  graduate and undergraduate students to the power and utility, and  limitations, of these methods.  In this grant, the properties of  poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) in  aqueous solution will be investigated via ab initio quantum  chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.  The  main questions to be answered relate to the interactions of these  polymers, one of which is water soluble (PEO) and the other which  is not (PPO), with the water solvent.  These issues are of great  interest because PEO and PEO/PPO copolymers are used in a wide  variety of applications where the desired properties are  determined by the behavior of the polymers in aqueous solution.  Among these is the modification of surfaces to provide protein  and cell resistance for many important applications, including  controlled release agents, encapsulated enzymes and injectable  therapeutic and diagnostic agents.  The excellent protein  resistant properties of PEO polymers are believed to be a result  of the unique solution properties of PEO and its molecular  conformation in aqueous solution.    In order to expose undergraduate students to these modeling  techniques, a Computational Materials Science Program will be  instituted.  The program will consist of a new materials  science/molecular physics course for upper-division undergraduate  and graduate students.  The course will emphasize the  relationships between molecular properties and materials  behavior.  Both semi-empirical and ato mistic methods for  predicting materials properties will be introduced, and the  strengths and limitations of the methods will be examined at  length.  In the Computational Materials Research Laboratory  (CMSL), the students will gain hands-on experience using these  techniques in well-defined molecular modeling laboratory  projects.  The CMSL will be equipped with powerful workstations  and modeling software which is well suited for undergraduate  education and research. Undergraduate students interested in  research in computational materials science will have the  opportunity to design and perform projects using CMSL facilities.  %%%  This is a new CAREER award for an integrated research and  education program.  Due to dramatic improvements in computer  hardware and computational algorithms, molecular modeling of  polymers has seen significant advances in the last few years.  As  these techniques become increasingly utilized tools in materials  research, the need for force fields which accurately describe  intermolecular and intramolecular interactions will  correspondingly increase, as will the need to expose both  graduate and undergraduate students to the power and utility, and  limitations, of these methods.  In this grant, the properties of  poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) in  aqueous solution will be investigated via ab initio quantum  chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.  The  main questions to be answered relate to the interactions of these  polymers, one of which is water soluble (PEO) and the other which  is not (PPO), with the water solvent.  These issues are of great  interest because PEO and PEO/PPO copolymers are used in a wide  variety of applications where the desired properties are  determined by the behavior of the polymers in aqueous solution.  Among these is the modification of surfaces to provide protein  and cell resistance for many important applications, including  controlled release agents, encapsulated enzymes and inje ctable  therapeutic and diagnostic agents.  The excellent protein  resistant properties of PEO polymers are believed to be a result  of the unique solution properties of PEO and its molecular  conformation in aqueous solution.    In order to expose undergraduate students to these modeling  techniques, a Computational Materials Science Program will be  instituted.  The program will consist of a new materials  science/molecular physics course for upper-division undergraduate  and graduate students.  The course will emphasize the  relationships between molecular properties and materials  behavior.  Both semi-empirical and atomistic methods for  predicting materials properties will be introduced, and the  strengths and limitations of the methods will be examined at  length.  In the Computational Materials Research Laboratory  (CMSL), the students will gain hands-on experience using these  techniques in well-defined molecular modeling laboratory  projects.  The CMSL will be equiped with powerful workstations  and modeling software which is well suited for undergraduate  education and research. Undergraduate students interested in  research in computational materials science will have the  opportunity to design and perform projects using CMSL facilities.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Advanced Integrated Circuit Metallization:         Research and Education","DMR","AFRICA, NEAR EAST, & SO ASIA|ELECTRONIC MATERIALS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Alford, Terry","AZ","Arizona State University","alford@asu.edu","MPS","9624493  Alford    This CAREER research project addresses metallization and contact formation in silicon-based systems with the objective to create new fundamental knowledge in the science and engineering of interconnect materials systems and processes for future integrated circuit technologies. Interconnect materials systems to be studied include conductors, adhesion promoting layers and barrier layers. The research concentrates on metal conductor materials (silver and its alloys), but a substantial aspect of this investigation is the integrated systems approach to multilevel metallization that seeks greater understanding for addressing long term future solutions (lower resistivity Ag alloys) and more near term solutions (Cu alloys).  %%%  This research project will extend the investigator's preliminary advances in Cu metallization materials science and processing to integrate critical aspects of basic research advances with two Educational Innovations, Outreach to K-12, and a collaborative Community College activity with the Maricopa Community College District which includes courses televised to local industry.  In addition to the educational outreach activities, an important feature of the program is the general integration of research and education through the training of graduate students in a fundamentally and technologically significant area. The proposed basic investigations of metallization and contact formation are expected to contribute fundamental materials science knowledge of technological relevance to advanced microelectronic devices and circuits.  The knowledge and understanding gained from this research project is expected to contribute in a general way to improving the performance of advanced devices and circuits used in computing, information processing, and telecommunications by providing a fundamental understanding and a basis for designing and producing improved materials with greater reliability and performance.  ***"]
["Experiments with Vibrationally Cold Trapped Atoms","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|ATOMIC & MOLECULAR DYNAMICS","Weiss, David","CA","University of California-Berkeley","dsweiss@phys.psu.edu","MPS","It is proposed to construct a far-detuned 3-dimensional optical  lattice that can act as an atomic trap.  Cooling of the atoms in  the trap will be achieved by successive vibrational excitation  and de-excitation in the vibrational wells set up by the optical  waves.  Once the atoms have been appropriately cooled, they will  be used for precision measurements of atomic properties.  In  addition, vibrational cooling of two atoms at a single lattice  site will be used as the starting point for the creation of cold,  trapped molecules."]
["Dynamics of Highly Excited Hydrocarbons:  From              Supercollisions to Super-reactions","CHE","STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Mullin, Amy","MA","Boston University","mullin@umd.edu","MPS","In this Faculty Early Career Development Program funded by the   Experimental Physical Chemistry Program in the Chemistry Division, Mullin   will use transient infrared absorption spectroscopy to examine dynamical   processes of highly vibrationally excited molecules.  Interconnected   processes such as unimolecular decomposition, collisional energy   transfer, and bimolecular reactions which accompany the relaxation of the   high energy species will be investigated.  The excited molecules will be   prepared in highly excited vibrational states by ultraviolet laser   excitation, and the final quantum state distributions of the products   will be determined using high-resolution infrared lasers with fast   optical detection.  Among the molecular systems to be studied are   s-tetrazine, benzene, and azulene.  In her efforts to increase the extent   to which young women engage in scientific study, Mullin will initiate a   series of community outreach programs designed to inform and better   prepare junior and senior high school girls for college science classes   and future careers in science.  At the university level, a program of   classroom, research, and extracurricular activities will be designed to   improve the academic environment for women undergraduate and graduate   science students, and to provide increased access to senior women   mentors.  Our understanding of the chemistry and physics of numerous high-energy   environments will be enhanced from the results of Dr. Mullin's research   program.  These studies will follow the different possible paths that   energy takes as it leaves a molecule which has been highly excited   internally.  The results will lead to a deeper knowledge of the chemistry   of energetic environments in various high-energy systems, such as   plasmas, explosions, flames, combustion, and materials processing.  Dr.   Mullin's educational program is designed to provide outreach and   mentoring activities which will increase the participation of women in   scientific careers."]
["Career:  Uncertainty Management in Geoenvironmental         Engineering","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|GEOTECHNICAL II|GEOTECHNICAL I","Gilbert, Robert","TX","University of Texas at Austin","bob gilbert.cemail@cemailgate.ce.utexas.edu","ENG","Abstract  9624544    The goal of this career-development project is to facilitate  uncertainty management in geoenvironmental engineering  through both research and educational activities.  Uncertainty is significant in geoenvironmental engineering,  and its effective management is necessary to maximize  benefits and minimize costs.    The specific research objectives are:  1. Develop and teach fundamental principles and practical  tools for managing uncertainty in geoenvironmental design.  2. Gain and disseminate knowledge about the performance  (both technical and economic) of remedial actions at  contaminated sites.  3. Create innovative educational units based on experiential  learning for teaching uncertainty management principles.  4. Provide unique educational and research opportunities for  undergraduate and graduate students, such as interactions  with private industry in internship programs and through  research collaboration. A key element of the project is  interaction between academia and industry; it is essential  in meeting each one of the stated objectives.    The project consists of integrated research and educational  activities, including the compilation of a data base of  performance information for remedial actions at contaminated  sites. Focus is placed on obtaining high quality, detailed  information for ten to fifteen sites, with selected sites  being used for case studies, both in research and in  teaching. Following the incorporation of an existing  groundwater flow and transport model into a simulation tool  to create hypothetical sites with complex, heterogeneous,  and transient subsurface conditions, this simulation tool is  used to study site investigation strategies, and as part of  an interactive software package for students to learn about  designing site investigation programs. Theoretical analyses  are conducted to develop practical guidelines and tools for  evaluating the extent of contamination and for predicting  design performance.    The education componen t includes, (1) the development of a  new graduate-level course and a continuing education course  to teach about uncertainty management in geoenvironmental  engineering, and (2) the incorporation into an undergraduate  course of a laboratory program that allows students to  experiment with the fundamentals of probability and  statistics through numerical simulation. Opportunities will  be created for student interaction with private industry and  other disciplines through internship programs, guest  lectures and research collaboration.    This career development project addresses an important  problem in geoenvironmental engineering, namely uncertainty  management. In addition, it will advance uncertainty  management in other engineering disciplines. The ultimate  product will be engineering students and practitioners who  have the capability to manage uncertainty effectively.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Compliant Mechanisms","DMI","ENGINEERING DESIGN","Howell, Larry","UT","Brigham Young University","lhowell@et.byu.edu","ENG","9624574  Howell   This award provides resources to support research and teaching in the area of compliant mechanisms.  Compliant mechanisms gain some or all of their motion from the deflection of flexible members rather than from traditional joints only.  In the past, compliant mechanisms have been limited to simple applications due to difficulties associated with their analysis.  This research focuses on the development of methodologies to simplify compliant mechanism analysis and design.  The pseudo-rigid-body model concept will be developed for analysis of these non-linear systems, and will be used to unify compliant mechanism and rigid-body mechanism theories.  New and recent research results will be integrated into the curriculum in the form of a new course on compliant mechanisms for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students.   Compliant-mechanism theory offers a new way of solving many mechanical-motion problems.  Advantages of compliant mechanisms include decreased manufacturing and assembly time and decreased cost due to reductions in part count.  Other advantages include reductions in weight, vibration, noise, and wear.     Compliant mechanisms also simplify the design of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and allow them to be constructed using methods similar to those used to fabricate integrated circuits.  The research will enable the design of mechanisms that were previously considered unlikely, if not impossible, applications of compliant mechanisms."]
["Observational Cosmology by Observing Gravitational Lensing","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Bernstein, Gary","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","garyb@physics.upenn.edu","MPS","AST 9624592    Abstract - Bernstein          The dark matter which dominates the Universe does not emit  detectable radiation, but does distort images of background objects by  the gravitational deflection of the passing light rays. The research  plan is to measure these \"weak gravitational lensing\" effects to  determine the true shapes of galaxy clusters and the spectrum of the  mass fluctuations in the present-day Universe.  These weak lensing  distortions are now being used to measure the mass distributions of the  inner parts of a few rich clusters of galaxies.  The mass profiles of  10 clusters of galaxies will be measured to a larger radius.  This is  of great interest since theoretical N-body simulations show that  cluster shapes and profiles are sensitive to the value of the  cosmological density parameter Omega, and to the nature of the dark  matter particles.  A particularly interesting case is the weak cluster  0957+561, which contains a multiply-imaged quasar with known time  delay.  By mapping the cluster mass, the modeling of this lens will be  improved and an improved value for the Hubble constant will be  obtained.  The timely completion of these observations requires the use  of a Charged Coupled Device (CCD) mosaic camera on a telescope with  good seeing.  A CCD camera for the Michigan-Dartmouth-MIT (MDM) 2.4m  telescope will be constructed.          Weak gravitations lensing in random parts of the sky has now been  tentatively detected.  The weak gravitational distortions of several  million field galaxies will be measured, the results from these  measurements will provide unambiguous quantitative measurements of: the  strength of mass fluctuations on 8 Mpc scales, where linear  perturbation theory holds and the fluctuations are directly related to  quantum processes in the early Universe; the slope of the power  spectrum in the in smaller regions, which distinguishes between present  rival models of the structure formation; the power spectrum on >100 kpc  scales, where clues  to the nature of galaxy formation and dark matter  halos will be found; and the growth rate of these structures over the  last third of the history of the Universe.  These measurements are only  feasible if imaging devices with extremely large throughput are used.  The Large Area CCD (LACCD) mosaic camera will be completed and mounted  on the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory (CTIO) 4m telescope in  Chile, giving larger throughput than any other instrument there.  Both  cameras (at MDM and CTIO) to be completed under this grant will become  facility instruments and made available to other astronomers.          The completed instruments will also be used to enhance the education  of students at the University of Michigan.  Ph. D. students will obtain  previously unavailable instrumentation experience, and selected  undergraduate astronomy majors will work with instruments in Michigan  and at observatory sites.  The introductory courses for non-science  major undergraduates will be revamped, with an emphasis on improving  the students' visualization and problem-solving abilities by  introducing more modern laboratory exercises and improved classroom  demonstrations.  The results of this program, and current results by  other Astronomy Department members, will be communicated to high school  science teachers and students throughout the State of Michigan via a  monthly full-color \"Image-of-the-Month\" club mailing."]
["CAREER:  Pyrolysis Mechanisms and Kinetics of Polycyclic    Aromatic Compounds","CTS","COMBUSTION AND PLASMA SYSTEMS","Wornat, Mary","NJ","Princeton University","mjwornat@lsu.edu","ENG","Dr. Wornat's proposed research on pyrolysis mechanisms and kinetics of polycyclic aromatic compounds is aimed towards determining the pathways and kinetics of reactions involved in the formation, transformation, and destruction of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) and soot from coal and other fuels.  Experiments will be conducted using a flow reactor with samples being withdrawn at specific reaction times and analyzed using HPLC/UV.  From measurements of intermediates and products, reaction mechanisms will be developed and kinetic parameters derived.  Connections will be made to soot formation.  This work is distinct from the usual acetylene route used for soot formation from lower hydrocarbons.  The educational plan is innovative and includes several attractive features including student research, guest lecturers and visits to power plants."]
["Career Program:  Use of Flow and Magnetic Fields for the    Preparation of Macroscopically Oriented Mesoporous MolecularSieve Films for Device Applications","CTS","SEPAR & PURIFICATION PROCESSES|INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Tsapatsis, Michael","MA","University of Massachusetts Amherst","tsapatsi@cems.umn.edu","ENG","CTS - 9624613  Michael Tsapatsis  U of Massachusetts Amherst    ABSTRACT    The proposal research deals with the preparation of mesoporous molecular sieve films using a surfactant liquid crystalline template.  The existence of liquid crystalline mesostructure allows for a processing strategy similar to polymeric liquid crystals.  An induced macroscopic ordering of the mesostructure may result in macroscopic perfection of the inorganic structure.  Flow and magnetic fields will be used to induce ordering and obtain oriented mesoporous molecular sieve membranes and films.  Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of the film structure will be performed and related to the processing conditions.  The potential impact to the project is strong in separations, catalysis, sensors, and advanced electronic, magnetic and optical materials.  The educational plan includes new undergraduate and graduate courses in materials characterization and mathematical modeling.  Undergraduates will be involved in research and trained to formulate and solve open-ended problems."]
["CAREER:  Microphysics & Statistical Properties of           Concentrated Emulsions","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Loewenberg, Michael","CT","Yale University","michael.loewenberg@yale.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9624615    The proposed research focuses on the microphysics and flow of viscous multiphase fluids under conditions where the dispersed-phase volume fraction is moderately high (up to 50% and drop deformation is significant).  This project is an attempt to work towards a theory that directly relates to the rheology, drop size distribution, and spatial correlations between drops in a concentrated emulsion to a micro-physical description.     The goal of the proposed education plan is to promote creativity and interest in science and technology.  The educational plan is designed to provide an enriching, accessible environment for graduate and undergraduate research; fully integrate research and educational activities; enhance general scientific and technical literacy; and promote a wider involvement of women and people of color in science and technology."]
["CAREER:  Osmotically-Driven Intracellular Transport         Phenomena","BES","BIOTECHNOLOGY","Edwards, David","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","dxe11@psuvm.psu.edu","ENG","9624619  Edwards  This career development plan contains both research and  education activities.  The objective of the research is  to develop an analysis of cell volume response to  osmotic stress conditions that include unsteady-state  intracellular transport, dependence of intracellular  transport phenomena on the gel structure of  cytoskeletal proteins and on the occlusions posed by  internal organelles, and absorption of solutes onto  external and internal membranes and partitioning into  organelles.  The primary anticipated application is  cryopreservation of human, animal and plant cells.  The  rationale is that increased understanding will improve  the predictive capability and design of appropriate  freeze-thaw cycles.  The goal of the educational plan  is incorporate knowledge of mass transfer fundamentals,  including new applications, into undergraduate and  graduate curricula.  Also, a textbook on Mass Transport  in Biology is planned.  ***"]
["Towards Efficient Search-Based Algorithms for Belief        Updating, Decision Making, and Explanation in Bayesian      Belief Networks","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Druzdzel, Marek","PA","University of Pittsburgh","marek@sis.pitt.edu","CSE","Graphical probabilistic models, such as Bayesian belief networks and influence diagrams, offer an attractive knowledge representation tool for reasoning in knowledge-based systems. As many practical systems tend to be large, the main problem faced by this approach is the complexity of probabilistic reasoning, shown to be worst-case NP-hard both for exact and approximate inference. Since the complexity proofs are for the worst case, it is important to study the properties of real models and subsequently to develop algorithms that will explore these properties. The purpose of this research is to develop efficient algorithms for approximate belief updating and decision making in very large probabilistic models. These algorithms explore asymmetries in joint probability distributions over model variables and search for the most likely states of the model. Very often a small set of states covers the bulk of the probability space. The project includes theoretical studies of methods for prediction of convergence speed and error bounds in search-based algorithms and empirical verification of the theoretical predictions on practical models. The algorithms developed in the course of the project are implemented and empirically evaluated in very large knowledge-based systems. As the complexity of probabilistic inference in belief networks is one of the main obstacles to wide application of probabilistic methods in knowledge-based systems, the theoretical results and the algorithms developed in this project can be expected to have a major impact on  the field."]
["Knowledge Acquisition for Natural Language Understanding","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Cardie, Claire","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","cardie@cs.cornell.edu","CSE","A major obstacle to building robust systems that can read, summarize, and extract information from text is the need for large amounts of linguistic knowledge to handle the myriad syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic ambiguities that pervade virtually all aspects of text analysis. The objective of this research is to address this knowledge engineering bottleneck for natural language processing (NLP) systems. The work extends a general knowledge acquisition framework that allows an NLP system to bootstrap its own knowledge bases directly from text using standard inductive machine learning techniques in conjunction with an annotated corpus and robust sentence analysis.  In particular, the framework is being extended to handle additional problems in lexical and structural ambiguity resolution and is being evaluated using Penn Treebank data within the context of a larger NLP task. The work is of both theoretical and practical significance. First, the research will begin to determine the conditions under which machine learning techniques can be expected to offer a cost-effective approach to knowledge acquisition for NLP systems, especially in comparison to existing statistical techniques.  Second, the work will expand the current system into an integrated tool that uses machine learning techniques to guide NLP system development."]
["CAREER:  Nanometer-Scale Thermal Processing Using an OpticalFiber/National MEMS Thermal Design Competition","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Goodson, Kenneth","CA","Stanford University","goodson@vk.stanford.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  Goodson  9624696    This work was awarded under the CAREER program and includes objectives for both research and education. The research plan is to create a Nanoscale ThermoElectroManipulator which applies heat and measures temperature with a 50 nm tapered, metal-coated, optical fiber. The fiber tip  will be used to pick up and anneal groups of atoms, to induce highly-localize chemical reastions at surfaces and to form, cut, and solder nanostructures with extreme spatial resolution.    The educational plan is to sponsor a national competition for thermal design of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS).  The competition would be announced on the World Wide Web, and electronic mail would be used to mentor design teams and submit design proposals. The MEMS designed by the five finalist teams  would be prototyped at the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility with joint industry/NSF support and the students invited to Stanford for a symposium."]
["The Effect of Hierarchical Cluster Formation on Galaxy      Evolution","AST","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Henriksen, Mark","ND","University of North Dakota Main Campus","henrikse@umbc.edu","MPS","Henriksen  9624716  A  five-year research and education plan will be carried out.  The goals of the activities are to (1) establish and maintain a  research program which produces a significant contribution to an  important and interesting area of astronomical research, (2) to  strengthen educational opportunities in astronomy at the  University of North Dakota, (3) to increase the involvement and  interest of Native Americans in astronomy research and in the  University of North Dakota, (4) to stimulate interest in  astronomy research within the University and within the state of  North Dakota.  The understanding of galaxy evolution in clusters of galaxies has  posed a persistent challenge to astronomers for approximately 20  years, beginning with discovery of the Butcher-Oemler Effect.  Photometric and spectroscopic observations of galaxies in  clusters showing this effect have confirmed this observational  enigma and increased our understanding of the problem.  The  problem stated succinctly is, \"How does the galaxy population in  clusters change from being dominated by late-type spirals at a  redshift of  z = 0.2 to being dominated by early-type galaxies in  the galaxy population at the present epoch\".  The recent  discovery that substructure is found in many clusters of galaxies  in both the optical and the X-ray region of he  electromagnetic  spectrum suggests that galaxies must experience violent mergers  of subclusters as rich clusters are formed.  Even well known rich  clusters, such as the Coma cluster of galaxies and the A2256  cluster of galaxies, are still accreting groups of galaxies so  that mergers must be an ongoing phenomenon in cluster evolution.  The study of the evolution of galaxies in clusters through the  analysis of the data from observations of  the X-ray emission  from clusters  of galaxies with  substructure will be carried  out.  Simulations of the cluster tidal effect on disk galaxies  during mergers and accretions will be developed and analyzed.  The simulations wi ll be formulated to emphasize predicting  observable quantities, such as changes in the galaxy disk due to  star formation, disk deformation, and loss of metals to the  intracluster medium.  These quantities will be compared to data  obtained at current ground-based observatories, space-based  observatories (ASCA and the Hubble Space Telescope), and future  observatories such as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility  (AXAF).  The analysis of these data will contribute significantly  to our understanding of two important and closely linked areas:  evolution of the intracluster medium and galaxy evolution.  Educational activities to be carried out outside the classroom  will include (1) upgrading and modernizing the curricula in three  courses, which are currently severely underenrolled, when  compared to the same courses taught at other Universities, (2)  providing undergraduate and graduate students research  opportunities in astronomy, and (3) providing astrophysics  graduate students the opportunity to gain practical experience in  the laboratory working on high energy detector development.  It  is a stated future direction of the University of North Dakota to  include more computer-based, interactive learning  for students  and to strengthen ties with the Native American community in  North Dakota."]
["CAREER:  Determining Parallel Complexity of Numerical       Computation Problems via Dependency Graphs","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT|THEORY OF COMPUTING","Santos, Eunice","PA","Lehigh University","eusantos@vt.edu","CSE","The research objective of this project is to determine the time  complexity of solving various numerical computation problems on  parallel distributed-memory machines in general by abstracting  the common properties of these problems via dependency graphs. To  that effect, two important topics are considered: (1) the design  and analysis of parallel numerical algorithms and (2) the  derivation of lower bounds on complexity. Working within LogP, a  recently-introduced model for parallel computation, parallel  complexity will be analyzed by taking into account three  important factors: (i) initial data placement, (ii) communication  scheduling, and (iii) local operations. Algorithms which are  efficient on LogP are portable from one parallel machine to  another and will be efficient on any parallel machine. Initially  several different numerical computation problems will be  considered and the parallel complexity for each specific problem  will be determined. The overall results will be used to help  extract the important criteria of dependency graphs and thereby  classify numerical computation problems via these criteria.  Furthermore, the parallel complexity for each classification of  numerical computation problems will be determined. The importance  of the results obtained lies in the ability to pinpoint what  types of data placements and communication schedulings are needed  in order to achieve efficient or optimal running times for large  classes of numerical problems.    Clearly, this research potentially impacts a wide variety of  applications and computational problems from various domains  which are currently difficult to address. In order to  successfully accomplish this research and apply it to these  domains, there must be education and training of people in the  parallel and numerical computing field. To that effect, a program  in parallel and numerical computing will be developed beginning  with course preparation at the undergraduate level and  culminating in a research program at  the doctoral level.  ***"]
["Multiresolution Region-Based Image Compression","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Cosman, Pamela","CA","University of California-San Diego","pcosman@uscd.edu","CSE","Image Compression reduces the number of bits required to represent an image, and  thereby allows image and video information to be stored more efficiently, or to  be transmitted much faster from one place to another.  Some compression methods  degrade the quality of the image.  This research involves designing compression  methods which examine the content of an image in order to control or eliminate  the degradation for some portions of the image.  The intent is to increase the  visual quality or scientific utility of the images.  This work also involves the  design of multiresolution methods for region-based image and video compression,  and the development of novel methods for quality evaluation for such codes.    Dividing an image into regions can allow a compression algorithm to employ  different encoding strategies in different portions of the image, and can allow  some regions to be represented at higher quality or finer resolution than others.   Methods for segmentation, bit allocation, and code selection at different levels  of resolution will be examined in the course of our investigations.    The main objects of the education plan are to promote interactive and hands-on  learning, to be highly accessible and supportive to students whom I advise, and  to facilitate interdisciplinary as well as academic/industrial discourse."]
["CAREER:  Adaptive Admission Control for Broadband           Communication","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH|NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE","Brown, Timothy","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","timxb@colorado.edu","CSE","This research will formulate and develop a method for controlling the   traffic carried on a broadband communication network, specifically for the   case of carrying diverse real traffic sources with difficult to model and   analyze queueing properties; inter-source correlation; slowly varying   statistical properties; diverse heterogeneous source types; mis-specified   traffic descriptors; and inadvertent network traffic shaping. The focus is   the case when the traffic sources are given quality of service guarantees   and the goal is to maximize utilization of network resources. The method is   based on statistical classification techniques that use historical data as   to what were acceptable combinations of carried traffic and what were not.   Problems addressed include efficient representation and storage of   historical data; choice and modification strategy of classifier model;   noise on the data; confidence intervals on decisions; directed and   undirected exploration of the decision space; filtering out uninformative   data; and implementations. The effectiveness and advantages of the methods   developed will be experimentally tested against alternative methods on   simple models and real traffic traces such as ethernet data; variable rate   video; and ISDN traffic."]
["CAREER: Sparks: Coherence as an Abstract Type","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Keleher, Peter","MD","University of Maryland College Park","keleher@cs.umd.edu","CSE","Software distributed shared memory (DSM) systems provide the  abstraction of shared memory to networks of workstations and  distributed memory machines, such as the Paragon, CM-5, or SP-2.  Unfortunately, the latencies for global operations in either  environment are several orders of magnitude more expensive than  on tightly-coupled multiprocessors.  The result is that  current DSMs perform well for only a restricted class of  applications.  The Sparks project is designed to address this  restriction by providing a protocol construction library that  will allow DSM performance to be improved to within a few percent  of tightly-coupled multiprocessors.  Sparks' abstractions allow  the design space of high-level synchronization operations to be  explored cleanly and systematically, rather than in an ad hoc  fashion.  The emphasis is more on creating and investigating the  abstractions that make a broad variety of optimizations possible,  rather than on the individual optimizations themselves.  However,  the performance gains allowed by the synchronization types  created via the Sparks library will be thoroughly quantified. The  Sparks interface will be implemented in CVM, a new distributed  shared memory system.  In addition to providing support services  to Sparks, CVM implements novel coherence protocols and multi-  threading support.  ***"]
["Electroanalytical Applications of Organically Modified      Sol-Gel Materials","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.|ELECTROCHEMISTRY & SURFACE CHE","Collinson, Maryanne","KS","Kansas State University","mmcollinson@vcu.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, aims to explore  and characterize the formation, properties and applications of  organically modified sol-gels.  The unique properties of these  hybrid inorganic-organic materials remain to be exploited fully.   The mechanism by which solutes become entrapped in these  materials and the control of this process will be studied.   Cyclic voltammetry (CV) with ultramicroelectrodes will be used to  follow local physical and chemical changes that occur during  hydrolysis and condensation of alkoxysilanes on the surfaces of  these materials.  CV and electrogenerated chemiluminescence will  be used to characterize the mobility and accessibility of small  charged redox probes entrapped in the sol-gel matrix under  processing conditions.  Practical results from this CAREER  research project will focus on the development of permselective  coatings for electroanalytical investigations and the fabrication  of electrochemiluminscent sensors.  Professor Collinson will  combine these research thrusts with an educational plan that  includes the development of a course in scientific ethics for  both undergraduate and graduate students.  A major revision of  the laboratory component of an undergraduate course in chemical  analysis is also planned.  Student interest is to be cultivated  by also employing more creative and realistic samples for  analysis in this course with particular attention to forensic and  environmental applications.    The development of a fundamental understanding of the  characteristics of the sol-gel matrix as an environment in which  to do chemistry is an important objective of this CAREER research  proposal.  In the long term being able to tailor these matrices  to a particular application using organically modified silicates  will have strategic impact.  The xerogels that are produced upon  drying of sol-gels have interesting properties in their own right  which could lead to useful applications in electronic, magnetic,  optical materials and derived products.  Professor Collinson's  aim to introduce formally contemporary issues in scientific  ethics and scientific conduct is timely, and this course will  enable the students at Kansas State University to more clearly  understand this topic."]
["CAREER: Efficient Algorithms in Scheduling, Network         Algorithms and Biology: Theory and Practice","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|THEORY OF COMPUTING","Stein, Clifford","NH","Dartmouth College","cliff@ieor.columbia.edu","CSE","9624828  Stein                                                                  Algorithms and  Biology: Theory and Practice  Combinatorial optimization problems arise in fields as diverse as  transportation,communication, large-scale computing, and biology.  This project focuses on three fundamental areas in combinatorial  optimization:(1) Scheduling, including good average-case  scheduling algorithms and algorithms for scheduling a network of  processors;(2) Flows and Cuts, including multicommodity flows,  minimum cuts, and shortest paths;(3) Computational Biology,  including problems that arise as part of the human genome  project, algorithms for DNA folding, and techniques for studying  evolution.  The Integrated Educational Plan of this CAREER Grant  includes curriculum reform, new course development, training of  teachers in new technologies, and outreach to high school  students. ***"]
["CAREER: Fluid Power Systems for Manufacturing Applications","DMI","MANUFACTURING MACHINES & EQUIP","Alleyne, Andrew","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","alleyne@uiuc.edu","ENG","9624837  Alleyne   This CAREER award will investigate the research issues associated with control of fluid power actuator systems to take advantage of their favorable load to power ratios, while improving their linear-like behavior. The educational plan has two goals: developing a fluid power laboratory that integrates the research and learning experiences for undergraduate and graduate students, and a plan to increase underrepresented minorities in engineering.  The project will develop a standard set of advanced control algorithms for generic fluid power systems, they will be implemented using open architecture approaches on hydraulic machine tool drives.  The target manufacturing applications are high performance drilling and new parallel-link manipulator drives.   The fluid power laboratory development is strongly supported by industry, and will enhance the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's control and manufacturing offerings.  In addition, the laboratory plays an important role in the plan to attract and provide opportunities for underrepresented minorities, both through existing organizations like the local Boys and Girls Club and establishing an association for African-American graduate students in science and engineering.   The impact of this innovative project will be technical developments that can be used to design faster, safer and higher performance manufacturing machines and systems.   The educational plan will produce engineers experienced in the advances and limitations of high performance fluid drive systems, and provide a more diverse and technically competitive workforce."]
["CAREER:  Improving the Design of Interactive Software","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Redmiles, David","CA","University of California-Irvine","redmiles@ics.uci.edu","CSE","For many years, the poor design of interactive systems has  been attributed to insufficient communication between  developers and end users. Usability practices from the field  of human-computer interaction are not currently integrated  into the theory and practice of software engineering. This  research project pursues three objectives:  1) developing a  model of software development as a process of on-going  communication; 2) providing support for this model through  active mechanisms in software tools; and 3) improving the  accessibility and acceptance of usability methods by  software practitioners.  In general, the objectives reflect  a process and philosophy of human-centered software  development.  Active support is being investigated through a mechanism  called expectation agents. Expectation agents are software  mechanisms that monitor the usage of prototype systems and  detect mismatches between actual usage and developers'  design assumptions or expectations.  Such breakdowns are  opportunities for communication which make explicit the  expectations of both developers and end users.  Expectation  agents serve as a test vehicle for supporting on-going  communication in software development, for adapting  usability practices to software practice, and for  reinforcing developers' understanding of human-computer  interaction.  This research proceeds along three dimensions: theoretical,  technical, and empirical. The research is developing a model  of ongoing communication in software development, refining  models of the software processes involved in developing  interactive systems, and improving understanding of  usability methods for workplace settings.  In the technical  dimension, the research provides new algorithms and  representations for capturing and communicating design  intent and active mechanisms such as expectation agents to  operate over design intent. These mechanisms involve both  formal and semi-formal representations. The empirical  component includes a critical analysi s of the approach as a  means of gathering usability information and supporting  communication in systems development.  This CAREER research project also addresses the software  engineering curriculum. First, the work seeks to improve the  curricula for educating software engineers in the methods of  human-computer interaction.  Second, adoption of systematic  practice is aided by tools and methods.  The research  project seeks to meet this need by adapting and, where  possible, automating usability methods for software  engineering.  ***"]
["Integration of Image Processing Education and Research","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Schultz, Richard","ND","University of North Dakota Main Campus","RichardSchultz@mail.und.nodak.edu","CSE","The research component of this program has two major thrusts: 1) an investigation  of the mathematical and computational aspects of the multiframe, bilinear image-  recovery problem; and 2) the development and application of solutions for  problems in the areas of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and  ground- and space-based astronomy.  Theoretical advances in this program are  providing a unified approach to many imaging problems in which intensity data are  recorded, including those for which satisfactory solutions have not been  previously discovered.  Collaborations with materials scientists on problems such  as the study of atomic scale processes in solid batteries are providing exciting  applications for which new methods developed in this program are being used to  enhance the resolving and information-gathering powers of electron microscopes.    Through the teaching component, an educational program is being established with  emphasis on 1) the development of a multidisciplinary laboratory in which faculty  and students from many departments jointly explore problems in remote sensing and  imaging; 2) the development of multidisciplinary courses in remote sensing and  imaging in which students from many departments are included, and the educations  goals for each student - ranging from theoretical foundations to specific  applications - are tailored to his or her individual needs; and 3) the use of a  strong research-teaching exchange in which cutting-edge technology is used in the  classroom and laboratory as a tool to excite, motivate, and retain enthusiasm in  the students"]
["Visual Information Processing","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM","Simoncelli, Eero","PA","University of Pennsylvania","eero.simoncelli@nyu.edu","CSE","This CAREER award provides support for the construction of a research and  education program in visual information processing.  This field is inherently  interdisciplinary, and includes portions of computer science, electrical  engineering, applied mathematics, psychology, and neuroscience.  Yet, educational  curricula often do not cross these disciplinary boundaries.    One objective of this award is the construction of an educational curriculum,  starting next year with the introduction of two innovative foundational courses.   The first, an undergraduate lecture course entitled \"Foundations of Vision:  Perception and Computation\" will cover a broad range of material in vision  science, from perceptual psychology, to single-cell physiology, to computational  theories of visual processing.  The second, a graduate lecture/laboratory course  entitled \"Fundamentals of Image Processing and Computer Vision\", will cover basic  tools, both theoretical and applied, that are common to these two fields.    The second objective of this award is the study of a set of basic and applied  research issues in visual image processing.  The research will be based on the  family of \"steerable pyramid\" image representations, and will include the use of  this representation in an adaptive context, rotation-invariant pattern matching,  noise removal and enhancement, representation of texture and orientation content,  and differential recovery of three-dimensional scene structure."]
["CAREER:  Supervised Learning by Statistical Physics","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Miller, David","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","millerdj@ee.psu.edu","CSE","Optimization methods based on ideas from statistical physics have been developed to tackle a diverse set of hard problems including image segmentation, data clustering, and graph partitioning.  These problems involve the assignment of elements viewed as ``data'' to one of a set of classes, so as to minimize the resulting cost. This project develops a novel extension of physics-based approaches to tackle the important, challenging sub-class of structurally-constrained data association problems, wherein assignments are constrained to agree with a parameterized classification rule such as that of a neural network or decision tree model. Central to the project is supervised learning, including statistical classification and regression/function approximation.  Physics-based learning approaches have the potential to address fundamental learning problems such as convergence to non-global optima, parsimonious modelling, and generalization. Preliminary classification work already suggests that there is great promise for these new methods in outperforming existing learning algorithms.  The specific project objectives are of both practical and theoretical significance, as they include development of learning algorithms for widely used classifier structures, investigating parsimonious modelling in part via phase transition analysis, tackling application areas such as speech recognition and condition-based maintenance, and extending the methods to address regression/function approximation and missing data problems."]
["Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Solution","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Jenks, William","IA","Iowa State University","wsjenks@iastate.edu","MPS","This is a Faculty Early Career project, the research part of which deals   with titanium dioxide as a photooxidation catalyst for environmental   remediation by degradation.  The project will study the organic   intermediate buildup and decay during titanium dioxide catalyzed   photooxidation.  Many groups have studied titanium dioxide for the   present purposes but the usual approach is to investigate the initial   step and to assume that subsequent intermediates are rapidly mineralized.   Use of titanium dioxide with dilute solutions of toxics (as in the real   world one must) will leave intermediates largely to decay spontaneously   and the biological consequences will only be known when the nature and   concentrations of the intermediates are known.  The project will be one   of only a few, and the only led by a synthetic chemist, using this   approach.  The  educational work centers on making students more active   participants in the learning process.  Dr. Jenks will develop   undergraduate laboratory experiments along the lines of this research.  In this project the intermediates in one possible future technology,   catalyzed light-induced decomposition of organic environmental   contaminants, will be studied. The project will provide information from   which the possibility of introduction of biohazards will be studied. The   project will also emphasize student-centered learning and the integration   of this research into undergraduate laboratory teaching."]
["Controlled Fluorescent Derivatization of Peptides and       Proteins for Characterization by Capillary Electrophoresis  Techniques","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Krannich, Larry","AL","University of Alabama at Birmingham","krannich@uab.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focusses on the  development of novel, useful, fluorescent labeling strategies  that will permit biomacromolecule analysis, especially for  proteins and peptides, using capillary electrophoresis (CE).   During the tenure of this four-year continuing grant, Professor  Beale and his students at the University of Alabama at Birmingham  will develop a highly sensitive peptide mapping protocol using CE  with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection, investigate  partial specific peptide cleavage schemes and pursue strategies  for putting a single fluorescent label at the n-terminus of a  protein without modifying the entire protein.  During this grant  period Professor Beale will expose undergraduates to research  opportunities and implement project-based laboratory experiences  in the senior level analytical course.  This course will be  tailored to students in forensic science, public health, pre-med  and chemistry.    The ability to characterize proteins by mapping peptide sequences  and to develop sensitive protein separation methods are important  objectives for a host of applications in biotechnology.  The  separations based on CE with LIF to be developed will be  sensitive and practical outcomes of this CAREER research project.   The enrichment of the undergraduate analytical curriculum and the  enhanced opportunities for undergraduates to participate in  frontier research projects are educational aspects of this CAREER  research project that will positively impact students at the  University of Alabama at Birmingham."]
["Study of Galactic Structure and Evolution","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Rudolph, Alexander","CA","Harvey Mudd College","rudolph@hmc.edu","MPS","9624924  Rudolph    The study of galactic structure and evolution is one of the most  fundamental in Astronomy.  The research to be carried will focus on  studying the structure and evolution of our own Milky Way by comparing  observations of two distinct parts of our Galaxy, the local solar  neighborhood, and the  outer Galaxy.  The solar neighborhood is the best studied region of the  Galaxy.   The  outer Galaxy is less well understood, but its  proximity  and  differences  in physical conditions (e.g., low  gas  density,  low  metallicity) make it an ideal place to study contrasts with  the  local  neighborhood.    The  areas of study be: 1) searches for and studies of atomic  hydrogen  (HII)  regions  in the outer Galaxy; 2) a study of Galactic  abundances  and  how  they  vary  in  the  Galaxy; 3) studies  of  molecular  cloud  structure; and 4) studies of the stellar content of regions  of  active  star-formation.   A  Very  Large Array (VLA)  and  Australia  Telescope  Compact Array (ATCA) radio continuum survey of HII regions in the outer  Galaxy has begun, and this work will be continued by analyzing the data  to  determine  HII region properties.  These data can be compared  with  similar data taken in the inner Galaxy.  The survey will be carried out  to observe lower luminosity radio sources.    A study of outer Galaxy abundances (N,O,S) in HII regions measured from  the  Kuiper  Airborne Observatory.  The Infrared Satellite  Observatory  (ISO)  will  be used to observe additional lines of Ar and Ne  in  some  outer  Galaxy  HII regions, and to measure abundances in  the  furthest  known HII region at a distance of 28 kpc from the center of the Galaxy.    A  third objective will involve new molecular-line observations of  two  star-forming  regions  in the outer Galaxy in order  to  determine  the  structure  of  the molecular clouds.  In particular, it is  planned  to  measure  the spectrum of clump masses (initial clump function, or  ICF)  in  t hese clouds in order to compare with the numerous measurements  of  the ICF parameter in local clouds.    The  final objective is to obtain JHK photometry of a number of  nearby  star-forming  clouds using a near-IR camera mounted  on  the  Claremont  Colleges l-m telescope.  With this telescope and camera, entire  clouds  could  be mapped (such as rho-Oph), thereby obtaining a complete census  of  the  embedded  cluster.  Models of the observed cluster  luminosity  function  will  allow  us  to determine the  underlying  IMF.   Similar  cluster membership data for the outer Galaxy will be obtained, allowing  one  to  compare the IMF in two regions of very different  metallicity.  Also, comparison of the ICF and lMF in both the local neighborhood  and  in  the  outer  Galaxy  will  help  one understand  how  star-formation  proceeds from molecular cloud clumps to stars of various masses.    The educational component of this project will focus on course  development and modernization.  The Observational Astronomy course  offered at Harvey Mudd College has, in the past, neglected including  recent advances in non-optical astronomy.  New lecture material and  computer laboratories are being developed to introduce non-optical data  into the course.  The Advanced Astronomy course will be redesigned into  a series of topical half-semester courses (e.g., Star-formation and the  Interstellar Medium, Cosmology, Extragalactic Astronomy, Galactic  Structure, etc.) to introduce modern astronomical topics into the  curriculum and to increase student interest in advanced Astronomy.  The  educational component of this project will also continue K-12 outreach  work begun in the last year, through a partnership with two local  Claremont School District teachers."]
["CAREER:  Coatings for High Temperature Alloys","DMR","METALS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Hampikian, Janet","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","janethampikian@boisestate.edu","MPS","9624927  Hampikian    Combustion chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a novel  approach to chemical vapor deposition.  Because CVD is  carried out in an open atmosphere, it has the potential to  be a new cost-effective coating process.  In this CAREER  program coatings of alumina are applied to prototype nickel-  base alloys to assess improvements in oxidation imparted to  the alloys by the CVD coatings.  Several key issues related  to reactive element effects are examined through use of CVD  applied coatings containing various concentrations of  reactive element dopants.  The effectiveness of reactive  element additions in suppressing cationic diffusion in  alumina scales is addressed through study of doped and  undoped alumina scales and subsequent characterization.  The  mechanism of such suppression is explored for a critical  concentration effect to ascertain the validity of the  segregant/defect pair postulate.  The mechanism of  degradation of the uncoated and coated alloys to high  temperature corrosion is explored with the goal of adding  significantly to the current knowledge base in this area.  %%%  Work of this type is vital for optimum design of coating  systems for parts experiencing aggressive environments.  For  example thin ceramic coatings can be used to improve the  corrosion resistance of bulk materials. The coatings act as  barriers between the environment and the substrate to  protect the substrate from erosion and gaseous and liquid  corrodants.  ***"]
["Career: Wavelet Methods: Connecting Theory and Application","OCI","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM|PART FOR ADVANCED COMP INFRA","Schroder, Peter","CA","California Institute of Technology","ps@cs.caltech.edu","O/D","Wavelet based numerical techniques are becoming important in many areas of science and engineering because they provide powerful analytic and algorithmic tools.  This project consists of a broadly based program of fundamental and applied research directed at advancing the state of the art of wavelet based numerical modeling, computation, and analysis tools.  This program is centered around three fundamental components: 1) Second generation wavelets; 2) hierarchical geometry descriptions; 3) construction of robust and scalable algorithms for the numerical solution of potential problems over 3D domain.  This research will go hand in hand with educational initiatives which aim to move insights from research directly into the relevant practice of students and external engineers and researchers."]
["Microelectronic Systems Architecture Education and          Research","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Shetler, Joy","CA","California Polytechnic State University Foundation",null,"CSE","This project establishes an active research effort in microelectronic systems  architecture that enhances the undergraduate curriculum in Computer Engineering,  Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, and introduces students to new  computer architectures, new technology and microelectronic systems.  The ideas  developed will be incorporated into the microprocessor and computer architecture  curriculum along with new cooperative learning techniques.  The focus of the  research component is to devise and test Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP)  techniques and mechanisms.  Programmable Logic Devises, such as FPGAs, are used  to implement rapid system prototyping of custom computer designs and are also  used to implement custom components in reconfigurable architectures.  Engineers  and computer Science students are taught with highly participatory \"active  learning\" methods such as cooperative learning which stimulate student interest  and learning.  By introducing students to teamwork in the engineering classroom,  learning is enhanced, fruitful networking relationships are developed and  students are able to adapt easily into other team environments.  The rapid-  prototyping platform developed for this effort is used for several upper division  computer architecture and microprocessor courses and the cooperative learning  pedagogy serves a national model."]
["CAREER:  Long Term Performance Issues in Advanced Polymers: Understanding the Evolution of Structure-Property           Relationships","CMS","MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER|MATERIALS","Pruitt, Lisa","CA","University of California-Berkeley","lpruitt@newton.berkeley.edu","ENG","9624978  Pruitt  The  broad objective of this CAREER development award is  to  develop  a  strong, well-integrated research and educational  program  focused  at the understanding of structure-property  relationships in advanced engineering materials with special  emphasis on advanced polymers.   The focus will be on ultra-  high   molecular   weight  polyethelene,  because   of   its  importance in biological applications, and the evolution  of  its structure and mechanical integrity as a result of  post-  sterilization  aging.   The educational plan will  integrate  the  research  into curriculum development and undergraduate  research opportunities leading to a strong multidisciplinary  curriculum  in the area of mechanical behavior  of  advanced  materials,  including the implementation of new  courses  in  polymer engineering and biomaterials.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Integrated Traffic Management Based on             Accurate and Practical Packet Fair Queueing                 Algorithms","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH|NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Zhang, Hui","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","hzhang@cs.cmu.edu","CSE","Multiple network services include guaranteed real-time service, predicted  real-time service, and best-effort service. While there has been extensive  research on designing traffic management algorithms for each individual  service, it is unclear how these algorithms can be integrated into one  network and how they will interact with each other. This problem becomes  more complex when the network also needs to support link-sharing, which  allows resource sharing among applications that require different network  services but belong to the same administrative class.  The service  disciplines at the switching nodes, which determine the order in which  packets are serviced, play a critical role in controlling the interactions  among different traffic streams, different service classes, and different  link sharing classes. The hypothetical Fluid Fair Queueing (FFQ)  discipline, which can serve multiple traffic streams simultaneously  according to pre-specified service shares, provides an ideal framework to  integrate traffic management algorithms for different services and link  sharing. Since FFQ uses an idealized fluid model that cannot be implemented  in the real-world, Packet Fair Queueing (PFQ) algorithms are needed to  approximate its behavior. Previously proposed PFQ algorithms including the  most popular Weighted Fair Queueing all introduce substantial inaccuracy in  approximating FFQ, which significantly affects traffic management and link  sharing algorithms. It is unclear whether accurate PFQ's exist, and if they  do, whether they can be simple enough to be implementable at high speed.  The goal of this research is to demonstrate that accurate and practical PFQ  algorithms can be designed and that they provide the foundation for a  framework under which traffic management algorithms for different services  and link sharing can be supported in an integrated fashion. Aspects treated  include (a) the fundamental tradeoff between complexity and accuracy of PFQ  algorithms; (b) issues in integrating different traffic management  algorithms and link-sharing into one framework and fundamental tradeoffs  between accuracy of PFQ algorithms and the efficiency of link-sharing and  traffic management algorithms; (d) admission control algorithms for  providing end-to-end performance guarantees using PFQ algorithms under not  only rate-proportional but also general resource assignments; e) more  flexible real-time services such as renegotiated service and rate-adaptive  service based on PFQ algorithms.  The study is conducted via a combination  of analysis, simulation, and implementation. The results of this work will  have a significant impact on the design of integrated traffic management  algorithms in both the Internet and ATM environments."]
["Resource-Bounded Reasoning in Intelligent Systems:  New     Directions & Opportunities","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Zilberstein, Shlomo","MA","University of Massachusetts Amherst","shlomo@cs.umass.edu","CSE","The emerging field of resource-bounded reasoning is concerned with the development, composition, and meta-level control of flexible  computational methods that allow small quantities of resources, such  as time, memory, or information, to be traded for gains in the value  of computed results.  A better understanding of these techniques is  essential for the construction of useful intelligent systems for  automated planning, diagnosis, decision making, and control. There are two primary components to this research project.  One is the development of resource-bounded techniques for automated  information gathering from a network of heterogeneous, dynamic information sources.  The approach extends the classical theory of information value by formalizing the effect of such factors as information reliability, retrieval costs, real-time operation,  and uncertainty.  A second and closely related activity improves  current planning technology by constructing planning systems that  can operate in real-time under uncertainty and under variable  computational constraints."]
["Career: Resource Management for Parallel and Distributed    Systems","OCI","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM","Weissman, Jon","TX","University of Texas at San Antonio","jon@cs.umn.edu","O/D","A metasystem is an ensemble of workstations, parallel, and vector machines connected by one or more networks.  Metasystems offer the promise of high performance both in reduced completion time and high job throughput.  The goal of this project is to develop a set of automated scheduling tools that will produce reduced completion time and high job throughput in a wide-range of metasystem environments.  This investigation will also explore fundamental issues in the relationship between completion time and job throughput.  The approach taken will be based on the Prophet scheduling system developed by the PI at the University of Virginia.  Prophet automatically schedules data parallel jobs across a network of heterogeneous workstations to reduce completion time.  In this project, Prophet will be used to schedule data parallel, task parallel, and sequential jobs in a general metasystem that may contain multicomputers, multiprocessors, and ATM networks.  Prophet will be applied to real workloads that include scientific applications to test the efficacy of the scheduling tools.  For parallel jobs, the completion time obtained by Prophet will compared to the completion time obtained by the Mentat scheduler.  The system throughput obtained by Prophet will be compared to the throughput obtained if resource sharing is not considered in making scheduling decisions.  It is also expected that insights into scheduling policies will be gained by studying the interaction between throughput and completion time."]
["CAREER:  Remote Sensing of Damage in Large Civil Structures Using Embedded Sensors for Hazard Mitigation","CMS","EARTHQUAKE SYSTEMS INTEGRATION|STRUCTURES II|ARCHITECTURE & MECHAN SYSTEMS","Pines, Darryll","MD","University of Maryland College Park","djpterp@eng.umd.edu","ENG","9625004  Pines  This is a Faculty Early Career Develop (CAREER) award.  The  project involves integrating  research and education to advance  the technology of  smart materials and structures and techniques  to remotely monitor damage in large civil structures.  The  research focuses on the development of a smart civil structure  with embedded piezoelectric sensors for inferring structural  damage.  The research will emphasize the integration of embedded  sensors, actuators and processors into load carrying members of  large civil structures for the purpose of remote damage  detection.  Throughout the course of the research, analytical and  experimental results will be incorporated into the Clark School  of Engineering interdisciplinary undergraduate and graduate  curriculum which includes courses on structural dynamics, smart  structures, earthquake engineering and nondestructive evaluation.  The goal is to develop a parallel approach that bridges the gap  between theory and reality.  Students will be involved at all  levels of the program, including analysis, design, construction  and the dissemination of results.  ***"]
["CAREER: Towards a New Generation of Multimedia              Storage Systems","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Golubchik, Leana","NY","Columbia University","leana@cs.usc.edu","CSE","Efficient storage organization and access is of central  importance to the advent of large scale multimedia systems.  Multimedia  applications, ranging from video-on-demand (VOD) to  medical tele-presense or large scale scientific computations,  involve storage and retrieval of large volumes of information  subject to a spectrum of real-time constraints.  Current  storage systems are inadequate to address the needs of multimedia  systems.  Indeed, various recent experiments in delivering VOD to  populations of several thousand customers have established  storage access as a key barrier to success.  There is thus a  growing need for a new generation of high-performance storage  technologies that can efficiently support large scale multimedia  systems.    The main goal of the proposed research is to develop novel  architectures and resource management algorithms for multimedia  storage systems that will result in orders of magnitude  performance improvements.  The main thesis pursued here is that a  storage system can exploit intrinsic, non-random, access  characteristics of multimedia applications to accomplish  dramatic performance improvements.  This research  effort will  have several important contributions to the study of multimedia  systems in general and to their storage technologies in  particular.  It will seek to characterize storage access patterns  of the broad spectrum of multimedia applications and study  techniques to take advantage of these characteristics in  improving storage and access efficiency.  The proposed study will  consider the entire storage hierarchy, study the entire pool of  resources and how these resources interact, as well as devise  methods for incorporating application and workload constraints  and characteristics into resource management techniques.  Such  media-aware, workload-aware, and application-aware storage  organization and access mechanisms can significantly improve  performance of a storage server.  ***"]
["Theoretical Studies of Condensed Phase Chemical Processes","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Martyna, Glenn","IN","Indiana University","martyna@us.ibm.com","MPS","Glenn Martyna is supported by a Faculty Early Career Development Award   from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry program to study the   microscopic aspects of chemical reactions in the condensed phase using   theoretical methods and high speed computers. The goal of this research   is to exploit and test these modern computational modeling methods on   large systems and to compare the results with experiment. Reactions in   many different environments ranging from surface confined geometries to   bulk solution will be studied.  In particular, problems in electron   solvation, chemical reactions in solution, and the structure and function   of zeolites will be studied.  The education plan will incorporate   portions of Martyna's research as a supplement to both a first semester   graduate Statistical Mechanics course and a first semester undergraduate   General Chemistry course.   In both cases, the visual microscopic nature   of the computer simulations will be used to complement the standard   curriculum and increase the student's interest in chemistry.  It will soon become possible to study chemical reactions in the condensed   phase on a microscopic level using modern theoretical techniques and high   speed computers.  Reactivity will be examined in many different   environments including surfaces, bulk solvent, in confined geometries   such as found in zeolites, and in clusters.  Simulations of the type   being employed by Martyna  will ultimately lead to many improvements in   the development and manufacturing of new chemical materials."]
["Design Methodologies and Tools for 1 GHz and Beyond","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Yun, Kenneth","CA","University of California-San Diego","kyy@ucsd.edu","CSE","This research explores systematic design methodologies to handle timing and  communication in mixed synchronous - asynchronous designs.  Formal and automated  techniques for managing the design process multiple, independently synchronized  domains on a VLSI chip are being developed.  Specific research focuses on: mixed-  timing design methodologies and components; specification formalism for mixed-  timing interfaces, performance driven synthesis and technology mapping techniques  for mixed-timing circuits; hierarchical timing verification techniques that check  the validity of assumptions used for synthesis and technology mapping, and  techniques to estimate and analyze system performance.    The PIs research plan is coupled with an education plan.  It provides: an  environment to nurture students; open-ended problem solving skills; incorporated  research activities for undergraduates; opens research opportunities to  underrepresented groups; and develops industrial internships in the graduate  research program."]
["CAREER:  All-Optical SCM and WDM-SCM Multi-Access Networks  Based on Optical Current-Controlled Oscillators","ECS","INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Li, Guifang","NY","Rochester Institute of Tech","li@creol.ucf.edu","ENG","9622298  Li  The Department of Electrical Engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology will purchase a  phase and amplitude measurement systems which will be dedicated to support research in engineering.  The equipment will be used for several research projects, including in particular:   1. \"A Novel FM Microwave Fiber-Optic Link for Antenna Remoting and    Phased Arrays'   2. \"An Ultra Wideband Microwave Fiber-Optic Transmitter Based on Laser    Diodes with Short External Cavity\"   3. \"All-Optical SCM and WDM-SCM Multi-Access Networks\"  These research projects share a key innovation in generating microwave/millimeter-wave subcarriers on an optical carrier exploiting \"instabilities\" of nonlinear optical systems.  Specifically, the microwave/millimeter-wave subcarriers are generated all optically using the optical current controlled oscillator (CCO) which systematically exploits inherent nonlinear dynamics, mainly the formation of  periodic orbits.    The phase and amplitude noise of the subcarrier determines, to a large extent, the signal-to-noise ratio (bit-error rate) of the analog (digital) links or communication networks.  The equipment requested will be used in combination with theoretical investigations to determine the dependence of the amplitude and phase noise as functions of device parameters and operating conditions.  Subsequently strategies for reducing these noises will be formulated.  Ultimately, low-noise optical CCO's will be inserted in microwave fiber-optic links as well as SCM and WDM-SCM multi-access fiber-optic networks.  ***"]
["CAREER:  On Equipping Virtual Path-Based ATM Networks       with Fault-Tolerant and Real-Time QoS Capabilities","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Hou, Jennifer","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","jhou@cs.uiuc.edu","CSE","The primary objective of the research is to establish a unified   framework for addressing timeliness and dependability requirements for   ATM networks.  Central to the proposed research is the virtual   path/virtual circuit (VP/VC) concept in ATM networks.  Based on the   VP/VC concept, this project considers how to 1) equip ATM networks with   fault tolerant capability by designing a fast restoration mechanism; and   2) provide ATM network users with the real-time QoS guarantees by   devising a VC route selection scheme.  In the context of designing a   fast restoration mechanism, work will focus on 1) selecting at system   initialization, for each primary VP, a backup VP (to which the traffic   on the primary VP will be switched upon node/link failure) and 2)   dynamically relocating routes for second-generation backup VPs or backup   VPs that traverse the failed node/link upon failure.  In the context of   establishing VCs with real-time QoS requirements through a variable   number of VPs, work will focus on 1) establishing a formal basis for   testing, for each selected VC route (i.e., a sequence of Vps) if there   is sufficient bandwidth on each VP on the route to meet the   user-specified end-to-end delay requirements; and 2) elaborating on   possible approaches to identifying a VC route which traverses a minimum   number of VPs among all possible routes with sufficient bandwidth. All   the component schemes proposed will be coherently incorporated into the   VP layer of the ATM traffic control architecture.  In conjunction with   the research, the PI will incorporate the research and software   implementation into teaching."]
["Performance Tools and Compiler Support for Parallel         I/O Systems","CNS","EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS/CADRE","Bryant, Kelvin","NC","North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University","ksb@ncat.edu","CSE","This award supports a unified program of research and education in parallel  input-output systems for high-performance computing.  Research activities will  include development of tools for I/o performance evaluation, applying the tools  to characterize I/O performance of scientific codes, and provision of compiler  support for parallel I/O.  Educational activities span the needs of graduate and  undergraduate students, and include outreach to K-12 and the community.  These  include development of a graduate course, augmentation of undergraduate  curricula, and workshops for participants outside the university."]
["CAREER:  Rapid and Robust Control of Flexible Structures","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Pao, Lucy","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","pao@colorado.edu","ENG","9625086  Pao  This CAREER project emphasizes research and educational  activities related to control of flexible structures.  Specifically, robust and rapid control methods for flexible  systems are developed in presence of parameter  uncertainties. These methods exploit the notions of input  shaping in order to guarantee robustness for systems with  uncertainties in natural frequency and damping parameters.  Input shaping methods are used for single actuator systems,  for multiple actuator systems, and for integrated plant  controller systems. A priority in the development of these  methods is computational efficiency and practical  implementability. The applicability of these methods span  several types of situations such as disk-drive read/write  heads in computers, flexible robots in manufacturing, cranes  in construction material handling, and trusses in space  structures. In the educational arena, an innovative control  systems software  is developed, a remote  integrated design  environment is advanced, and a Matlab/Simulink based  laboratory book is designed, which  may be particularly  useful for those institutions where the required hardware  equipment may not be available.***"]
["CAREER:  Understanding the Plasma Deposition of Amorphous   Thin Films Using Advanced in situ Infrared Spectroscopies","CTS","PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Morrison, Philip","OH","Case Western Reserve University","pwm5@po.cwru.edu","ENG","Abstract - Morrison - 9625095    Research Portion:  The goal of this research is to develop a new, fundamental understanding of the chemistry found in radio frequency (RF) induction plasmas using novel in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) diagnostics.  The research will initially investigate methane plasmas and the growth of amorphous carbon films (diamondlike carbon or DLC) while performing the in situ FTIR measurements.  Although well known for their hardness, recent preliminary research indicates that these films would be outstanding gas permeation barriers and useful in field emission displays.      Education Portion:  Engineering education has a mismatch between the learning styles of the students and the teaching styles of the faculty.  In addition, the students have difficulty grasping the interdisciplinary nature of chemical engineering which draws on concepts from mathematics, chemistry, physics, and other engineering disciplines.  To address these issues, the education plan will begin developing hypertexted class notes for an undergraduate class in fluid mechanics.  Hypertexted class notes allow the learning process to adapt to the learning style of the student as well as provide much opportunity for feedback to the instructor; it also frees the instructor to spend class time demonstration problem solving skills rather than writing on the board.  As the hypertexting grows, links to other course work becomes possible, emphasizing the multidisciplinary nature of engineering."]
["CAREER:  Fluctuations, Dissipation, and Phase Transitions in Vortex States of High-Tc Superconductors","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Radzihovsky, Leo","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","radzihov@colorado.edu","MPS","w:\\awards\\awards96\\career\\0formca.doc  9625111     Radzihovsky     This  is  a  CAREER  grant  to a young  faculty  member  which  combines  research and education.  The theoretical  project  will  address   two  major  problems  in  the  phenomenology  of   high  temperature    superconductors:   (i)   the    equilibrium    and  nonequilibrium properties of the vortex liquid, with the goals of  the derivation of the currently assumed hydrodynamic description,  and   elucidation   of  the  vortex  states,  instabilities   and  dissipation  in the presence of currents parallel to the  applied  magnetic field; (ii) the freezing transition of the vortex liquid  into  a solid phase, which will consist of the development  of  a  new  mean-field description that explicitly shows  the  energetic  tendency  of  the vortices to order into a lattice and  which  is  generalizable  to  including the effects of  fluctuations.  These  research   efforts  will  be  complemented  by  the   educational  component  through new course development, and  incorporation  of  students at all levels into research.  %%%     This  is a CAREER grant t a young faculty member for a program  which  combines research and education.  The theoretical research  will  focus  on the properties of unique states of  matter  which  occur  in  the high temperature superconductors. The  educational  component  will  focus on course development and  integration  of  students at all levels into the research program."]
["CAREER: Advanced Magnetic Imaging Technology for Biomedical Engineering Research and Education","ECS","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|ELECTRONIC MATERIALS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS|INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Ma, Qiyuan","NY","Columbia University","qyma@bwh.harvard.edu","ENG","9625137  Ma  The objective of this project is to develop a combined research and educational program in biomagnetic imaging engineering.  The research work includes (1) the implementation of high quality Na, H, and P receiver coils for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy using high temperature superconductor materials, (2) the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of  MRI images for medical applications, and (3) the development of high temperature superconducting quantum interference device for magnetocardiogram studies.  The research efforts will be incorporated into the development of new curriculum for undergraduate and graduate student training in advanced biomagnetic sensing and imaging technology.  ***"]
["CAREER: Toward Unified Nonlinear Dynamics and Control of    Robot Systems","BES","OCEAN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS|ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Whitcomb, Louis","MD","Johns Hopkins University","llw@jhu.edu","ENG","9625143  Whitcomb  This program of research pursues two complementary ideas toward  the synthesis of robots possessing exceptional yet flexible  dynamical dexterity:  (I) precise physical models and  (ii) adaptive learning.  The first idea is to incorporate precise  physical models of the robot and its environment into a robot's  computer control system.  By knowing the full physical dynamical  model of its limbs, a model-based robot controller can  automatically compensate for the nonlinear dynamical effects  (e.g., inertial, Coriolis, friction, hydrodynamic, and  gravitational forces) acting on the robot during motion. The  second idea is for robots to quantitatively learn the parameters  of their own physical structure and their environment, and to  adaptively compensate for changes in these parameters.  The  result is superior speed, precision, and dexterity.    Theoretical problems in robot arm control (Section 1.3) are  remarkably similar to the problems of underwater vehicle position  (Section 1.4) -- both industrial robots and underwater vehicles  are second-order Lagrangian systems exhibiting highly structured  nonlinear dynamics.  These ideas are to be employed in these two  real-world problem domains:              Nonlinear Adaptive \"Learning\" Control for Industrial Robot         Arms       Nonlinear Model-Based Control of Underwater Robot Vehicles       Education Innovation in Robotics Teaching  ***"]
["Mathematical Sciences:  \"CAREER Program:  Peter Smereka","DMS","COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS|APPLIED MATHEMATICS","Smereka, Peter","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","psmereka@umich.edu","MPS","Smereka       The investigator undertakes a program of research and  education under a Career grant.  Efforts are directed toward the  study of bubbly fluids.  A goal is to develop effective equations  for such fluids.  The first step is to derive the equations of  motion for a finite collection of interacting bubbles.  The  behavior for an infinite number of bubbles is deduced from kinetic  theory, which gives rise to a kinetic equation that is a  coarse-grained description of the mixture.  This procedure has been  implemented to derive two sets of effective equations that  describe concentration and sound waves in an ideal bubbly flow.  In both situations it is observed that the spatially homogeneous  solution may be unstable.  In the first case the instability  results in the bubbles clustering and in the later case it  indicates the bubble oscillations will synchronize to each other.  A damping mechanism similar to Landau damping is found in the  stable case.  This is connected to the spectral theory of linear  operators with a continuous spectrum and has no finite-dimensional  analogue.  The investigator extends this work to investigate the  interaction of acoustic modes with convective modes.  The theory  will also be broadened to include the effects of gravity, liquid  viscosity and bubble size distribution.  With a view towards a more  general theory of bubbly flow, the investigator examines the  effects of a small, slowing varying vorticity field on an ideal  bubbly flow.  It is anticipated that the studies will be performed  in collaboration with a graduate student.  In addition to its  relevance to engineering problems, this project contains  substantial educational aspects.  The student will be exposed to  fluid mechanics, potential theory, Hamiltonian mechanics, kinetic  theory, spectral theory of linear operators, and numerical  methods.  A new graduate level mathematics class is also developed  on the numerical solution of interface problems with level sets.  The advantage of this  approach is that it handles topology changes  naturally and easily.  This class is expected to attract not only  mathematics students but science and engineering students as well,  because interface problems have wide-spread interest.       An important emphasis of this project is to further enhance  the applied mathematics program in the mathematics department at  the University of Michigan and promote education at the interface  between mathematics and engineering.  One aspect of this project is  to develop effective equations for bubbly fluids.  A bubbly fluid  is a dispersion of gas bubbles in a liquid and can be found in a  variety natural and industrial settings.  The effective equations  will give a bulk or coarse-grained description of this mixture.  At  the present time computer resources do not exist to numerically  simulate directly a bubbly fluid.  For this reason considerable  effort has been made in the development of models for bubbly  fluids.  The other aspect of the project is to incorporate  applications of mathematics in a significant portion of  mathematics classes.  At the undergraduate level, the investigator  plans to develop an enriched calculus course that focuses on  applications for engineering students.  The investigator plans to  continue redesigning a senior level partial differential equations  class to include more physics, applications, and computer-related  assignments."]
["CAREER:  General Support for Dynamic Reconfiguration","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","White, Elizabeth","VA","George Mason University","white@cs.gmu.edu","CSE","In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention in  the software engineering community on the development of  techniques and tools that provide support for the design and  implementation of applications to be distributed across  networks of workstations. Some of this focus has been on  support for initial development and configuration of  applications while  other research has focused on techniques  to support these types of applications at run-time. One  novel aspect of workstation environments is that the number  of processors available for use tends to grow and shrink  over time. This aspect has caused increased interest in  dynamic reconfiguration techniques that allow applications  to adapt to their changing environment.    Much of the current research in dynamic reconfiguration has  focused on reconfiguration environments and heterogeneous  process migration. This research is developing techniques  for supporting dynamic structural and implementation  changes. The work has three parts: 1) studying general  approaches to implementing dynamic structural and  implementation changes to applications, including those  changes that require process participation, 2) determining  what aspects of this task can be automated, and 3) building  tools to support dynamic structural and implementation  changes. The most promising approach is one that enables  mapping the old global state of an application to a new  global state based on the structural changes to be made.    This CAREER project includes teaching initiatives geared  towards introducing undergraduate students to issues in the  design and implementation of distributed applications. The  goal is to improve training in an area where many students  get inadequate preparation for industry positions that  require knowledge in this domain.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Cooperative Compiler Optimizations for             Fine-Grained Parallel Architectures","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Norris, Cindy","NC","Appalachian State University","can@cs.appstate.edu","CSE","In order for compilers of fine-grain parallel architectures to be  as effective as possible, compiler writers must understand the  interactions between the phases of the compiler. These phases  include instruction scheduling which rearranges code in order to  increase available fine-grain parallelism.  In addition, code  transformations to increase memory performance are applied, such  as tiling and loop interchange to increase cache performance,  prefetching to prefetch values from memory in order to eliminate  the memory latency, and scalar replacement which changes array  references to scalar references to decrease memory accesses. The  compiler also performs register allocation, which allocates  registers to values so as to minimize the number of memory  accesses.    The goal of this proposed work is to investigate the interactions  of these phases. This effort is being undertaken along two  directions. The first direction is to continue previous work in  cooperative register allocation and instruction scheduling by  (1) incorporating cooperative software pipelining and performing  the cooperative register allocation and scheduling optimizations  over a single framework, the program dependence graph  (2) performing a thorough analysis and experimental study of the  effects of register assignment strategies on scheduling to  increase fine-grain parallelism. The second direction is to  investigate the interactions between code transformations  improving memory performance and other compiler phases. In  particular, the proposed work will investigate (1) the impact of  scalar replacement and software prefetching on instruction  scheduling to increase fine-grain parallelism and on register  allocation (2) strategies for enabling communication between code  transformations to increase memory performance, register  allocation, and instruction scheduling.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Development in Innovative Optoelectronic Devices   and Optical Characterization Techniques","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Unlu, M. Selim","MA","Boston University","selim@bu.edu","ENG","9625236  Unlu  We propose a research program in innovative optoelectronic devices and  characterization techniques closely tied to educational efforts in  photonics curriculum development. The research program focuses on high  speed and high-efficiency photodetectors, critical components in optical  communication signal processing and measurement systems. In parallel,  research in near-field thermal imaging can yield a factor of 10 improvement  over current techniques, providing important information for the design  optimization of sub-micron devices and circuits. The educational component  utilizes these research programs and others in creating modular photonics  applications suitable for incorporation into the standard undergraduate  engineering courses and upper-level laboratory settings.    Photodetectors for today s high performance optical communication and  signal processing systems must have high sensitivities, short response  times, and low power consumption. Over the past five years a new family of  optoelectronic devices has emerged whose performance is enhanced by placing  the active device structure inside a Fabry-Perot resonant microcavity.  Computer simulation studies have shown that a drastic improvement in the  high-speed performance of conventional photodetectors can be achieved using  the resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) detection. Since the RCE scheme is  independent of material system operation at a variety of wavelength regions  is possible. We propose to build on the mature theory and existing  experience in the RCE detectors and to prototype high-performance ultrafast  photodetectors operating at near-IA wavelengths. Also based on the RCE  scheme, we propose to fabricate monolithic photodetector arrays sensitive  to polarization of the incident light without requiring any external  polarization filters and/or beam splitters. Sensitivity of discrete devices  can be controlled by recessing the top surface of the detector allowing for  the monolithic fabrication of detector ar rays with varying sensitivities to  TE and TM polarizations.    In parallel to our efforts in optoelectronic devices, we will also pursue  innovative optical characterization techniques based on near-field optical  microscopy. We have established a state-of-the-art near-field spectroscopy  laboratory funded by NSF and industrial collaborators. The proposed  nearfield microscopy research will emphasize diagnostics of optoelectronic  devices and the development of a new thermal imaging technique utilizing  nanopositioners and IR fibers.    Boston University has made a major commitment to Photonics.  The  construction of a new interdisciplinary Center for Photonics Research with  state-of-the-art facilities and advanced laboratories is underway.  Recently, a new NSF-funded curricular program, PRIDE: Photonics Research in  Interdisciplinary Education has started under the direction of the PI. The  PRIDE program will create three levels of photonics modules to enrich  standard core, specialized elective, and design courses of the upper  division undergraduate and early graduate curricula. These modules will  incorporate photonics research into a wide range of existing curricula, and  demonstrate vertically integrated curriculum development. Modular  implementation of photonics into existing courses represents a significant  departure from standard curricular development. This novel approach reduces  the barriers to entry for cross-disciplinary education, is inherently  transportable while maintaining local flexibility of content, and  incorporates photonics research into a wide range of different curricular  topics. The PI's research program is an integral part of the PRIDE effort.  His research advances in photodetectors and near-field optical microscopy  will be incorporated into this modular curriculum. In addition to the group  effort in curriculum development, PI will also continue to develop new  courses in photonics and innovative teaching techniques utilizing World  Wide Web.  ***"]
["Studies of Antimony Allyls and Oxo-Allyls","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|PHYSICAL INORGANIC","Covert, Katharine","WV","West Virginia University Research Corporation","kcovert@bates.edu","MPS","Dr. Katharine Covert, Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University,   Morgantown, West Virginia, is supported by the Inorganic, Bioinorganic,   and Organometallic Program of the Chemistry Division and by the   Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) for   studies of the synthesis of antimony allyls and oxo-allyls.  A class of   antimony allyls with sterically demanding alkoxides will be prepared.    Oxidition and transfer studies of the allyl fragments with molybdenum,   tin, and vanadium will be performed. Dr. Covert's group will also   synthesize and resolve chiral antimony allyls, and they will survey their   reactivity in allyl transfer and oxidation reactions.  The education   component of this project concentrates on large general chemistry courses   with a focus on student retention and development, and takes advantage of   the synergism between research and teaching.  This project addresses the synthesis of a series of antimony complexes   containing both a reactive organic fragment, known as an allyl, and a   series of bulky substituents, known as alkoxides. The combination of   these bulky substituents with antimony provide the opportunity to control   the reactivity of the allyl fragment, and to understand commercial   processes which utilize antimony catalysts to perform the oxidation of   small organic molecules such as propene and propane.  Fundamental studies   of the synthesis of these compounds and the oxidation and transfer of the   allyl fragments will be performed."]
["Design and Properties of Films, Coatings and Brittle        Materials:  A Combined Education and Research Program","DMR","CERAMICS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS|MATERIALS RESEARCH PROJECT SUP","Reimanis, Ivar","CO","Colorado School of Mines","ireimani@mines.edu","MPS","9625293  Reimanis    A coordinated teaching and research program that targets  several national critical needs in the semiconductor and the  structural ceramics industries will be implemented.  The  educational component will emphasize materials selection in  design and will develop the integration of computer-based  design and/or numerical modeling into several undergraduate  classes in materials science.   The research aspect of the  program will examine relationships between the residual  stress distribution and the fracture behavior in graded  composites. Graded composites represent a new class of  materials in the sense that many of their properties can not  be predicted with existing scientific models. One of the  P.I.'s long term goals is to develop some of these models.  The effect of the size scale of the microstructure relative  to gradation on mechanical properties will be examined by  synthesizing composites with different graded layer  thicknesses and different gradation architectures employing  vapor deposition, and powder metallurgy. Both thermal and  mechanical loading will be used to examine failure  mechanisms. Crack trajectories will be observed so that  fracture criteria may be developed.  %%%  The proposed research plan of this CAREER proposal is to  develop an understanding of the failure mechanisms in  metal/ceramic composites and coatings that are  compositionally graded.  Understanding these mechanisms will  enable materials engineers to design better advanced  materials for the automotive and aerospace industries.  ***"]
["Career Program:  New Approaches of Holographic Particle     Velocimetry for Studying Turbulence","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Meng, Hui","KS","Kansas State University","huimeng@eng.buffalo.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9625307    The research focuses on the development of  Holographic Particle Velocimetry (HPV).  The understanding of turbulence phenomena is currently hampered by the lack of capability to obtain time-resolved full-field instantaneous three-dimensional (3-D) flow velocity and vortiaity field data.  Holographic Particle Velocimetry is highly promising to provide this capability.  Current approaches to HPV focus on the solution of one immediate problem (the holographic images vs. speckle noise) and the system configuration are becoming increasingly more complex and user-friendly.  The major bottleneck in the HPV technique, is the huge quantity of data processing, that has not been seriously addressed.   The proposed HPV approach uses two new ideas:  (1) band-pass\" In-line Recording Off-axis Viewing\" holography, which provides both excellent signal-to-noise performance and geometric and operational simplicity, especially in the pulsed-laser hologram recording process, and (2) hybrid optical-digital processing system, characterized by image compression of the order of 1011 achieved by massively parallel optical correlation, offering a potential for substantial reduction of data processing speed.    Besides involving undergraduate students in HPV research, it is planned to introduce optics to Mechanical Engineering curriculum including an instructional optics laboratory and senior design projects.  New learning methodologies using interactive multimedia will be developed for a Fluid Mechanics course."]
["Synthetic, Catalytic, and Solid-State Chemistry of          Group 13 Complexes","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Atwood, David","ND","North Dakota State University Fargo","datwood@pop.uky.edu","MPS","Dr. David A. Atwood, Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State   University, Fargo, is supported by the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and   Organometallic Program of the Chemistry Division and by the Experimental   Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) for studies of the   chemistry of Group 13 complexes.  The fundamental chemistry of cationic,   anionic, and neutral complexes will be investigated, which could lead to   the development of applications in Lewis acid and Ziegler-Naata catalysis   and in nanoparticulate oxide synthesis.  The education component of this   project integrates teaching with research, and fundamental with applied   chemistry through the formation of courses which emphasize synthesis,   catalysis and solid-state materials in ways that relate the chemistry to   applications and uses in daily life.  This project addressses the synthesis of new compounds with Group 13   metal ions such as aluminum and gallium.  Synthetic strategies will be   developed, and a wide range of molecular and solid-state characterization   techniques will be used to study the fundamental chemistry of these   systems.  Fundamental developments in the chemistry of these systems   could lead to applications in catalysis and solid-state materials."]
["Highly Ordered Polymeric Materials via a Monomer            Self-Assembly Approach","DMR","POLYMERS|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Gin, Douglas","CA","University of California-Berkeley","Douglas.Gin@colorado.edu","MPS","9625433  Gin  This CAREER grant details the research and educational plans  of the Principal Investigator:  A research program dedicated  to the synthesis of new polymeric materials is described, as  well as several new approaches to graduate and undergraduate  education.  Aside from chemical structure, one of the most  important factors in realizing the intrinsic properties of  materials is extended order on the small scale.  Order on  the molecular level such as crystallinity permits  cooperative interactions between molecules in the material  for improved properties on the macroscopic level.  However,  in materials science, varying degrees of order are obtained  in synthetic polymers and composites typically via post-  synthesis processing (i.e., stretch-aligning).  As materials  chemists, one of the issues that  we would like to address  is whether we can control or induce bulk order in materials  through the structural design of the constituent molecules,  instead of through post-synthesis processing.  Specifically,  we are interested in exploring the use of  self-organizing  monomers based on liquid crystals as highly organized media  for the construction of a variety of sophisticated polymeric  materials.  We applying this approach to two areas of  materials research:  (1) The synthesis of new piezoelectric  polymers in which order and bulk symmetry can be controlled  on the molecular scale.  (2) The synthesis of highly  organized polymeric composites in which nanometer-scale  geometry can be predetermined through liquid-crystalline  matrix monomers.  %%%  Several ideas for the improvement of chemical education at  both the undergraduate and graduate levels are also  proposed.  Among these ideas is a modular approach to  undergraduate chemical education, where students will be  able to pick the topics they are interested in learning  about, in any order they desire.  This would be modeled  after special- topics lectures in the Modular Chem  Consortium (MC2), and NSF sponsored modular teac hing program  aimed toward developing and evaluating a modular approach to  teaching chemistry in the first two years of the  undergraduate curriculum.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Virtual Reality Techniques to Improve Product Design and Engineering Education","DMI","ENGINEERING DESIGN","Vance, Judy","IA","Iowa State University","jmvance@iastate.edu","ENG","9625601    Vance   This NSF Career Award will fund research into (1) the use of virtual reality techniques to improve product design and (2) the implementation of active learning techniques in the engineering classroom. Areas of design where virtual reality can contribute to the design of better products will be identified and appropriate virtual tools will be developed.  In particulars, focus of the research will be on the design of spatial mechanisms and visualization techniques to advance cross-attribute design of large, complex systems.  Results of this research in cross-attribute design will be incorporated into a new course in finite element-based optimization.  The educational activities focus on searching out and implementing effective teaching methods that will improve student learning.  Study groups of interested engineering faculty will be formed to learn about active teaching strategies.  Several faculty learning groups will be facilitated.     The research funded under this award will provide a template for both the development of virtual reality applications to improve product design and a process to integrate active learning techniques in the engineering classroom.  Virtual reality techniques applied to product design will result in the ability to design in a fully three-dimensional design space, and result in reducing the number of physical prototypes needed before production runs are scheduled.  Personnel involved in the design process who are not accustomed to viewing three-dimensional models on a computer screen will be able to bring their expertise to bear early in the design process because of the advanced visualization and interaction capabilities available through the use of virtual reality."]
["Radiative Forcing by Multicomponent Atmospheric Aerosols","ATM","ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY","Pilinis, Christodoulos","FL","University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine&Atmospheric Sci","chris@colossus.rsmas.miami.edu","GEO","9625718  Pilinis   Atmospheric aerosol particles consist of solid and liquid multicomponent phases.  Some aerosol chemical constituents are sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, sodium, chloride, water, soot, organic matter, and dust.  These species are not distributed evenly among particles of different sizes.  As a result, the physical, chemical, and optical properties of particles of various sizes may differ. The nonhomogeneous distribution of chemical species within aerosol particles of different sizes are factors which currently introduce uncertainty into models which attempt to quantify direct forcing effects by atmospheric aerosols.   Research conducted under this award will support the development of an aerosol model which accounts for the major processes that shape the size distribution and composition of atmospheric particles.  Aerosol optical properties, including single scattering albedo, phase functions, asymmetry factors and upscatter fraction will be calculated for use in column radiative transfer models.  The radiative transfer models will be used to calculate the direct aerosol forcing over shortwave and longwave radiation fields.  The PI will evaluate the model by comparing model results with measured aerosol concentrations and aerosol optical properties.  Once tested, the model will be used to estimate the effects of uncertainties in model input parameters to direct forcing due to aerosols.  ***  ATM-9625718"]
["Magnetometers Along the Eastern Atlantic Seaboard for       Undergraduate Research and Education (MEASURE)","ATM","MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS","Moldwin, Mark","FL","Florida Institute of Technology","mmoldwin@igpp.ucla.edu","GEO","This is a CAREER project which requests funding for the deployment,  operation and analysis of data from a meridional array of paired  magnetic stations along the east coast of the United States at L-  shells from 1.7 to 3.4.  The purpose of the array and analysis will  be to investigate processes of energy transfer from the solar wind  and magnetotail to the inner magnetosphere.  In addition to the  scientific objective of the array called MEASURE, it will become an  integral part of the Florida Institute of Technology's Space  Science undergraduate curriculum and will be a testbed for a  national high school magnetometer network."]
["Dendrochronological and Stable Isotope Studies of Tree-Rings for Selected Areas of the United States","ATM","PALEOCLIMATE PROGRAM","Feng, Xiahong","NH","Dartmouth College","xiahong.feng@dartmouth.edu","GEO","Abstract  ATM-9628759  Feng, Xiahong  Dartmouth College  Title: Dendrochronological and Stable Isotope Studies of Tree-Rings for Selected Areas of the United             States     Tree-ring techniques have been increasingly used for climate and   paleoecological studies with time scales of hundreds to thousands of   years. The record of stable isotopes in tree-rings may provide detailed   information about present and past climate.  This project is designed   to study the climatic implications of stable isotopes in annual   tree-rings and to address the basic analytical and interpretive issues   related to this methodology.  This award will address the   signal-to-noise ratios of the isotopic records and the fundamental   question of replication: can reasonably homogenous hydrogen and oxygen   isotope chronologies be developed from several trees at a single site?   The project will also focus on the effects of tree age and   microenvironment on the derivation of climatically- sensitive isotope   chronologies."]
["Individual Based Modeling of Particles and Pelagic          Organisms in Chesapeake Bay","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY|PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY","Hood, Raleigh","MD","University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences","rhood@hpl.umces.edu","GEO","9628888  Hood        This is a four year Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER)  award which includes both a basic science and a course development  component.  The research will develop and apply a generalized  Lagrangian particle trajectory model for the Chesapeake Bay which  will then be used to develop an individual based, coupled biologic  al and physical model of the sea nettle.   This research will have  two principle goals: The first is to provide a general particle  trajectory model for the Chesapeake Bay research community that can  be used as a tool for physical, chemical and biological research in  the Bay. The second is to use the model to study how the interacti  on between physical and biological processes determines the time  and space distributions of and the impact the sea nettle has upon  its prey in the Chesapeake Bay. The 3-dimensional, time-dependent  flow will be provided by a hydrodynamic circulation model which was  developed as part of the Chesapeake Bay Program. Gelatinous zoopla  nkton data from the NSF LMER-TIES field observational program will  be used for model formulation,  initialization and groundtruthing.       The project meets the NSF's CAREER program objectives because it w  ill allow Dr. Hood to broaden his current ecosystem modeling  research into the realm of individual based and Lagrangian particle  trajectory modeling and develop a research program that focuses on  the Chesapeake Bay. The latter will foster interaction with scient  ists involved in the Chesapeake Bay Program and LMER-TIES. The  project will also allow the principle investigator to develop a  course in his general area of specialization. This course is needed  because it will provide the basic training that biologists need to  carry out coupled biological and physical modeling research and it  is unique because the research will form the basis for instruction.  It is hoped that this training will ultimately facilitate  interaction between biological and physical scient ists and foster  more interdisciplinary research on biological and physical  interactions in marine systems."]
["(CAREER) Metals Transport in Transition Wetlands:           Research and Education Development Plan","EAR","INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES|GLOBAL CHANGE","Nepf, Heidi","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","hmnepf@mit.edu","GEO","9629259  Nept    The limnology and wetland research communities have recently selected metals transport as an area for priority research  (In The Freshwater Imperative,  Naiman et al. 1995).  This treaties calls attention to the need for transport models that can predict the short-and long-term fate of metals contamination in freshwater ecosystems.  Wetlands, an intrinsic part of most freshwater systems, have been observed to trap and store particulate metals, and thus can influence metals flux.  However, the specific factors which control this trapping and potential re-release are not yet fully understood.  In particular, the following questions still need to be clarified    What factors control the short-and long-term trapping of metals in wetland?  How does vegetation influence the trapping and shortage of metals?  How and when are major release or re-suspension events triggered?           The proposed project will address these questions through complementary field observation and modeling programs.  The results will strengthen the knowledge base needed to design and manage wetlands in order to alleviate the impact of metals contamination on freshwater systems.    The educational goals of this project emphasize the incorporation of environmental engineering case studies and current academic research into the undergraduate curriculum.  The first goal is to create case study instruction based on actual engineering problems drawn from the case files of local engineering firms.  The case study approach exposes student to the complexity of real systems, and demonstrates the relevance of the course material.  The second educational goal is to provide undergraduates with more opportunities to assist with and/or conduct their own field research.  Four field projects are proposed that can be conducted annually as an extension to existing undergraduate courses.  These hands-on research experiences will build physical intuition and creativity, as well as provide a forum for developing team-work skill s.  The field projects are designed to dovetail with the proposed academic research so that the undergraduates can draw from a larger research scheme to supplement their own observations.    The research and educational goals both emphasize the study and protection of freshwater systems.  The research program will focus on improving the prediction of metals transport and the remediation of metals contamination.  the teaching program will introduce undergraduates to the complex and interdisciplinary nature of wetland field study and environmental engineering design projects."]
["CAREER:  Metal Partitioning and Surface Reactions in        Natural and Model Systems:  Research and Education","EAR","PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY","O'Day, Peggy","AZ","Arizona State University","poday@ucmerced.edu","GEO","9629276  O'Day  The proposed research program of this Faculty Early Career Development proposal  involves: (1) Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of field samples from Pinal Creek, AZ. and (2) model studies of  Zn sorption and precipitation and the characterization of reaction products by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.  During the first phase, the PI would like to directly verify the chemical state and distribution of Co, Ni, CU and Zn associated with solid phases in the stream bed and alluvial sediments, and determine the nature and amount of amorphous and crystalline phases. Part 2 will focus on two aspects of  the Zn (II) sorption system: (I) The influence of mineral substrate on uptake and release of Zn and the identification of coordination change with sorption with XAS, and (ii) the local molecular structure and kinetics of Zn(OH)2 homogenous precipitation and surface precipitation.  Sample characterization will be done by SIMS and probe. Analytical methods to be used include TEM, PEELS, and XAS."]
["REU:  A Comparative Study of a Mating Preference in Live-Bearing Fishes","IOB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|ANIMAL BEHAVIOR","Basolo, Alexandra","NE","University of Nebraska-Lincoln","basolo@cricket.unl.edu","BIO","ABSTRACT    PI:  Basolo  Proposal number:  9629318       A Comparative Study of a Preference in Live-bearing Fishes     Research Component:  This project will investigate the  historical basis of a preference for a male trait and  examine changes in the preference over time.  Preferences  can appear prior to male traits, and can affect male traits  when they arise.  Although there is mounting evidence that  such a mechanism for selection can be important, little is  known about the history of such preferences and  how they  might change.  Males in many fish species in the genus  Xiphophorus  possess an elongated portion of the caudal fin,  the sword.  Females in this genus, as well as in the sister  genus which lacks a sword, have a preference for swords.  These results, combined with historical evidence, suggest  that this preference appeared prior to the appearance of a  sword.  The proposed research will test whether the strength  of the preference favoring a sword has changed in the  history of this group of fishes and their relatives.    Education Component:  The use of both established and  innovative teaching methods are proposed as a means to  broaden and improve student learning.  To enhance learning  in an Animal Behavior lecture course, cooperative learning  groups, an electronic news group, a course world-wide web  site, and email interchanges with scientists at other  universities are proposed.  To increase the students  appreciation for and understanding of animal behavior, a  laboratory-based course, Experimental Methods in Animal  Behavior, will be developed.  Principles covered will  include classical methods, as well as new techniques,  including paternity analysis and the use of digitally-  altered videos to test behaviors."]
["CAREER: Molecular Evolutionary Studies of the               Barbus Fish Species Flock of Lake Tana Ethiopia             (Teleostei:  Cypriniformes)","DEB","CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","Dimmick, Walter","KS","University of Kansas Main Campus","walterd@ku.edu","BIO","9629366  DIMMICK  Lake Tana supports the largest freshwater fishery resource in the East African nation of Ethiopia.  A key element of this fishery is a group of African carps (genus Barbus). The adult Barbus carps in Lake Tana can be separated into fourteen different morphological types (morphotypes), varying in size, shape, habitat within the lake, and feeding preferences.   These morphotypes may represent variants of a single species, any of whose members may breed with any other, or they may represent up to fourteen distinct species, each incapable of breeding with any other form.  Strategies for conserving the Lake Tana biota, and for managing its fishery, will differ significantly depending on whether the carps belong to one species or many.  Also, the Lake Tana Barbus likely will provide scientists with important information on how living species change in a particular place over time.  Walter Dimmick, with his colleagues and students, will attempt to determine the number of Barbus  species present in Lake Tana by comparing several different types of molecular data from each of the morphotypes, including sequences from several mitochondrial and nuclear genes and variations in regions of short repeated DNA sequences (\"microsatellites\").  Cooperative activities include collaborative fieldwork with a team of three scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.  Participation by Native American students in the project, and in related teaching and research activities at the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, will provide opportunities for  these students to assess and pursue careers in systematic biology."]
["Influence of Tropical Clouds on Sea Surface Temperature, Sea Surface Salinity, and the Ocean Mixed Layer","ATM","CLIMATE & LARGE-SCALE DYNAMICS","Clayson, Carol","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","clayson@met.fsu.edu","GEO","Abstract  ATM-9629391  Clayson, Carol Anne  Purdue University  Title: Influence of Tropical Clouds on Sea Surface Temperature, Sea  Surface Salinity, and the Ocean Mixed Layer    The science aims of this \"CAREER\" proposal are 1) improving the  physical representation of solar radiation and precipitation  processes in the existing surface flux and ocean mixed layer  models, 2) evaluation of the influence of high frequency convective  events and seasonal to interannual variability on SST and SSS and  cloud characteristics over the warm pool and the entire tropical  ocean.    The educational component consists of 1) development of a number of  inter disciplinary courses at under graduate levels, 2) enhancement  of learning using computer-assisted instruction, 3) completion of  an electronic textbook on small scale processes in air-sea  interaction."]
["CAREER: An Innovative Undergraduate Class in                Laboratory Fluid Dynamics and Research into the Patterns    of Hydrothermal Circulation Beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS","Wilcock, William","WA","University of Washington","wilcock@ocean.washington.edu","GEO","This CAREER award will support laboratory and numerical modeling of  midocean ridge hydrothermal circulation.  The research component  will use finite-element models of cellular convection to examine  questions of nonsteady flow, two- or three-dimensionality, and the  effects of nonlinear phase properties.  The teaching component will  be built around a laboratory class in which students will develop  various experiments in fluid dynamics."]
["CAREER: Evolutionary Ecology of Avian Reproduction","DEB","BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY|POP & EVOLUTIONARY PR CLUSTER","Anderson, David","NC","Wake Forest University","djanders@wfu.edu","BIO","9629539  David J. Anderson     The number of offspring that individuals can produce depends on the amount of food and care they can provide.  Birds are good organisms to study how foraging, resource allocation among offspring, and sibling competition affect the number of young produced.  Three sets of  birds will be studied.  In the first project, the foraging patterns of widely ranging seabirds, Laysan and black-footed albatrosses near the Hawaiian Islands, will be used to test hypotheses linking their slow reproductive rates to their foraging biology.  The data will be distributed in near-real time to over 39,000 fifth and sixth grade students via email and educational satellite networks.  These students will participate in the data analysis, to increase their scientific literacy and to attract them to scientific careers.  The second project will study nestling competition in two species of boobies, seabirds of the Galapagos Islands. The regulation of sibling competition will be studied, to understand why a nestling bird sometimes kills its sibling nestmate.  The third project will study variation in offspring sex ratio in broods of the American kestrel.  Mothers provide sons with larger eggs, although sons die more than daughters do from sibling competition.  Undergraduate students will use DNA fingerprinting to determine how this size difference arises.    These studies will increase the understanding of tradeoffs in allocating resources, for number of offspring versus their survival rates.  This is useful for plant and animal breeding and for conservation biology."]
["Ozone Oxidation of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Alkenes:  The Fate of the Criegee Intermediates","ATM","ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY","Paulson, Suzanne","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","paulson@atmos.ucla.edu","GEO","9629577  Paulson     Alkenes are important chemical species for the formation of oxidizing compounds within the troposphere.  On a global scale, alkenes comprise the majority of non-methane hydrocarbon emissions, and roughly half of the carbon that reacts through an ozone-alkene chemical reaction, does so by forming short-lived Criegee reaction intermediates.  The research supported by this award is expected to make significant contributions to the understanding of the mechanism of ozone-alkene reactions in the troposphere, especially those involving photochemical reactions of biogenic alkenes with tropospheric ozone.    The project examines the kinetics and mechanism of ozone-alkene reactions using Teflon batch reactors in conjunction with GC/FID/MS, gas phase FTIR spectroscopy and FTIR/matrix isolation analytical techniques. The experimental approach focuses on the decomposition and reaction pathways of Criegee reaction intermediates. Study of the chemical reaction mechnisms involving Criegee intermediates has important possibilities for understanding the processes that control the formation of oxidants in the troposphere.  Overall,  the goals described in the research project would lead to a significant improvement of our understanding of atmospheric reactions involving alkenes, and hence of air pollution and tropospheric chemistry.  ATM-9629353"]
["CAREER: Using Known Phylogenies to Evaluate Methods of      Phylogeny Reconstruction","DEB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","White, Mary","LA","Southeastern Louisiana University","mwhite@selu.edu","BIO","9629592  WHITE  One of the goals of systematic biology is to reconstruct the historical (phylogenetic) relationships among organisms.  A number of analytical methods have been devised that will produce phylogenetic reconstructions.  When identical sets of data obtained from organisms are evaluated by the different reconstruction methods, differing phylogenies sometimes result.  Because the true phylogenetic relationships of organisms in nature are not known, it is difficult to assess which of the different reconstructions best approximates their actual history.  In the laboratory, rapidly-changing organisms can be raised in which the true history of each lineage, and its characteristics, can be precisely known and manipulated.  Phylogenies reconstructed by the various analytical methods in use in systematic biology can be compared with the known history, and in this way the efficiency of each method in discovering the correct or true phylogeny can be evaluated.    In this study, Mary White will produce lineages of bacterial viruses, including Bacteriophage T7 and Bacteriophage phiX 174.  The histories of these lineages will be precisely known, as will their characteristics, monitored by molecular methods such as DNA sequencing and restriction enzyme mapping.  The molecular characteristics will provide the data from which phylogenies will be reconstructed and compared against the known histories.  Knowledge gained from this work will lead to a better understanding of the proper application of existing phylogenetic methods to recover the history of organisms in nature, and to refinements and improvements in these methods.  The project will be used as a tool for teaching students, in classroom and laboratory settings, about such diverse topics as mutations and mutagens, virology, molecular biology and biotechnology, and systematics, and will be instrumental in developing discovery-based approaches to the teaching of these areas of science.  Students will be involved in all stages of the research."]
["Foldase Catalyzed Protein Folding and Molecular Biology     Workshops for K-12 Students","MCB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Noiva, Robert","SD","University of South Dakota Main Campus","bnoiva@usd.edu","BIO","9631485  Noiva  Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a \"foldase\" located in the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum where it facilitates several of the reactions required for the folding, assembly, and posttranslational modification of secretory and membrane proteins. A site on the PDI molecule which recognizes unfolded and misfolded nascent polypeptides has been identified and demonstrated to be involved in PDI-facilitated folding. In this proposal, the role of this peptide binding site in PDI activity will be further characterized. The technique of oligonucleotide-directed site mutagenesis will be used to generate mutants of PDI lacking the peptide binding site or containing single amino acid substitutions in that site. Wild type and mutant PDI will be expressed in both E. coli and Pichia pastoris expression systems to generate the highest yield of enzyme. The effect of loss of peptide binding activity on PDI activity will be assessed on both the activity of the soluble enzyme and its ability to catalyze properly folded proteins in dog pancreas microsomes. Preliminary evidence indicates that PDI has little or no substrate sequence preference, but is hypothesized to recognize a stretch of 6 amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Substrate preferences for the PDI foldase activity will be further characterized by determining length and sequence requirements for peptide binding by PDI using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, affinity chromatography, and affinity panning techniques. The role of calcium in PDI function in the cell will also be assessed. Calcium does not have any direct effect on PDI-facilitated folding or peptide binding activity in vitro, but may be involved in localization of PDI to the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This calcium-mediated localization of PDI will be further characterized using the techniques of pulse-chase labeling, western blotting, and confocal microscopy. A series of summer workshops in Modern Techniques in Experimental Biology for K-12  students and teachers will be developed. Workshops will be composed of a series of experimental modules presenting techniques used in the modern molecular biology laboratory and will be tailored to the level of junior/senior high school students. Modules will be interchanged between workshops depending on the abilities and prior experiences of the students. The workshops will use a recently completed Molecular Biology Laboratory teaching facility funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.  %%%  Current technology allows scientists to use bacterial cultures to produce recombinant human proteins of clinical and pharmaceutical importance. However, bacteria lack chaperone and foldase proteins required to fold these mammalian proteins efficiently. In this proposal, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), one of the foldases which assists protein folding in humans, will be studied. In order to assist proteins in folding, PDI must recognize a motif on the newly synthesized protein which identifies that protein as requiring assistance for proper folding. In this proposal, the role of protein binding by PDI in assisted folding and the motif that is recognized by PDI will be characterized. Furthermore, the role of intracellular calcium in directing PDI to the area in cells where protein folding occurs will also be studied. This information will strengthen our understanding of the cellular function of PDI and lead to the better use of PDI in improving yields in the production of recombinant human proteins in bacteria. A series of summer workshops in Modern Techniques in Experimental Biology for K-12 students and teachers will be developed. These workshops will provide opportunities for students from Native American reservations and rural communities with limited educational resources to have access to current technology used in experimental biology. Students will be encouraged to learn biological techniques at the molecular level such as electrophoresis, PCR, and cloning recombinant DNA. Experimental module s offered at the workshop will reinforce science at their own schools, present new and exciting concepts and hopefully motivate students to pursue further opportunities in Biology and the Biomedical Sciences.  ***"]
["Learning Science by Design","REC","APPLICATS OF ADVANCED TECHNOLS|","Kafai, Yasmin","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","kafai@gseis.ucla.edu","EHR","9632695  Kafai    Future workplaces require that schools prepare students to become  technologically fluent and informationally and scientifically  literate. The new National Science Standard (1995) demand that  students know not only the facts but also how to reason  scientifically. The growing infusion of information technologies  into the home and work place demands that students know not only  how to access and retrieve information on the Internet, but also  how to use it discriminantly in their learning. Technologically  competent students know not only the facts but also how to express  their knowledge and ideas with these tools. These are challenging  tasks for schools and teachers which need to be addressed beginning  at an early age when students' attitudes about science and  technology are still open and project-based activities are easier  to integrate into the curriculum.    The proposed research addresses these challenges by developing an  integrative year-long curriculum consisting of a rich fabric of  instructional techniques materials, and technology use in  elementary school science.  Learning Science by Design builds on  young students' informal science knowledge and asks them to  program, i.e., design, interactive multimedia resources to teach  science concepts in either physics (magnetism/electricity) or life  sciences (ocean habitats) to younger students. Students'  programming process provides the driving force for their science  investigations, Internet information searching, and design of  instructional interventions. This approach uses proogramming as a  tool for students' knowledge reformulation and personal expression  by engaging them in key scientific practices: fostering information  inquiry, constructing representations and visualizations of  scientific processes, explaining and defending ideas, and managing  of  their projects.    Two questions will be addressed in the proposed research: (1) What  is the efficacy of such a comprehensive learning environment for  y oung students? (2) What kind of skill and  knowledge transfer can  we observe? Research will be conducted in several public elementary  classrooms in implementing the year-long curriculum that comprises  two distinct design experiences, thus facilitating the assessment  of transfer of programming, project and information management  skills, and science knowledge. The evaluation is divided into three  phases: Phase I builds the model case and assessment tools, Phase  II conducts the experimental and comparative assessment, and Phase  III examines the applicability of the model to different school  sites and classrooms.    The principles that I am developing in my research will also be  directly applied to my teaching activities. My teaching plan  emphasizes the integration of education and information studies and  will create a set of courses that provide both graduate and  undergraduate students with an introduction and experience of the  new information and learning media, their theoretical  underpinnings, and meaningful applications in formal and informal  educational settings.    The findings of the proposed research will be disseminated to  resarchers and to teachers. I anticipate that the approach provides  a model for implementations of advanced technologies in elementary  school classrooms, also applicable to other grades and school  levels. Furthermore, the proposed integration of information and  education fields will lead to an improved understanding of  educational theory and practice and the disign of future learning  and information technologies.  ***"]
["Design and Implementation of OBDD Variable Ordering/        Reordering Methods","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Thornton, Mitchell","AR","University of Arkansas","mitch@engr.smu.edu","CSE","This research is on the design and implementation of ordered binary decision  diagram (OBDD) variable ordering and reordering methods.  The work explores the  use of memory-efficient data structures, called Decision Diagrams (DD), to  describe the behavior of Boolean functions.  Being developed is a methodology for  finding an ordering of the Boolean function variables so that the DD has minimal  size.  This research exploits the use of conditional probabilities for the  purposes of variable ordering and dynamic reordering.  Efficient techniques for  computation of the spectrum of a Boolean function using its OBDD representation  as input are being used.  Software is being developed to manipulate OBDDs as well  as compute the probability values."]
["CAREER: Thermal Contact Resistance for Nonmetallic Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Phelan, Patrick","AZ","Arizona State University","phelan@asu.edu","ENG"]
["Career Development in Mathematical Biology","DMS","APPLIED MATHEMATICS","Bentil, Daniel","VT","University of Vermont & State Agricultural College","Daniel.Bentil@uvm.edu","MPS"]
["Evaluation of L-series and Explorations in Mathematics","DMS","ALGEBRA,NUMBER THEORY,AND COM","Lieman, Daniel","MO","University of Missouri-Columbia","test@test.com","MPS","9700542  Lieman      This award funds programs for research and education centered around  the areas of number theory and computational mathematics.  In number theory, the investigator will address several outstanding conjectures about the average values of various families of L-series of arithmetic interest, including an \"on average\" version of the Lindelof hypothesis in n-aspect; a conjecture concerning the Whittaker-Fourier coefficients of metaplectic forms; and a conjecture concerning the average values of the L-series of the classical \"sum of two cubes\" family of elliptic curves. The investigator expects to resolve each conjecture by using and developing a blend of techniques from metaplectic forms and analytic number theory. In addition, the grant includes a summer research project in number theory for undergraduates.  This summer program has diverse goals: to increase underrepresented minority participation in mathematics and science; to produce a self-paced mathematical investigation series which will be available to the general on-line undergraduate community; to involve undergraduates in active research investigations; and to produce new courses for the mathematics department at the University of Missouri. Finally, the investigator will undertake an experimental effort to increase graduate student visibility, travel opportunities, and professional  experience within the mathematics community.      The National Science Foundation strongly encourages the early development of academic faculty as both educators and researchers. The Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program is a Foundation-wide program that provides for the support of junior faculty within the context of their overall career development. It combines in a single program the support of quality research and education in the broadest sense and the full participation of those traditionally underrepresented in science and engineering. This program enhances and emphasizes the importance the Foundation places on  the development of full, balanced academic careers."]
["CAREER: High Resolution Microwave Spectroscopy of Amino AcidDerivatives","CHE","SPECTROSCOPY","Tubergen, Michael","OH","Kent State University","mtuberge@kent.edu","MPS","Michael Tubergen of Kent State University is supported by the   Experimental Physical Chemistry Program in his studies to determine the   conformational structures of amide derivatives of amino acids using   Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy.  Isotopic substitution   (deuterium, nitrogen-15 or carbon-13 in natural abundance) will be used   to identify the hydrogen atoms participating in intramolecular hydrogen   bonds as well as to characterize the conformation.  The structures of   solvent van der Waals complexes with these same molecules will also be   examined, especially complexes involving water and model dipeptides.     The results of this research should lead to improved modeling of larger   biological molecules.    The education plan of this CAREER award involves extensive revisions of   the undergraduate physical chemistry program.  Modifications, such as   incorporation of laser-based experiments and multidimensional nuclear   magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the laboratory sequence will introduce   students to modern spectroscopic techniques.  An aggressive community   outreach effort and a focus on research projects accessible to   undergraduates will be emphasized."]
["CAREER:  Electrohydrostatics, Electrohydrodynamics and      Microstructural Evolution During Electrodispersion          Precipitation","DMR","CERAMICS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS|PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Greer, Sandra","MD","University of Maryland College Park","sgreer@umd.edu","MPS","9700860  Harris    The objective of this Faculty Early Career Development project is  to study the fundamentals of electrohydrodynamics and mass  transfer with chemical precipitation that occur in electro  dispersion precipitation processes. This proposal addresses the  physical, chemical and engineering issues that govern electro  atomization in liquid-liquid systems and the formation of solid  particles from microdroplets.  The drawback to improving  electrodispersion precipitation processes in liquid-liquid  systems is the lack of a fundamental understanding about the  electrohydrodynamics of the atomization process and the mass  transfer with chemical precipitation that occurs in the dispersed  phase.  A tremendous amount of literature has been generated on  the electroatomization of pendant and sessile drops in liquid-air  systems.  However, very little research has been done to  understand the effect of static and pulsed electric fields on  conducting pendant/sessile drops and liquid streams emanating  from a nozzle and immersed in a low dielectric constant liquid.  Specific questions include the effect of static and pulsed  electric fields on pendant drops and the conditions under which  shells form rather than microspheres.  Additionally, this  research project will be integrated into a series of graduate-  and undergraduate-level courses that the PI is developing on the  \"Science and Engineering of Colloidal Systems.\"  The courses will  discuss the fundamentals of hydrosol and organosol synthesis,  surface science and engineering, and the effect of electric  fields on colloidal systems and surfaces.  The PI also will spend  at least two weeks per year during the summer conducting science  and engineering camps to encourage junior high and high school  minority students to pursue degrees in science and engineering.  %%%  This work will have a significant impact on increasing the  throughput of all liquid-liquid electroatomization processes and  on the production of microparticles with co ntrolled morphologies,  size, and composition.  Improvement of this technology will lower  the cost of ceramic starting powders for high technology  applications.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Dynamic Optimization of Software Component Systems","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Franz, Michael","CA","University of California-Irvine","franz@uci.edu","CSE","An existing component-oriented software system that is based on  a platform-independent software distribution format will be  augmented by a dynamic re-optimizer. The existing system  already employs load-time code generation that happens in a  single burst and puts compilation speed ahead of code quality,  so that program execution can commence immediately. The  additional re-optimizer will improve this situation by  continually re-generating the object code of all active  software components in the background, applying aggressive  intermodular optimization techniques. Hence, it will combine a  collection of independently compiled and distributed software  components into a single, fully cross-optimized, quasi-  monolithic code image, and then supplant the currently  executing version of the code by the newly generated image. Re-  optimization will be guided by run-time profiling data, so that  successive re-optimizations will adapt to shifting usage  patterns. Dynamic code generation will enable component-  oriented systems to match or even surpass the efficiency of  statically optimized software, in spite of being extensible at  run-time. Concurrently with this research, a new upper-division  undergraduate course sequence on language implementation will  be developed.***"]
["CAREER: Performance Analysis and Tradeoff for System-Level  Design Exploration of Real-Time Embedded Systems","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Hu, Xiaobo","IN","University of Notre Dame","shu@cse.nd.edu","CSE","This research is on developing methodologies and tools for designing real-time  embedded systems with the goal of providing a tool environment to help designers  explore a vast design space and locate superior system architectural  configurations. The approach is to work at the system level or processor level  of abstraction and to formulate the problem as a multi-attribute optimization one  which captures various quality requirements in system design. Specific topics  being addressed are: 1. Evaluating timing performance through studying the  flexibility of a system configuration with respect to timing specifications, and  formulating metrics for estimating the flexibility of systems. 2. Developing an  interface tool for assisting system developers to specify value functions and  preferences. 3. Combining the imprecisely specified multi-attribute utility  theory with evolutionary algorithms to find optimal solutions for multiple  objective optimization problems."]
["PECASE:  Effects of Morphology and Water Velocity on Mass   Transfer:  A Partnership in Research and Education","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY","Thomas, Florence","AL","Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium","fthomas@cas.usf.edu","GEO","Florence Thomas, PI        This program combines research in biomechanics with an  education component  linking public, K-12, undergraduate, and graduate education.  The research  addresses how the morphology of the predominate organisms in  a community  affects biological processes at the scale of the whole  community rather than  the scale of the individual.  Rates of nutrient uptake by  whole communities,  that vary in flexibility and morphology, will be measured  over a range of  water velocity in a research flume.  Comparisons of measured  uptake rates  with those calculated using empirically derived equations,  describing mass  transfer to non-biotic surfaces, will be made to  parameterize mass transfer  relationships for biotic surfaces. The results can be  applied to other  problems concerning rates of transport within communities,  such as feeding,  fertilization success, and the transport of other dissolved  compounds such  as pollutants. The education component of the program  includes: 1) the  development of an interactive display in a public aquarium  to interpret  flume experiments for visitors and K-12 education programs;  2) research  fellowships for minority students; and 3) incorporation of  biomechanics/hydrodynamics  into undergraduate courses."]
["CAREER: Fines Induced Liquefaction in Alluvial Sands and    Geotechnical Engineering Education","CMS","GEOTECHNICAL II","Yamamuro, Jerry","NY","Clarkson University","yamamuro@engr.orst.edu","ENG","9701467  Yamamuro  This action is to support an integrated research and  educational-enhancement project submitted under the NSF  Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program.    Most research into liquefaction of soils has been performed  on clean sands, while most of the documented historic cases  of earthquake-induced liquefaction have occurred in alluvial  silty sands. The current view of the effect of fines  (particles smaller than 0.074 mm) on the liquefaction  behavior of soils is that it either inhibits liquefaction or  that it has little effect. However this is not necessarily  correct. The behavior of silty sands has also been observed  to be highly unconventional.    The four major tasks and objectives of the research program  are:    (1) To investigate the unconventional behavior of silty  sands by  performing drained and undrained testing using monotonic and  cyclic loading. The objective is to explore the bounds of  the observed unconventional behavior.  (2) To evaluate, using scanning electron microscope and thin-  sections  analysis, the soil fabric of silty sands formed by the  different depositional methods used to create test  specimens. This will be followed by a study of soil fabric  created by water depositional processes in a fabricated  cylindrical vertical sedimentation chamber. The objective is  to ensure that the fabric created by alluvial deposition is  incorporated accurately into test specimens. The soil fabric  will then be modeled using Discrete Element Methods (DEM),  the objective being to verify possible 'collapse' mechanisms  of 'meta-stable' structures created in silty sands during  alluvial deposition.  (3) To perform model cone penetrometer tests (CPT) in a  fabricated  double-walled calibration chamber on silty sands. The  objective is to evaluate existing insitu liquefaction  assessment methods and the effect of grain size.  (4) To modify an elasto-plastic, non-associated flow  constitutive soil  model to capture the unconventional behavior pattern.  The  objective is to enable predictions of liquefaction in  alluvial silty sand.    The three main educational objectives are:    (l) To improve students' electronic communications skills  when acting as  'disassociated' project team members connected only by  networking technology.  (2) To improve undergraduate soil mechanics education by  providing  undergraduate students with greater exposure to advanced  soil mechanics testing by developing interactive videos.  Videos will be developed for tests such as monotonic and  cyclic triaxial testing, torsion shear, CPT, and  pressuremeter. This will supplement the basic undergraduate  laboratory experience.  (3) To encourage minority participation into the  geotechnical engineering  program at Clarkson University. This will be best  accomplished by participation in the McNair Program which  funds qualified minority students to participate in  undergraduate research during summers."]
["CAREER:  Multimedia Explanation Generation for              Knowledge-Based Learning Environments","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Lester, James","NC","North Carolina State University","lester@adm.csc.ncsu.edu","CSE","Knowledge-based   learning  environments   can   provide   highly  customized problem-solving experiences that are tailored  to  the  individual  needs  of  each student.  This  project  creates  the  technology  for  a  new  generation of  knowledge-based  learning  environments  by  developing  real-time  multimedia   explanation  generators   with   animated  pedagogical  agents.    Prominently  featured  in  learning environments, animated pedagogical  agents  can  observe  students'  progress,  provide  them  with  visually  contextualized  problem-solving  advice,  and  play  a   powerful  motivational  role.   The project has three  major  thrusts:  (1)  developing   a   computational  model  of  real-time   multimedia  explanation   planning   for  dynamically   creating   customized  multimedia explanations; (2) developing a computational model  of  animated   pedagogical  agents;  and  (3)  conducting   empirical  evaluations of the pedagogical effectiveness of these models.  In  addition,  the  project also develops a teaching  laboratory  for  multimedia  technology  and  initiates  a  new  multidisciplinary  course on Knowledge-Based Multimedia Learning Environments.  This  work  significantly advances the state-of-the-art  in  knowledge-  based   learning  environments  and  human-computer  interaction.  Coupled  with  rapid advances in affordable multimedia  hardware,  the  successful deployment of these technologies will have a deep  and  lasting  impact  on students at all  levels.   By  achieving  significant  gains in learning effectiveness, these  technologies  will  bring about fundamental improvements in both the  classroom  and the workplace on a broad scale."]
["CAREER:  Soft Chemical Synthesis of Porous Materials Based  on Cluster-Network Structures","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Stein, Andreas","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","stein@chem.umn.edu","MPS","9701507  Stein    Metal  polyanion  or  -cation clusters will be  used  as  building  blocks   (or   as   metal   precursors)  to  synthesize   extended  inorganic-organic  network structures to  design  new  classes  of  functional  materials. The clusters will be preorganized  in  two-  and three-dimensional structures using surfactants to optimize the  cluster arrangements for linking; salt-gel reactions will be  used  to  convert  the pre-organized salt structures into  high  surface  area mesoporous materials, with the salt-gel reactions studied  in  collaboration with Argonne National Labs; methods for the  linkage  of  the  inorganic clusters by organic connectors through hydrogen  bonding, coordination polymerization, and covalent bonding will be  developed; and optimized linking mechanisms will be combined  with  templating  techniques  to  produce well-ordered  structures  with  accessible void spaces.  %%%  New   classes   of   functional   porous   materials   based    on  cluster-network structures will be designed with void  spaces  for  applications  in  catalysis,  separations,  sensing,   optics   or  electronics.  Integrating  these current  high-priority  materials  research challenges with the educational curriculum of this CAREER  Program  results in the training of students in areas  of  growing  relevancy thereby advancing science and technology while improving  job prospects for students.  ***"]
["CAREER:  High Resolution Optical Microscopy Studies of      Mesostructured Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.|ELECTROCHEMISTRY & SURFACE CHE","Higgins, Daniel","KS","Kansas State University","higgins@ksu.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, will use near-  field scanning optical microscopy to study polymer-dispersed  liquid crystal thin films.  Professor Higgins and his students at  Kansas State University will study the mesoscale structural,  electronic, and dynamical properties of these thin film materials  for application as flat-panel displays.  This integrated CAREER  research project will afford students the opportunity to learn  how the spatial confinement of organic mesostructured systems  affects their properties as relates to flat-panel displays.   State-of-the-art optical microscopy methods that provide  submicron spatial resolution will be used in this work.  Other  educational projects to be developed during this project involve  computer simulations on data analysis, analog electronics,  Fourier transforms, and chromatographic separations for use in  undergraduate course work and a new course in chemical  microscopy.  Many materials of scientific and technological interest involve  spatial variations in the electronic, structural, and chemical  properties on very small distance scales.  In order to devise  materials with desired features on this spatial scale it is  necessary to develop methods for quantifying the properties at  the near single molecule limit.  This CAREER research project  will apply state-of-the-art near-field optical microscopy to the  study of such properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystalline  materials.  Undergraduate and graduate students will be exposed  to the application of these new methods to study these materials  that have potential for use in making flat-panel display devices."]
["CAREER: Research and Education in Microsensors","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Galipeau, David","SD","South Dakota State University","david.galipeau@sdstate.edu","ENG","9701513  Galipeau  This project is a four-year early career development plan that integrates microsensor research with educational activities in microelectronic devices, sensors and materials.  The goals of this plan are to significantly strengthen the research and educational programs in microsensors at South Dakota State University.  This will be done by expanding current research into new and interdisciplinary areas, integrating this research into undergraduate and graduate curriculums, and significantly increasing the design component of courses being taught in the microelectronic devices and materials areas.  Four areas that are important to chemical sensor development will be the primary focus: The development of a novel technique for measuring the effects of surface properties on sensor response and sensing film adhesion; The development of novel bio-sensors for the detection of airborne endotoxins; The optimization of hazardous gas sensors; and The characterization of electronic polymer films.  The novel technique for measuring surface properties is of high importance in the sensor area and also has wide applicatiols in the fields of biomaterials, microelectronics and adhesives, therefore it will be the prime focus area of the scientific part of this plan.  The three remaining areas involve the application of sensing science and form the engineering design part of this plan.    The activities described in this proposal are expected to advance sensing science, engineering, and education.  The science will be advanced by providing a new method for surface characterization that has high sensitivity to surface free energy, wettability, and contamination, and high degrees of correlation with biological interactions.  This work is also expected to provide a better understanding of the gas sorption processes in chemical sensing and aid in the optimization of thin films used as chemical sensing elements.  Other important applications in microelectronics include the analysis of surface treatments  designed to improve film adhesion and the attachment of analities to a sensor surface and measurements of surface cleanliness prior to encapsulation.  Important applications in biomaterials include: insuring surface reproducibility in biomaterial investigations and commercial medical devices, establishing correlations between surface tension of materials and biocompatability, and bioadhesion.  Engineering design will be advanced by new chemical sensor designs and applications that will be investigated.  The proposed educational activities will advance engineering education by providing instructional and research opportunities in microsensors.  In addition, a comprehensive program which is designed to better prepare students for the workplace, reduce student attrition, and encourage students to pursue graduate studies is proposed.  The activities include incorporating significant engineering design components in all courses with an emphasis on microsensors; integration of industrial, cross disciplinary, and research activities into the curriculum; laboratory development; the incorporation of new ideas in learning styles and assessment in the classroom; and by outreach activities directed toward underrepresented groups.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Metal       Borophosphates","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Sevov, Slavi","IN","University of Notre Dame","ssevov@nd.edu","MPS","9701550  Sevov    The  research goals of this project are to synthesize and  modify  novel  classes of materials to include the metal-borate-phosphate  and  metal-borate-phosphonate systems, to study  their  structure  and   structure-property  relations,  and   to   evaluate   their  electrooptical,   magnetic   and   catalytic   properties.    The  educational  goals  are  to introduce solid-state  and  materials  chemistry experiments into an undergraduate laboratory course for  seniors,  and  developing  a graduate and  undergraduate  lecture  course on topics in contemporary chemistry of materials issues.  %%%  This well integrated research and education program combines in a  very  unique  way an emphasis on the synthesis, characterization,  and  structure-property relations of novel  materials  exhibiting  functional materials properties of interest to applications areas  such  as  catalysis,  and  magnetic  and  optical  materials  for  devices.    Integrating  these  current  high-priority  materials  research  challenges  with  the educational  curriculum  of  this  CAREER  Program results in the training of students in  areas  of  growing relevancy thereby advancing science and technology  while  improving job prospects for students.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Integrating Multiple Knowledge Sources for Robust  Human-Machine Communication","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","McRoy, Susan","WI","University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","mcroy@cs.uwm.edu","CSE","The proposed research aims to intestigate models of dialogue that  can  support robust and flexible interaction between  people  and  computer systems.  When computers are used to teach users about a  new  topic  or technique, users may have difficulty understanding  the  knowledge  and  reasoning behind the system's  answers.   To  address   this   difficulty,  this  research   will   specify   a  computational  theory and methods to allow systems  to  vary  the  presentation   of  material  dynamically.    Specifically,   this  project  will address two important research issues.   First,  it  will   provide   a  specification  and  representation   of   the  linguistic,  intentional, and social information  that  influence  people's  understanding of an ongoing dialog and that  allow  for  the  detection of misunderstanding, if it should arise.   Second,  the  research will provide methods for integrating and  employing  these  information sources to produce relevant utterances and  to  identify  and  resolve  communication  problems  as  they  arise.  Evaluation of the approach will employ two tutoring systems  that  are under development: one that explains medical concepts and one  that  teaches  general life skills, such as  good  nutrition  and  budgeting.   Final  evaluation of the proposed research  will  be  based  on testing with end-user populations, runtime performance,  and technical correctness."]
["CAREER: Surface Scattering Effects in Mine Detection and    Remote Sensing Systems","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Johnson, Joel","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","johnson@ee.eng.ohio-state.edu","ENG","9701678  Johnson  The detection and identification of buried mines is an important problem given the risk land mines pose to civilian populations, and scattering from the surface of the ground plays a significant role in the ground penetrating radar technologies currently under investigation.  Ground surface scattering is also important in the remote sensing of soil moisture with microwave sensors, and can strongly influence the accuracy of soil moisture estimates obtained from satellite or aircraft measurements.  However, the contribution of soil surface scattering to radar measurements is still not well understood, and only empirical models, which allow little insight into methods for reducing surface clutter effects, are currently available for predictions.   Analytical approximate models for ground surface scattering have also been developed, but the  underlying approximations often are not valid for soil surfaces, and the models require specification of a surface spatial frequency spectrum, which is difficult to measure and for which little information is available.    In this project, detailed studies of ground surface scattering which allow new insight into the  important physical processes will be performed through analytical, numerical, and experimental techniques.  The Ohio State ultra-wideband ground penetrating radar system will be used to measure surface scattering at the ElectroScience Laboratory (ESL) indoor range under a variety of conditions, with surface height profiles measured to insure their accurate characterization.  A comparison of measured data with numerical model predictions for the exact profiles measured distinguishes this work from previous purely empirical studies of ground surface scattering, and enables conclusive determinations of the extent to which distributed surface versus discrete and/or volume scattering is significant.  Comparisons with existing analytical models will be performed based on this improved understanding, with a new analytical model which inc ludes both surface and discrete or volume scattering effects resulting from the study.  Further measurements will be done on a variety of outdoor surface profiles, and methods for reducing surface clutter effects on ground penetrating radar and soil moisture remote sensing systems will be investigated.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Multi-threaded Research and Education","CCF","EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS/CADRE|THEORY OF COMPUTING","Torng, Eric","MI","Michigan State University","torng@cse.msu.edu","CSE","Many computer systems are multi-threaded.  Traditional  on-line problems abstract away the existence of multiple  threads, either by collapsing multiple threads into a single  thread or by reducing each thread to a single request. This  project studies a new class of problems:  on-line systems  with multi-threaded inputs.  To model multi-threaded inputs,  multiple client input model where each client (thread) is  represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) are  introduced.  Three practical problems investigated are the  multi-threaded paging problem, where processes compete for  both central processing unit (CPU) time and fast memory  locations; the multi-threaded disk scheduling problem where  processes and/or database transactions compete for access to  the disk; and the multi-threaded operating system problem,  the natural combination of these two problems.  These  problems generalize into the k-client problem, a dual  version of the well-studied k-server problem, and the  k-server l-client problem.  One important goal of this  research is to learn how to design a complex system such as  a fast memory manager, a CPU scheduler, and a disk  scheduler.  In particular, determine if the algorithms and  results obtained by considering each system component in  isolation can be easily combined to produce new algorithms  and results for the complete system. In education, there are  two complementary projects.  The first project deals with  the process of learning how to teach.  The PI applied for  and received a highly competitive MSU Lilly Endowment  Teaching Fellowship.  In this intensive year-long program,  the PI will work together with a group of five promising  young faculty to learn fundamental educational principles  taught by leading education scholars from around the  University and around the country.  The second project is to  build a more cohesive curriculum emphasizing the practical  importance of all topics, especially theory.  This is  achieved by leading a departmental effort to wr ite a  comprehensive computer science textbook written in hypertext  markup language (HTML).  This HTML textbook will utilize  hyperlinks to highlight the connections between and within  courses.  For example, links will connect a module on stacks  and queues from a data structures course with modules from  an operating systems course where these structures are used.  This HTML textbook project may also supplement departmental  efforts to offer distance learning courses to nontraditional  students."]
["\"CAREER:  Towards Understanding the Temporal Universe\"","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Nemiroff, Robert","MI","Michigan Technological University","nemiroff@mtu.edu","MPS","Abstract - Nemiroff    The universe we live in changes continually, but most changes are not  easily observed. The planned projects will have a  focus on some of the  few areas of astronomy where significant change occurs on easily  measurable time scales.   The study of change may brings clues which  have far reaching implications - from the better understanding of the  nature of dark matter to the better understanding of the nature of high  energy environments.  The temporal nature of humanity's understanding  of our universe lends itself nicely to public outreach efforts and  educational programs.  Programs on the following topics will be carried  out:    Gamma Ray Bursts:  The temporal aspects of gamma-ray bursts will be  further explored.  Previously, there was the successful detection of  the existence of time-dilation in gamma ray bursts (GRBs).  The precise  amount of time-dilation. however, is still unknown by almost a factor  of 1.5.   The effort will be to  work toward increasingly accurate  calibration of this important attribute with regard to different  samples, systematic errors, and the amount expected from calibration to  best-fit cosmological brightness distributions (Log N - Log P).  Definitive resolution of the GRB distance scale debate would occur were  a gravitational lensing signature isolated.  The search for lens  detection in GRB data will be extended to all GRB data as it becomes  available.   The search for new hard GRBs in the BATSE data stream will  be extended.     Gravitational Microlensing:  The temporal aspects of gravitational  microlensing will be further explored. Previously, there was success in  quantifying the success rate of microlensing (MACHO) searches before  results were reported, and predicting the usefulness of finite source  lenses in determining the nature of the lenses. Currently, the  microlensing searches are entering a new era - one where common single  lens, point source events have only statistical value. More complex  events, such as those  involving binary lenses and finite sources, have  become increasingly important as they give more direct evidence of the  mass, velocity, and distance to the lens. The effort will continue to  study how best to deconvolve mass, distance, and velocity using  multiple lens and finite source size effects. The mass and density of  Galactic lenses currently implied is controversial and goes to the  heart of the Galactic dark matter problem. The effort will include the  use of computer simulations to better study which microlensing  measurements best deconvolve mass from the amplitude and duration of  finite source events, predict which type of MACHO surveys would yield  best information about the density and composition of our Galactic  halo, and scrutinize public domain data for finite source size effects  and implications.     Astronomical Debates: Disputes at the forefront of astronomy also  change.  Two successful astronomical debates have been staged.  These  modern debates act a natural platform for the teaching of astronomical  subjects and for public outreach. Three more debates are planned.     Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD): As the universe changes daily, so  does APOD. Each day APOD will display a different astronomically  oriented picture on the World Wide Web along with a heavily hyperlinked  description. In its 1.5 year existence, APOD has acquired many  thousands of readers and has been praised by magazines including The  New Yorker. APOD' s archive now contains many of the most famous  astronomy pictures. APOD's use in education is shown by it popularity  in astronomy class home pages, and its outreach potential by the high  access rate from the businesses domain. The  APOD's will be expanded,  to create an outreach program for cooperating U.S. universities, and to  directly incorporate student interns in APOD's daily routine."]
["CAREER:  Atomic-Scale Optical Microscopy of Ferroelectric,  Quantum Paraelectric and Ferromagnetic Films","DMR","ELECTRONIC MATERIALS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Levy, Jeremy","PA","University of Pittsburgh","jlevy@pitt.edu","MPS","9701725 Levy  This CAREER project aims to develop high resolution spatially and temporally resolved near-field optical techniques to investigate nanometer-scale phenomena in two materials systems: (1) ferroelectrics, quantum paraelectrics, and (2) ultrathin magnetic films. The broad aim of this research is to probe dynamical processes at the short length and time scales, and to relate these observations to macroscopic properties. For ferroelectric thin films, domain reversal and domain wall dynamics will be imaged stroboscopically at MHz-THz frequencies, with the goal of understanding fundamental mechanisms for microwave dissipation and dielectric dispersion. Nonlinear interactions between impulsively generated coherent phonons, domain walls, charged impurities and grain boundaries will be studied with anticipated near-atomic spatial resolution, and time resolution below the phonon period. Time-resolved techniques will be used to probe order parameter fluctuations in order-disorder ferroelectrics, and to search for signatures of a macroscopically coherent ground state in quantum paraelectrics at low temperatures. For magnetic films, a newly proposed Kerr-effect near-field microscopy will be developed for the purpose of studying magnetization dynamics on fundamental length scales and time scales. The nature of biquadratic exchange in coupled ferromagnetic layers, and the role of dynamic versus thermodynamic fluctuations at the reorientation phase transition of ultrathin magnetic epilayers will also be addressed. %%% The project addresses forefront research issues in materials science.  The research will contribute basic materials science knowledge at a fundamental atomic level to important aspects of ferroelectric and magnetic materials, in general.  An important feature of the program is a special emphasis on education, and on the integration of research and education through the training of students in a fundamentally and technologically significant research area.  ***"]
["(CAREER) Career Development in Geological and Environmental Fluid Mechanics","EAR","DUE COURSE & CURRICULUM PROG|HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES|EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES|GEOPHYSICS|PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY","Dorsey, Rebecca","OR","University of Oregon Eugene","rdorsey@uoregon.edu","GEO","9701768  Manga    This proposal describes long-term educational and related research activities in the area of geological and environmental fluid mechanics.  A set of undergraduate courses will be developed to replace the standard piece-meal and phenomenological teaching of the subject with an inductive approach; classes will focus on a set of hands-on active-learning laboratory experiments which emphasize the process of discovery.  A set of graduate classes will also be developed which focus on interdisciplinary collaborative research projects, with an emphasis on interactive learning and communication.    A set of complementary research activities will address problems in hydrology, geodynamics and volcanology.  This work will involve the same combination of theoretical and experimental approaches that will be used in the classroom.  Specific research problems include studying the hydrology of spring-dominated streams in the Oregon Cascades (research will be integrated into a summer field school), characterizing the dynamics and rheolgy of bubby magmas and lavas, developing pore length-scale models of multiphase flow in porous materials in order to understand macroscopic properties of such flows, and relating the chemical evolution of the Earth's mantle to dynamic processes.  Despite the wide range of these research problems, they all share a common feature, namely, the application of quantitative methods in fluid mechanics to problems in the geological and environmental sciences.  It is anticipated that much of the material for lab exercises and graduate classes will be provided by these research problems, and that the development of lab exercises will in tern provide inspiration for new research directions."]
["CAREER:  Defining the Chemical Basis of RNA Function by     Nucleotide Analog Interference Mapping","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Strobel, Scott","CT","Yale University","strobel@csb.yale.edu","MPS","Professor Strobel's research focuses on establishing a new methodology to   determine structure-activity relationships in structurally and   catalytically important RNA molecules.  Target molecules include a series   of nucleotide analogues with oxidatively labile 5'-O-(1-thio)triphosphate   substituents.  Individual analogues will be incorporated into RNA by in   vitro transcription to create a library of mutant RNA's, where individual   nucleotides have been randomly replaced by an analogue.   Individual RNA   mutants that exhibit activity in a particular biological system are   distinguished from those that do not.  Subsequent oxidative cleavage at   the thiophosphate group under mild conditions with iodine, and   comparative analysis of the active and nonactive analogues on sequencing   gels offers a straightforward means to identify the active chemical   group.   This methodology, called Nucleotide Analogue Interference   Mapping (NAIM), will be used to identify the chemical groups in RNA   relating to: (1) the interaction of 5S rRNA with ribosomal protein L25;   (2) the role of U6 snRNA in pre-mRNA splicing; (3) the autocatalytic VS   ribozyme from Neurospora; and (4) the interaction of alpha operon mRNA   with S4 protein.    Educational activities include developing a   bioorganic course emphasizing synthetic organic design and macromolecular   function, and involving both local undergraduates and minority students   in the research program.    With this CAREER award, the Organic Dynamics Program supports the   research and educational activities of Professor Scott Strobel of the   Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University.     Professor Strobel's research is focused on developing a methodology,   called Nucleotide Analogue Interference Mapping, that will significantly   accelerate the process of identifying structure-activity relationships in   structurally and catalytically important RNA molecules.  Professor   Strobel's educational activities include developing a multidepartmental   course which will explore the use of organic chemical synthesis to   investigate and understand biological systems, and promoting an interest   in chemical research by involving both local and minority undergraduates   in the research program."]
["CAREER:  The Polymerization of Small and Large Ring         Propellanes and the Incorporation of Materials Science into the Hope College Curriculum","CHE","METHODOLOGY","Sanford, Elizabeth","MI","Hope College","SANFORD@HOPE.CIT.HOPE.EDU","MPS","Professor Sanford's research focuses on the synthesis of substituted   (1.1.1) propellanes and their polymerization to produce materials   displaying novel thermal and optical properties.  Introduction of   long-chain alkyl substituents will enhance the solubility of the targeted   homopolymers and alternating copolymers.  Polymerization of propellane   monomers with planar pi-substituents will create materials with novel   molecular architectures, while copolymerization with electron deficient   olefins will provide materials with unusual electronic properties.    Large-ring propellanes will provide access to polyamides with rigid   propellane structures in the main chain of the polymer.  In addition to   providing undergraduate research opportunities in these projects,   Professor Sanford will integrate materials issues into the curricula for   science and engineering students and will develop a collaborative,   interdisciplinary course for nonscience majors in which critical thinking   and understanding of science will be fostered through lecture and   laboratory investigations relating to science and technology in the   everyday world.  With this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program supports the   research and educational activities of Dr. Elizabeth Sanford of the   Department of Chemistry of Hope College.  Professor Sanford's research   focuses on the synthesis of propeller-shaped molecules known as   propellanes.  These molecules are relatively unstable, and they readily   undergo reactions which relieve their strained polycyclic structures,   forming polymers comprised of long chains.  Professor Sanford introduces   various substructures into the propellane molecules, thereby permitting   the formation of polymers bearing these substructures, which are designed   to impart to the polymers better solubility, novel architectures, and   unusual electronic properties.  Professor Sanford is developing   educational programs for both science and nonscience majors.  A course   focusing on science and technology in the everyday world will be   developed for the nonscience majors, while curriculum changes and the   opportunity for undergraduate research in Professor Sanford's laboratory   will afford undergraduate science and engineering students a broad view   of current materials science issues."]
["\"Career\" Integrated Programming in Science, Mathematics, andAgricultural Science Teacher Education","REC","|OPPORTUNITY FUND, TCW|SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY","Conroy, Carol","NY","Cornell University - State","Carol.Conroy@sri.com","EHR","9701828  Conroy    The Department of Education at Cornell offers programs in educational psychology, foundations, and policy, as well as teacher education in agriculture, science, and mathematics. The applicant was hired in July, 1996, to facilitate a process of reform in agricultural education encompassing several areas: (1) integration of science and mathematics teacher education in agriculture, (2) technical and pedagogical update for secondary agricultural educators in New York, and (3) course/curriculum development to support utilization of agriculture content as applied subject matter for under served populations. This project will provide support for research and educational activities for development of essential elements of reform in the evolution of agricultural education to agricultural science: (1) the development of a unique, integrated program of teacher education in science, mathematics, and agricultural science and (2) the development of an interdisciplinary graduate program to prepare individuals as faculty in agricultural science. A secondary purpose is the development and implementation of research-based inservice programming to improve science and mathematics competencies of practicing vocational agriculture teachers. Specific research and educational objectives and methods required to fulfill these purposes are to:  1. Determine technical agriculture, science and mathematics cmntent as well as pedagogical competencies required for certification to teach agriculture as a science through development of a process to identify areas of overlap which exist between courses offered separately to the two teacher education groups.  2. Revise and/or develop core curriculum and coursets) for the program in teacher education in agriculture to include enhanced science and mathematics skills and pedagogy for teaching science and mathematics.  3. Assess technical update, and science and mathematics skills inservice needs of New York State secondary agriculture teachers.  4. Develop and impl ement a sustained inservice program to enhance the science and mathematics skills of New York State agricultural educators. The integration of academic and vocational content and alternate assessment will be emphasized.  5. Develop core curriculum and course(s) for a graduate program to prepare individuals for faculty positions as teacher educators in agricultural science. Emphasis will be placed on constructivist theories of learning to include aspects related to applied academics as a philosophy of delivery, experiential learning, and reflective practices.  The results of this study will be presented on a regional and national level in an attempt to begin discussion on a national agenda for teacher education reform. Information on progressive programmatic changes will be reviewed and considered as Cornell University and New York State begin the process of restructuring agricultural education. The results of this project, however, will reach beyond New York State. Since there has been no comprehensive national review of teacher education in agriculture programs the results will be useful to individuals in other states as they struggle with the same issues faced by New York. Successful development and implementation of a reform effort moving towards agricultural science will require sustained and integrated research and instructional activities. The applicant is poised to make significant contributions to the field of agricultural science education as well as providing a role model for younger women wishing to assume a leadership role. The implementation of this project would have national impact on how faculty and teachers of agricultural education are prepared as well as significant impact on efforts to intezrate academic and vocational content."]
["CAREER:  Metal-Mediated Formation and Cleavage of           Phosphorus-Carbon Bonds","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Glueck, David","NH","Dartmouth College","Glueck@Dartmouth.Edu","MPS","This CAREER Award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic   Chemistry Program supports the research and education plans of David S.   Glueck of Dartmouth College.  The goal of the proposed research is to   understand the formation of phosphorous-carbon (P-C) bonds to develop   metal-catalyzed syntheses of chiral phosphines and to design phosphine   ligands resistant to P-C bond cleavage.        Mechanistic studies of reductive elimination and oxidative addition   reactions with organophosphorous species will guide chiral catalyst   development and test the hypothesis that arylphosphines with   electron-donating substitutents will resist degradation.   A new course   will be developed to improve the scientific literacy of liberal arts   students by taking an interdisciplinary look at a few top industrial   chemicals.  The industrial chemistry, economics, and environmental   impacts of these chemicals will be explored."]
["CAREER: Architectural Optimization of High Performance      Microprocessor-Based Systems","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Albonesi, David","NY","University of Rochester","albonesi@csl.cornell.edu","CSE","The primiary purpose of this project is to develop architectural optimization  tools with dramatically improved efficiency and accuracy.  Tools will be  developed in three inter-related categories.  The first is a comprehensive  semi-automated methodology for simultaneously exploring the microprocessor and  system level design spaces.  The second is a hardware emulator coupled to  software simulation.  The third parallelizes the search for an optimum using a  network of workstations.  The end result, called ROADS, will have dramatically  improved efficiency and accuracy over existing methods.    ROADS will form the centerpiece of a new course sequence that will integrate the  topics of computer architecture and implementation.  Multilevel simulation will  allow students to address a much wider scope of design problems than the  simulators used in most current curricula.  The result will be a new generation  of engineers better prepared to both design and implement new computing  architectures."]
["CAREER:  Abrasive Flow Machining","DMI","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MANUFACTURING MACHINES & EQUIP","Williams, Robert","NE","University of Nebraska-Lincoln","rwilliams2@unl.edu","ENG","The objective of this research is to develop balanced and integrated research and education goals related to the development of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM).  The research studies are to: (1) develop a process model for AFM utilizing wear mechanisms and characteristics about the viscoelastic carrier, (2) expand the acoustic emission monitoring to multiple passages and new materials, and (3) investigate the potential application of AFM for post-process finishing of stereolithography prototypes.  On the education side, cooperative learning methodologies will be integrated into the curriculum for select manufacturing courses, and two new courses, Advanced Computer-Aided Process Planning and Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, will be developed.  Research and education program results will be formulated into Internet-based software testbeds and primers accessible to faculty, students and industry engineers.  There exists a vital need for flexible finishing processes that are capable of handling intricate, precise geometries with a wide range of materials and in a variety of machining conditions.  AFM has proven effective in fulfilling this need in a limited range of applications.  A comprehensive research and education effort is essential to develop the necessary scientific knowledge and technology base of AFM to realize its full application potential."]
["Mathematical Fluid Dynamics and Education Turbulent         Transport, Combustion, and Compressible Convection","DMS","APPLIED MATHEMATICS","McLaughlin, Richard","UT","University of Utah","rmm@amath.unc.edu","MPS","9701942  McLaughlin    This work is supported by a National Science Foundation Faculty Early   Career Development Award.  The research component will focus on the   theoretical understanding of fluid phenomena. Specifically, these research   efforts outline the study of turbulent transport and scalar intermittency, the   numerical calculation of enhanced burning speeds in premixed combustion,   and theoretical and computational studies of weakly  compressible transport   phenomena. An underlying theme in this effort is the isolation of how fluid   flow properties affect transport phenomena, which may include enhanced   mixing rates, enhanced rare event probability, enhanced burning speeds, and   enhanced anelastic heat transport. These studies involve a sophisticated   integration of modern asymptotic, numerical, and probabilistic techniques.   Additionally, this award will support the continued curriculum development   of an advanced undergraduate/ graduate level Mathematical Fluid Dynamics   course.  Such a course is designed to present the student with the essential   mathematical tools necessary to understand fluid mechanics and to quickly   equip the student with essential techniques for attacking research problems   in Applied Mathematics.  Additionally, a small demonstration fluids   laboratory will be developed to offer visualization of many fluid   phenomena.    This Faculty Early Career Development Award will provide the principal   investigator the opportunity to pursue his research efforts in the   understanding of many fluid transport phenomena while additionally   developing new educational curricula. Developing sound theories for fluid   transport is fundamental in many ways.  The experimental understanding of   fluid turbulence typically involves the tracking of passive dye, and,   consequently, the quantification of how fluid flow properties affect the   mixing of such dye is critical.  Further, the development of sound transport   theories naturally will yield insight into a va riety of mixing applications   such as the tracking of atmospheric pollutants.  Perhaps most importantly is   the potential information such theories may offer to large-scale   computational fluids, combustion and climate models in which a common   difficulty regards how to treat unresolvable length and time scales.  It is an   accepted fact in computational fluid dynamics that important, non-  negligible, complex fluid phenomena exist which are simply not resolvable   on even the largest supercomputers.  These sub-grid effects play a dramatic   role in many fluids applications such as weather prediction. They cannot be   ignored, and a standard approach is to replace them by something simpler--   an effective mixing coefficient.  In many applications, the transport theories   developed here offer sound justification and quantification of these   coefficients, and potentially may offer improvements to existing   computational models.  Finally, the curriculum effort will involve the   development of a small fluids laboratory including a demonstration water   tunnel.  Through this lab, a student studying the theory of fluids will find   exciting visual contact with real fluids phenomena typically unavailable in   mathematics coursework, and this visualization will lead to greater   excitement and appreciation for the usefulness of mathematical theory in the   understanding of observable phenomena.    The National Science Foundation strongly encourages the early   development of academic faculty as both educators and researchers.  The   Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program is a Foundation-  wide  program that provides for the support of junior faculty within the   context of their overall career development.  It combines in a single   program the support of quality research and education in the broadest sense   and the full participation of those traditionally underrepresented in science   and engineering.  This program enhances and emphasizes the importance   the Foundation places on  the development of full, balanced academic   careers which include both research and education."]
["CAREER:  Transition Metal Initiators for the Synthesis of   Well-Defined Polypeptides","CHE","METHODOLOGY","Deming, Timothy","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","demingt@seas.ucla.edu","MPS","Professor Deming's research focuses on the use of transition metal   complexes as initiators for the synthesis of well-defined polypeptides.    Polymerization of alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides using various Cu,   Ni, Pd and Zn complexes provides a nonbiological alternative for the   preparation of polypeptides, including block co-polymers expected to   display properties rivaling those of naturally occurring structural   proteins.  Light scattering, viscometry, and x-ray diffraction, as well   as mechanical testing and processing, will permit characterization and   evaluation of the materials produced.  Professor Deming will introduce a   biomaterials curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate levels,   presenting core macromolecular courses and covering biopolymer synthesis   and the structure, dynamics, and processing of biomaterials.  With this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program supports the   research and educational activities of Professor Timothy J. Deming of the   Materials and Chemistry Departments at the University of California,   Santa Barbara.  Professor Deming's research focuses on the use of   transition metal complexes as initiators for the formation of   well-defined polypeptides, specifically targeting materials which are   expected to mimic naturally occurring structural polypeptides such as   spider silk and collagen.  These materials are of particular interest   because of their excellent physical properties, biocompatability,   biodegradability, and potential for biomedical applications.  Professor   Deming's educational activities are focused on the development of a new   curriculum that consists of a core sequence of courses covering the   science of large molecules and additional courses focused on biological   materials.  This training, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels,   will be complemented by student involvement in biomaterials research   programs, affording a unique opportunity to participate in   multidisciplinary research and laying the groundwork for effective future   collaborative research efforts."]
["CAREER: Integrated Dynamic Control for Robust               Quality-of-Service Routing","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Matta, Abraham","MA","Northeastern University","matta@cs.bu.edu","CSE","This proposal deals with the dynamic control of large networks that  integrate real-time and non-real-time applications with heterogeneous  Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements.  To meet these requirements,  adaptive algorithms are needed for the routing, scheduling and admission  control components.  Routing provides a selection of routes, which  should have sufficient resources to satisfy the applications' QoS.  Scheduling allocates link resources (bandwidth, buffers, etc.) among the  different service classes.  Admission accepts or rejects a new incoming  application, based on the requested QoS and the available resources.  Because each control component causes and reacts to changes in the  network state, there is a strong time-dependent interaction among them.  By taking this interaction into account, the proposed work will develop  QoS routing algorithms that will provide significant improvements in  performance.  To this end, we will develop dynamic integrated models.  A  novel numerical-analytical technique, called \"Z-iteration\", will be used  to solve these models.  The Z-iteration promises to provide rapid and  accurate solutions to transient performance of integrated networks  consisting of both wired and wireless links.  Networks based on ATM and  integrated services IP will be considered. The proposed work will  develop software educational tools and projects for integrated networks,  and will experiment with providing QoS support to educational multimedia  applications.    More information about this project can be found in  http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/matta/proj/project.html"]
["CAREER:  Mathematical Optimization for Inductive            Machine Learning","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI","Street, W. Nick","OK","Oklahoma State University","nick-street@uiowa.edu","CSE","This   research   explores  inductive  machine   learning   using  mathematical   optimization   as   a   foundation.   Optimization  techniques  such  as linear and nonlinear programming  have  been  shown  to  be  effective  in solving error-minimization  problems  inherent  in  inductive learning.  This work builds upon  such  a  system,  MSM-T,  that  constructs multivariate  oblique  decision  trees.  This  system  is  used as a platform  for  research  into  learning  issues such as overtraining avoidance.  In  particular,  new  methods for feature selection, node splitting, and  overflow  avoidance  are  being  incorporated into MSM-T. These  techniques  are  intended to optimize the generalization performance  of  the  system in high-variance learning situations such as feature noise  and  sparse, high-dimensional feature sets.  The results of  this  work  will  be  used  in  applications in medical  diagnosis  and  prognosis that require efficient programs for learning from large  volumes  of data.  In addition, research in machine learning  and  medical  decision making will be incorporated into  the  computer  science curriculum at Oklahoma State University, as part  of  the  CAREER activity."]
["CAREER: An Intelligent 3-D Base Isolation System for High-  Tech Industrial Buildings","CMS","ARCHITECTURE & MECHAN SYSTEMS","Chang, I-Kwang","IN","University of Notre Dame","IKwang.Chang.21@nd.edu","ENG","9702058  Chang  The goal os this research project is to develop an intelligent 3-  Dimension seismic base isolation system aimed at protecting  critical  high-tech manufacturing buildings and their contents.  The  building contents, which usually are far more valuable than the  building itself, consisting of delicate equipment, computers,  chip or disk products, etc.  The ratio of the content loads to  the structural dead loads is typically high for such high-tech  industrial plants.  These content loads change in magnitude and  location frequently and usually will cause horizontal and  vertical eccentricities which in turn will cause ampliation of  torsion, tilting, and rocking responses.  The intelligent  protective systems proposed are designed to generate liquid  artificial mass as needed to maintain the fundamental natural  frequencies of the isolated building as a constant, and also  produce a sound alarm if any isolator is over loaded.  The smart  system can also adjust its own properties to fine tune the  isolation system automatically.  If the smart system does not  have to be active during a strong earthquake in order to function  effectively both for vertical thrust fault prone regions or  lateral strike-slip fault prone regions.    An integral, companion educational program O.K. consisting of  innovative system design, demonstrations and workshops will  capture the interest of young adults, to give undergraduates the  opportunity to indulge their academic curiosities, and to prepare  graduate students for a productive career in intelligent building  design will also be implemented.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Statistical Search Techniques for Human            Genome and Computer Chess","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI","Anantharaman, Thomas","NY","New York University","tsa@biostat.wisc.edu","CSE","The  goal  of  this  research  project  is  to  explore  the  combination  of  statistical modeling with heuristic  search  techniques to solve hard computational problems in two areas  :  construction  of  a physical map of  the  human  DNA  and  automatic learning in computer chess. The approach  consists  of  formulating statistical models that are trained on  data  to  automatically adjust broad parameters  that  define  the  knowledge   encoded in the program. This  is  combined  with  traditional  AI heuristic search techniques when  exhaustive  search  of  the parameter or problem space is not  possible.  The  results of this research will allow programs to exhibit  a  rudimentary form of learning in areas like  chess  games,  as  well as allow a physical map of the entire human DNA  to  be constructed in record time of about six months which will  allow  geneticists to find the cause of any genetic disorder  and  in turn increases the chance of finding cures for these  genetic disorders."]
["PECASE: A Space-Time Finite Element Method for Structural   Acoustics","CMS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Thompson, Lonny","SC","Clemson University","lonny.thompson@ces.clemson.edu","ENG","This CAREER project develops an adaptive space-time finite  element methodology that allows for accurate and efficient  prediction of the dynamic response of complex structural acoustic  systems over a broad range of scales and frequencies - including  the mid-frequency range. The methods employ finite element  discretization of the time domain as well as the usual  discretization of the spatial domain. This novel approach to the  modeling of the temporal variables allows for the consistent use  of adaptive solution strategies for unstructured grids in  both  time and space: a technique which significantly improves the  efficiency and reliability of the resulting computational  algorithm over standard methods. By orchestrating the  distribution of mesh sizes and spectral orders in space-time, a  modeling technique is obtained which has significant flexibility  and scope. The educational plan enhances the learning process for  both undergraduate and graduate students through a comprehensive  array of innovative teaching activities and industrial exchanges.  Educational activities include development of a curriculum in  finite element analysis, setting up experimental, computational,  and multimedia laboratories for graduate and undergraduate  teaching, use of symbolic computing systems for innovative  teaching and learning, involving undergraduate students in  collaborative research projects, educational collaborations with  industry, and outreach activities including delivering short  courses and workshops over the Internet via video conferencing  and the World Wide Web."]
["CAREER:  Laser Spectroscopy for Real World Applications","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Chen, Peter","GA","Spelman College","pchen@spelman.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focusses on the  development of laser based single wavelength detection  spectroscopy as a highly sensitive and selective detection  scheme.  Professor Chen and his undergraduate students at  Spellman College will experimentally determine the capabilities  of this detection scheme as applied to Raman and resonance Raman  spectroscopy.  The objective is to characterize the extent to  which unwanted spectral interferences caused by fluorescence and  absorption effects can be eliminated from the analytical signals  being measured.  This CAREER research project will expose African  American women students to a newly developed laser laboratory  experience through hands-on experiments.  As one of the nation's  two Historically Black Colleges and Universities for women, this  underrepresented minority student population at Spellman College  will have the opportunity to use this new laser laboratory and be  stimulated to consider the opportunities for them in science and  engineering as career options.  The development and characterization of laser based methods for  quantitative analysis in a broad range of scientific areas is the  focus of this CAREER research project.  Single wavelength  detection spectroscopy will be studied by Professor Chen and his  students at Spellman College in the new laser based laboratory  that has already been developed.  Undergraduate students in this  women's Historically Black College and University institution  will gain hands-on experience in the operation and use of lasers  in state-of-the-art analytical measurements.  An innovative  course integrating lasers, optics, and spectroscopy is being  taught using this laboratory facility through a cooperative  effort by chemistry, physics, and mathematics faculty."]
["CAREER: Physics-Based Computer Aided Geometric Design:      Theory and Applications","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Qin, Hong","FL","University of Florida","qin@cs.sunysb.edu","CSE","Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) is of fundamental  importance in geometric computing, graphics, visualization,  robotics, and other disciplines.  This project is to develop  Physics-Based CAGD, a new interdisciplinary paradigm which  marries geometric modeling with computational physics.  The  objective of this project is to dramatically enhance the CAGD  process by creating advanced parametric and implicit geometric  models with highly intuitive behaviors that are governed by  physical principles. This project takes the following three-fold  approach to achieve its goal: (1) Continue the research endeavor  on Dynamic Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (D-NURBS); (2) Explore  and devise novel physics-based modeling techniques and algorithms  based on powerful new representations, including subdivision  wavelets, manifold splines, and implicit functions; and (3)  Exploit the theoretical advances of the earlier stages of this  project to develop an extensive set of efficient algorithms and  interactive software routines of Physics-Based CAGD for a wide  range of applications. This project is further augmented by the  following educational initiatives: (1) Develop new graduate and  undergraduate courses; (2) Write a textbook on Physics-Based  CAGD; (3) Promote and participate in interdisciplinary research  and education projects; (4) Produce highly trained personnel by  supervising graduate students, directing senior projects of  undergraduate students, participating in outreach and mentoring  programs, etc; and (5) Promote the rapid dissemination of Physics-  Based CAGD technology to national enterprise through  collaboration with the CAGD industry.    The results of this project will yield highly interactive CAGD  techniques. Furthermore, these research and education advances  will demonstrate that Physics-Based CAGD can serve as a unified  basis for various traditional design techniques."]
["CAREER:  Advancing Experimental Computer Science in Storage Management and Education","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Nettles, Scott","PA","University of Pennsylvania","nettles@ece.utexas.edu","CSE","This work will advance automatic storage allocation through  the use of experimental techniques, and will advance  education in experimental computer science. Automatic  deallocation of dynamically allocated storage is called  \"Garbage collection\" (GC). GC helps to avoid a variety of  common but serious programming errors. Unfortunately, it may  adversely affect program performance. Modern collectors  probably provide acceptable performance, but there is a lack  of experimental evidence to support this claim, hindering  the adoption of GC, despite its advantages.  The goal of  this work is to provide a better understanding of GC  performance, both aiding its adoption when performance is  adequate, and providing detailed quantitative information  about how performance needs to be improved when it is  inadequate. In particular, the work will compare the  performance of copying and mark-and-sweep collection on  modern computer architectures. The focus of the work will be  building a GC testbed, which will facilitate the systematic  comparative study of a variety of GC techniques. The  educational goal is to improve the teaching of experimental  computer science. A new course is proposed that will  explicitly teach experimental CS. The pedagogiaal approach  is the standard one used to teach other experimental  sciences, in which well-known experiments are repeated,  enabling students to gain hands-on experience with the basic  methodologies and techniques.***"]
["CAREER: Measurement and Experimental Analysis of Computer   Dependability","EIA","EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS/CADRE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Choi, Gwan","TX","Texas Engineering Experiment Station","gchoi@ee.tamu.edu","CSE","This is a five year study for the development of a dependability evaluation  framework and the tools for evaluating the dependability of computer systems.   Tools being developed as part of this project include a portable dependability  measurement tool to identify failure modes in Unix and Windows NT, a cyclotron-  based transient fault injector, and a transient emulator that uses field-  programmable gate arrays for fault simulation.  Education plans include the  development of courses at both the undergraduate and graduate level that  introduce design and analysis for dependability.  Also an interactive laboratory  for student access to dependability analysis tools will be developed."]
["CAREER: New Porous inorganic Materials Prepared from Old    Solids","CHE","MATERIALS SYNTHESIS & PROCESSN","Yaghi, Omar","AZ","Arizona State University","oyaghi@umich.edu","MPS","This CAREER award to Omar Yaghi at Arizona State University is supported   by the Advanced Materials Program in the Chemistry Division. The research   is aimed at developing and understanding new synthetic methods for the   construction of crystalline solid-state materials from purely inorganic   building blocks. The research will focus on utilizing transition metal   and main group oxide cages and cage aggregates in polymerization   reactions to produce porous materials that have diverse  pore size, shape   and function. Cationic, anionic and neutral, open-frameworks will be   synthesized having channels where guest molecules may reside.  Molecular   aggregates will be used as guests to prevent interpenetration of porous   networks.  The presence of weak interactions with the aggregates will   facilitate evacuation of the channels, leading to high mobility of the   guest species.  Zeolites and other porous materials have had an enormous   impact on the global economy, for example in catalysis and separations.   This study will advance our understanding of inclusion phenomena and lead   to diverse compositions with larger channels and  enhanced properties.  Through the CAREER plan, undergraduates, graduate students and precollege   teachers will participate in the above research with specific projects   directed at their needs and experience. Emphasis will be on solution and   solid-phase synthetic techniques, computer graphics and literature   searching. An introductory level course will be developed using case   studies as a teaching tool to highlight chemical concepts. An industrial   exchange program will also be instituted which will permit up to three   students per year to work with a company having interests in porous   solids."]
["CAREER: Spectroscopic Probes of Excited-State Proton        Transfer Reactions","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Peteanu, Linda","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","peteanu@andrew.cmu.edu","MPS","Linda Peteanu of Carnegie-Mellon University is supported by the   Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Program to investigate   excited-state intramolecular proton transfer reactions in the condensed   phase.  She will use Stark spectroscopy to obtain experimental data   regarding the charge distributions and structures of molecules that   undergo excited-state intramolecular proton transfer.   The dipole   moments and polarizabilities that will be measured are critically needed   to model the effects of the solvent media on the rates of proton transfer   reactions.    Ideas for extending an understanding of spectroscopic techniques into the   classroom and teaching laboratory will be implemented.  These include (a)   the design of a course in molecular spectroscopy that incorporates   research literature as a teaching tool; (b) the integration of   research-based techniques into the physical chemistry laboratory; (c) the   incorporation of research-based skills in electronics and optics into the   laboratory to increase students' understanding of scientific equipment;   and (d) introduction of lasers.  Problem-solving skills will be   emphasized."]
["CAREER:  Enhanced Ductility Aluminum Alloys:  An Economical Alternative for Superplastic Forming","DMR","METALS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Taleff, Eric","TX","University of Texas at Austin","taleff@mail.utexas.edu","MPS","9702156  Taleff    The engineering of economical, enhanced-ductility aluminum  alloys requires significant advancements in understanding of  three scientific areas, which are the principal research  goals of this grant.  These goals are to create a  quantitative, predictive understanding of the following: (1)  the effects which ternary solute additions in Al--Mg  materials have on the solute-drag creep deformation  mechanism; (2) the nucleation and growth of cavities during  solute-drag creep as a function of particulate content and  solute chemistry; and (3) the tensile ductility in materials  subjected to deformation by solute--drag creep through a  better understanding of the mechanisms of necking and  cavitation, which govern ductility.  The CAREER educational  activities consist of four fundamental goals, as follows:  (1) a unique instructional approach for undergraduates in  the mechanical behavior of materials by incorporating  lectures on materials theory with hands-on laboratory  activities; (2) unique graduate courses in the mechanical  behavior of various classes of materials which utilize  research experience and data as educational examples; (3)  incorporation of undergraduate students into scientific and  engineering research as a significant enhancement to their  educations; and (4) the scientific education of high-school  students through association with existing mentoring,  outreach, and University programs.  %%%  Success of this research activity is expected to have  significant long-term effects in manufacturing.  The  creation of economical, enhanced-ductility aluminum alloys  will significantly decrease the price of superplastic  forming as a manufacturing alternative.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Bioaerosols in Environmental Engineeing:  A Career Development Plan to Expand Teaching and Research into       Microbial Air Pollution","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Hernandez, Mark","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","mark.hernandez@colorado.edu","ENG","9702165  Hernandez  While  much research effort is already directed at characterizing  aquatic  and  terrestrial microbial processes, relatively  little  work has approached microbiological aspects of air pollution from  an  engineering  perspective.  Rapid,  quantitative,  microscopic  aerosol  assays  will  be  used  to characterize  the  viability,  identity  and  distribution of bacteria and  fungi  suspended  in  indoor air.  Using direct epi-fluorescent microscopy, the goal of  this   work   is   to   accurately  characterize   the   airborne  concentrations of cellular and sub-cellular microbial  components  prevalent in commercial and residential aerosols.  The work  will  focus  on  both laboratory chamber studies and field measurements  to determine the biostability of airborne microorganisms commonly  encountered indoors.  Biostability is defined here as the ability  of  microorganisms  to  retain their metabolic  capabilities  and  their  physical integrity; it does not constitute the ability  to  be isolated or quantified by culture.    The  overall  goal of this project is to expand and  improve  the  research and teaching of microbiology germane to modern civil and  environmental  engineering practice.  As an educational  goal,  a  new  coursework  series on applied environmental microbiology  is  being    developed   for   permanent   integration    into    the  civil/environmental engineering curricula at  the  University  of  Colorado.   This  series  will  consist  of  a  total   of   four  undergraduate  and  graduate level courses, including  associated  laboratories.   The  courses will be structured  according  to  a  novel, problem-based cooperative learning format and taught in  a  brand  new,  state-of-the-art engineering  facility  specifically  designed to combine computer aided, multi-media presentation with  classroom   instruction   (Integrated   Teaching   and   Learning  Laboratory (ITLL)).  The undergraduate level courses will provide  fundamentals needed to und erstand microbial processes and ecology  in  engineered systems.  The graduate level courses will  analyze  environmental microbiology applications emphasizing the interface  between    modem   molecular   biology   and   civil,   sanitary,  geotechnical,  and  atmospheric  engineering.   The  applications  courses  will  intensively examine the microbiology  of  domestic  water  supply, wastewater treatment, aquifer/soil bioremediation,  biofouling, industrial corrosion, and air pollution.  The courses  have  a  dual  purpose: they are designed to  prepare  practicing  civil engineers and other environmental scientists with a working  knowledge   of  applied  microbiology,  as  well  as  provide   a  coursework,  laboratory  and literature foundation  for  research  oriented students.    Results  from  this work may have several important  implications  for understanding human exposure to airborne microorganisms while  expanding  environmental  engineering curricula  to  include  the  atmospheric  environment as a biosphere.  The projected  benefits  of  this  work stem from the development of a robust  microscopic  technique  capable  of stringent microbial characterization  with  relatively  minor  modifications to  commonly  used,  inexpensive  sampling  equipment.  Direct microscopic measurements  have  been  widely adopted in water treatment engineering and health sciences  as  they  provide  a superior basis for process  evaluations  and  epidemiological   studies.   These  visual   techniques   provide  absolute  measurements  that offer a  more  accurate  picture  of  bioaerosols   than   their  enrichment  based   counterparts   as  nutritional  selection and culturabihty do not bias the  results.  Applications  of  direct aerosol microscopy  include  a  reliable  means  to  evaluate  the effectiveness of engineered  rnitigation  methods  to  help  control  common  microorganisms  and/or  their  fragments  present  in  indoor aerosols.  Using  widely  accepted  fluorescent biological s tains and fluorescent genetic probes, the  technique  will  also  be  applied to  determine  the  ecological  structure of bioaerosols and the presence and activity of a  wide  range   of   pathogens.   The  project  will  directly  integrate  bioaerosol    research   into   new   environmental   engineering  microbiology  courses  as  well  as  into  courses   offered   in  mechanical  engineering  and public health.   This  project  will  serve  to  pilot  the new arm in its service as  a  \"building  as  laboratory\"   function   for   teaching   applied   environmental  microbiology in a civil and environmental engineering context.  ***"]
["CAREER: Sperm Limitation, Sperm Competition, and Sexual     Selection in Free Spawning Invertebrates","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY","Levitan, Don","FL","Florida State University","levitan@bio.fsu.edu","GEO","Because sperm greatly outnumber eggs, evolutionary biologists have long thought that sperm competition is the selective mechanism driving the evolution of gender differences; males are limited by and compete for mating opportunities, while females are not limited by mates and exhibit mate choice.  The evidence supporting these ideas come from species with internal fertilization or in situation where sperm are deposited on eggs.  However, the ancestral, and still widespread, reproductive strategy is to release eggs and sperm into the environment where the chance of  fertilization is much reduced compared to internal fertilization.  Under these conditions, low densities of  males and sperm can limit female reproductive success.  This proposal will investigate how sperm and egg traits influence fertilization rates in the laboratory and ocean,  how common sperm limitation and sperm competition are in natural invertebrate populations and how gamete competition can influence the evolution of gender differences in free spawning marine invertebrates.  The work will involve laboratory and field experiments, at times using molecular techniques to better understand the evolution of mating systems."]
["CAREER:  Principles and Practices of Program Instumentation","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Reiss, Steven","RI","Brown University","spr@cs.brown.edu","CSE","The instrumentation and measurement of systems is  vital for them to be understood, debugged, tuned,  refined, tested, validated, or made reliable.  This project will investigate the principles and  practice of program instrumentation. Principles  include a theoretical understanding of the  dynamic measurement and observation of various  structures in parallel, distributed, and  sequential systems, such as acyclic or cyclic  graphs for representing parallel executions and  families of finite automata for tracking  information about variable accesses. The  complexity of computing and analyzing such  structures will be explored, including tradeoffs  between time, space, accuracy, and completeness.  The practice of instrumentation implements  measurement techniques at a cost acceptable to  users, using on-line algorithms to dynamically  decide what to do and when it is best done and by  fully exploiting the semantics of the problem at  hand. Techniques will be developed, especially  for debugging and programming tools, for problems  whose best-known solutions are currently  prohibitive because of instrumentation costs. An  arsenal of practical techniques usable in many  areas, all of which are based on theoretical  underpinnings, will also be developed. This  research will result in a deeper understanding of  the cost of solving various types of  instrumentation problems and an array  of techniques for their solution.  This project  will introduce undergraduates to research by  involving  them  in independent study seminars together with  \"project sets\" partially specified mini-research  problems which require as much work in problem  formulation as solution. This project will  escalate the undergraduate-outreach effort  at  Brown. The tools  this  project will produce  will be suitable for use by students in their  research projects.***"]
["PECASE:  Optimization Under Uncertainty:  Monte Carlo       Sampling-Based Techniques for Stochastic Programming","DMI","OPERATIONS RESEARCH","Morton, David","TX","University of Texas at Austin","morton@mail.utexas.edu","ENG","9702217  Morton  Optimization algorithms from linear, nonlinear, and integer programming are powerful tools for solving mathematical models of many important planning problems.  Strictly deterministic models, however, do not capture the uncertainty inherent in many systems, and their \"optimal solutions\" often fail to hedge against model uncertainties.  Stochastic programming techniques, on the other hand, explicitly capture uncertainty, but have to date suffered from a high degree of computational complexity.  The research plan of this CAREER award is directed toward developing and constructing computationally tractable algorithms for two approaches to solving stochastic programs.  The first approach is based on solving an approximating problem generated by randomly sampling a set of scenarios.  The second approach takes advantage of the associated special structure within a sequential approximation method.  Both approaches will make use of promising variance reduction techniques to reduce computational overhead.  In the educational plan, the investigator will undertake a number of activities, including facilitating the active involvement of students in local industry, developing a new course in stochastic optimization, and building a computational operations research laboratory.     In the past decade, advances in computing technology have prompted renewed interest in developing optimization algorithms that directly incorporate uncertainty for a wide range of short- and long-term planning problems.  Large-scale stochastic programming models have been used quite successfully in such diverse industries as electric and natural gas utilities, freight vehicle transportation, manufacturing, structural design, and telecommunications.  This work has the potential to significantly advance the state-of-the-art in planning models for these fields, and should therefore lead to improvements in the delivery of the products and services produced by these industries."]
["CAREER/EPSCoR:  Geospatial Database-Driven Extraction of    Information from Digital Aerial Imagery","IIS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE|ROBOTICS","Agouris, Peggy","ME","University of Maine","peggy@spatial.maine.edu","CSE","This project aims at the advancement of the ability to extract spatial information from digital aerial imagery by taking advantage of geospatial databases to support and guide object extraction operations. It deals with aerial images representing scenes for which prior or complementary information already exists. Examples of such information are pre-existing digital maps, digital terrain models, and spatial information systems in general. The research plan involves: (1) matching images to existing databases for change detection; (2) analysis of scale differences between database information and image; and (3) developing metadata structures to convey accuracy information for objects contained in geospatial databases. By embedding object extraction processes within the framework of spatial information systems, digital image analysis will be able to exploit the advantages offered by the availability of spatial data from various sources and in diverse formats, and, in turn, contribute to the improvement of the temporal and quantitative quality and completeness of the data contained in those sources. The educational aspect of the project includes initiatives designed to take advantage of and incorporate the project research advancements in the graduate and undergraduate curriculum, as well as in the high-school outreach program of the Department of Spatial Information Engineering. A 3-day workshop, with participation of U.S. and international experts is also planned. Combined, the issues addressed in this project will substantially advance science in digital image processing and analysis, and will complement parallel advancements in a variety of related disciplines, most notably digital libraries, geographic information systems, and remote sensor technology."]
["CAREER: Design-For-Testability in Core-Based Designs","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Touba, Nur","TX","University of Texas at Austin","touba@ece.utexas.edu","CSE","In order to shorten product development cycles for integrated circuits and  systems, pre-designed cores are widely used as part of the on-chip logic. Testing  core-based designs is a major issue because the internal design of the core may  not be known if it is intellectual property. In that case standard manufacturing  test strategies will not suffice. This research is exploring new methodologies  for testing chips with embedded cores. The approach is to find methods for  synthesizing the user-defined logic, in which cores reside, so that the whole  design meets area, performance and test criteria. Synthesis algorithms are being  developed which address the   following concerns:  1. Application of test vectors to inputs of the core.  2. Observation of outputs from the user-defined logic that drive the inputs of  the core.  3. Testing the user-defined logic driven by the outputs of the core.   4. Observation of outputs from the core."]
["CAREER: Engineering New Adsorbents for Gas Storage          Applications","CTS","SEPAR & PURIFICATION PROCESSES|INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Johnson, J. Karl","PA","University of Pittsburgh","karlj@pitt.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT    Proposal No:   CTS-9702239   Proposal Type:  CAREER  Principal Investigator: J. Karl Johnson  Affiliation:   University of  Pittsburgh       This CAREER grant is awarded through the Interfacial, Transport and Separations Program of the Chemical and Transport Systems Division. The objective of the proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of using novel carbon nanotubules for advanced hydrogen storage systems. The calculations proposed will answer the question of whether carbon nanotubules are better suited for hydrogen storage than the best currently available commercial adsorbents. Phase diagrams, adsorption and desorption isotherms for hydrogen adsorbed in single tubules and in a honeycomb array of tubules, including the effect of adsorption in the tubule interstitial regions (where three tubules meet) will be computed. The amount of hydrogen adsorbed will be maximized as a function of tubule diameter over the range of operational temperatures and pressures.    Hydrogen storage could be the first commercial application for carbon nanotubules. Possible applications of nanotuble based hydrogen storage systems include hydrogen powered vehicles, hydrogen transportation, gas separation, etc. Three main educational projects are also identified in the proposal (1) Development of web-based interactive instructional modules (2) Internet based learning and research for high school students (3) Participation in the Research Experience for Undergraduates program."]
["CAREER: Organoalkaline-earth Derivatives","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Ruhlandt-Senge, Karin","NY","Syracuse University","kruhland@mailbox.syr.edu","MPS","This CAREER Award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic   Chemistry Program supports the research and education plans of Karin   Ruhlandt-Senge of Syracuse University.  The goal of the proposed research   is to develop reliable synthetic routes to organoalkaline-earth   derivatives. Initial studies will be directed toward facile routes to   prepare diorgano alkaline-earth species and organo alkaline-earth   halides.  Possible applications in synthetic inorganic, organic, polymer   and materials chemistry will be explored.        The advantages of heavier organoalkaline-earth derivatives over   organomagnesium derivatives will be investigated.   Graduate students and   students in undergraduate laboratories will be involved in the work and   will learn to prepare air-sensitive compounds and handle them by Schlenk   and dry-box techniques.  Ruhlandt-Senge has developed a combined   laboratory experience involving mentorship between seniors and first year   chemistry students in which they prepare and investigate carefully chosen   inorganic compounds.  Ruhlandt-Senge is also involved in the Minority   High School Student Apprenticeship Program and participates in the   training of high school and prospective high school teachers."]
["CAREER: Connecting the Engineering Profession and Society","CMS","INFRASTRUCT MAT & STRUCT MECHA|STRUCTURES I|OPPORTUNITY FUND, TCW|ENGINEERING EDUCATION|SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY","Lesko, John","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","jlesko@vt.edu","ENG","This project joins two efforts:  The Tom's Creek Bridge Rehabilitation and Durability Field Site:  We will employ a unique opportunity to study composite material performance in a low risk field site.  The author has lead a successful effort to incorporate commercial composites box 1 beams in the Tom's Creek Bridge as  structural members.  Our ultimate objective is to provide an organizing structure in which to assimilate a methodology to define and predict composite performance in an actual infrastructure environment.  This approach will help address our present lack of practical understanding of composites durability in the infrastructure, even with the large sets of lab data that already exist.  This program will study the critical processes that influence composite.  Broadening our Definition of Underrepresented in Engineering and Science:  The object in this program is to bring disadvantaged/underrepresented youth to Virginia Tech for a summer of structured education/introduction to the engineering and science and research on the Tom's Creek Bridge test site.  The underrepresented youth in this case are not defined by sex or ethnic background, but selected from a group that can defined as `at-risk` due to economic status or an ineffectual environment."]
["CAREER:  Biomechanical Analyses of Balance Recovery During  Falls in Young and Old Adults","BES","RESEARCH TO AID THE DISABLED","Thelen, Darryl","MI","Hope College","thelen@hope.edu","ENG","9702275  Thelen  The issue addressed in this research is to determine why  elderly adults are not capable of arresting a fall that they  likely would have arrested when they were young.  It is  estimated that approximately one-third of persons over 65  fall each year and one-quarter of elderly fallers sustain  serious injuries such as wrist and hip fractures.  While all  humans are bound to encounter disturbances such as trips  while walking, avoiding a fall requires one to sense a loss  of balance, process, plan and implement a reaction using the  central nervous system, and then execute the movements by  the muscular system.  This study will use both experiments  and computer simulations to investigate how age-related  changes in these systems (sensory, central nervous or  muscular) contribute to balance difficulties in elderly  adults.    In the experiments, young and elderly adults will be  released from a leaning posture and will have to step  rapidly to regain balance.  Forces, muscle electrical  activities and movement will be recorded on a computer  during these tasks.  These data will be used to compare  reaction times, muscle coordination and muscle strength  development of old adults with young adults.  These  comparisons will provide a better understanding of the  underlying physiological differences that put older adults  at risks for falls.  In addition to the experiments,  computer simulations will be conducted to further estimate  how changes in physiological factors affect balance  abilities.  The simulations consist of a mathematical  representation of the human body in which muscle electrical  signals are inputted and the resulting human movement is  predicted.  Physiologic factors, such as muscle strength and  reaction time, can be easily adjusted in the computer  simulations and the effects on the stepping movement  determined.  The computer simulations can thus be used to  predict how reductions in strength and slowing of movement  speed (traits often observed in elderly) a ffect balance  recovery abilities.    The primary objective of the education plan is to enhance  the continuing development of a quality engineering program,  at a science strong liberal arts college, which prepares  students for direct entry into engineering graduate school.  A combination of innovative instruction techniques and  research projects will be used to accomplish this objective.  One important component of the education plan is the use of  collaborative learning in the classroom.  Collaborative  learning involves instituting extensive efforts to actively  engage students in classroom discussion and problem solving,  thus making the classroom a stimulating learning  environment.  Another important component is the educating  and challenging of undergraduate students by involving them  in summer research projects.  The ultimate goal of the  education plan is to create an atmosphere in which students  experience the excitement of intellectual challenge, gain a  thorough understanding of engineering concepts and have a  wording ability to solve real engineering problems  creatively.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Implantable Medical Devices:  A Process-Modeling   Approach to High Reliability Miniaturization","DMI","MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT","Sitaraman, Suresh","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","suresh.sitaraman@me.gatech.edu","ENG","9702285  Sitaraman   Advances in medical care have generated a growing market for advanced microelectronics assemblies. Currently, the most demanding electronics packaging products for medical use are implantable cardiac defibrillators and pacemakers.  These products  necessitate a highly reliable electronics devices with guaranteed performance.  This research project aims to develop comprehensive thermo-mechanical reliability models that would take into consideration the fabrication and assembly processes of microelectronics devices.  The outcomes of this study could yield a new generation smaller-size and lower-weight cardiac defibrillators without compromising reliability.   The research activities will be balanced by an education plan to improve quality of graduate and undergraduate education at Georgia Institute of Technology. This award will support multidisciplinary research and education activities for faculty in their early academic career years."]
["CAREER:  Aqueous Conformations of Organic Molecules,        Functional by Design","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Cammers, Arthur","KY","University of Kentucky Research Foundation","a.cammers@uky.edu","MPS","Professor Cammers-Goodwin's research focuses on three different   manifestations of molecular structure: molecular recognition, pi stacking   and secondary solution structure.  Phosphate and pyrophosphate   recognition is examined through interactions with guanidinoindole   derivatives synthesized in accord with computer-aided molecular design   parameters to maximize host-guest hydrogen bonding and electrostatic   interactions.  A systematic variation of substituents designed to achieve   both electron-rich and electron-poor aryl moieties in a series of benzyl   biphenyls is utilized to determine overall stability achieved through pi   stacking in fluid solution.  The decarboxylation of a   carboxybenzisoxazole is exploited to determine the role of hydrogen   bonding in the stabilization of helical protein structures by   trifluoroethanol.  Educational activities include developing an   interdisciplinary biological chemistry course and a course that targets   drug design through molecular modeling based on available protein crystal   structure data, and through a community outreach program, tutoring and   mentoring disadvantaged teenagers.  With this CAREER award, the Organic Dynamics Program supports the   research of Professor Arthur Cammers-Goodwin of the Department of   Chemistry at the University of Kentucky.   Professor Cammers-Goodwin's   research addresses, through study of model systems, the nature of the   interaction between biological molecules and ions and the factors   dictating the three-dimensional structure of biological molecules in   solution.  By focusing on comparatively small model compounds in place of   the often complex biological molecules, hypotheses regarding specific   factors governing the form of the natural molecules are tested.    Professor Cammers-Goodwin's educational activities include developing an   interdisciplinary course on biological chemistry course and a course on   pharmaceutical synthesis, and through a community center, mentoring   minority high school students."]
["CAREER:  An Integrated Technology/Circuit CAD Environment   for High Performance Communication Systems","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Mayaram, Kartikeya","WA","Washington State University","karti@eecs.oregonstate.edu","CSE","This research explores methods and techniques for a design and simulation  environment with the target application being high performance and high frequency  communication circuits. Within the simulation environment a designer will have  access to a suite of models of varying accuracy and to analysis capabilities that  address the needs of high frequency design.  The analysis capabilities include  periodic-steady state solution for  RF circuits, calculation of noise and  distortion in the periodic-steady state, substrate coupling and electrothermal  interactions. The research is partitioned into three areas: (i) development of  new analysis capabilities for an integrated device-circuit- behavioral simulation  environment;  (ii) improvement of simulator performance so that it is valuable  to  designers of high performance and/or high frequency analog circuits,  and  (iii) application of the simulator to realistic design problems with  particular  emphasis on RFICs. A virtual lab environment is being developed to provide  students training in circuit/device simulation and tool development  with  applications to real life design examples."]
["CAREER:  Making Asynchronous Design Practical","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Akella, Venkatesh","CA","University of California-Davis","akella@ece.ucdavis.edu","CSE","This research is on asynchronous (self-timed) VLSI circuits. High performance  design, and testing of self-timed circuits are being investigated. Research  focuses on developing tools and methodologies in the following areas. First, a  new data transmission scheme for self-timed VLSI systems, the bounded-skew  protocol, is being defined. Second, techniques and tools to test self-timed  circuits with special emphasis on modeling and testing the actual delays in  asynchronous circuits are being developed. Third, methods to reduce power  consumption in self-timed circuits by trading concurrency for power and using  voltage scaling techniques are being examined. Finally, the potential of  asynchronous VLSI design is being demonstrated through implementing prototype  VLSI chips in arithmetic and signal processing applications."]
["CAREER: Bayesian Source Separation and Localization         Using Modular Neural Networks","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Pearlmutter, Barak","NM","University of New Mexico","bap@cs.unm.edu","CSE","The  goal  of  this research is to develop  algorithms  that  simultaneously separate, localize, and track multiple moving  acoustic  sources.  Most human beings have  the  ability  to  close  their  eyes while in a room with a half dozen  people  talking and separate out the various strands of conversation  while physically localizing the speakers.  This is something  computers cannot yet do: it is easy to scatter a half  dozen  microphones  about  a  table around which  many  people  are  speaking,  but  standard algorithms cannot use  the  signals  from those microphones to separate, localize, and track  the  speakers.   This project is exploring algorithms to  perform  simultaneous  acoustic source separation, localization,  and  deconvolution,   using   modular  architectures.   Different  modules encapsulate different pieces of knowledge: what  the  acoustics  of  a room can do to a sound, what  human  speech  sounds like, what it means for sources to be separated,  how  sources  tend  to  move about in space.   The  knowledge  is  combined  in probabilistic framework, yielding estimates  of  the  separated  source  waveforms  and  physical  locations.  These algorithms have the potential to improve devices  like  speaker   phones,  cellular  telephones,  stereos,  computer  speech  recognition  systems, burglar  alarms,  and  hearing  aids."]
["CAREER:  Control of Soot Growth Dynamics by Strong Tunable  Acoustic Fields","CTS","COMBUSTION AND PLASMA SYSTEMS","Ezekoye, Ofodike","TX","University of Texas at Austin","dezekoye@mail.utexas.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9702327    In this project, a novel strategy for enhancing growth rates of solid particulate products of combustion is tested.  The technique involves the irradiation of the effluent stream from a dirty combustion system by an intense acoustic field; this enhances the aggregation of the soot and facilitates its subsequent collection. Also, interesting flame dynamics occur when the flame is embedded in the acoustic field.  The coupling of the combustion processes to  the acoustics are determined.  Control of flame properties by tuning the acoustic field is attempted.  Diagnostic's track soot production from the flame through the acoustic field.  Soot morphology is determined by sampling and  scattering measurements, impactor measurements characterize the soot size distribution, and effects of the acoustic field on local flame properties are followed by  flowfield, temperature, and species measurements in the flame zone.  Computations complement the experimental work.    The benefits of clarifying soot-growth physics are significant.  Most practical large-scale burners use turbulent nonpremixed flames which potentially produce large amounts of soot, and the impact of reducing the soot number concentration from the flame is environmentally significant.  Current regulations do not require characterization of particulate size distribution in emissions, but recent fundings on health risk factors many change this."]
["CAREER:  Nitrite and Sulfite Reduction by Myoglobin in      Surfactant Films","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Farmer, Patrick","CA","University of California-Irvine","pfarmer@uci.edu","MPS","This CAREER Award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic   Chemistry Program supports the research and education plans of Patrick J.   Farmer at the University of California at Irvine.  The goal of the   proposed research is to understand new biomimetic chemistry of myoglobin   (Mb) contained within a film on an electrode.  Such Mb-films have   electrocatalytic nitrite and sulfite reductase activity.  By using   modified myoglobins, functionally active structural models for the   reductases will be studied by electrochemical methods.  Aims of the   research include identifying the nature of intermediates leading to N-N   and S-S products and to probe oxygen atom transfer reactions from reduced   Fe-bound N- and S-oxide intermediates.       Modified myoglobins in thin films will be used as models of nitrite   and sulfite reductase enzymes.  An undergraduate course aimed at students   interested in health-related careers will be developed and a training   program for graduate students instituted involving collaborative   research, rotations in research laboratories and seminars."]
["Molecular Systematics and the Evolution of Habitat Specificity","IOB","ECOLOGICAL & EVOLUTIONARY PHYS","Crandall, Keith","UT","Brigham Young University","keith_crandall@byu.edu","BIO","Crandall  9702338    Phylogenetics is a field of study that is of central importance to  others such as ecology, molecular biology, systematics, and  evolutionary biology. As applications of phylogenetics increase,  so too does the breadth of ~ese applications. From molecular  studies of the biochemical function of genes, to human studies  such as transmission patterns in HIV-I, \"phylogenetic thinking\"  has lead to major discoveries in a broad array of disciplines. The  object of this study is to bring phylogenetics to a broader array  of peop e through high school outreach, museum displays, and  undergraduate/graduate education. In addition, phylogenetic  thinking is pervasive in my research program. The primary research  goal is to establish phylogenetic relationships among the 24  species within the two sister subgenera of freshwater crayfishes,  Jug~cambarus and Glareocola (Decapoda: Cambaridae). Once  phylogenetic relationships are established, the PI will test the  monophyly of these two subgenera relative to representatives from  five other subgenera within the genus Cambarus. Phylogenetic  estimates will be based on nucleotide sequences from the 1 6S  region of the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear gene astacin.  Once,a phylogeny is estimated and monophyly is established, the PI  will explore the evolutionary biology of habitat specificity using  comparative methods. The beauty of this group of freshwater  crayfishes is that they are distributed into the four main  ecotypes within which crayfishes are found: lotic waters (8  species), lentic waters (5 species), primary burrowers  (semi-terrestrial, 5 species), and caves (subterranean, 6  species). Therefore, they provide a unique opportunity to study  the evolution of habitat specificity in crayfishes. Do crayfishes  invade a habitat and radiate within that habitat? Is there a  repeated evolutionary sequence of habitat specificity, such as  lotic to lentic, to burrower, to cave? Or are habitat  specif~cities randomly distributed over  the phylogeny? The PI's  research will address these questions and use the answers as  examples of the utility of the phylogenetic approach in my  educational programs."]
["CAREER:Quantification of Horizontal Gene Transfer as Adaptive Response to Containment Stress in Subsurface Microbial Communities-Development of an Experiential Environ. Eng. Course","BES","WESTERN EUROPE PROGRAM|ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Smets, Barth","CT","University of Connecticut","bsmets@eng2.uconn.edu","ENG","9702361  Smets  This is an award to provide support for research on appropriate  use of natural attenuation to develop biologically-based  technologies for removal of hazardous substances from soil that  is contaminated with these substances.  The research is based on  a hypothesis that the exchange and rearrangement of horizontally  transmissible genetic material is a major contributor to the  short-term adaptation of existing microbial communities in soil  and that characterization of the transfer process in the presence  of stress can provide insights that can be applied to engineering  design of systems for decontamination of soil.  This award also  provides support for the continuation of this investigator's  early development as an educator.  His education plan involves  addressing the engineering profession's demands for engineers who  couple a significant technical base of knowledge with an ability  for synthesis and cross-disciplinary integration.    The proposal leading to this award was submitted in response to  NSF 96-115, \"Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program.\"  Quantitative knowledge of how microbial communities adapt to  contaminant stress can assist in the engineering design of  systems and procedures to exploit the capability of naturally  occurring communities of organisms to removal of contaminants  from soil and contaminated aquifers.  ***"]
["CAREER: Power Electronics and Motor Drives Technology       Enhancement Through Education and Research","ECS","CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Husain, Iqbal","OH","University of Akron","ihusain@uakron.edu","ENG","ECS-9702370  Husain  The objective of the proposed career plan is to develop a strong power electronics and motor drives program linking undergraduate education with graduate research at The University of Akron.  The outline of the proposed project is as follows.   A research project and an undergraduate special program will proceed concurrently.   Fundamental problems in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives will be addressed in the research portion of the plan.   A converter topology for SRM will be developed through undergraduate research guided by the principal investigator and a Ph.D. graduate student.   The proposed research project will generate one Ph.D., two MS, and a group of specialized BS graduates.   The education portion of the plan proposes to form an NSF Power Electronics Group through selection from junior level EE students.   The applicant (principal investigatmr) and the Ph.D. student will supervise the group.   The group will be guided through a comprehensive power electronics and motor drives program.   The career plan will initiate a continuing program in the area of power electronics and motor drives.  In the future, a group of undergraduate students and a Ph.D. student will be selected every year along with a suitable research topic.   The plan is expected to be continued through industrial sponsorship after the completion of the NSF project.   In addition, the PI will assemble a group of faculties from electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering to supervise undergraduate projects on electric/hybrid vehicles.  The unique contribution of the proposed research is torque ripple minimization simultaneous with indirect position sensing control in SRM drives, and a novel, efficient, regenerative SRM converter topology for low-voltage applications.  The indirect position sensing scheme to be developed will be suitable for all types of applications and will cover a wide speed range including zero speed.  The scheme is based on sliding mode observer theory where the rotor po sition will be estimated as a state variable from terminal measurements of voltage and current only.  The sliding mode observer has the advantage of insensitivity to parameter variation.  The torque ripple minimization scheme proposed is based on optimal current profiling of the motor phase currents.  The developed SRM model will consider the effects of magnetic saturation.  The working schedule of the proposed research has been divided into four phases; (1) converter topology development,(II) indirect position sensor development, (III) torque ripple minimization, and (IV) integration of the drive.  The proposed career plan will generate a group of specialized students from bachelors through doctoral level in power electronics and motor drives.  The training period for these students in industries will be reduced significantly.  Significant exposure of undergraduates to the research environment will attract more US students towards the graduate program.  Fundamental research, not linked to any industrial development project, is possible through this proposed plan.  The research will benedit the automotive, aerospace and consumer product industries."]
["CAREER: Manufacturing-Driven Geometric Analysis and Prototyping: An Investigation of Computational Manufacturing","DMI","MANUFACTURING MACHINES & EQUIP","Lee, Yuan-Shin","NC","North Carolina State University","yslee@eos.ncsu.edu","ENG","This project focuses on the development of computational manufacturing that integrates computational geometry, surface error analysis, machining principles, optimization techniques, and computer graphics for multi-axis complex surface machining.  The research focus will include the development of a robust complex surface geometry interrogation engine and the generation of free-form tool paths for removing material from the stock, while avoiding local and global interference.  The education focus will include the development of a rapid response manufacturing practicum as a core of an undergraduate manufacturing engineering curriculum.  A lab will be developed to incorporate computational manufacturing and NC complex part machining in the undergraduate manufacturing core courses.  An innovative multimedia guide to manufacturing processes will be developed for distance learning.   The development of computational manufacturing as a new paradigm for generating interference-free, multi-axis machining paths directly from a CAD representation of the object provides a science based approach for solving complex part machining planning problems.  There is a strong synergy between the research and education plans."]
["CAREER: Parallel Feature Extraction and Dataset Registration for Volumetric Visualization","OCI","WESTERN EUROPE PROGRAM|ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM|PART FOR ADVANCED COMP INFRA","Newman, Timothy","AL","University of Alabama in Huntsville","tnewman@cs.uah.edu","O/D","Extraction of structures in volumetric images is an important early task in visualization.  Following structure extraction, the structures can be rendered for final display for scientists or clinicians.  Dataset registration is also important for monitoring change and assessing intervention strategies.  This project will focus on visualization of tomographic data, although the methods developed are likely to be useful for related problems in other volumetric data domains. The project will empirically test the PI's methods on other (non medical) volumetric datasets to examine the general utility of the methods.  In traditional medical applications, tomographic data has not been thoroughly exploited.  A key part of this research is support of more effective utilization of volumetric data.  In particular, for medical application, the visualization stages addressed in this proposal must be accomplished in near real-time to support diagnosis, treatment planning, intervention guidance, and treatment assessment."]
["CAREER:  Complex Fluids Dynamics:  A Research and Education Program","CTS","FLUID DYNAMICS & HYDRAULICS","van Zanten, John","MD","Johns Hopkins University","jhvanzan@unity.ncsu.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  Proposal Number: CTS-9702413  Principal Investigator: van Zanten    This is a CAREER award to study complex fluids such as solutions containing surfactants, polymers, colloids or a combination of these components.  Such fluids are ubiquitous throughout the chemical and materials processing and biotechnology industries. Non-invasive experimental capabilities are necessary for flow studies where the shearing force induced by a mechanical rheometer may lead to gross structural changes.  Optical techniques offer noninvasive, accurate approach to study such materials under biologically and industrially relevant conditions.  The goal of this research program is to develop novel, state-of-the-art optical methods for characterizing complex fluids in their quiescent state.  A key educational component of this research is to train undergraduate and graduate chemical engineering students to use such methods and apply them to solve engineering problems.  This goal will be met through the establishment of a capstone laboratory course for our evolving macromolecular science curriculum in which students will be exposed to a wide array of experimental tools."]
["CAREER: Engineering Thermoplastics for Load Bearing Applications","DMI","MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT","Nied, Herman","PA","Lehigh University","hfn2@lehigh.edu","ENG","9702443  Nied   This research project is to develop design principles for integrating design and manufacture of load bearing structural components fabricated from thermoplastic materials.  The mechanism for achieving this plan is the design and forming of advanced structural parts from thermoplastic materials using blow molding and thermoforming processes.   The outcomes of this study could significantly improve the linkage between processing mechanics, material behavior, and structural performance of the load bearing applications.   The research activities have balanced theory and experiments to adequately characterize the process physics, developing process simulation models, and the necessary testing techniques to measure the relevant polymer materials properties that are uniquely required for thermoforming and blow molding  process simulation. The research activities will be balanced by an education plan to improve quality of graduate and undergraduate education at Lehigh University."]
["CAREER:  Fundamentals of Welding Intermetallic Compounds    and Alloys","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|METALS","Acoff, Viola","AL","University of Alabama Tuscaloosa","vacoff@coe.eng.ua.edu","MPS","9702448  Acoff    This CAREER research plan addresses the autogenous  weldability of intermetallic compounds using gamma TiAl as  the model material.  Objectives of the research are:  (1)  Development of fusion welding processes for cast and wrought  alloys of intermetallic compounds using autogenous welding,  identifying the causes of cracks and voids; (2)  Determination of the effects of energy input on the weld  microstructure and the mechanical properties (hardness,  fracture toughness, tensile properties); (3)  Simulation of  the autogenous fusion zone and heat-affected zone  microstructures using computer modeling to predict weld and  heat-affected zone microstructures and properties.  The  educational plan of this project complements the research  plan outlined above.  Objectives of the proposed educational  plan are:  (1)  Enhance the undergraduate materials  curriculum with increased computer simulation and modeling;  (2)  Involve undergraduate minority students from Stillman  College in research activities; and (3)  Attract minority  students to graduate study at the University of Alabama.  %%%  As a class of materials, intermetallic compounds and alloys  are of technological interest because they are lightweight  and maintain high strengths at elevated temperatures (over  1100 C).  One such intermetallic compound, gamma-based  titanium aluminide, has been of particular interest because  its properties demonstrate excellent potential performance  in aerospace, structural, and high temperature applications.  ***"]
["CAREER: Field-Programmable Mixed Analog and Digital         Array","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Lee, Edward K.","IA","Iowa State University","leekfe@iastate.edu","CSE","The core of this project is to investigate the design and implementation of a  Field-Programmable Mixed analog and digital Array (FPMA) analogous to the concept  of a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for implementing various mixed-signal  circuits.  An FPMA as an integration of a Field-Programmable Analog Array (FPAA),  FPGA, and Reconfigurable Data Converter (RDC) will be developed.  An FPMA will  contain: (1) an FPAA that integrates a general purpose FPAA and dedicated cells  to realize various sampled-data and continuous-time circuits found in mixed-  signal systems, (2) an area-efficient FPGA that combines a data-path FPGA and a  bit-level FPGA to realize data-path circuits, finite state machines, and random  logic, and (3) an RDC that can be configured to realize a number of high accuracy  ADCs and/or DACs with different throughputs and resolutions for interfacing  analog and digital signals."]
["CAREER:  In-situ Determination of Pesticides and Other      Environmental Pollutants with a Fiber Optic, Surface        Resonance Based Sensor","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Booksh, Karl","AZ","Arizona State University","booksh@asu.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focusses on the  development and characterization of novel fiber-optic sensors for  the determination of part-per-billion concentrations of  pesticides in real environmental samples.  Professor Booksh and  his students at Arizona State University will develop a variety  of such sensors including antibody immobilized devices that  utilize attenuated total reflectance of their surface plasmon  resonance signals in order to achieve selectivity and  sensitivity.  The probe geometry will be optimized for this  application and multivariate calibration algorithms will be used  to improve data quality when system parameters vary.  This CAREER  research project will also expose students at the undergraduate  and graduate levels to the power of multivariate methods when  analytical measurements involve complex real world samples.   Professor Booksh will also mentor disabled students interested in  scientific careers.  The determination of the concentrations of pesticides in the  environment is an important health problem that is highly complex  due to the variability of real world sample composition.   Professor Booksh and his students at Arizona State University  will develop fiber-optic sensors based on antibody/antigen  reactions that produce analytical signals that can be reliably  interpreted over time.  This CAREER project will provide students  with a stimulating research experience in an area of immense  societal importance.  The extreme sensitivity and selectivity of  antibody/antigen reactions coupled with fiber-optic sensor probes  will be exploited using attenuated total reflectance of surface  plasmon resonance signals that follow these reactions.  In  addition to the pedagogical value of teaching students useful  applications of this chemistry Professor Booksh will mentor  disabled students interested in scientific careers."]
["CAREER:  Understanding Stellar Overflows","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Frank, Adam","NY","University of Rochester","afrank@pas.rochester.edu","MPS","AST-9702484  Abstract - A Frank    Bipolar outflows and highly collimated jets are nearly ubiquitous  features associated with stellar mass loss. From Young Stellar Objects  (YSOs) to Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs) and Planetary Nebulae (PNe) -  the stellar cradle to the grave - there exists clear evidence for  collimated gaseous flows in the form of narrow high velocity streams or  extended bipolar lobes. In YSOs, LBVs and PNe collimated highly  supersonic outflows are observed to be transporting prodigious amounts  of energy and momentum from a central star .  Outflows and jets must  play a significant dynamical role in the evolution of the parent stars.    The similarity of jets and bipolar outflows across the Hertzsprung-  Russell (H-R) diagram must tell us something fundamental and quite  general about the nature of stellar evolution, as well as the  interaction of stars with their environments. A large database of high  resolution observations , including observations from the Hubble Space  Telescope (HST)) are available.  A general, well tested suite of theory  for explaining outflow collimation and propagation  could serve as a  powerful diagnostic tool linking the outflows to their often obscured  sources.  This could  initiate substantial progress in two of the most  fundamental issues facing modern astronomy: the need to understand  stellar birth and stellar death.    The research goals of this project are ambitious but attainable. First,  to develop and refine such a general theory of collimated stellar  outflows by detailing the basic physics which drives the collimation  process. Second, to extend our understanding of the collimation and  propagation of the outflows to include more realistic physics such as  the effect of microphysical processes and magnetic fields.  The  research focuses on two major investigations. One goal of this study is  to use PNe and PPNe morphologies to determine the route which stars  like the sun follow as they evolve from the Giant to the Dwarf stage.   The second project is a long range study of radiation-gasdynamic and  magneto-gasdynamic collimation of jets from Young Stellar Objects.    The final products of the research will be a suite of well tested tools  which can bridge the gap between the theory and reality, allowing the  histories of individual objects and classes of objects to be recovered.    The educational and outreach goals of the project are equally  ambitious: to use the accessibility inherent to numerical simulations  (i.e. graphics and animations) along with the visual power of real and  \"synthetic\" bipolar outflow observations as the core of a series of  innovative programs in curriculum development, interactive planetarium  displays and middle school outreach efforts.  The  efforts as a  \"popular\" science writer and as a regular contributer  to both DISCOVER  and ASTRONOMY magazines have provided experiences in effective  strategies for bringing science to wider audiences.  These skills, and  the fruits of the research, will be integrated into education  initiatives which will introduce Planetarium visitors, college and  middle school students to stellar astronomy as well as to wider issues  in the workings of science as a whole."]
["CAREER: The Physical Chemistry of Disordered Nanostructures","CHE","MATERIALS SYNTHESIS & PROCESSN","Colvin, Vicki","TX","William Marsh Rice University","colvin@rice.edu","MPS","This CAREER award to Vicki L. Colvin at Rice University is supported by   the Advanced Materials Program in the Chemistry Division. The main focus   of the research will be the behavior and properties of nanomaterials from   two different aspects. The first project will address the nature of the   interface between nanoparticles such as zinc selenide, titania and   zirconia and polymers such as polyacrylates and polymethacrylates. By   exploiting the recent advances in the size and and surface control of   inorganic nanoparticles, model interfaces will be chemically created. The   effect of the interfaces on the bulk polymer structure will be explored   by NMR and thermomechanical analysis. Atomic force microscopy will be   used as a nanomechanical probe of the interfacial region.  The second project will exploit the ability to create clusters of   different sizes to probe the origins of disorder in glass.  The stability   of disordered silica clusters will be measured by monitoring the   temperature and/or pressure at which the systems undergo structural   changes.  The size dependence of cluster stability over the 1 to 100 nm   range will provide an important test for models of glass formation. Size   transformations will be probed by vibrational spectroscopy.  These projects will help bridge the gap between the laboratory synthesis   of nanoscale solids  and their ultimate use in real world technologies.  The teaching  aspect of this CAREER award will focus on the synergy   between basic and applied science in the area of materials. A graduate   level course will be developed that provides students with an   appreciation of technological issues. The curriculum will focus on the   technical assessment of three to four emerging technologies which rely on   complex materials such as read-writeable CD disks or electroluminescent   flat panel displays. Students will combine technical data from the   literature and analysis of potential markets to evaluate the potential   for these new applications. This approach will also benefit undergraduate   level courses, especially physical chemistry. Examples suggested by the   graduate course, such as the photophysics of a laser printer will be used   in lectures to illustrate the wide-ranging applications of physical   chemical principles."]
["\"CAREER:  The Stellar Phase Space and Abundance             Distributions of the Stars of the Milky Way\"","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Majewski, Steven","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","srm4n@virginia.edu","MPS","Abstract - Majewski  The research to be carried out involves the creation of the deepest survey  of positions, absolute proper motions, multi-color charged-coupled-device  (CCD) photometry, and spectroscopy for a complete, magnitude limited survey  of Galactic stars. The study builds upon the results from earlier work in a  single field at the North Galactic Pole (NGP) to assemble high quality  proper motions, photometric parallaxes, photometric abundances and radical  velocities as a means to explore the combined dimensional phase space and  metallicity distribution of stars in the Galactic halo, disk, and  Intermediate Population II thick disk. Among the discoveries of this  earlier, high precision proper motion survey at the NGP were: (1), the  large scale height and local normalization of the ubiquitous Intermediate  Population II (IPII) thick disk stars; (2), an apparently smooth  kinematical gradient between the population I disk and IPII field stars;  and (3), a retrograde rotation for the Galactic halo stars. The addition of  spectroscopy  data to the deep proper motions has confirmed the additional  discovery of a retrograde moving group of halo stars 4.5 kpc above the  Galactic plane, and this result has allowed the elucidation of this  kinematical structure as just one of several large scale, stellar streams  in this part of the sky. The implications of these findings are: (1) the  halo is not a dynamically relaxed system, but rather seems to contain  streams of coherently moving debris from the break-up of stellar  agglomerations, (2) differences among halo survey results might be  attributable to differences in lines of sight, each characterized by local  streaming motions rather than by global descriptions, and (3) the bulk of  the halo field star population appears to be derived from the accretion of  stellar systems, most likely Galactic satellites. This conclusion has  apparently been confirmed with the discovery of the Sagittarius dwarf  spheroidal galaxy, a Galactic satellit e in the process of tidal disruption  by the Milky Way.  The aim is to carry out similar astrometric, photometric and spectroscopic  analyses in nine other fields that lie along two orthogonal, meridional  planes of the Galaxy.  Photographic plates from the Kitt Peak 4-m telescope  will be scanned with the University of Virginia PDS microdensitometer to  construct stellar catalogues and for the measurement of proper motions.  Multifiber spectroscopy with the HYDRA system on the WIYN 3.5-m telescope  will provide the third dimension of velocity as well as spectroscopic  abundances. This survey, the deepest in situ study of field dwarf stars  ever carried out, will allow systematic probing of the thin disk,  Intermediate population II and halo without the selection biases that  affect other types of Galactic structure surveys.  By mapping the halo  phase space distribution along the two meridional planes, it will be  possible to (a) constrain the halo stream angular correlation scale, by  looking for similar structures in adjacent fields, (b) measure the volume  overfilling factor of streams (found to be ~3 in the NGP field) in the  halo, and c look for correlations between the field star streams and  Galactic satellites, globular clusters, and the alignment planes of these  objects.  The research program involves extensive involvement of both undergraduate  and graduate students, who are involved, indeed critical, to all phases of  the astrometric, photometric and spectroscopic analysis. To increase  understanding  Galactic structure and astrometric research that has been  conducted at the University of Virginia throughout its long history in  these endeavors, three additional efforts of educational outreach will be  initiated for the benefit of both University students and the general  public. Each effort centers on conversion of the McCormick Observatory to a  unique, first class educational facility: (1) New instrumentation for the  historic 26\" Clark refractor telescope will provide a quick c onversion from  eyepiece to CCD observation, as a means to broaden the scope of both course-  related and \"Open to the Public\" night instruction with the astrometric  telescope. The CCD will increase the efficiency of telescope viewing by  large groups of visitors, provide the basis for new kinds of undergraduate  laboratory exercises, demonstrate modern methods in astronomy, allow  classroom instruction via computer display of live telescope images, and  provide easier access to telescope viewing for elderly, disabled or very  young visitors. (2) The addition of a teaching spectrograph will fill an  important gap in the present astronomy majors program. (3) Finally, we will  take advantage of McCormick's long tradition of astrometry to create a one  of a kind museum of astronomical measuring devices. On the order of 5,000  people per year will take advantage of these improvements to the McCormick  Observatory."]
["CAREER: Fabrication & Characterization of Reactive Multi-   layer Foils for Joining Application and Development of a    Database for Classroom Demonstrations","DMR","UNDISTRIBUTED PANEL/IPA FUNDS|METALS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS|MATERIALS RESEARCH PROJECT SUP","Weihs, Timothy","MD","Johns Hopkins University","tweihs@reactivenanotech.com","MPS","9702546  Weihs    This CAREER grant explores a relatively new phenomena in  nanoscale multilayer materials:  self-propagating,  exothermic reactions.  Using  free-standing multilayer foils  that are sputter deposited, the velocities and temperatures  of the self-propagating reactions are quantified using  optical techniques.  The thermodynamic driving forces are  measured using calorimetry techniques, and resulting  microstructures identified using electron microscopy and X-  ray diffraction.  The impact of structural and physical  parameters on the ignition, velocity, and temperature of the  reactions are investigated, and the resulting information  used to develop models that aid in understanding the  reactions and in predicting material properties.  The  educational program is designed to strengthen  the materials  science education infrastructure by developing a national  database for classroom demonstrations.  This educational  program provides the design of a National Data Base for  Classroom Demonstrations in Materials Science.  The database  could be linked to NSF's home page to permit quick access to  ideas, instructions, and information for classroom  demonstrations.  It could include descriptions, pictures and  videos of exciting new demonstrations in materials science.  %%%  Novel exothermic reactions have been demonstrated in thick,  free-standing multilayer foils.  They ignite at room  temperatures with a simple spark, travel at speeds greater  than 10m/s, and reach temperatures above 1500 C.  As free-  standing foils they offer the ability to generate heat  rapidly and locally, providing new opportunities for joining  materials.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Using and Developing Design Patterns in            Undergraduate Computer Science Courses","CCF","DUE COURSE & CURRICULUM PROG|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Astrachan, Owen","NC","Duke University","ola@cs.duke.edu","CSE","The emergence of patterns as an organizational and design tool  can help abate what Brooks calls the accidental complexity of  software development.  This project addresses practical and  pedagogical concerns of the computer science and software  engineering communities with an integrated approach to the use,  learning, and teaching of patterns.  Work in Design Patterns to  date has focused on the recognition, cataloging, and finding of  patterns with little attention to the use of patterns by  experienced software practitioners and particularly by students  and practitioners not well-versed in object-oriented  technologies.  The foundation of the project is the design,  development, and delivery of a layered support structure for  design patterns.  The first layer focuses on how to use catalogs  of patterns, idioms, and architectures accessible to those  without a deep background in object-oriented programming and  methodologies.  The second layer builds on this catalog by  developing methods for using patterns based on heuristics for  recognizing when specific patterns are applicable and relevant.  As part of both layers, the project bridges the gap between  novice and expert designers by developing resources to aid in the  recognition and discovery of patterns."]
["CAREER: Transcending the Limits to ILP Processing","CCF","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Franklin, Manoj","SC","Clemson University","manoj@eng.umd.edu","CSE","This project addresses three problems whose solutions are needed for the  advancement of instruction-level parallelism.  They are:  a decentralized  execution architecture to increase scalability; an instruction fetch mechanism  that can accommodate control flow changes; and a dependency checking mechanism.   Research will concentrate on the parallel execution window (PEW) model of  execution, in which the window of instructions are generally allocated to the  same execution window, so that parallel actions will usually be independent.   This project will involve undergraduate and graduate students in the development  of simuators and in their use in quantitative architectural comparisons."]
["CAREER:  Analysis of Production/Distribution Systems","DMI","PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Bramel, Julien","NY","Columbia University","jdb8@columbia.edu","ENG","9702596  Bramel  This CAREER award addresses a number of important research and educational issues in the analysis of production and distribution systems.  The research plan considers two open research areas.  The first is the analysis of a general distribution problem, which incorporates multi-product capacitated vehicle routing problems, pick-up and delivery problems, vehicle routing problems with delivery and back hauls, and general swapping problems.  The second is the analysis of certain scheduling and inventory control problems that arise in production/distribution problems.  In both thrusts, the approach consists of probabilistic analyses of performance bounds for both exact and approximate solution algorithms.  The educational plan includes enhancing a recently developed  course on service operations management, development of an industrial projects course for working business professionals, production of an advanced text in logistics and distribution management, and integration of software developed as part of the research plan into teaching modules.       The management of production and distribution systems is one of the most difficult problems faced by managers today.  Many companies have acquired model-based decision support systems to assist in the complicated task of  developing an effective logistic management strategy.  This research has the potential to significantly improve the performance of both the models and the algorithms that lie at the core of these decision support systems, and ultimately to decrease the total cost of operating a production/distribution system.  The educational plan will build on the investigator's efforts to integrate research and teaching and will strengthen the level of knowledge of quantitative operational methods among the students at the investigator's institution and other business schools around the country."]
["CAREER:  Immobilization of Enzymes for Detoxification of    Organic Compounds","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Torrents, Alba","MD","University of Maryland College Park","alba@eng.umd.edu","ENG","9702603  Torrents  This is an award to provide support for research, the primary  objective of which is to obtain a better understanding than now  exists of how immobilized enzymes can be utilized most  efficiently in detoxifying wastes that contain organic phosphates  of pollutional significance.  The investigator plans on screening  a series of protein immobilization supports with differing  degrees of surface activation characteristics to identify those  with a large capacity for adsorption of the enzymes and then  altering the enzyme to obtain maximum linkage between it and its  support.  A secondary objective of this project is to identify  the conditions under which the enzymes can maintain their  potential for activity when exposed to adverse environmental  conditions.    Results of this project are expected to provide insights into the  engineering design of processes to detoxify substance of  pollutional significance by use of immobilized enzymes.  The  proposal leading to this award was submitted in response to NSF  96-115, \"Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program.\"  As  such, this award also provides support for the continuation of  this investigator's early development as an educator.  Her  education plan includes development of new courses that emphasize  the multidisciplinary perspectives that are inherent to the  practice of environmental engineering.  Her innovative approach  also is targeted toward leading students to, in effect, assist in  teaching themselves.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Microdesigning Model Material Systems to Probe     Dissipative Interface Motion in Heterogeneous Ceramic       Microstructures","DMR","CERAMICS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Bullard, Jeffrey","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","jeff@puffin.mse.uiuc.edu","MPS","9702610  Bullard    The objective of the Faculty Early Career Development project is  to investigate the energetics and kinetics of the evolution of  thin film clusters and multiphase polycrystals.   This objective  will be accomplished by using the new technology of microcontact  printing to study the dissipative interface motion of ceramic  \"microfeatures\" on solid substrates.  The unique capabilities of  the proposed methods can avoid the chemical and geometrical  complexities of typical systems.  Specifically, the project will  address the following issues:  1) development of a new and  straightforward procedure for estimating the interphase boundary  energy density between two solids, 2) the influence of  film/substrate coherency, and thus the interphase boundary energy  density, on the equilibrium shapes of oxide thin film islands, 3)  identification of those aspects of interfacial energy densities  (relative magnitudes, anisotropy) that can significantly  influence the kinetics of coalescence and coarsening of oxide  film clusters, and 4) the role of geometrical factors, like  proximity correlations between growing and shrinking domains,  that can cause coarsening dynamics to depart significantly from  existing theories of Ostwald ripening.  In addition, the  principal investigator will restructure and modernize the  undergraduate ceramics processing laboratory course.  This  includes acquiring modern equipment and designing new lab  exercises on powder synthesis from alkoxides, reaction sintering,  etc.  Additionally, new computer simulation methods, developed  through the PI's research, will be integrated to reinforce  theoretical concepts and their practical applications.  A lab  manual, including brief descriptions of the scientific principles  underlying each experiment, will be produced and made available  on the World Wide Web, along with instructional video modules of  each experiment.  %%%  Characterization of the equilibrium shapes and coarsening of thin  film islands, using adv anced high-resolution spatial and chemical  analysis, will be used to study the energetics and kinetics of  the evolution of thin film clusters and multiphase polycrystals.  The approaches will yield fundamental new information about the  dynamics of interface motion.  Educational innovations at the  University of Illinois will focus on restructuring and  modernizing the undergraduate ceramics processing laboratory  course.  ***"]
["CAREER: Efficient and Robust On-Line Control of Large-Scale Dynamic Traffic Systems with Information Systems","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP|GEOTECHNICAL I|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Peeta, Srinivas","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","peeta@purdue.edu","ENG","Abstract  Proposal: CMS 97-02612  PI:  Srinivas Peeta, Purdue University    \"Career:  Efficient and Robust On-Line Control of Large-  Scale Dynamic Traffic Systems with Information Systems\" \"      This research addresses the performance optimization and the  efficient on-line robust control of large-scale traffic  systems as a substantive example of large-scale man-made  dynamic systems with capacity constraints and different  degrees of uncertainties in system inputs, in which flows  must be routed on-line from one node to another without  complete a priori information on future entries/demands to  the system.  The current lack of such accurate and detailed  real-time data on the state of the traffic system has  precluded a clear understanding of the dynamic phenomena  that govern system performance, limiting the development of  feasible and effective real-time control strategies for  large traffic systems.    This research will use nonlinear adaptive and robust control  theory and neural networks to develop a new realm of on-line  control strategies that seek the performance optimization of  large-scale traffic systems under certain future demands and  network state conditions.  The work will involve a blend of  theory, simulation, and operational experiments.  Real-time  data obtained from a recently installed advanced traffic  management system (ATMS) on a major interstate corridor in  an on-going collaborative effort with the Indiana Dept. of  Transportation and Hughes Transportation Management Systems  will be used to validate and evaluate the proposed models  and algorithms, leading to an enhanced performance  efficiency of existing road networks.    The education objectives are to systematically bridge the  gap between evolving technological advances in information  systems in the transportation arena and their absence from  existing curriculum through teaching and experimentation,  specifically in the areas of advanced sensor systems, on-  line data extraction and processing techniques,  robust on-  line control theory, and high performance computational  techniques.  Undergraduate students will be involved with  real-time data accessing and processing, and programs  accenting professional development and extension course  development are included in the companion educational plan.        ***"]
["CAREER:  Microanalytical Methods for Investigation of       Metabolism and Transport of Substance P","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Lunte, Susan","KS","University of Kansas Main Campus","slunte@ku.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focusses on the  development of analytical methods to quantify the partitioning of  substance P through the blood brain barrier.  Professor Lunte and  her students at the University of Kansas will study methods to  derivatize substance P so that it can be analytically detected.   One strategy involves pre- or postcolumn derivatization of  substance P with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde combined with  capillary electrophoresis so that laser induced fluorescence  detection can be used.  The second approach involves precolumn  derivatization with the biuret reagent followed by  chromatographic separation with dual electrode electrochemical  detection.  This CAREER project will enable students to learn  state-of-the-art methods for quantifying picomolar concentrations  of biologically significant analytes and to test the hypothesis  that substance P crosses the blood brain barrier and plays a role  in central nervous system function.  Substance P is a neuropeptide that plays a role in maintaining  the functional status of the brain at very low concentration  levels.  The nature of its role has not been quantified because  there are no functional groups on the molecule that impart either  spectroscopic or electrochemical responses that can be used as  analytical signals.  In this CAREER research project Professor  Lunte and her students will develop two separate methods that  permit the analysis of substance P at the concentration levels  required.  Substance P will be modified so that a fluorescence  signal can be measured in one procedure and an electrochemical  modifying agent will be used in a second procedure so that an  electroanalytical signal can be measured.  These modification  procedures will be coupled with the separation method capillary  electrophoresis in order to make the analyses selective for  substance P.  In addition to the educational impact of involving  students in this work, Professor Lunte will implement a course  for all science students designed to improve the efficacy of  communicating scientific information between scientific  disciplines and to the public at large."]
["CAREER:  Scheduling and Run-time Support for Parallel       Irregular Computations","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Yang, Tao","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","tyang@cs.ucsb.edu","CSE","This project will  focus on  the development and evaluation  of scheduling and run-time optimization techniques for  supporting the parallelization of irregular scientific code  with mixed granularity on distributed memory machines and  workstation clusters.  The main research topics will be to  develop general space/time efficient scheduling techniques  and integrate memory and communication support for solving  large-scale irregular problems.  A software tool will be  developed for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed  techniques and providing an infrastructure which can be used  by other researchers.  Interoperability with other tools  will also be investigated if time and funds permit. The  targeted applications will be mainly in irregular scientific  computing such as iterative methods for nonlinear equations  and sparse matrix based solvers. The educational activities  will include course development for undergraduate parallel  computing, with an emphasis on parallel programming and  basic scientific algorithms on distributed and shared  memory machines.  ***"]
["(CAREER) Timing and Distribution of Erosion and Extreme     Hydrologic Events","EAR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES","Bierman, Paul","VT","University of Vermont & State Agricultural College","pbierman@uvm.edu","GEO","9702643  Bierman    The densely populated northeastern United States is subject to extreme hydrologic events that impact the landscape.  Some of these events are meteorological; nor'easters, hurricanes, and convective thunderstorms generate rainfall of sufficiently high intensity and duration to cause property damage, ecologic disturbance, and erosion.   Other events are human-induced; a century ago, the region was almost completely cleared of forest, increasing rates of runoff and erosion.   The history of deforestation and reforestation is well documented; yet 200 years of data are insufficient to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of the largest storms, those having the greatest recurrence intervals, those capable of the greatest damage, and those causing the most significant, episodic landscape change.    It is our working hypothesis that in the well-forested Northeast, where infiltration rates are typically high, lacustrine and alluvial fan sedimentation occurs primarily during very intense and/or long duration storms when soil pore pressure increase sufficiently to trigger landslides and saturation overland flow.  Our data indicate that sedimentation can also be triggered by deforestation, such as occurred during colonial land clearance; yet, pollen, charcoal, and macrofossil data indicate that New England has been clothed in forest continuously since 11,000 years ago.  Although local erosion and sedimentation events could be triggered by tree die back, fire, or localized storms, large-scale storms seem the most reasonable explanation for regionally synchronous sedimentation events.      To further my long-terms goals, understanding rates of landscape change and using research-based inquiry as a teaching tool, this proposal seek funds to collect, analyze, date and compare 30-40 Holocene sedimentary records from the Northeast (New England and New York).  By comparing the ages of sedimentation events at wide-spread sites, we will determine the percentage and timing of deposit ional events that are regionally synchronous.  To establish the timing of lacustrine sedimentation events, we will collect, date, and analyze cores from 15-20 \"hydrologically sensitive\" ponds, those with large, steep, drainage basins.  To constrain ages of terrestrial sedimentation events, we will trench, describe and date deposits in 15-20 alluvial fans.  We will use both data sets to map (for the past 10,000 years) the temporal and spatial distribution of sedimentation events and by analogy, the paleo-distribution of storm events capable of causing significant hillslope erosion.  Not only will we publish our data through conventional channels, but we will create a dynamic Web site and interactive exhibit in the heavily used Perkins Geology Museum at UVM.  The Web site will be both a data repository updated as the project progresses and a teaching tool for Earth Science education from the pre-college through the University level."]
["CAREER: Plasma Colloids","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Matsoukas, Themis","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","matsoukas@psu.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9702653  Themis Matsoukas  Penn State    The goal of the proposed research is to develop a radio-frequency low-pressure plasma process for the deposition of thin polymer films onto the surface of powders suspended in the plasma.  Hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon-based coatings with controlled porosity, cross-linking and permeability would have a significant impact on a broad range of technologies based on particle processing as in powder metallurgy and ceramic processing.  With the development of proper coatings, it may be possible to improve the flow-characteristics of powders, prevent the irreversible agglomeration between particles, provide protection against harsh environments and facilitate sintering by reducing the need for binding agents.  The advantages of plasma-deposited polymeric films have been long recognized and have lead to the development deposition processes on flat substrates.  However, film deposition onto powders has not been attempted, largely due to the difficulty in exposing powders uniformly to a low-pressure plasma over the time necessary for deposition.  Recently, it has been demonstrated that particles in plasmas may become electrostatically trapped and remain suspended over extended periods of time.  It is then possible to sustain a fluidized cloud of fine (micron and submicron) particles in a low-pressure environment and expose their surface to the reactive environment for any desired length of the time.  In parallel with the experimental part, theoretical and numerical studies of the fundamental processes in low-pressure plasmas containing particles will be conducted.    The educational plan is focused on the undergraduate program and aims at maximizing the educational benefits of students in one of the largest chemical engineering programs in the country.  Its goals span three specific levels- bridging the gap between engineering education and industrial practice; searching for new paradigms in teaching beyond the conventional models; and developing speci alty courses from the research experience and interests of the PI."]
["CAREER:  Mesoscopic Physics of Disordered Superconductors:  An Arena for Research and Education","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Liu, Ying","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","liu@phys.psu.edu","MPS","9702661  Liu    This  experimental  CAREER  grant  project  focuses  on  the  effects  of  disorder  on  meso-scale  superconductors.    A  central research goal is to determine experimentally whether  a negative local superfluid density exists.  The experiments  will  make  use  of  e-beam lithography and  ultrathin  film  fabrication  techniques and a well equipped low  temperature  measurement  laboratory.  Some specific aims are measurement  of magnetoresistance and electric field effect in single and  arrays   of   mesoscopic  superconducting   bismuth   rings;  measurement of mesoscopic fluctuations in magnetic fields in  Auln   alloy  and  Bi  samples.   The  completion  of  these  experiments  will have a strong bearing on the  question  of  the negative superfluid density.  The proposed research will  be integrated into an education plan to help enhance student  learning and to train future scientists.  The education plan  is  designed  in  part to promote women's  participation  in  science,  which will be beneficial for science and its  well  being as a profession.  the fundamental knowledge which will  be  gained in this work will deepen our understanding of the  fundamental   nature  of  Cooper  pairing   correlation   in  disordered superconductors and may have significant  impacts  on several related fields.  The behavior of mesoscopic scale  superconductors  is also relevant in potential  applications  including sensitive sensors of electromagnetic radiation and  high performance low dissipation logic circuits.  %%%  This   experimental   CAREER  grant   project   probes   the  fundamental  changes in the phenomenon of  superconductivity  as  the  samples become very small or very thin, and as  the  superconducting  material itself  becomes  disordered.   The  questions   being  studied  are  made  more  important   and  interesting by the essentially quantum mechanical nature  of  superconductivity.  A focus of the work is to search  for  a  particular theoretically possible eff ect, called a  negative  superfluid  density.  The existence of such  as  effect,  if  proven  by work such as is proposed, would have implications  for related areas of science.  The long term outcome of such  research   could   include  the  development   of   improved  electronic  devices for detecting electromagnetic  radiation  and/or  for  making rapid calculations.  The education  plan  included  in this project integrates research and  education  and aims to promote women's participation in science.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Learning to Cooperate and Compete","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES","Sen, Sandip","OK","University of Tulsa","sandip@utulsa.edu","CSE","The  award supports research on a collection of projects, all  of  which address the problem of individuals or groups learning to be  more  productive  in an environment containing other  individuals  and  groups. The gamut of multi-agent learning scenarios  covered  ranges from completely cooperative groups, where the sole goal of  each   individual  is  to  server  group  interests,  to   purely  competitive situations in which individuals learn to exploit  the  weaknesses of competitors. On another dimension, the award treats  both individualistic learning schemes, where each agent learns by  itself, and shared learning approaches, where two or more  agents  actively  participate  in learning about each  other.  To  enable  shared learning in cooperative groups, a group infrastructure  is  necessary.  Work under this award will study a group architecture  and  a  flexible commitment framework that allows agent  to  make  sensible   decision   about  predictability-versus-responsiveness  tradeoffs as necessitated by environmental dynamics."]
["CAREER: Development of a MEMS Testing Methodology","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Blanton, Ronald","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","blanton@ece.cmu.edu","CSE","Micro-electro-mechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature electro-mechanical sensor  and actuator systems developed from the mature batch-fabricated processes of VLSI  technologies.  Advances in MEMS design tools and process technologies have  resulted in a growth in MEMS applications.  This research is exploring testing  methodologies for systematically addressing issues of MEMS quality, and a  comprehensive MEMS testing methodology is being developed.  The approach uses  MEMS process simulation to predict the effects that spot contamination has on the  physical properties of surface micro-machined sensing devices.  Perturbed device  properties are mapped to their corresponding faulty behaviors and are used to  classify the likelihood and nature of deviant behavior.  The resulting MEMS-based  fault models are used to develop testing strategies, design-for testability (DFT)  techniques, and methods for effective defect diagnosis.  Also, testing methods  developed for regular CPU circuits, along with techniques from analog and mixed  signal testing are being adapted to MEMS testing."]
["CAREER:  Principles, Practice, and Applications of Tabled   Logic Programs","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Swift, Terrance","NY","SUNY at Stony Brook","tswift@cs.sunysb.edu","CSE","9702681  Many practical problems such as compile-time analysis of  programs, verification of concurrent systems, planning by  intelligent agents, and diagnosis of physical systems have  in common the fact that they can be easily specified using  logic. However, attempts to execute such specifications  using traditional logic programming techniques usually do  not terminate, and are thus impractical.  This project seeks  to create a logic programming system which can solve such  problems and draws on recent research in tabled and  constraint logic programming. Tabled logic programming,  particularly the XSB system, terminates for large classes of  programs, and permits reasoning in the presence of  inconsistent information through its semantics for default  negation. Constraint logic programming allows problems in  theories such as the real numbers to be expressed  declaratively and solved automatically. The project will  create a unified computational basis for the two paradigms  using XSB as a starting point. For certain problems in the  verification of concurrent systems and in program analysis,  large programs based on C already have been replaced with a  few hundred XSB rules with no loss in efficiency. The  project will increase the number of such problems for which  a logic-based specification leads to an efficient, practical  system.  ***"]
["Career:  From Strongly Correlated Insulator to Metal:       Transport and Magnetic Properties of Carrier Doped          Insulators","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","DiTusa, John","LA","Louisiana State University & Agricultural and Mechanical College","ditusa@rouge.phys.lsu.edu","MPS","w:\\awards\\awards96\\num.doc  9702690  DiTusa    This  experimental  CAREER grant, supported by  the  Division  of  Materials  Research  and the Experimental  Program  to  Stimulate  Competitive Research (EPSCoR) will advance the state of knowledge  of the properties of lightly doped semiconductors and insulators,  with  emphasis on magnetic oxides such as those which  have  been  transformed  into  high temperature superconductors  by  suitable  doping. The proposed work will explore the magnetic and transport  properties  of such carrier-doped strongly-correlated insulators.  The  low  temperature  properties of  doped  insulators  will  be  measured  to  determine if the ground states  are  ordinary  band  insulators  in  the insulating state, and Fermi  liquids  in  the  metallic  state. Thin films of the materials will be produced  to  explore the potential of making electronic devices based  on  the  small  band  gaps  and  the doping-controllable  magnetic  ground  states  of these materials. The research will be integrated  into  an  education plan to help enhance student learning and to  train  future  scientists,  including  minority  scientists.  The   PI's  education  plan  involves  a physics laboratory  course  open  to  students  from his own institution and also to students from  the  nearby HBCU Southern University.  %%%  This  CAREER  program  project,  supported  by  the  Division  of  Materials  Research  and the Experimental  Program  to  Stimulate  Competitive  Research (EPSCoR), involves fundamental experimental  research  on  the classes of semiconductors and insulators  which  have  in  the  past  decade been found to yield high  temperature  superconductivity  when  the materials are  suitably  doped  with  additional  chemical elements which have the effect of  producing  electrical  conductivity. The materials to be  studied  here  are  magnetic  in  the undoped state, but lose this property  as  they  gain  electrical conductivity . One aspect of the work will be  to  assess  more  generally  the  opportunities  to  make  electronic  devices  based  on thin films of such materials.  The  long  term  results  of  this  project may include improved magnetic  sensing  devices,  such as are used in computer magnetic disk  drives.  On  the educational side the PI plans to enhance student learning and  to   train   future  scientists,  including  those  from   under-  represented  minority groups. A joint physics  laboratory  course  will   be  featured  which  is  open  to  students  of  the  PI's  institution   and  also  to  students from  the  nearby  Southern  University,  which  is  in  the HBCU  class  (Historically  Black  College or University).  ***"]
["CAREER:  Educational and Research Opportunities in          Environmental Engineering:  Catalysis as a Tool for Solving Environmental Problems","CTS","CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Ribeiro, Fabio","MA","Worcester Polytechnic Institute","Fabio@purdue.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT    Proposal Title:   Educational and Research Opportunities in     Environmental Engineering: Catalysis as a Tool for      Solving Environmental Problems.  Proposal Number:  CTS-9702699  Principal Investigator: Fabio H. Ribeiro  Institution:    Worcester Polytechnic Institute    This study will be focused on the hydrodechlorination of chlorofluorocarbon compounds on Pd single crystal and Pd supported on carbon and other supports. Better understanding of these catalytic reactions will impact environmental technologies of remediation as well as pollution prevention. The scientific issues are the identification of mechanisms of dechlorination and of Pd deactivation, and of the structural effects on catalytic activity and selectivity. Among the possible structural phenomena, the PI will address organic compound structure effects, metal structure sensitivity, support effects, and crystallite size effects. The techniques to be used include surface structure and composition analysis under UHV conditions (LEED, AES, XPS, TPD), in-situ ultraviolet Raman in a high-temperature (500 C) and high-pressure reactor (1.5 atm), and isotopic exchange reaction in a separate batch reactor. The restructuring of Pd on supports other than C will be studied while addressing in detail the role of the support in the reaction. The educational plan includes the strengthening of an environmental orientation for WPI chemical engineering students. Projects at the junior through graduate levels will involve students studying and solving real problems prompted by existing environmental agency regulations or defined in accordance with industrial collaborators."]
["CAREER: Improved Estimation of Extreme Rainfall for Flood   Hazard Assessment","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|NAT & MAN-MADE HAZARD MITIGATI","Bradley, Allen","IA","University of Iowa","allen-bradley@uiowa.edu","ENG","9702715  Bradley  The Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award focuses on  research and enhanced educational opportunities in extreme  rainfall estimation for flood hazard assessment.  Estimation of  the upper limits of storm rainfall for design of high hazard  structures is based on the probable maximum precipitation (PMP).   Many of the concepts in PMP estimation were developed in the  1930's and 40's.  In recent years there have been substantive  advances in the observation, understanding, and modeling of  convective weather systems.  Research will be carried out to  improve PMP estimation using modern meteorological methods.  The  principal objectives of the research plan are to: (1) develop  unique climatological information on extreme rainstorms in the  central United States, to improve our understanding of the  hydrometeorological controls on extreme rainfall, (2) examine  fundamental concepts of the PMP approach, including moisture  maximization, using mesoscale numerical modeling, (3) develop and  evaluate a probable maximum precipitation procedure for major  river drainages in the central United States based on  descriptions of the large-scale circulation anomalies associated  with extended periods of excessive rainfall.  The objectives of  the educational plan are to: (1) integrate the use of remote  sensing information from modern weather observing equipment into  graduate and undergraduate courses, (2) develop Internet-based  instructional material to support education in remote sensing  technologies and hydrometeorological data analysis.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Strain Effects in Semiconductor Nanostructures","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Zaslavsky, Alexander","RI","Brown University","Alexander_Zaslavsky@brown.edu","MPS","9702725  Zaslavsky    Technical CAREER Abstract  The  focus of the proposed research is the effect of  strain  on  electronic  properties of semiconductor  nanostructures.  Strain-induced  effects  in  1D  wires  and  0D   dots   are  relatively  unexplored,  because  the  strain  is   strongly  inhomogeneous and lacks the in-plane symmetry  of  the  much  studied  2D  heterostructures.  We will study  two  distinct  classes  of structures:  silicon-germanium (SiGe) wires  and  dots,  and  strained  III-V wires and  rings  fabricated  by  regrowth.   The  SiGe  research will  build  on  our  recent  measurements   of   strain  relaxation  and   strain-induced  quantization  in  submicron SiGe Quantum  dots.   The  III-V  structures will be fabricated by modulation-doping  regrowth  of   in-situ   patterned   surfaces   etched   in   strained  heterostructures in a chamber attached directly  to  an  MBE  system.   This  research is relevant not  only  to  strained  nanostructure  physics, but also to  a  number  of  proposed  nanodevices that incorporate strained regions.  In  addition  to  graduate student training, this research will provide an  ample number of semester and year-long projects for students  interested in laboratory experience.  %%%  Nontechnical CAREER Abstract:  As  technology advances, semiconductor devices that underpin  modern computers and lasers are becoming ever smaller. These  ultrasmall  structures are affected in complex ways  by  the  mechanical strains that arise during their manufacture.   We  will  experimentally investigate strain effects in two types  of   semiconductors:   silicon,  which  is  used  for   most  electronic circuits, and gallium arsenide, which is  crucial  for  applications that require very high speed operation  or  optical  signals.  In shedding light on strain in ultrasmall  structures  and gauging the promise of novel  devices,  this  research  will  couple  to  the education  of  graduate  and  undergraduate   students   in  semiconductor    physics   and  technology at Brown.  The education plan includes an  update  of  semiconductor  device courses and  the  revamping  of  a  semester-long   transistor  fabrication   laboratory,   upon  completing which students will have the background  to  take  on  semester  and  year-long  supervised  projects  on  sub-  sections of the proposed research.  ***"]
["CAREER: Control and Integrated Design of Mechanical Systems via Linear Matrix Inequality Based Methods","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Grigoriadis, Karolos","TX","University of Houston","karolos@uh.edu","ENG","This CAREER project develops a systematic and unified  methodology for control of mechanical and structural systems  such that an integrated design of plant parameters and  control parameters is achieved to provide optimized total  systems; low-order controllers are obtained to satisfy  hardware and control implementation constraints; special  mathematical form of structural system models is exploited  to provide simplified design schemes and simpler control  laws; saturation constraints and control-loop time-delays  are taken into account explicitly in the design process; and  innovative computational algorithms using a unified Linear  Matrix Inequality (LMI) based formulation are developed. The  education component seeks to address some important  challenges in the effective teaching and training of  students and practicing engineers in the systems and  controls field today. In particular, the education goals of  this career plan are the following: (i) to promote an  interdisciplinary systems and controls education at the  university of Houston (UH) by fostering cross-departmental  teaching activities, (ii) to contribute to the continuing  education of practicing control engineers that are  disconnected from the rapid changes and advances in the  field, (iii) to provide industry's perspectives in systems  and control education and to address real-world problems in  the systems and controls curriculum, and (iv) to attract  freshmen students into control engineering and to motivate  high-school students towards science and engineering. A  project on control of plasma process is used as a  demonstration paradigm for the interdisciplinary teaching of  systems and controls at UH. This education project will be  pursued in collaboration with the Chemical Engineering  faculty at the Plasma Processing Laboratory. Close  collaboration with Cummins Engine Company, Hughes Aerospace,  the Payload Integration Company and other companies is  pursued to strengthen the industrial relevance of research  and education components of this project."]
["CAREER:  Novel Materials Based on Metal-Terpyridyl Building Blocks","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|METHODOLOGY|OFFICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY AC","Mohler, Debra","WV","West Virginia University Research Corporation","dmohler@emory.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of of nanostructures and   polymers by means of metal complexation of terpyridal ligands.  Using   building blocks containing two or more terpyridal units, rigid rod   polymers, rings and molecular monolayers will be constructed.  The use of   carboxylate-substituted terpyridal groups in the synthesis of rings and   molecular monolayers will allow the self-assembly of nanotubes and   organometallic zeolites.  Applications as molecular wires, slow release   devices and as channels for cross-membrane transport of ion and molecules   will be stressed.  Course and curriculum development featuring polymer   laboratory and lecture courses will be the focus of the educational   component of the award. With this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic   Program, the Office of Multidisciplinary Activities (OMA) and the Office   of Experimental Programs to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) are   supporting the research and educational efforts of Dr. Debra L. Mohler of   the Department of Chemistry at  West  Virginia University.  Professor   Mohler will focus her work on developing methods for the assembly of new   materials by metal complexation of terpyridal ligands.  The resulting   nanostructures will be will be examined for the ability to act as   molecular wires and slow release devices and as channels for the   cross-membrane transport of ions and molecules.  The experience gained   from the research will be be applied to the development of an   undergraduate lecture and laboratory polymer courses."]
["CAREER:  Developing Secure Systems for Network Appliances","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","von Eicken, Thorsten","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","tve@cs.cornell.edu","CSE","The current information revolution is stimulating the  emergence of new computing devices, here called network  appliances, that connect to the information infrastructure,  interact with the real world, and can be programmed to  perform custom functions. The limited resources available on  most appliances will create a need for in-network servers  supplying CPU cycles and storage. These servers will host  proxy services as well as application specific gateways.  This project will research the design and implementation of  computer systems for network appliances and the related in-  network servers. This includes developments at the level of  the operating system, programming languages, and the run-  time system. More concretely, the research will develop  around the Secure Language Kernel (SLK) operating system  being developed. SLK relies on the type safety properties of  the language system in order to enforce protection  boundaries between applications and the OS itself, which  means that all code can run in a single address space, and  at a single hardware privilege level. The expected benefits  of this approach are higher resource efficiency, seamless  system extensibility, and flexibility in the form of fine  grain sharing across protection domains.***"]
["CAREER/REU: Complete Sensor Based Planning for Highly       Articulated Robots","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|ROBOTICS","Choset, Howard","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","choset@cs.cmu.edu","CSE","The realistic deployment of highly articulated robots relies on a  provably   complete  sensor  based  planner  for  these   robots.  Consequently,  the operation of such robots motivates  the  long-  term  research  effort to develop a sensor based  planner  for  a  broad  class of highly articulated robots. The research considers  the  next step towards this goal: this approach introduces a  new  roadmap structure for an arbitrary shaped object. The roadmap  is  termed the hierarchical configuration Voronoi graph (HCVG) and it  can  be used to plan a path between two points and to explore and  map  an  environment. Furthermore, and perhaps more  importantly,  the  HCVG  applies to situations where the robot has no a  priori  information about its environment and thus, the robot  must  rely  on  its  sensor  information to achieve  its  goal.   A  powerful  feature  of  the HCVG is its incremental construction  procedure,  which  is a necessary component of a sensor based planner because  there typically is no one vantage point from where the robot  can  ``see'' the entire environment; the robot needs to couple sensing  with  motion.  Four key aspects of this ppocedure are (1) it uses  only  line of sight distance information, (2) it requires minimal  sensor  processing,  (3)  it  need  not  explicitly  compute  the  configuration  space of the robot, and (4) it is complete.   This  incremental  construction procedure is  general  to  any  roadmap  method  and thus provides a framework in how local line of  sight  information  can be used to create a global map.  This  award  is  coordinated  with  a  companion award from the  Office  of  Naval  Research in support of this research."]
["CAREER:  Sensor Assimilation for Micromanipulation","IIS","ROBOTICS","Nelson, Bradley","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","nelson@me.umn.edu","CSE","This   research   investigates  the  use  of  disparate   sensing  modalities  within  intelligent  microassembly  systems.  Various  microforce  sensing  technologies are  being  experimentally  and  theoretically   investigated,  and   a   framework   for   sensor  assimilation  is being developed. The assimilation  framework  is  based on a real-time task representation that incorporates sensor  models  as  an  integral component of the task  description.  The  result  is  an  intelligent microassembly system that  seamlessly  assimilates  disparate  sensing  modalities  throughout   complex  microassembly  tasks. Based on results obtained  with  microforce  sensing,  the  project also develops and fabricates  instrumented  microgrippers for intelligent microparts handling. This  research  will aid in the development of complex hybrid MEMS devices in two  ways;  by  enabling  the  microassembly  of  more  complex   MEMS  prototypes; and in the development of automatic assembly machines  for  assembling  and packaging future MEMS devices  that  require  increasingly   complex   assembly  strategies.   An   educational  component  of  the  project builds on the research  component  in  three  ways;  in  modifying traditional engineering  courses;  in  developing  new  courses  that stress  interdisciplinary  problem  approaches; and in collaborating with a local manufacturing  firm  in  order  to  develop  short courses in  advanced  manufacturing  technologies for practising engineers."]
["CAREER: Incorporation of Engineering Analysis Within Design Synthesis","DMI","ENGINEERING DESIGN","Kazmer, David","MA","University of Massachusetts Amherst","david_kazmer@uml.edu","ENG","This CAREER award supports research and curriculum activities for applied engineering analysis and product development.  More specifically, the grant will enable a design environment which reveals the first-order effects that drive the design behavior, aiding the engineer to better internalize the causality between critical design decisions and a product's performance.  The critical activity of the project is the development of analysis and design objects that permit automatic application of analytical methods, appropriate boundary conditions, and numerical solution to the features of a designed component. To develop and demonstrate the methodology, cost and cooling analyses are to be developed and applied in the design of injection molded parts. The developed methods can later be extended to mechanical assemblies, different manufacturing processes, and additional analysis types for integration into engineering education and practice.  The research results will be translated to academic curricula and industry application through integration with commercial design environments.  If the goals are achieved, engineers would gain the ability to synthesize designs with real-time feedback regarding the product's purpose and performance.  In academia, students could gain more thoretical understanding, engineering intuition, and confidence by exploring analysis in the context of design synthesis.  In industry, the integrated environment should aid engineers develop more robust molded parts with reduced time, effort, and cost."]
["CAREER: Set Theortic Methods for Reconstructing PET Images  From Denoised Data","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Anderson, John","FL","University of Florida","j_m_anderson@howard.edu","CSE","For about the last forty years, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) has been used  to assess biochemical processes in the human body.  Using data obtained from PET  scanners, reconstruction algorithms generate images that contain important  information about the functionality of an organ or region of interest.  This  research involves the development of fast, robust reconstruction algorithms that  provide accurate PET images.  With more accurate images, physicians and  researchers will be able to better understand the functionality of vital organs;  and subtle differences between healthy and unhealthy tissue would become more  distinguishable.  The knowledge gained through the research will be shared with  both undergraduate and graduate students.  In particular, undergraduate students  from under-represented groups will be mentored through summer research programs  and senior projects.    To reconstruct PET images, the investigator is undertaking a two part strategy.   First, Poisson noise in the data is reduced using a modified wavelet denoising  method.  Specifically, a variance stabilizing transformation, known as Anscombe's  transformation, is applied to the data to convert the Poisson noise to Gaussian  noise with mean zero and variance one.  The transformed data is then further  processed using a well-known wavelet denoising method due to Donoho and  Johnstone.  Once the Poisson noise has been reduced, the desired images are  reconstructed using set theoretic estimation methods.  An advantage of using a  set theoretic formulation is that it is flexible enough to incorporate all  available a priori information and to address the uncertainty in the transmission  data used to correct errors due to attenuation.  The resulting algorithms will  be tested using real phantom and subject data from PET centers at the  Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, MA and Emory Hospital in Atlanta, GA."]
["CAREER: Micromachining Antennas for Localized Excitation of Nanostructures","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","van der Weide, Daniel","DE","University of Delaware","danvdw@engr.wisc.edu","ENG","9702871  Van der Weide  Rising clock rates and densities of computational integrated circuits engender severe difficulties in inter-chip communication and testing.  The research in this CAREER program will explore micromachined antenna structures to achieve zero-skew clock  waveform distribution and localized excitation and testing of these circuits, even those exhibiting quantum effects of electron confinement.  The educational goals of this program seek to extend these localized field measurements to a larger scale, making planar high-frequency circuits come alive to students, particularly through laboratories accessed via near-real-time Web-based instrumentation.  ***"]
["CAREER: Micromechanical Engineering and MEMS","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC|MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT|PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Kim, Chang-Jin","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","cjkim@seas.ucla.edu","ENG","9702875  Kim  Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is an enabling technology, opening a new scientific frontier.  A fundamental issue is that the conventional engineering science is not always valid at the micrometer scale.  Since human experience and our educated knowledge may defy proper engineering in microscale, it is important to lead students to re-construct their body of knowledge and form a discipline of its own for microengineering. It is my goal in academia to establish a systematic and effective structure for MEMS education in mechanical engineering.  The effect, I believe, is advancement of mechanical engineering areas by taking advantage of MEMS technologies and also enrichment of MEMS research with more balanced expertise available.  To reach this goal, we are establishing a Ph.D. major field in our Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of UCLA.    The research plan is to use micron-sized liquid-metal droplet as another building block for MEMS.  It has been shown in my lab that an array of metal droplets on the order of micrometers can be formed at desired locations on substrate.  With its unique properties, liquid metals can open new possibilities for MEMS devices.  Mercury and low-melting-temperature metal alloys are being considered.  The proposal is directed towards the development of Large-Scale Integrated Relay (LSIR), which has both the functional superiority of microrelays and the large-scale integration of semiconductor transistors.  Based on the droplet-based relay cell, which has dramatically simple configuration and small foot area, an LSIR chip is expected to contain 10 K to 1 M calls of  bistable relay on it.  A high performance, low density LSIR will be developed for signal multiplexing and a high density device for non-volatile, radiation-hard memory to be integrated with CMOS chips.    The scale effects and surface physics studied in the MEMS courses described in the education plan will play a critical role in understanding the behavior of the droplets.  It is an objective of the proposal that the information obtained from the research, such as microscale phenomena of droplets and fabrication techniques, be incorporated into MEMS courses.  ***"]
["CAREER: Faculty Early Career Development Program","CMS","MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER|MATERIALS","Arruda, Ellen","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","arruda@umich.edu","ENG","Arruda  9702884       The  research  component of this proposal is  concerned  with experimental testing, characterization and constitutive  modeling  of  polymers.   The strain  rate  and  temperature  dependent behavior of semicrystalline polymers is  not  well  characterized  nor completely understood.   Existing  models  for  semicrystalline  polymers have not  been  developed  in  conjunction  with  a  reasonable range  of  experiments  for  verification of actual material performance.  There are many  technologically important applications for  this  work,  the  relationship between polymer properties and part performance  is  one of today's major engineering challenges.  The PI  of  this  proposal  is experienced in the design, implementation  and   analysis  of  mechanical  tests  and  in   traditional  materials  science  characterization methods  for  polymers.  The  PI  has  also successfully developed internal  variable  based  constitutive models of amorphous (glassy and rubbery)  polymers  that  accurately predict their  three  dimensional  response.   The proposed work involves extensive  mechanical  testing  and  material characterization  of  semicrystalline  polypropylene  to relate the physical mechanisms  associated  with  deformation to experimentally observed results.  Also,  this   research   will  involve  internal   variable   based  constitutive  modeling of the strain  rate  and  temperature  dependent  behavior of semi-crystalline polypropylene.   The  goal  of  this work is a model that accurately predicts  the  experimental data.      The  specific objectives of the proposed study are:  (i)  to  gain  an  understanding of the important  and  prominent  deformation  mechanisms in polypropylene  over  a  range  of  strain rates and temperatures through mechanical testing and  characterization, (ii) to determine the state of deformation  dependence  of  polypropylene  through  tests  on  isotropic  specimens  in uniaxial compression, plane strain compression  and  tens ion, (iii) to study the evolution of structure with  straining and quantifying structural state, (iv) to  develop  an  internal  variable based, three dimensional constitutive  model  of the deformation response and (v) to implement  the  model  into a commercially available finite element  package  via a user defined material option for verification.    The  teaching  component is outreach to middle school  girls  designed  to  foster continued interest in math and  science  based  careers.   The planned activity targets  girls  at  a  critical time in their education process when they begin  to  start believing they no longer are good at math and science.  In  middle school they are surrounded by influences  against  math and ;science careers for women.  Girls fail to continue  to  elect  math  and  science courses in  adolescence  which  quickly  steers  them towards non-technical academic  paths.  To emerge from adolescence with confidence in their math and  science abilities, girls need more encouragement to continue  to  elect advanced math and science courses.  They  need  to  understand the many varied career opportunities that rely on  a solid math and science education.  To become women with an  interest  in  engineering careers, girls need to  see  women  succeeding in their engineering careers.  They need to  hear  from  women engineers about the aspects of engineering  they  found  appealing  when the women made their career  choices.  And they need to learn engineering principles from women who  are  enthusiastic  about  the  subject.   The  PI  plans  to  develop, implement and evaluate an engineering career module  that  engages women faculty and undergraduates  in  teaching  middle  school girls about engineering.  The module involves  the  PI going to middle schools in Washtenaw County,  MI  to  highlight   the  research  work  of  women  at  universities  nationwide.  It will provide opportunities for girls in  the  program  to  interact with these women through the  internet   and  email.   The girls in the program will also  engage  in  design projects utilizing hands-on, team learning strategies  that  are  attractive to girls.  The importance  of  problem  solving  in  society and the usefulness of math and  science  classes  for  future career opportunities will be  stressed.  Dissemination  plans  for  this  outreach  activity  include  enlisting   undergraduate  women   from   the   College   of  Engineering  at  Michigan  to  develop  similar  modules  in  various  engineering disciplines, and sending  the  packaged  modules  to  women  engineering  faculty  at  colleges   and  universities nationwide."]
["\"CAREER:  Astrophysics, Computers, and Education\"","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Blondin, John","NC","North Carolina State University","john_blondin@ncsu.edu","MPS","AST-9702908  Abstract - J. Blondin    Computers have made an important impact on both astrophysics  research and education over the last several years. Numerical  simulations on modern supercomputers have made great strides in  our ability to do research in virtually every subfield of  astrophysics, from computing chaotic planetary orbits to the  models of the formation of large-scale structure in the Universe.  At the same time, computers have become an ever-growing presence  in our nation's classrooms. Now, with the increasing popularity  of the World Wide Web, those computers are opening up the  classroom to the world.  This is a project to exploit this  natural link between computational astrophysics and computer-  based education.    The educational aspect of this project will draw on a variety of  different avenues, including the development of a new, computer-  based astronomy lab at NCSU for non-science undergraduates, the  creation of web sites intended to convey the excitement of  current astrophysics research to the general public by drawing on  the visually striking results of numerical simulations, the  teaching on numerical methods in upper-level physics courses, and  the involvement of undergraduates in computational astrophysics  research.    The research aspect of this project will focus on the  hydrodynamics of mass and angular momentum transfer in X-ray  binary stars. However, this work will have far reaching impact,  for the phenomenon of mass transfer is an important process in a  wide range of binary star systems. By studying X-ray pulsars,  where one has a quantitative measure of both the mass and angular  momentum accretion rate, one can learn about the physics of Roche  lobe overflow, tidal stream impact, accretion disk formation,  disk winds, and much more. Furthermore, the current wealth of  observational data from satellites such as ASCA, BATSE, and XTE  will greatly accelerate the progress in this fi eld over the next  few years, and the numerical models generated in the proposed  research will provide an important key to interpreting this new  data."]
["CAREER:  Towards using Vorticies in Flow Control for Heat   Transfer Enhancement--Tomographic Heat Transfer Measurements in Transient 3-D Flow","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Herman, Cila","MD","Johns Hopkins University","herman@titan.me.jhu.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT       The proposed research seeks to develop a tomographic technique for nonintrusive heat transfer measurements in 3-D unsteady flows in complex geometries.  The technique involves combining tomographic reconstruction and holographic interferometry.  Laser beams are used to probe the flow field from different directions.  The data is used with tomograpahic reconstruction algorithms to obtain the temperature field.  As part of the educational plan, CD-ROM based interactive course materials will be developed.  The  principal investigator will also introduce opportunities for students to gain hands-on experience and engage in collaborative projects with industry."]
["CAREER:  Using Critical Path Length as a Practical          Peformance Metric","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Kuszmaul, Bradley","CT","Yale University","bradley@mit.edu","CSE","The  goal of this research is to investigate the use of  critical-path length to accurately predict performance in  several domains, including wide-area multithreading,  microprocessor architecture, and high-performance  filesystems.  For wide-area multithreading, the strategy is  to develop conservative work scheduling algorithms for a  distributed-RAM model of computation, and to demonstrate  that the critical-path length can be used to predict the  performance of the resulting system.  For microprocessor  architecture, the strategy is to gain a fundamental  understanding of the average parallelism of ordinary serial  C programs by compiling them into dataflow graphs and  measuring their critical-path length. Given that  understanding, the effectiveness of hardware mechanisms can  be evaluated. For high-performance filesystems, the strategy  is to use critical-path length to measure the average  parallelism of a filesystem workload.  The educational  component of this project includes teaching how to measure  and achieve high-performance using a critical-path length  methodology.  A new course in advanced computer architecture  is being developed which will focus on microprocessor  performance, and a senior/graduate-level operating  systems course will be reoriented to emphasize performance.  Eventually, a course on algorithmic parallel computing will  be developed.***"]
["CAREER: Parallel Algorithms and Software for Irregular      Scientific Applications","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Aluru, Srinivas","NM","New Mexico State University","aluru@iastate.edu","CSE","The goal of this Career project is to apply techniques from  parallel computing and computational geometry to develop  theoretically sound and practically efficient parallel algorithms  for a class of irregular scientific applications and to infuse  the resulting knowledge into parallel computing and computational  science programs.    The main goal of the research is to develop parallel algorithms  and software for scientific applications that depend upon  interactions between entities (such as particles, atoms) located  in two or three dimensional space. To achieve this goal, a two-  pronged strategy will be used: Firstly, efficient parallel  solutions will be developed for specific applications. Secondly,  general techniques useful for parallelizing irregular  applications that depend on multidimensional point sets will be  investigated.  Two specific applications, considered to be Grand  Challenge problems by the High Performance Computing and  Communications (HPCC) Subcommittee, will be studied: The N-body  problem and Protein Accessible Surface Area Calculations. The N-  body problem is to simulate the motion of particles under the  influence of mutual force fields based on an inverse square law.  N-body computations are useful in such diverse fields as  astrophysics, plasma physics, molecular and fluid dynamics,  computer graphics and numerical complex analysis. Protein  Accessible Surface Area calculations are used to study the  structure of proteins, an important problem in computational  molecular biology. The access patterns required by many  scientific applications that depend on distribution of  particles/atoms can be abstracted into primitive queries on  multidimensional point sets. General techniques for efficient  parallel execution of such applications will be investigated and  software to aid programming such applications will be developed.    Education Plan:    The main goal of the education plan is to develop curriculum in  parallel computing and computational science at New  Mexico State  University and to train students to apply computer science  principles in solving important scientific applications on future  generation computing systems. A course in parallel computing has  already been developed and a textbook on algorithm design for  parallel computers is being written. Additional courses in  parallel computing will be developed and introduced. It is  intended to develop curriculum and establish a new computational  science program on campus. The results of the proposed research  will be integrated into courses in parallel computing and  computational science."]
["CAREER:  Design and Synthesis of Boron-Containing Liquid    Crystals for Optoelectronic Applications","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Kaszynski, Piotr","TN","Vanderbilt University","piotr.kaszynski@vanderbilt.edu","MPS","9703002  Kaszynski    This  project  will focus on the development of a  new  class  of  nematic   liquid   crystals   with  large   positive   dielectric  anisotropies   for   flat   panel  discplay   applications.   The  centerpiece  of  the synthetic design will be  the  highly  polar  boron-heteroatom bond, with the following issues to be addressed:  how  does  the formation of highly polar bonds to the boron  atom  and  the  resulting  high coaxial dipole  moments  influence  the  mesogenic  properties  and electrooptical performance  of  liquid  crystal  materials?;  how  does the geometry  of  boron  clusters  influence the mesophase stability and the miscibility with  other  liquid crystal materials?; how does the electronic structure of 3  dimensional   aromatic  boron  clusters  influence  the   optical  properties of the mesogens?  %%%  This well integrated research and education program combines in a  very unique way a theoretical and experimental exploration of the  basic   and   applied  chemistry  of  boron  and  nitrogen,   and  investigates  the  practical applications of these  materials  in  electrooptics for areas such as flat panel displays.  Integrating  these  current  high-priority materials research challenges  with  the  educational curriculum of this CAREER Program results in the  training  of  students  in  areas of  growing  relevancy  thereby  advancing  science and technology while improving  job  prospects  for students.  ***"]
["CAREER: Adaptive Basis of Host-Parasite Cospeciation","DEB","BIODIVERSITY SURVEYS & INVENT|PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","Clayton, Dale","UT","University of Utah","clayton@biology.utah.edu","BIO","9703003  Clayton    Dale Clayton of the University of Utah will carry out research designed to elucidate factors responsible for differences in the specificity of parasites to one or more kinds of hosts.  Specifically, Clayton will first reconstruct molecular genealogies of a group of New World doves and of two groups of ectoparasitic feather lice.  One of the louse groups is found on wings and is not specific as to host species. Whereas the other group is found on the abdomen and is host-specific.  The genealogical analysis will permit identification of instances where lice have switched from one host to another and provide clues to macroevolutionary events involved in host-parasite association.  Microevolutionary events will be assessed via a series of experiments in a \"dove-dome\" (Tracy Aviary in Salt Lake City, UT) where Clayton will be able to carry out controlled experiments to examine factors such as (i) lice dispersal capability, (ii) differential lice vulnerability to host defenses, and (iii) different intensities of interspecific competition. The project will be incorporated into courseware taught by the PI, and collaboration has been established with Tracy Aviary for research and education.  Interpretive signs will be displayed and a public computer display will be established to explain the research in progress.  Both graduate and undergraduate students will be involved extensively in the project."]
["Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Program-Optimal Output   Feedback Control at Discrete Locations for Civil Structures","CMS","SENSOR TECH FOR CIVIL & MECH|CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|EARTHQUAKE SYSTEMS INTEGRATION|NAT & MAN-MADE HAZARD MITIGATI","Abdullah, Makola","FL","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","makola.abdullah@famu.edu","ENG","9703020  Abdullah  The dynamic responses of structures can produce situations that  can range from uncomfortable to unsafe for the building  occupants.  In recent years, control theories and technologies  have been used to reduce the dynamic responses of tall civil  structures.  Most optimal control algorithms involve full state  feedback control.  This type of control requires good estimates  of the velocity and displacement throughout the structure.   However, there are several important advantages of output  feedback control: it requires less computational effort and has  the robustness of a passive system.  In the research conducted  under this CAREER award, control algorithms will be formulated  for the optimization of feedback gains and controller placement  for flexible continuous and discrete structures, such as tall  buildings.  Tall buildings are of particular interest because the  control devices must be placed at floor level.  The fundamental  basis for these algorithms is the calculation of the gradients of  the performance function with respect to the gain and placement  matrices.  For the optimal placement of controllers at discrete  locations in flexible continuous structures, a mixed-integer  method will be used to optimize the placement and gains  simultaneously.  The effectiveness of the algorithm will be  demonstrated for stochastic wind loads in the frequency domain  and for deterministic earthquake loads in the time domain.  The  educational component of this CAREER award will involve creating  Web-based modules for use in graduate and undergraduate courses  to demonstrate the concepts of structural dynamics and civil  engineering control devices.  ***"]
["\"CAREER:  Excavating the Dynamical Fossil Record in         Elliptical Galaxies:  New Directions for Southeast Ohio\"","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Statler, Thomas","OH","Ohio University","tss@coma.phy.ohiou.edu","MPS","Abstract - Statler    A four-year effort in  research and educational activities in the  newly established astrophysics group in the Physics and Astronomy  Department at Ohio University (OU) will be carried out.  Particular emphasis will be placed on the new opportunities that  will be made available to graduate and undergraduate students and  to K-12 students and teachers in the region around OU.    The focus of the research component is the origin of elliptical  galaxies. Whether they formed through late major mergers of  spiral galaxies, by early multiple mergers of many small  protogalactic pieces, or by a combination of processes is  unclear. The evidence for or against any formation scenario is  ambiguous because it is not yet understood what observable  dynamical properties of the galaxies are necessary and unique  consequences of the possible mechanisms. But the distribution of  stars (and, where present, gas) in position and in velocity make  up a \"fossil record\" of the structural layers laid down in the  galaxy over time. A variety of activities in observation,  modeling, and numerical simulation are described with the intent  of reading and interpreting this record. Among these are a  groundbased observational program to map the stellar kinematic  fields of nearby ellipticals at unprecedented depth, spatial  resolution, and accuracy; a modeling program to determine the  intrinsic shape distribution; numerical simulations to identify  the stellar dynamical configurations implied by various formation  processes and to study the origins of kinematically distinct  cores; searches for hidden disks or other kinematically distinct  components; and spectroscopic and photometric Hubble Space  Telescope studies of ellipticals at moderate and high redshift.    The educational component comprises graduate and undergraduate  research, major revisions to the undergraduate astronomy  curriculum at OU, and two significant K-12 outreach initiatives.  A school visitation program will be carried out tha t will  bring  OU scientists into classrooms in the region to foster science  involvement and science literacy.  Visits will be coordinated  with teachers to blend the presentation into the existing lesson  plans; supplemental materials for teachers will be developed to  assist in class preparation. A summer research internship program  that will bring K-12 science teachers to OU and involve them  actively in research will be initiated.  One teacher applicant  per summer, for four summers, will be adopted as a junior member  of one of the Physics and Astronomy Department's research groups.  Firsthand experience with real science will contribute to better  science teaching in K-12 classrooms."]
["CAREER:  Characterization of Liquid Sprays Impacting Hot    Surfaces in Cooling Applications:  Emphasis on the          Pre-Impact Process","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Gonzalez-Cruz, Jorge","PR","University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez","jgonzalezcruz@scu.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT       The proposed research seeks to characterize liquid sprays impacting hot surfaces in cooling applications.  The emphasis is on the pre-impact process and sprays with droplets that are less than 150 mm in diameter.  Sprays with such fine droplets are more susceptible to the influence of the surrounding conditions.  The goal of the project is to determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum stable high heat flux in spray cooling applications.  Experiments will be conducted to measure the droplet velocity, size, and temperature under different conditions.  Innovative techniques such as the Exciplex Fluorescence Technique will be used to measure the temperature of in-flight droplets.  Finite difference simulations will be carried out using a k-e model to describe gas phase turbulence.  The educational plan includes participation of undergraduate students in the project and integration of the knowledge gained from the research into existing courses."]
["CAREER: Robust Control of Passive and Non-Passive Aerospace Systems","CMS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Kelkar, Atul","KS","Kansas State University","akelkar@iastate.edu","ENG","The research plan in this CAREER project focuses on new  challenges in the robust control of linear and nonlinear,  passive and non-passive systems. There are two main research  objectives. One of the objectives is to extend and  generalize the existing robust stability results for  multibody nonlinear flexible spacecraft to include a broader  class of systems and develop synthesis methods for  dissipative controllers proposed for such systems. The other  objective is to develop new robust control methodologies for  open-loop stable nonpassive, open-loop unstable, and non-  minimum phase systems. Extensions of passivity based  techniques and development of new robust control  methodologies for such systems are pursued. In particular,  the new methodologies using Generalized Predictive Control  (GPC) techniques are developed. First, an investigation of  GPC controllers for linear time-invariant (LTI) single-input  single output nonpassive systems is carried out.  Subsequently, the extensions to LTI multi-input multi-output  and nonlinear non-passive systems are considered. `Proof-of  concept` laboratory setups, which can represent a class of  linear and nonlinear nonpassive systems of interest, are  also developed. These systems can be used not only as  benchmark systems for numerical simulation and experimental  validation of new control methodologies, but also as  laboratory experiments for education. Besides involving  undergraduates at various levels of research work, a well  structured industry-university cooperative education plan  for undergraduates, and a plan for providing advance  education opportunities for high school students is  designed. Three new graduate courses in the area of controls  are developed to help build a strong controls program in the  Department of Mechanical Engineering. An innovative study  abroad program for an international collaborative education  is also formulated."]
["CAREER:  Monolayer Templated Growth of Organic Crystals","CTS","SEPAR & PURIFICATION PROCESSES|INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Mao, Guangzhao","MI","Wayne State University","gzmao@chem1.eng.wayne.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9703102    This Career project investigates alternative interfacial chemical approach to crystal growth using monolayer templates. Morphological control is extremely important in the synthesis and processing of organic crystals, especially those with anisotropic electronic, optical, conductive, and electromagnetic properties.  Molecular-level model compounds are largely lacking in current approaches to crystal growth.  One class of polymethine dyes is well suited for such models, due to its (1) dichroic optical properties, (2) morphological sensitivity to interfacial forces, (3) J-aggregates and energy transfer within, and (4) functions in color photography and recording, as well as in ultra-fast lasers and strongly enhanced nonlinear optics.  The structure and morphology of organic crystals are determined by a delicate force balance of van der Waals, Coulombic, hydrogen bonding, and electron orbital forces.  Preliminary results have shown: (1) the polymethine crystal displays strong optical anisotropy; (2) its structure is sensitive to minor steric changes; and (3) its morphology is sensitive to substrate hydrophobicity.  It is possible to control crystal morphology by changing the nuclei attachment energy using monolayer templates with varying affinities to different crystal faces.  The goal of the proposed research is to grow organic crystals with uniform optical properties by controlling their microstructure and orientation at the substrate surface.    The principle of monolayer templated crystal growth is that the interfacial energy and specific binding sites enhance the attachment of similar crystal faces and inhibit the others.  In the following figure, crystal orientation can be achieved by using surface groups with different affinities to the faces of the crystal, and the crystal size can be limited by lattice mismatch and micro-domains in mixed monolayers. Solid-bound self-assembled and liquid-bound Langmuir monolayers are used as crystal growth templates.  Self-assembly  of silanes modifies the silica substrate by incorporating terminal groups of different critical surface tensions and degrees of electrophilicity.  The charge resonance and electron donor/receptor interactions have been suggested to be the origin of the spectral red-shift in J-aggregates.  Monolayers formed at the air/water interface of mixed custom-made chromophore-containing amphiphiles and regular amphiphiles are used to study comparatively the specific interaction between conjugated dye functional groups.    A combined approach of spectroscopic and microscopic methods is used to characterize the monolayer/crystal complex at the molecular level and in situ.  Real-time investigation of the microstructure and interfacial bonding development of dye crystals on monolayer templates will be carried out by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).  In addition, the monolayer structure and surface energy are determined by a combination of contact angle, FTIR, AFM imaging and pull-off force measurements.  The crystal structure and optical properties are determined by AFM, polarized optical microscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy with the aid of computer-generated three dimensional models.    Experimental results from the proposed research are expected to contribute to the field in the following ways: (1) functionalizing organic monolayers for crystal growth; (2) obtaining uniform optical properties by template-induced orientation of crystal faces; (3) understanding optoelectronic properties of dye crystals and J-aggregates based on microstructural study; (4) observing and understanding early stages of crystallization; and (5) assisting the development of photographic sensitizing dyes with versatile and new properties.  In conclusion, this program proposes an alternative chemical approach to rational design and assembly of organic thin films and crystals based on molecular level interactions and characterization.  It pursues the functionalization of organic thin films  as templates for crystal growth of an important class of materials.  It has the potential of understanding the molecular principles behind the self-organization of ordered materials.    In the education plan, the PI plans to interface her research in interfacial materials engineering with the undergraduate education through the integrated Advanced and Materials Engineering Laboratory, and to bridge the gap between academia and industry by incorporating the latest development in automotive related research into the Graduate Certificate Program in Polymer Engineering."]
["CAREER: Probabilistic Knowledge Discovery and Data          Mining:  An Integrated Approach at the Interface of ComputerScience and Statistics","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE","Smyth, Padhraic","CA","University of California-Irvine","smyth@ics.uci.edu","CSE","This project involves the integration of ideas from computer science, mathematics, and statistics, in the   context of their application to knowledge discovery and data mining of very large data sets. The project   has two general research goals. The first involves the development of novel methods for exploration and   identification of structure in multivariate data, with particular emphasis on clustering and density   estimation. The second research goal is the development of novel methods for modeling sequential   structure in data, in particular the use of graphical models to facilitate the process of model construction   and estimation. The technical approach is based on the coupling of ideas from modern statistical modeling   with computational techniques. A key feature of this work is the use of large-scale scientific and   engineering data sets as testbeds, including upper-atmosphere spatio-temporal data records, a large   medical data set consisting of heterogeneous data types for the study of Alzheimer's disease, planetary   image data sets and associated annotations and catalogs of geologic features, and multivariate engineering   sensor data from online system monitoring. The educational component of the project consists of the   development of new courses which emphasize a first-principles understanding of model-exploration in the   context of data analysis, as well as opportunities for students to participate in inter-disciplinary, large-  scale exploratory data mining projects. This project can have a significant impact on how large data sets   are explored and analyzed across a wide variety of scientific, medical, and business disciplines."]
["CAREER:  Applications In Capillary Electrophoresis","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Gomez, Frank","CA","California State L A University Auxiliary Services Inc.","fgomez2@calstatela.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported  in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, aims to develop  capillary electrophoresis as a method for characterizing  noncovalent interactions such as host-guest complexation  reactions.  Professor Gomez and his undergraduate and master's  level students at California State University at Los Angeles will  develop metal ion affinity chromatographic supports, immobilize  beta-cyclodextrin dimers and small ligands on the surfaces of  capillary electrophoresis columns, and prepare capillary coatings  with terminal ligands on their surfaces.  Nonaqueous and mixed  solvent capillary electrophoresis will be examined to determine  the analytical utility of such systems.  This CAREER project will  introduce students to a number of important contemporary areas  including surface chemistry, capillary electrophoresis, host-  guest complexation reactions, and protein and peptide  separations.  A further educational aim will be to raise the  awareness of minority students at the middle and high school  levels regarding career opportunities in science.   Capillary electrophoresis is being developed as a method to  characterize important noncovalent intermolecular interactions  with the support of this CAREER research project.  Professor  Gomez is introducing this emerging area of separation science to  undergraduate and master's level graduate students with emphasis  on practical problem solving applications.  Considerable effort  will be invested in the synthesis of molecular structures that  exhibit intermolecular interactions of interest when used in  conjunction with capillary electrophoresis.  New laboratory and  course experience will be provided to these students in this  area.  Efforts will be made to involve middle and high school  minority students in activities that encourage their interest in  science."]
["Photochemistry and Reactions on Carbonaceous Aerosol","ATM","ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY","Morris, Vernon","DC","Howard University","vmorris@howard.edu","GEO","9703167  Morris   The project will be conducted as part of  the NSF CAREER Program.   The goal of this research is to study competing mechanisms and product distributions of carbonaceous aerosol particles and NO2 under simulated nighttime conditions for urban atmospheres.   The experimental studies will involve laser spectroscopy, pump-probe, and matrix isolation techniques to investigate the heterogeneous chemistry of airborne aerosols.  Theoretical studies using ab initio molecular orbital techniques will be conducted as a parallel effort to the experimental studies of aerosol carbonaceous particles.    For the educational plan, the investigator will develop and implement research opportunities for graduate, undergraduate, and high school students. The PI is particularly interested in teaching experimental laboratory techniques to students that will familiarize them with state-of-the-art instrumentation and modeling techniques for atmospheric chemical research.  The PI intends to promote science instruction in the Washington, D.C. metro area public schools, especially in the areas of atmospheric and space sciences.  The goal of this outreach program is to enhance and to reinforce science education at an early stage in order to increase the number of minority students engaged in science careers."]
["CAREER: Multiresolution-Based Adaptive Image/Video          Communications: An Integrated Approach","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Ramchandran, Kannan","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","kannanr@eecs.berkeley.edu","CSE","The implementation of the National Information Infrastructure initiative will  require the efficient transmission and storage of voluminous amounts of  multimedia traffic, particularly image and video data.  This project offers a  multidisciplinary attack on this challenging problem with the goal of providing  a system-wide optimized solution rather than a possibly mismatched collection of  efficient subsystem solutions.  It advocates an integration, in both research and  education, of relevant aspects of three engineering subfields that have been  traditionally treated separately: Signal Processing, Communications, and  Networks.  The primary educational goals are to help develop interdisciplinary  specialists, and to integrate research more heavily into engineering education.    This project promotes an adaptive and integrated approach to the algorithmic  design and architecture of next-generation visual communications systems for the  compression and reliable delivery, over noisy time-varying channels and  heterogeneous networks, of images and video. A unifying thread is the use of  flexible multiresolution-based frameworks for 1) source coding, 2) channel coding  and 3) joint source-channel coding, with the goal of maximizing the delivered  image/video quality using fast algorithms.  In education, the primary goals are  to help develop multidisciplinary specialists, and to integrate research more  heavily into both undergraduate and graduate education."]
["CAREER: Envision: A 3-Dimensional Visual-Based Project      Control Paradigm","CMS","INFO TECH & INFRASTRUCT SYSTEM|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Songer, Anthony","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","adsonger@vt.edu","ENG","The project objective is to develop a visual based project control system for public sector agencies using design-build acquisition techniques. At the core of the tool is an integrated analytical model which identifies primary control criteria, analyzes their status from real time data, and provides 3-dimensional visual feedback.  The model will be built using case studies from previous design-build projects of the Building Research Board and the Design-Build Institute of America member agencies.  3D animation and a web-based information system will organize, analyze, and disseminate control reports.  Rigorous testing of the new paradigm will be performed by comparing model results to actual project performance.  Project control in the public sector has not changed appreciably in the past 25 years.  New delivery mechanisms such as design-build and advances in 3D computing capability merits investigation into new paradigms of project control.  A 3D visual-based control paradigm will significantly enhance current control systems resulting in improved public sector performance."]
["CAREER: Online Measurement, Evaluation, and Adaptation of   Parallel Applications","OCI","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM","Hollingsworth, Jeffrey","MD","University of Maryland College Park","hollings@cs.umd.edu","O/D","The goal of this research program is to fundamentally change the activity of tuning parallel and distributed applications, from a manual, user intensive process, to an automatic one.  The project will investigate four specific steps towards this goal.  First, it will seek ways to not only identify the place where a bottleneck occurs, but also the cause of the bottleneck.  Second, it will develop techniques to permit programmers to evaluate different tuning alternatives by predicting the impact specific tuning options will have on a program's execution time.  Third, it will expand parallel measurement tools beyond computation and communication to include parallel I/O systems.  Fourth, it will investigate ways to close the performance measurement and tuning loop to create self tuning applications that can automatically adapt to their computational environment."]
["CAREER:  Gas Phase Cleaning of Semiconductor Surfaces","DMR","METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS","Muscat, Anthony","CA","San Jose State University Foundation","muscat@erc.arizona.edu","MPS","9703237 Muscat  The objective of this CAREER project is to understand how water and other polar molecules initiate and sustain silicon dioxide etching in the gas phase using hydrogen fluoride. Oxide etching is an important process in the fabrication of microelectronic devices and is a paradigm for gas phase adaptation of the aqueous solutions that are currently used to prepare semiconductor surfaces between primary processing steps such as plasma etching and deposition. A mechanism is proposed for gas phase etching of silicon dioxide in HF/water mixtures to understand how water initiates and sustains etching and how the strong HF bond is broken. Experiments in both the fast etching regime where rates are industrially viable and the single layer regime where the surface and gas phase can be controlled precisely in an ultra high vacuum apparatus will be studied. Real time Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry done in situ will be complemented with ellipsometric and Auger measurements made after etching to examine the mechanistic details. Specifically, the rate of production and chemical bonding of surface silanol (Si-OH) groups will be examined in the fast etching regime as a function of pressure, surface temperature, and the fractional saturation vapor pressures of HF and a hydroxyl-bearing molecule, such as water, alcohols, glycols, and glycerol. Precise coverages of HF and a hydroxyl-bearing molecule will be deposited on an oxide surface in an ultra high vacuum chamber to examine chemical bonding, clearing of the final oxide layer, and a bifurcation in the reaction when the dosing order is reversed. %%% The project addresses fundamental research issues in a topical area of materials science having high technological relevance.  The research will contribute basic materials science knowledge at a fundamental level to important aspects of microelectronics materials and devices, in general. An important feature of the program is the emphasis on education, and on the  integration of research and education through the training of students in a fundamentally and technologically significant research area. ***"]
["CAREER:  Studies in the Transition Control of Multi-Product Chemical Reactors","CTS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Hoo, Karlene","SC","University of South Carolina at Columbia","karlene.hoo@ttu.edu","ENG","Abstract - Kosanovich - 9703252    The objective this research is the development of a rigorous theoretical framework that can be used to design an effective feedback control strategy for multi-product chemical reactors.  The motivation is provided by a global market economy which demands that the manufacture of multiple grades of a single product be made efficiently using the same equipment while simultaneously minimizing the production of off-spec material and maintaining safety and environmental constraints.  This project is a fundamental approach to this problem that starts with modeling and analysis of the multiple nature of the operations leading to a framework that permits the design of a hybrid supervisory control strategy.  Specifically: (1) local approximation models will be developed to represent the multiple process operations and constraints at each operating point, and (2) a dynamic supervisory controller will be designed to select and to switch into operation, the best controller from a set of possible controllers, that will provide superior setpoint tracking.  This research will provide new and fundamental insights into the transition control problem, resulting in a new theoretical framework that combines multi-resolution modeling and robust controller design with analysis of stability and performance of the closed-loop system.    The expected results will enhance the education of chemical engineers at the graduate and undergraduate levels.  Examples of this include: the development of numerical programs in the form of algorithms to introduce multi-resolution model identification; the inclusion of transition control to the existing process control course; the development of a laboratory experiment to provide active experimentation and concrete experience of the proposed concepts; the collaboration with industry through co-operative externship programs to expose students to multi-product processes; and the use of workshops and thesis projects with industrial students to facilitate  technology transfer."]
["CAREER:  Structure, Defects, and Chemistry of Transition    Metal Oxide Surfaces","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Diebold, Ulrike","LA","Tulane University","diebold@tulane.edu","MPS","The objective of this Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER)  project, supported in the Analytical and Surface Chemistry  Program, is the characterization of the surface chemistry,  structure, and defects of transition metal oxide surfaces that  have broad scientific and technological application.  Professor  Diebold and her undergraduate and graduate students at Tulane  University will use a range of surface characterization  techniques in this work including scanning tunneling microscopy,  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy,  and thermal desorption spectroscopy.  The aim of this CAREER  research project is to probe the formation of defects and the  reactivity of these oxide surfaces at the atomic level to  establish a foundation for understanding the chemistry that  occurs at these surfaces.  Educational thrusts beyond involvement  of students in this research involve the development of a new  surface science course to complement the laboratory experience  and an outreach and mentoring program centered around the  establishment of a mobile scanning tunneling microscopy  laboratory.   Transition metal oxide surfaces are used in the fabrication of  gas sensors, catalysts, coatings for corrosion protection, and  environmental degradation systems.  Professor Diebold and her  students at Tulane University will apply several surface  spectroscopic methods that provide atomic scale spatial  resolution to the study of the chemistry, structure, and defects  of transition metal oxide surfaces with support of this CAREER  research project.  The chemistry that occurs at the surfaces of  these oxides is highly dependent on the structures that exist  there.  Knowledge of how these structures control these chemical  reactions will be produced by this work.  This hands-on  experimental program will have a positive educational impact on  the undergraduate and graduate students working on this project.   Portable scanning tunneling microscopy experiments and other  surface science experiments will be developed to bring the  excitement of this work to high school students in the New  Orleans and Mississippi Delta areas.  This activity will raise  these students' awareness of the excitement that can be  experienced in a scientific career."]
["CAREER: Multi-Rate Model-Based Control of Nonlinear  Processes","CTS","PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Soroush, Masoud","PA","Drexel University","masoud.soroush@drexel.edu","ENG","Abstract   CTS-9703278       The universal drive for more consistent attainment of high product quality, more efficient use of energy, and tighter safety and environmental regulations, has imposed far stricter demands on the control system than can be met by linear control alone.  The abundance of nonlinear processes in the chemical/petrochemical and biochemical industries, the inadequacy of linear control and state estimation for nonlinear processes, the market pressure for operation of the processes at their maximum capacity where optimum lies, and the multi-rate/delayed nature of many key process measurements, are the motivations for the development of controller and state estimators that can effectively deal with these process characteristics.    The research component of this project concerns multi-rate nonlinear control and state estimation with real-time application to industrial and pilot-scale processes.  The specific research objectives are: (i) to solve directly the fundamental problems of constraint handling and integral windup in discrete-time input-output (IO) linearizing control, via a model predictive control formulation of IO linearization, and to derive conditions for closed-loop stability in the presence of active input constraints; (ii) to study the fundamental problem of nonlinear state estimation from multi-rate, delayed measurements with guaranteed asymptotically stable estimator error dynamics; (iii) to develop a general and practical method of multi-rate nonlinear control within the framework of IO linearization; and (iv) to implement in real-time, the developed methods of multi-rate control and state estimation on an industrial polymerization reactor and a pilot-scale biochemical reactor.  The real-time implementation on the polymerization reactor will be carried out in collaboration with the E. I. duPont deNemours Company.    The instructional activities will include laboratory development, supervising high-school and undergraduate students to participate in the resear ch, and outreach activities for recruitment and professional awareness at Drexel.  In addition, the PI plans to focus on two activities, formulation of sets of open-ended industrial process control problems (each to be assigned in undergraduate or graduate process control courses as projects), and the development of interactive, media-rich computer-aided instructional modules for the Process Control and Process Modeling courses."]
["CAREER:  Application of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data to    Gravitational Lensing Studies and the Enhancement of Science Education","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","McKay, Timothy","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","tamckay@umich.edu","MPS","Abstract - McKay    A large amount of recent theoretical and experimental work has  shown that gravitational lensing effects afford our best  opportunity to directly measure the abundance and distribution of  total mass in the universe. Recent work has extended the  measurement of mass distributions from the strong lensing regime  of multiple quasar images and giant arcs to the weaker lensing  effects seen in the periphery of massive clusters of galaxies.  With the unique wide field imaging system of the Sloan Digital  Sky Survey (SDSS), it will be possible to extend such lensing  studies to very wide fields, and study density variations in the  universe independent of the bias between luminous and dark  matter. The weak lensing technique is the only way to directly  probe large scale structures in the mass density of the universe,  and the SDSS offers the only opportunity to do this over a large  fraction of the sky. These methods will be used to measure the  surface density of matter over one fourth  of the sky, to probe  the evolution of this density field using photometric and  spectroscopic redshifts, to measure directly the bias between the  observed local distribution of luminous matter and the underlying  mass distribution, and to measure the lensing mass of nearby  clusters like the Coma cluster. This is a difficult program,  requiring careful control of systematic errors, but the SDSS is  exceedingly well designed to meet these challenges. A  complementary program would search for quasar lenses within the  SDSS data for use in related studies.    Data generated by the SDSS will be used both for traditional  graduate and undergraduate research, and also as a tool for  bringing current research into the introductory classroom.  Advanced undergraduate students will be involved in  designing a  set of tools, using the SDSS data, to illustrate important  scientific principles. These tools will be used in a \"hands-on\"  cosmology class for entering non-science majors, in large  standard intro ductory physics classes, and will be distributed  through existing teacher outreach programs.  There will  be  continued efforts to improve the quality of standard  undergraduate teaching at the University of Michigan, and to  continue SDSS public information programs and a successful public  lecture series.    This project is a five year program that will enable a faculty  member at the University of Michigan to  develop further as an  astrophysics researcher and an educator. The grant will  support  the faculty member, a graduate student, and a number of  undergraduates in their analysis of gravitational lensing effects  in data to be obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. There is  also support to use the SDSS data in the development of new  educational materials for use in a variety of classroom  situations."]
["CAREER/EPSCoR:  Cooperative Agents for Conceptual           Search and Browsing of World Wide Web Resources","IIS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE|DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES","Gauch, Susan","KS","University of Kansas Center for Research Inc","sgauch@ku.edu","CSE","The goals of this project are four-fold: (1) to investigate ways to support distributed searching agents for the Web; (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of ontology-based Web browsing agents; (3) to study the use of of visualization agents for the Web; and (4) to keep a record of changes to the ontology to study how information changes on the Web. This approach has the following advantages: First, distributing the search process makes more equitable use of computing and network resources and allows search agents to be customized to reflect local interests and preferences. Second, an ontology-based browsing agent allows for more serendipitous access to Web resources. Unlike the current browsing structures (e.g., Yahoo), these browsing agents associate appropriate resources with each concept automatically. The ontology may adapt over time at individual sites, allowing the browsing structure to evolve as the Web itself evolves. Third, the ability to visualize large portions of the Web in a more abstract way allows users to quickly get an impression of what type of information is available. Fourth, by keeping a history of changes to the local ontologies, the ebb and flow of the importance of concepts locally and globally can be presented. Finally, undergraduate and graduate students are being exposed to a truly interdisciplinary research through their involvement in a long term project that combines expertise from several fields, primarily computer graphics, artificial intelligence, distributed processing and information science. The World Wide Web (WWW) offers the promise of unlimited access to electronic information. However currently, the reality is electronic access to unlimited anarchy. This project is addressing the use of conceptual ontologies to bring order to the chaos."]
["CAREER:  Conjugated Ionomers:  Synthesis, Self-Doping, and  New Device Architectures","DMR","POLYMERS|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","Lonergan, Mark","OR","University of Oregon Eugene","lonergan@darkwing.uoregon.edu","MPS","9703311  Lonergan    The research program in this CAREER award targets the development  of a new concept in conjugated polymer interfaces:  the use of  conjugated ionomers to form stable interfaces between  dissimilarly doped conjugated polymers.  The realization of this  concept will open a new avenue in the study of conjugated polymer  interfaces.  An avenue that has great promise for the fundamental  study ofthe electronics of conjugated polymers at interfaces and  that may lead to a number of exciting new device technologies.  The research program has three major elements: (1)  a synthetic  effort to develop ring-opening polymerization techniques for the  synthesis of conjugated ionomers with a controlled density of  ionizable functionalities, (2)  the development of innovative  doping methodologies for the preparation of truly self-doped  polymers and for the preparation of multilayer structures in  which each layer has different doping characteristics, and (3)  the fundamental study of interfaces between differentially doped  conjugated polymenrs, such as the polymeric pn junction, to test  traditional models of current flow and depletion at semiconductor  interfaces.  In this CAREER award, activities in support of  chemical education at a variety levels are also detailded.  At  the undergraduate level, a program of implementing tested  innovations into the general chemistry curriculum at the  University of Oregon is described; these include an emphasis on  the concepts of learning through inquiry and of learning from  peers.  The goal is to better involve students in their own  education and go beyond the facts of science to teach how science  is done.  On the graduate level, the projects works toward  improving Oregon's ability to better meet the educational and  career goals of individual students while maintaining the  scientific rigor and high standards befitting an Advanced degree  in chemistry.  %%%  The primary outcomes of this work will be: (1)  self-doped  polymers where the leve l of injected charge is precisely balanced  by the density of covalently bound ionic centers, (2)  a general  approach to all polymeric pn junctions and other device  structures involving contacted differentially doped conjugated  polymers, (3)  a systematic study of depletion in conjugated  polymers, and (4)  a clearer picture of the promise for  conjugated polymers in semiconductor device applications.  ***"]
["CAREER:  The Folk Theory of Behavior:  Implications for     Social Perception and Interaction","BCS","SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY","Malle, Bertram","OR","University of Oregon Eugene","bfmalle@darkwing.uoregon.edu","SBE","One of the basic problems that people face as social beings is to make sense of each other's behavior. This research project investigates how people solve this problem. The approach is to understand people's `folk theory of behavior,` which refers to the conceptual framework within which people describe, explain, and influence human behavior. By studying this `folk theory,` it is expected that regularities inherent in communication, interaction, and social relationships will be better understood. The theoretical model relies on two propositions:(1) that people distinguish between intentional and unintentional behavior, and (2) that people explain unintentional behavior by mere causes (e.g., inside the person, in the situation), whereas intentional behavior is explained with reasons (e.g., beliefs, desires). Initial evidence for these propositions has led to an integrative model of folk explanations. This model generates numerous implications that are tested in the present research program, grouped under four questions:(1) How do people judge intentionality? (2) Which behaviors do people attend to? (3) How do people evaluate behavior? and (4) How do people explain behavior? To answer these questions the research employs multiple methods, including questionnaires, interactive audio-visual computer presentations, detailed coding of existing texts (e.g., novels, diaries), and observations of dyadic interaction. The aim of this research program is to identify key components of people's folk theory of behavior and to examine their substantial implications for social perception and social interaction. The aim of the associated educational activities is to increase awareness, among students and the public, of social perception and interaction phenomena and of the principles that govern them."]
["CAREER: Establishing the Efficacy of Cryomyolysis -         Cryosurgery of Uterine Fibroids","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Bischof, John","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","bischof@umn.edu","ENG","9703326  Bischof  Uterine fibroids are the most common organ disease in gynecology  and the most common reason for major surgery in women.  Current  treatments include hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus),  myomectomy (surgical removal of the fibroid), and most recently  myolysis (destruction of the fibroid in the body).  The proposed  work will investigate the potential of cryosurgery of the fibroid  or cryomyolysis as a conservative alternative for women who  suffer from fibroids but do not wish to undergo a surgical  operation to remove either the fibroid or their uterus.  The  hypotheses are: 1. The effectiveness of cryomyolysis is due  primarily to vascular injury (damage to the vascular network  nourishing the fibroid) as opposed to direct cellular injury  (damage to the fibroid cells themselves), and 2. The extent of  cellular destruction can be predicted based on the thermal  history imposed on the tissue during cryomyolysis.  By testing  these hypothesis in the specific aims of the proposal, we will be  able to answer the following questions:  How low a temperature  held for what length of time is necessary to destroy single  fibroid cells and tissues?  Is there a difference in the ability  of cryosurgery to destroy the cells and tissues when they are in  the body (in vivo) vs. when they are outside of the body (in  vitro)?  If a difference exists, can it be attributed to a  vascular in injury mechanism inside the body (in vivo)?  And  finally, how does the size of the ice ball that is formed during  the surgery correlate to the amount of tissue destroyed as a  result of the technique?  The answers to these questions are  critical to a thorough understanding of the mechanism of  cryosurgical destruction and, consequently, to the prudent and  effective application of this surgical technique in uterine  fibroids.  ***"]
["CAREER: Optimizing Fiber-Optic Communication Systems        Through Analytical Modeling of Linear and Nonlinear         Signal Degradations","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Brandt-Pearce, Maite","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","mb9q@virginia.edu","CSE","This research pursues the design and analysis of multiuser optical  communication systems to increase the performance, distance, and capacity  of existing and future systems.  The focus is on  the physical layer -  i.e., the actual single fiber links that connect the nodes of large.  The  intense demand for more data, voice, and video in and out of every home and  office has led to multiuser systems that are typically broadband and high  power, sometimes leading to severe linear and nonlinear degradation in the  signal due to properties inherent to the fiber.  Mastering these physical  limitations can translate into a hundred to thousand fold increase in  capacity of existing infrastructure, with a potential savings of billions  of dollars.    The goal of this research project is to identify, characterize, and combat  signal degradation in fibers, and to use this information to design the  highest capacity multiuser systems.  While the physical properties of  fibers have been broadly measured and defined, the proper design of fiber  systems to optimize signal properties for communications has not been fully  considered.  A tool has been developed that provides a method of obtaining  an analytical closed-form solution of a nonlinear differential equation  describing the propagation of optical signals through silica fiber.  The  result is a Volterra model for the fiber which can be used to both quantify  the signal degradation due to the fiber and to design algorithms and  devices to combat this effect.  The model will be used to analyze the  performance of optical TDMA, CDMA, and WDMA networks including realistic  distortions such as intermodulation products, intersymbol interference, and  multiple user interference.  This same model will then be used to define  signal processing algorithms and corresponding nonlinear devices to combat  signal degradation.  The possibility of creating a communication system  that uses the soliton waveform in multiuser systems will be studied.  Solitons are hi ghly desirable in that they take advantage of the nonlinear  fiber effects to cancel pulse dispersion caused by linear effects. Finally,  effects such as nonlinear polarization on coherent light communication  systems will be analyzed using a modification of our Volterra model.    The education portion of this study includes three new courses for  improving the instruction of undergraduates and graduates in optical  communications and multiuser communication at the University of Virginia.  Two courses emphasize development of the optical communication system from  the ground up (without relying on the usual RF analog), followed by a third  course in multiuser communication, tied directly to this and related research.    The primary goal of an educational institution to prepare the new  generations for tomorrow can be accomplished only if the institution  responds to the needs of the current and future students.  One important  aspect of this goal is to respond to the increased interest of women in the  field of engineering.  Following her hypothesis that women are socialized  to find importance in issues of human and social concern, this researcher  will be active in modifying the current methods of teaching engineering to  show the link between technical methodology and the resulting products and  services. Students will be encouraged to work within well defined groups  that echo the work place environment.  Being a female in a field that is in  transition from being male dominated carries the responsibility of being a  role model.  Female engineering students will be especially encouraged to  participate in a mentoring program instituted to promote success, a sense  of belonging and strong self esteem.     World-Wide Web Link: http://watt.seas.Virginia.EDU/~mb9q/"]
["CAREER: Physical Descriptions and Numerical Strategies for  Transient Interfacial Mechanics","CMS","MATERIALS DESIGN & SURFACE ENG|SURFACE ENGINEERING","Laursen, Tod","NC","Duke University","laursen@acpub.duke.edu","ENG","9703356  Lauersen  A CAREER award supports a study of contact friction.  Key  issues emphasized include development of energetically  consistent numerical algorithms for transient friction  processes, development of an integrated thermodynamic and  computational approach to the treatments of thermal coupling  at the interface and of rate effects, friction anisotropy  and lubrication and wear.  The results will be compared with  data obtained from the automotive industry on the thermal  behavior of brakes and the dynamic behavior of tires on  rough roads.  The educational aspects of the award include  undergraduate student-assisted development of electronic  textbooks for basic solid and fluid mechanics courses.  ***"]
["CAREER: The Productive Re-Use of Industrial ByProducts to   Solve Environmental Problems: A Paradigm Shift in the Way   Industrial ByProducts are Traditionally Viewed","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|GEOTECHNICAL I","Grubb, Dennis","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","dgrubb@ce.gatech.edu","ENG","Abstract  Proposal: CMS 96-16854  PI:  Dennis G. Grubb:  Georgia Institute of Technology    \"Career:  The Productive Re-use of Industrial Byproducts to  Solve Environmental Problems:  A Paradigm Shift in the Way  Industrial Byproducts are used \"      The overall objective of this Career development plan is to  explore the interface between geotechnology, geochemistry,  environmental engineering and the social sciences, the  latter principally due to the stigma associated with  industrial byproducts.  The research program will emphasize  core skills in fundamental science and engineering, and will  have its nexus with the educational program in these same  areas, but also in creative thinking.    Specifically, this research will evaluate whether fly ash  (pure or blended with other industrial byproducts) can be  used as a porous geochemical filter (PGF) media to  successfully mitigate or attenuate acid mine drainage (AMD).  The primary objective will be to identify a strategy for  rapid deoxygenation of AMD leachates while minimizing the  negative impacts of iron precipitation, i.e., pore clogging  in the PGF itself.  The second objective is to identify and  quantify the governing redox chemistry, and precipitation  and sorption phenomena associated with the flow of AMD  through the various PGF media, including the redox reactions  involving metals that are mediated by microorganisms under  anoxic conditions.  The third objective is to identify which  PGF media can best immobilize metals and to correlate this  performance with geochemical and geotechnical index  properties.    The educational activities will be constructed to promote  mental and experiential breadth and conceptual versatility.  Critical thinking techniques will be introduced, and special  facets will be developed to attract and retain more students  from all groups of engineering.  Existing and new coursework  will be infused with information from history and philosophy  of science and engineering, and will highlight factors that   can contribute to the discovery and problem solving process.  The study of productive use of industrial byproducts will be  introduced into coursework, as a means of initiating  paradigm shift in attitudes concerning industrial byproducts  and their productive re-use.    ***"]
["CAREER: Intersymbol/Interchannel Interference Cancellation  Using Multirate Filterbanks","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Xia, Xiang-Gen","DE","University of Delaware","xxia@ee.udel.edu","CSE","This project is developing new InterSymbol Interference (ISI) and InterChannel  Interference (ICI) cancellation methods in communication systems by using  pre/post coding via nonmaximally decimated multirate filterbanks.  It will also  provide up to date information in ancillary areas via several undergraduate and  graduate courses.  These include digital communication systems, error control  coding, information theory and data compression, wireless digital communications,  and multirate filterbanks and wavelets.  It is of utmost importance that students  are well trained in the rapidly growing multimedia communications area.    It has been shown that any finite tap ISI that may have spectral-nulls (or  frequency-selective fading) characteristics can be eliminated completely by using  nonmaximally decimated finite impulse response multirate filterbanks in pre/post  coding.  Moreover it has been shown that the precoding may be independent of the  ISI channels and therefore feedback may not be necessary.  In this research, not  only the ISI but also random channel noise in communication systems is being  considered as a whole.  In particular, the multirate filterbank pre/post coding  for eliminating ISI, and the traditional error protection coding for correcting  random errors, are being combined to achieve better performance that existing  techniques.  This pre/post coding technique will also be applied to mitigate ICI  in multiple-user communication systems, such as wireless mobile communication  systems."]
["CAREER:  Investigating Research Issues in Ubiquitous        Computing:  The Capture, Integration, and Access Problem","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE|DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES|HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Abowd, Gregory","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","abowd@cc.gatech.edu","CSE","The  defining  characteristic  of  ubiquitous  computing  is  the  attempt  to  break away from the traditional desktop  interaction  paradigm  and move computational power into the environment  that  surrounds the user.  This award focuses on automating the capture  of  individual  and  group experiences, in  order  to  facilitate  access  to  a  richly integrated record of events: the  automated  capture, integration and access problem for ubiquitous computing.  The   natural  candidates  for  this  capture  are  collaborative  activities  such as meetings, education, and design.  This  award  will   initiate  a  large-scale  ubiquitous  computing  effort---  Classroom  2000---to access and support the rich  interaction  of  classroom  experience,  and  will  grow  to  support  and  assist  students  through  their educational careers  and  beyond.   Open  issues  include  effects of granularity of capture,  support  for  revision  during access, and how interactions among collaborators  affects   capture  and  integration.   Of  special  interest   is  determining  whether  and  how  ubiquitous  computing  technology  supports  note-taking practices that contribute to near-term  and  long-term educational goals."]
["CAREER:  Vibrational-State Selected Studies of Gas-Surface  Reactions: Strategies for Chemical Control of Gas-Surface   Reactivity","CHE","STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Utz, Arthur","MA","Tufts University","autz@tufts.edu","MPS","In this CAREER project supported by the Experimental Physical Chemistry   Program of the Chemistry Division, Arthur Utz of Tufts University will   use supersonic molecular-beam techniques, infrared laser excitation of   gas-phase reagents, and ultrahigh vacuum surface characterization to   elucidate the role of vibrational energy, both alone and in combination   with translational energy, in promoting the reactivity of gas-phase   molecules incident on a solid surface.  Experiments will probe the   dissociative chemisorption of methane on a Ni(111) surface.  The   educational goal of this project is to stress the importance of active   learning.  For chemistry majors this will be accomplished through student   participation in original research, providing a hands-on experience that   should lead to a deeper and more lasting understanding of important   concepts and skills.  Cooperative learning methods and open-ended   laboratories incorporated into the curriculum should produce a similar   result for all the students enrolled in chemistry courses.  Other   educational methods, such as public information forums targeted at the   non-scientist, will help convey the importance of chemistry outside of   the classroom.  Comparing the reactivity of methane excited with different amounts of   vibrational energy will identify the nuclear motions most effective at   promoting chemical reaction and will help explain the molecular basis for   the dissociation of methane following adsorption on an ordered metal   surface.  These results have practical importance in understanding   materials deposition, semiconductor device fabrication, and heterogeneous   catalysis processes used in the chemical industry, and will help   understand how to improve the yields of desired products and reduce the   levels of unwanted byproducts.  The educational component of this work   should increase the level of understanding of chemistry for both   specialists and the general public and demonstrate the effectiveness of   such approaches to scientists in other fields."]
["CAREER:  Multi-disciplinary Research and Education Program  in Laser and Thermal Science with Application to            Microfabrication Engineering","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Shannon, Mark","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","mshannon@uiuc.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT    The principal investigator (PI) observed that holes smaller than the diameter of a laser beam could be created during high-intensity laser ablation of copper and aluminum.  The PI postulated that the holes were caused by self-focusing of the laser beam when it interacted with the induced plasma.  This proposal seeks to study the self-focusing phenomenon through a combined experimental and analytical effort.  The temporal and spatial profiles of laser beams interacting with a plasma will be measured using different laser pulse rates.  The experimental results will be used with analyses to give estimates of heat flux and investigate the fundamental mechanisms of self-focusing of laser beams.  The PI's educational plan includes using laser demonstrations to stimulate interests among primary and high-school students to learn science and engineering."]
["CAREER:  Hardware Support for Accurate and Reliable         Numerical Computations","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Schulte, Michael","PA","Lehigh University","schulte@engr.wisc.edu","CSE","Roundoff error and catastrophic cancellation in floating point computations can  quickly lead to inaccurate results.  The research objectives of this project are  to design, develop, and evaluate hardware support for avoiding such errors. The  project will concentrate on hardware and instruction set modifications to support  variable-precision arithmetic and interval arithmetic.  Work will include the  development of algorithms, design and simulation of hardware support, and  evaluation of cost, performance, and power consumption of the resulting hardware.  Promising designs will be fabricated.  Education in computer architecture and  processor design is being addressed by the development of courses, by  encouragement of undergraduate and graduate research, and by outreach to middle  school and high school students."]
["CAREER:  Linking the Atomic and Meso-Scales to Mechanical   Properties: A Case Study of Ni3Al","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Chrzan, Daryl","CA","University of California-Berkeley","dcchrzan@socrates.berkeley.edu","MPS","9703427  Chrzan  This is a CAREER award to a new faculty member.  The grant  is comprised of a research component integrated with an  educational component.  The goals of the award are to (1)  develop a detailed atomic and meso-scale understanding of  the mechanical properties of Ni3Al (and related materials);  (2) develop microstructure-based constitutive relationships  for these materials; (3) make computational materials  science more accessible to the typical materials scientist  through development and teaching of a computational  materials science \"lab\" course; and, (4) make the course and  codes widely available via the internet.  %%%  This is a CAREER award to a new faculty member.  The grant  is comprised of a research component integrated with an  educational component.  The goals of the award are tm (1)  develop a detailed atomic and meso-scale understanding of  the mechanical properties of Ni3Al (and related materials);  (2) develop microstructure-based constitutive relationships  for these materials; (3) make computational materials  science more accessible to the typical materials scientist  through development and teaching of a computational  materials science \"lab\" course; and, (4) make the course and  codes widely available via the internet.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Advances in Theory, Design Methods, and CAD for    Low-Power VLSI","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Stan, Mircea","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","mircea@virginia.edu","CSE","This research is on design methodologies for low power VLSI design.  Research  activities include the following. First, developing an understanding of low-power  I/O encodings and their application to practical problems. The approach is to  obtain new practical Limited-Weight codes, and extend low-power coding methods  to other data distributions (e.g. Gaussian data) and to other bus models (e.g.  with cross-coupled capacitance).  Second, extending a locally developed  prototyping tool to system-level power estimation, and developing a prototyping  test-bed for validating theoretical advances and as an education tool. Finally,  an exploration of implementing low-power codes in real applications is being  undertaken with industrial partners in order to improve the practical relevance  of theoretical results."]
["CAREER: Coulomb-induced Dynamics in the Nonlinear Optical   Spectra of Low-dimensional Systems: Beyond Mean Field Theory","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Perakis, Ilias","TN","Vanderbilt University","ilias.e.perakis@vanderbilt.edu","ENG","Proposal Number:                ECS-9703453   Principal Investigator:         Ilias Perakis    Title:  CAREER:  Coulomb-induced Dynamics in the Nonlinear Optical Spectra of Low-Dimensional Systems:  Beyond Mean Field Theory    The fundamental principles of how many-body Coulomb interactions influence sub-picosecond nonlinear optical dynamics in semiconductors and metals will be investigated using a theoretical/computational approach: the coupled cluster approach. The extension of formal field theoretic techniques to the ultrafast regime has never been done in a complete or systematic manner. Many-body charge interactions are of importance in describing charge generation and recombination on ultrafast time scales. Experiments also indicate that Coulomb interactions among optically excited carriers could provide the mechanism that would allow optical switching devices to operate in the THz regime. Strong experimental collaborations will also be pursued. Switching is presently one of the most serious limiting factors in optical/optoelectronic communications, computing and other applications.    The educational plan involves development of a new multidisciplinary computational science major at Vanderbilt, with the strong endorsement from the department chair and university. Multidisciplinary computational science is growing in importance and is currently underrepresented in most university curricula.  A new class for freshman based on problem formulating approaches is also being developed, as is a general science course, which has basic electronic and computational aspects of the Internet as its theme."]
["CAREER: Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Piket-May, Melinda","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","mjp@colorado.edu","ENG","Proposal Number:                ECS-9703467   Principal Investigator:         Melinda Piket-May    Title:  CAREER:  Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation    Electromagnetic theory and analysis for high frequency design  problems such as high speed analog and digital design, interconnect technology, cellular communications, multipath propagation and quasioptical systems will be investigated.  The research will focus on embedding the circuit physics of nonlinear circuit devices in the full electromagnetic field physics of Maxwell's equations as solved by the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method.  A significant problem with the traditional FDTD technique is numerical dispersion. In this research the conventional 2-2 FDTD modeling will be interfaced to a modified 2-4 algorithm which mitigates numerical dispersion in the grid. Problems that are currently computationally inaccessible because of numerical dispersion will be significantly impacted by this research.  This includes many circuit problems in wireless and optical applications.    A significant part of the educational plan involves a design  oriented freshmen projects course focused on the area of assistive technology.  The students will design and fabricate devices for use as aids to handicapped individuals within the local community/specialty educational system.  In addition to the design of novel and successful devices, the students also learn problem formulation and team participation skills. Additionally, emphasis is placed on careful analysis and re-working of designs which failed to meet criteria for successful use, as defined by the handicapped client.  This work is a significant contribution to the building of a strong interface between the University of Colorado Integrative Teaching Laboratory and the local community."]
["CAREER:  Generalized Search Technique for Indexing          Complex Data","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE","Hellerstein, Joseph","CA","University of California-Berkeley","hellerstein@cs.berkeley.edu","CSE","This project addresses two main challenges. The first is to produce a software development environment   for easily generating indexing techniques for new complex data, e.g., maps, images, sound, video,   sequences, documents, etc., with large database workloads. This is being done by (1) implementing a data   structure called a Generalized Search Tree (GiST) in the context of an Object-Relational database   management system, and (2) developing a graphical GiST visualization and debugging system. The   second challenge is to undertake a rigorous mathematical investigation of how and when one can develop   efficient indexes; this is referred to as a Theory of Indexability. Indexability theory is akin to complexity   theory, which has guided software developers in understanding how and when one can develop efficient   algorithms. The main distinction is that indexability focuses on space/time tradeoffs for indexes, and on   the fundamental secondary-storage challenges involved in database indexing. Execution of this research   agenda will produce a framework in which data domain experts (e.g., biologists, chemists, earth scientists,   computer multimedia researchers, etc.) can (1) identify whether their workloads are indexable, and (2) if   so, easily develop efficient indexes for their workloads, integrating these indexes with minimal effort into   Object-Relational database management systems. An additional effort is to integrate the development   environment into a curriculum for teaching both basic and advanced techniques in indexing and   indexability. This curriculum includes the software itself, along with assignments being tested in   undergraduate and graduate courses at Berkeley taught by the principal investigator."]
["CAREER:  Enhancement of Minority Research Opportunities     Through the Full Integration of Research and Teaching       Experiences","MCB","CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|GENE EXPRESSION","Jackson, Bruce","MA","Boston University","bruce_jackson@uml.edu","BIO","9707644  Jackson    Prostaglandins are a family of cyclic fatty acids which are potent mediators of key physiological processes in a large variety of organisms. Prostaglandins are continuously synthesized in cell membranes by the sequential action of the key regulatory enzymes phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and/or phospholipase C (PLAC), and cyclooxygenase (COX).  PLA2 /PLAC mediate the release of arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids.  COX incorporates two molecules of oxygen into arachidonic acid concomitant with the cyclization of the carbon chain to produce prostaglandin.  Two genes are known to encode COX, a constitutive COX1 gene and an inducible, early-response COX2 gene.  This research will determine the molecular mechanisms that regulate prostaglandin synthesis at the level of the COX1 gene promoter and COX1 mRNA.  The education portion of this project includes using this research program to further develop the Biotechnology Program for non-traditional and minority students at Massachusetts Bay Community College, to develop a related Marine Biotechnology Program involving Massachusetts Bay Community College, the New England Aquarium in Boston, and The University of the Amazon in Brazil; and to develop a science enrichment program for primary school students and teachers in the Boston Public School system.  %%%  Prostaglandins are a family of cyclic fatty acids which are potent mediators of key physiological processes in a large variety of  species. This research will determine the molecular mechanisms that regulate prostaglandin synthesis at the level of the COX1 gene.  The education portion of this project includes using this research program to further develop the Biotechnology Program for non-traditional and minority students at Massachusetts Bay Community College; to develop a related Marine Biotechnology Program involving Massachusetts Bay Community College, the New England Aquarium in Boston, and The University of the Amazon in Brazil; and to develop a science  enrichment program for primary school students and teachers in the Boston Public School system.  ***"]
["Investigation of the Adhesion of Enteromorpha clathrata and the Consequent Impact on Cavitation, Dynamic Response, and Performance Characteristics of Lifting Surfaces of Marine ...","BES","OCEAN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS|ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Gangadharan, Sathya","FL","Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University","sathya@erau.edu","ENG","9713110  Gangadharan  The two previous research grants awarded by the National  Science Foundation led to: (i) understanding of the adhesion  characteristics of Enteropmorpha clathrata and their  consequent effects on the hydrodynamic drag of flat plates;  (ii) the design, construction and operation of a cost-  effective water tunnel at Harbor Branch Oceanographic  Institution, and (iii) experimental and theoretical  investigation of the flow characteristics (lift, drag and  pitching moment) over fouled and unfouled bydrofoils.  The  current research is an extension of some of this work with  the intention of first, continuing the investigation of the  adhesion of Enteropmorpha clathrata on hydrofoils,  subsequent impact on flow field cavitation, and hydrodynamic  response characteristics on hydrofoils and marine  propellers; secondly to develop a detailed theoretical model  of Enteromprpha clathrata fouling on hydrofoil surfaces,  perform extensive experimental testing on hydrofoils in the  water tunnel using the Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)  system, develop a model from experimental results using  response surface methodology and correlate the results  obtained from theory and experiments and thirdly to  theoretically investigate the impact of fouling of the hull  on propeller vibrations and noise.    This 3-year research project will be separated into three  phases:  Phase I (Year 1): Involves the study of the flow  characteristics around the fouled hydrofoil surface using  the Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) available at the water  tunnel facility at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution.  Phase II (Year 2): Involves the investigation of the impact  of fouling on cavitation.  The hydrofoil model will be  treated as a single blade of a propeller and allowed to  cavitate with fouling.  The LDV system will be used to  characterize the flow patters at Harbor Branch Oceanographic  Institution.  Phase III (Year 3): Efforts will be primarily  concentrated in arriving at a relationship between  the  biological material properties and cavitation by inducing  biological growth or to remove/minimize the biological  growth on marine surfaces by inducing cavitation.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Phylogenies and the Comparative Method","DEB","PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS|COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY ACTIVITI","Martins, Emilia","OR","University of Oregon Eugene","emartins@indiana.edu","BIO","9720641 Martins  The \"comparative method\" is used throughout biology to uncover historical patterns across diverse groups of organisms. Today, it is widely accepted that any statistical analysis of comparative or interspecific data should be conducted in a phylogenetic context. Although several phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) have been developed for conducting such analyses, these methods suffer from a number of technical problems which make them difficult to apply.   In this project, Emilia Martins and colleagues will use computer simulation and theoretical development to correct several of the statistical difficulties involved in the application of PCMs. They will also continue development of a package of computer programs, COMPARE, which will make PCMs freely accessible to all biologists over the internet.  The primary goal of the education component of this project is to expose undergraduates to research. This will be done by 1) further developing our summer program for minority undergraduates in biology, 2) developing the use of the internet to allow undergraduates in my courses to interact with researchers from other campuses, and 3) expanding a course on phylogenetics to include a project in which the students collect and analyze data and prepare the results for publication in a scientific journal."]
["CAREER: Song and Plumage in the House Finch: A Study of     Signal Content in a Multiple-Signal System","IOB","ANIMAL BEHAVIOR","Hill, Geoffrey","AL","Auburn University","ghill@acesag.auburn.edu","BIO","IBN-9722171    Hill    Bright colors and beautiful song are among the most  conspicuous features of birds, but these traits pose a  paradox for evolutionary biologists.  How could such gaudy  traits, which seem to waste energy and expose individuals to  predators, have evolved by natural selection, a process that  should promote survivorship and reproduction?  The generally  accepted answer to this question is that such ornamental  traits arose through sexual selection, a process that  promotes access to mates either through mate attraction or  mate defense.  Female mate choice has been shown to be an  important selective agent in the evolution of ornamental  traits, but why should females choose such traits?  One  explanation for this riddle is that ornamental traits serve  as honest signals of male quality.  By choosing males with  well-developed ornaments, females choose better-than-average  males.  The plot thickens further, though, in that most  species of animals have not one but multiple ornamental  traits.  For instance, most species of songbirds have both  colorful plumage and song.  This research will study the  function of song and colorful plumage in the House Finch, a  common backyard bird found throughout the contintental U.S.  Studies will test the idea that female House Finches gain  different information about male quality from different  ornamental traits.  Colorful plumage in the House Finch is a  result of carotenoid pigments, which birds must obtain from  their diet.  Thus, plumage brightness is a function of the  nutritional condition of males at the time when feathers are  grown.  The control of song development is less well  understood, but it may also be dependent on nutrition.  The  focus of this work is on two measures of male quality:  disease resistance and parental effort. Using a combination  of experiments conducted with captive birds and observations  of wild birds, the study will determine how song and  ornamental plumage coloration of male House Finches relate   to two different types of disease: coccidia, a chronic  intestinal parasite, and conjunctivitis, a bacterial  infection of the eye and upper respiratory system with rapid  onset.   The prediction is that song, which is produced at  the time of display, will be a better indicator of fast-  acting disease of short duration.  In contrast, plumage,  which is grown over a six-week period, months before it is  used in display, will be a better predictor of chronic  infection.  Song and plumage may also convey different  information about the ability of males to provision young.  This research will be among the first to simultaneously  investigate the function of multiple ornamental traits, and  will provide new insight into the process of sexual  selection and the evolution of ornamental traits in animals.    The idea that conspicuous ornamental traits in male animals  might convey information about prospective mates to females  is an intuitively appealing hypothesis that many students  (in the broad sense - including high school students,  science teachers, undergraduates and adult education  students) find compelling. The research project will  incorporate an educational focus involving participation by  the previously-mentioned student populations. The House  Finch is an ideal species for studies intended to introduce  students to field biology - they are small, docile, easy to  catch, have bright colors that are easy to quantify, are  habituated to people, and nest in conspicuous locations on  campus. In addition, House Finches are found in nearly every  schoolyard in the U.S., and part of this study will also  develop science exercises with  high school teachers, and  allow students to experience the challenge and excitement of  real scientific investigation."]
["Career:  Evolution of Insect Flight","IOB","ECOLOGICAL & EVOLUTIONARY PHYS","Marden, James","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","jhm10@psu.edu","BIO","Marden   9722196         Insects constitute roughly two thirds of all known  species. Their unparalleled evolutionary success, as well  as their economic impact, appears to derive from their  ability to move rapidly over large distances in three  dimensional space, i.e. their ability to fly. This proposal  will investigate how flight evolved in insects. One of the  primary challenges for evolutionary biology is to determine  how complex traits, such as flight, evolved through a  series of intermediate stages. Without evidence for  advantageous intermediate stages, the only alternative  explanation is that some form of macro-mutation produced a  flight-capable animal de nova. Such an explanation strains  credulity given that flight depends on an exceedingly  complex interplay of wings, nerves, and muscles that simply  could not arise by chance. Thus, the critical task is to  identify possible intermediate stages of wing-propelled  locomotion that serve a beneficial purpose and present an  opportunity for progressive natural selection. Such a  system has been identified in stoneflies (Plecoptera), a  primitive group of insects that use wing propelled  locomotion to sail or flap their way across water surfaces.  This project will construct a DNA based phylogeny (a  \"family tree\") to determine how surface skimming, flight,  and wing structure in stoneflies has changed over their  evolutionary history.      Preliminary work on this project has been widely  publicized in print, radio, and television media, as its  significance and implications are readily grasped by the  general public. An episode of the public television series,  Scientific American Frontiers, presented this work to an  audience of over 1 million school children, followed by an  email question/answer forum with the scientists involved.  The ongoing work will continue to provide a highly visible  example of how modern biologists ask questions and seek  answers regarding evolutionary riddles that are central to  the history of life on  earth."]
["CAREER:  Genetic Investigation of Integrin Function at the  Synapse","IOB","NEURONAL AND GLIAL MECHANISMS","Broadie, Kendal","UT","University of Utah","broadie@biology.utah.edu","BIO","BROADIE, KENDAL   IBN - 9722213    Movement, behavior and higher brain function all require  nerve cells to transmit information to each other, and to  muscle cells. Information travels along the nerve cell in  the form of an electrical impulse, and is  transmitted to another cell via a special communication link  called a synapse. The objective of this research is to  understand the mechanisms of synapse formation and function.  One powerful approach is to use genetics and molecular  biology in the fruitfly Drosophila  melanogaster. Genetic  mutants which lack a particular component of the synapse are  studied to determine the normal function of that component  in synaptic mechanisms. The fly neuromuscular junction  (NMJ), a synapse formed between a motor nerve  cell and a muscle, is well suited for these investigations  because it is large and accessible for physiology studies.  Recently, a family of four integrin proteins were shown to  be present at the Drosophila NMJ. Integrins are proteins  which span cell membranes and are known to be important in  adhesion and for relaying information across the membrane.  Integrins are always found as pairs: one alpha subunit and  one beta subunit make a functional protein. At the  Drosophila NMJ, four of these integrin subunits have  intriguing expression domains; one alpha-subunit is present  in the nerve cell membrane, two alpha-subunits are present  in the muscle membrane and a single beta-subunit is present  on both sides of the synaptic cleft.  Unlike other synaptic proteins, these integrins show a  distinctive onset of  expression in the NMJ, following  embryonic development and concurrent with the onset of overt  synaptic plasticity, the use-dependent modification of  synaptic morphology and function. Moreover, a mutation in  one of these integrin subunits causes a specific loss of  short-term memory. These results suggest that integrins are  playing important, specific roles in the mature synapse,  possibly mediating a form of plasticity unde rlying higher  brain functions including memory. We propose to investigate  integrin function at the synapse by genetically modifying or  removing each integrin subunit in turn and in combination  and investigating their mutant  phenotypes with a combination of functional  (electrophysiology) and anatomical (light microscopy,  electron microscopy) assays at the NMJ. The long-term goal  is to completely characterize the function of integrins at  the synapse."]
["CAREER: Coherent Optics with Excitions:  A Program of       Photonics","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Snoke, David","PA","University of Pittsburgh","snoke@pitt.edu","MPS","9722239  Snoke    The proposed CAREER program combines research and teaching on  contemporary topics of modern optics, or \"photonics.\"  The  proposed experimental research examines the spontaneous  appearance of optical phase coherence due to excitonic long-range  order.  The phase transition of excitons to spontaneous  coherence, which is exactly analogous to Bose condensation of  atoms, will be studied in two and three dimensions, namely, in  semiconductor quantum wells and in bulk semiconductors.  The  proposed teaching program involves creating a photonics  curriculum which prepares students for the growing job market in  optics and bioengineering, including tpaining in techniques such  as time-resolved spectroscopy and acousto-optic modulation, as  well as introductory courses which make modern physics more  accessible to students of all kinds.  %%%  The proposed CAREER program combines research and teaching on  contemporary topics of modern optics, or \"photonics.\" The  proposed research centers on novel physical effects of  \"excitons,\" which are essentially photons in an optical medium  which act as though they have mass.  Under proper experimental  conditions, these \"heavy and slow photons\" can self-organize into  a coherent wave with a wavelength hundreds of times less than  ordinary light.  The proposed program of teaching involves  working with other members of the University of Pittsburgh to  create a photonics curriculum which prepares students for the  growing job market in optics and bioengineering, as well as  introductory courses which make modern physics more accessible to  students of all kinds.  ***"]
["PECASE: Growth Control Regulated by p53 and MDM2","MCB","SIGNAL TRANSDCTN/CELL REGULATN","Bargonetti, Jill","NY","CUNY Hunter College","bargonetti@genectr.hunter.cuny.edu","BIO","9722262  Bargonetti         This career proposal is integrating laboratory  experiences and research into undergraduate and graduate  programs for students at Hunter college.  This investigator  is studying p53 as a cell cycle check point factor.  The  undergraduate students will examine the effect of  p53 on  the growth curves of mammalian cells in culture, and look at  the effects of p53 on transcriptional activation.  The  graduate students will look at the distribution of p53  during the cell cycle in cells before and after induced DNA  damage, and also look at the DNA binding properties and  phosphorylation state of p53.  These studies will provide  information on how p53 controls cell growth.  %%%    This career award is combining the research with the  training of undergraduate and graduate students at Hunter  College. Since Hunter College is a minority institution, a  number of underrepresented minorities will be trained in  this research which will provide important information on  how a protein, p53 acts to regulate the cell cycle.  ***"]
["Genetic Analysis of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum","IOB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY","Cushman, John","OK","Oklahoma State University","jcushman@unr.edu","BIO","9722285  Cushman  Most higher plants assimilate atmospheric CO2 through the C3 pathway of photosynthesis using ribulose bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO).  However, when environmental-stress conditions reduce the availability of CO2, increased photorespiration reduces the efficiency of C3 photosynthesis.  To overcome the wasteful process of photorespiration, about 10% of higher-plant species have evolved two alternative strategies for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation.  These alternative carbon-fixation pathways, C4 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), employ a CO2 pump to concentrate CO2 within plant tissues near RUBISCO.  This process improves the competitiveness of C4 and CAM plants under environmental-stress conditions such as high light intensity, high temperatures, or low water availability.  Unlike C4 plants, however, CAM plants assimilate CO2 mostly at night, limiting daytime water loss through transpiration and greatly improving water-use efficiency.    The goal of this research is to identify and characterize key structural and regulatory components of the CAM pathway by isolating mutants defective in CAM using the common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) as a model system.  To complement this approach, a non-redundant database of expressed-sequence tags (ESTs) will be established by sequencing randomly selected complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of expressed genes.  This EST collection will provide a rich source of sequence information for identifying novel genes or gene-family members and expression patterns peculiar to CAM plants.  The mutant and EST collections generated by this research will provide an indispensable resource for researchers worldwide investigating CAM plants.    The availability of large amounts of nucleotide-sequence information from EST and genome-sequencing projects in a variety of model organisms is rapidly changing the way in which biological research is conducted and has generated a pressing need to educate scientists in the  analysis and study of biological information (Bioinformatics).  To exploit biological-information resources effectively, an integrated educational and research program will focus on instructional and training opportunities in Bioinformatics.  A semester-long Bioinformatics course, an abbreviated \"hands-on\" Bioinformatics workshop, and a series of instructional modules (with computer lab) will be developed where graduate, undergraduate, and high-school students will learn how to use informatic tools and resources through active participation in the M. crystallinum EST-sequencing effort.  In this way, the research on the genetic basis of CAM will be integrated with a series of unique instructional opportunities that combine research-based experiences with cutting-edge training in Bioinformatics."]
["CAREER:  Subcellular Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging","DBI","INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Webb, Andrew","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","agwebb@uiuc.edu","BIO","deseree davisdeseree davis    The proposed research aims to develop instrumentation which  will improve the resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance  (NMR) microscopy by at least an order of magnitude to the (1-  2 m)3  range. Since mammalian cells are typically 5-10 m in  diameter, this advance would open up a whole range of  subcellular applications which are currently precluded.    The intrinsic advantages of NMR over other microscopic  techniques include the ability to provide full three-  dimensional information and its non-invasive character. NMR  microscopy not only gives spatial information, but can also  be used to determine chemical composition, proton mobility,  and molecular diffusion, the latter two measurements giving  information on the physical environment of the biological  molecules of interest. The major innovation in this research  will be the design and optimization of radiofrequency (RF)  microcoils of diameter 100-200 m, an order of magnitude less  than has previously been used in NMR microimaging  applications. In addition to the intrinsic increase in  signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per voxel for a given voxel  size, the use of small RF coils results in a lower  acquisition bandwidth and further SNR improvements over  larger coils. These RF coils will also allow the design and  construction of very small diameter, high strength magnetic  field gradients, which will be necessary to overcome  diffusion and susceptibility effects and achieve the desired  resolution. An integrated assembly of RF microcoil, magnetic  field gradients, and micropositioner will be constructed.  Filtered back projection (FBP) techniques will be used to  acquire the data, since these have an intrinsically higher  SNR than Fourier techniques, and require smaller gradients  for a given resolution.    The first experiments using the optimized imaging system  will be to determine experimentally the maximum possible  resolution by comparing competing theories of effects of  molecular diffusion, the lowest  detectable number of spins,  and the effects of phenomena such as edge enhancement at non-  permeable boundaries. These have not been rigorously studied  previously since the sensitivity of the radiofrequency coils  was not sufficiently high. Two major biological applications  of the research are proposed. First, high resolution  microimaging of excised spinal cord tissue. Non-invasive MRI  has shown that signal intensity changes are produced by both  spinal cord damage and subsequent regeneration. In order to  understand these changes fully, it is necessary to look at  the small structures within the cord, as opposed to a large  volume averaged signal intensity from the whole cord.  Second, we will use the microscopic radiofrequency and  gradient coils to determine the presently unknown physical  environment of protein-rich vesicles by two dimensional  diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, information which should  help to elucidate the action of certain neurotransmitters in  mammals.    The development of micro-NMR systems is an emerging area in  imaging which should be fully integrated into our academic  curriculum. Currently the applicant, together with his  colleagues, have developed a unique series of three courses  in magnetic resonance within the Department of Electrical  and Computer Engineering. The major educational thrust will  be to complete the integration of interactive computer based  learning into these three courses, combined with the  preparation of a laboratory based course on magnetic  resonance systems to accompany a graduate level lecture  series. The proposed research has many aspects which are  relevant to electrical engineering: high frequency modelling  and simulations, electrical circuit characterization, and  design optimization, as well as applications which are of  interest to the bioengineer. Indeed, since magnetic  resonance is not usually an active area for electrical  engineers, we anticipate that significant advances will be  made by the inclusion of faculty, underg raduate and graduate  researchers from this department. More than twenty students  within the department have already chosen this area for  undergraduate research and their Senior Design projects with  the applicant in the past two years."]
["CAREER:  Neuropeptides and Motivated Behavior:              Neuroethological Studies","IOB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE","Miller, Mark","PR","University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus","mmiller@rcm.upr.edu","BIO","Lay Abstract    PI: Miller, Mark  Proposal Number: IBN-9722349    Many goal-oriented behaviors are said to be \"motivated\" as  their occurrence depends upon both extrinsic factors (such  as the presence of food) and the intrinsic state of the  organism (such as the level of hunger or satiety). This  investigation relates the activities of specific brain cells  and the connections between them to the generation of  complex motivated patterns of behavior. The project focuses  on the role of  chemical substances called neuropeptides,  which modulate the activity of these nervous system cells  during motivated behavior such as eating. The studies are  conducted as part of an undergraduate summer program at the  Institute of Neurobiology in San Juan, Puerto Rico so that  every step of the research program involves undergraduates.  Most organisms, including humans, exhibit a variety of  motivated behaviors. This project investigates the  fundamental principles underlying the brain mechanisms  controlling such behaviors. By coupling the research to the  undergraduate summer research program, the project provides  students with access to hands-on research opportunities and  experiences that were previously inaccessible to students at  the host institution."]
["CAREER: Critical Issues in Quantum Gravity","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|GRAVITATIONAL THEORY","Marolf, Donald","NY","Syracuse University","marolf@physics.ucsb.edu","MPS","Research in quantum gravity, a branch of theoretical  physics, will focus on the evaporation of black holes, the  microscopic structure of space and time, and the big bang.  The importance of quantum gravity research, in which one  tries to construct a theory of the force of gravity which is  compatible both with relativity and with quantum mechanics,  is that it opens a window to the most fundamental levels of  physical reality.  If there is ever to be a revolution  comparable to the discoveries of relativity and quantum  mechanics, the area of quantum gravity is where it may well  happen.       Work in physics education will concern introductory  mechanics and Einstein's relativity.  Dorm room experiments  for mechanics will be designed using high quality but  unintimidating equipment such as Mattel's `micro Hot Wheels'  toy cars.  This informal and interactive approach is  essential to students' becoming comfortable with physics and  building physics intuition.  Regarding relativity, a course  for non-physicists will be introduced.  Because Einstein's  `theory of relativity' is actually a well established  experimental fact, it is important that any student have the  opportunity to share this new understanding of space and  time."]
["CAREER:  New Approaches to the Structure and Function of    Higher-Order Protein-DNA Complexes","MCB","GENE EXPRESSION","Kahn, Jason","MD","University of Maryland College Park","kahn@adnadn.umd.edu","BIO","9722371  Kahn  DNA transactions such as replication, recombination, and transcription are all performed by large, organized multi-protein DNA complexes.  The three-dimensional pathway of the DNA and the arrangement of proteins within these higher-order complexes are fundamental to their functions.  The higher-order complexes that mediate gene regulation often include \"architectural\" proteins that bend DNA, thereby apposing other factors which otherwise would be separated, and presumably changing their interactions with each other or with RNA polymerase.  Understanding these combinatorial patterns of regulation is of great interest, especially as knowledge of the structures of the critical multi-protein DNA intermediates will be essential for controlling their functions, with attendant biomedical implications.  This research will focus on putative DNA wrapping around E. coli RNA polymerase during transcription initiation and elongation.  This wrapping may be mechanistically important and may have consequences for the large-scale organization of DNA in the cell.  The existing methods for probing this large-scale structure, including biochemical methods, gel electrophoresis, and microscopy, all have limitations.  A new methodology will be developed based on the enhanced cyclization or ring-closure of DNA whose ends have been brought together and aligned by bending or wrapping and on selection-amplification methods based on ligation of DNA fragments to form minicircles.  The starting population will be a large collection of DNA molecules bearing the specific DNA sites of interest and a segment with random length and curvature, synthesized by ligation of a mixture of curved and straight oligonucleotides of known solution structure.  Molecules which cyclize rapidly will be selected and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, and the process repeated.  The selected DNA molecules will be cloned and sequenced, and based on known properties of the components used in the random synthesis and on kine tic measurements of DNA cyclization, three-dimensional models for the higher-order complex will be obtained.  This procedure will be applied to the E. coil RNA polymerase DNA open complex, to complexes including the CAP protein, and to later intermediates in the transcription cycle.  This work will be pursued in the context of an integrated career, involving undergraduates as well as graduate students in the research.  Teaching in undergraduate and graduate courses will be pursued concurrently.  Computer-based methods for involving students in the course work and for encouraging them to explore on their own will be developed.  A departmental hardware and software resource center for teaching undergraduate and graduate biochemistry also will be created.  %%%  DNA transactions such as replication, recombination, and transcription are all performed by large, organized multi-protein DNA complexes.  The three-dimensional pathway of the DNA and the arrangement of proteins within these higher-order complexes are fundamental to their functions.  This research is specifically directed toward understanding large scale structures involved in gene expression and will be pursued in the context of an integrated career, involving undergraduates as well as graduate students in the research.  Computer-based methods for involving students in course work and for encouraging them to explore on their own as well as a departmental hardware and software resource center for teaching undergraduate and graduate biochemistry will be developed.  ***"]
["CAREER: Molecular Genetic Dissection of Plant Induced       Resistance to Disease","IOB","INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY","Delaney, Terrence","NY","Cornell University - State","Terrence.Delaney@uvm.edu","BIO","9722377  Delaney  Based on a mutant screen, SA insensitivity, the PI has identified a gene, nim1, which he proposes to use for the detection of suppressor mutants.  The objectives of the research include the characterization of such suppressor mutant lines, to obtain additional insight into reactions downstream of NIM1.  Another objective is the search for novel pathogen-induced genes in mutant lines in which SAR is disabled.  For this, differential display techniques will be used.  Finally, a mutant screen is developed which will identify additional components of the disease resistance syndrome which function in the nim1 background.  A teaching component included in the funded work will bring genetic analysis into the K-12 curriculum."]
["CAREER:  Structural Studies of Transcription Regulation by  RNA-Protein Interactions","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","Palmer, Arthur","NY","Columbia University","agp6@columbia.edu","BIO","9722392  Palmer  A career development program is described that integrates research and pedagogy of structure/function by NMR spectroscopy.  The research program will provide a molecular basis for understanding molecular recognition in RNA-protein complexes as well as transcription termination/antitermination in lambdoid coliphages.  The initial goal is the characterization of the interaction between HK022 Nun protein and Box B RNA sequences.  The educational objectives of this proposal are the development of resources for the teaching and self-study of high resolution NMR spectroscopy.  High-resolution NMR spectroscopy is an increasingly important component of chemical and biological research in academic and industrial settings, and courses in NMR spectroscopy are offered at an expanding number of universities.  The educational efforts are based on the textbook, entitled Protein NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Practice, co-authored by the PI of this proposal.  Course materials will be used in the course \"NMR spectroscopy of biological macromolecules\", taught at Columbia University, and will be distributed via the Internet.    Understanding the mechanisms by which proteins specifically recognize and interact with other molecules is a critical research problem in chemistry, biophysics, and biotechnology.  The research component of this proposal will use NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the nature of the interactions between proteins and RNA molecules that are important for molecular recognition.  The educational component will develop computer-based materials for teaching NMR spectroscopy at the advanced undergraduate and graduate university levels.  The educational materials will complement the textbook, entitled Protein NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Practice, co-authored by the PI.  ***"]
["CAREER:  DNA Replication and Telomere Maintenance","MCB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MICROBIAL GENETICS|GENES AND GENOME SYSTEMS","Samuels, D. Scott","MT","University of Montana","scott.samuels@umontana.edu","BIO","Samuels  9722408  Bacterial replicons are primarily circular DNA molecules, but linear plasmids and chromosomes have been identified in various prokaryotes. Telomeres, the physical ends of linear DNA molecules, are essential for the stability of these molecules. Distinct proteins and DNA sequences are required for replicating DNA and maintaining telomeres. The mechanisms of linear DNA replication and telomere maintenance in bacteria remain largely unknown. The replication and stability of prokaryotic linear DNA with hairpin telomeres has not been previously investigated. A model system for studying this class of linear DNA is the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The genome of B. burgdorferi consists of a linear chromosome, linear plasmids ranging from 16 to over 50 kb, and several circular plasmids. The research project focuses on trans-acting proteins and cis-acting DNA sequences required for DNA replication and telomere maintenance in B. burgdorferi. Several telomeres from B. burgdorferi linear plasmids have been cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence, predicted structure, and phasing of certain sequence motifs suggest that proteins bind at the telomeres. These putative trans-acting factors include the small DNA-binding protein HBb. HBb will be purified to homogeneity and its interaction with telomeres will be studied. In addition, other DNA-binding proteins will be purified by assaying their ability to recognize telomere sequence or structure. The DNA-binding properties of these proteins will be characterized. Sequences on the 16 kb linear plasmid that are required for replication and segregation will be analyzed by manipulating recombinant plasmids. These plasmids will be constructed using coumermycin A1-resistant gyrB, the only available antibiotic resistant marker in B. burgdorferi. The cis-acting sequences involved in the replication of circular plasmids from this unusual genome will also be analyzed. Student training, teaching biochemistry and molecular genetics courses, and devel oping new courses are important aspects of this CAREER award. Innovations include training high school teachers, undergraduates, and high school students, introducing computer modeling into the classroom, and designing courses to teach students to present and critically evaluate research seminars.  Life involves the passing of traits from parents to offspring; the genetic information encoding these traits is stored in the macromolecule DNA. Parental DNA must be accurately and precisely copied for transmitting genetic information to the offspring. The copying of DNA, and its segregation into offspring cells, requires the interaction of specific regions of the DNA molecule with specific protein molecules. In bacteria DNA is often circular, which solves a problem caused by a fundamental limitation in the DNA copying mechanism. A few bacteria, including the spirochete B. burgdorferi, have linear, rather than circular, DNA as their genetic material. This research project will address how linear DNA is copied in B. burgdorferi. Specific regions of DNA involved in the copying mechanism, including the ends of the linear DNA molecules, and the proteins that interact with these regions of DNA will be studied. This will be the first elucidation of the mechanism by which genetic information is transmitted utilizing this type of DNA. The teaching aspect of this project seeks to improve and expand the transmission of advanced knowledge to students and teachers from the high school to the graduate level."]
["CAREER:  Neuroethology of Hygienic Behavior","IOB","BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE","Spivak, Marla","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","spiva001@umn.edu","BIO","Lay Abstract    PI: Spivak, Marla  Proposal Number: IBN-9722416    This project develops a coordinated educational and research  program that offers undergraduate students a change to  become actively involved in their own scientific  development. The project is build around research designed  to understand the behavior and neural basis of hygienic  behavior in honey bees. Hygienic behavior is a mechanism is  a defense against a parasitic mite and a mechanism of  disease resistance in which bees identify and remove  parasitized and diseased brood from the hive. This project  examines the behavior expressed by bees, identifies the  sensory cues they use to trigger the behavior, and  investigates the nervous system mechanisms that control its  expression. Undergraduate students participate in research  projects ranging from practical bee breeding to behavioral  and neurobiological experiments in the laboratory.  Understanding the factors that regulate hygienic behavior in  honey bees, vital pollinators in may parts of the world  including agricultural areas, is critical as beekeepers  search for bees with natural defenses against diseases and  mites with the goal of reducing antibiotic and pesticide  application."]
["CAREER: Integration of Research and Education in            Experimental Particle Physics:  Silicon Technology for CDF  and the LHC","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|ELEMENTARY PARTICLE ACCEL USER","Bortoletto, Daniela","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","daniela@physics.purdue.edu","MPS","This research focuses on the development of high  precision tracking devices.  These will be part of large  scale particle physics detectors operating at the highest  machine energies available.  These devices, which use  silicon as the detecting element, will help physicists  reconstruct the details of how particles decay.  This, in  turn, will lead to an increased understanding of the physics  processes involved.  The ultimate goal of these experiments  is to discover the Higgs particle - the `missing link` of  the Standard Model of particle physics.  The technology  needed to make these devices work is at the cutting edge.  Its successful development will lead to applications in many  other fields of science and industry.  The PI will directly  involve undergraduates in this research, preparing them for  careers in many high-tech industries.  This award will also  help fund her outreach program directed at women in high  schools."]
["LT:  Models and Instruction for Life Cycle Material Content Decisions","BES","GRANT OPP FOR ACAD LIA W/INDUS|MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT|ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Stuart, Julie Ann","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","stuart@ecn.purdue.edu","ENG","9727209   Stuart   This proposal focuses on engineering approaches for   sustainability and design for materials reuse through the   development of polymer degradation models, product   characterization models, and life cycle material content   decision models.  Because these challenges are   multidisciplinary, collaboration between Chemical   Engineering (polymer processing), Industrial Engineering   (manufacturing processes), Operations Research (applied   mathematical modeling), and Mechanical Engineering   (product design) are described.  An important element of   this proposal is the integration of environmentally   conscious engineering approaches into undergraduate and   graduate engineering curriculum.      As the demand for plastics by the transportation,   aerospace, and durable goods industries is increasing, the   disposal of plastics is also increasing.  The analysis of   life cycle trade-offs between use of recycled plastics,   recyclability, reduction of process wastes, energy   consumption, yields, and product performance are complex.   To date, most companies process either 100% virgin   material or virgin material with small percentages of   regrind.  Sources of pure regrind may be internal or from   another industrial processor(s).  Companies embracing   product stewardship are struggling to develop viable   approaches to economically process and recycle returned   products.  Post-consumer polymers have been exposed to   various thermal and mechanical conditions.  In addition,   post-consumer products contain polymer blends as well as   additives such as reinforcements, paint, or flame   retardants.  Thus, post-consumer plastics introduce   additional raw material uncertainties into the   manufacturing process.      To achieve corporate sustainability goals for cradle to   cradle products, companies producing advanced polymers and   composites need polymer degradation models, product   characterization models, and decision tools for recycled   material content choices as well  as engineers who   understand sustainability issues and approaches.  Several   materials, manufacturing, design, and decision modeling   issues as well as curriculum integration must be   addressed.      First, we must be able to identify the measure of   degradation for incoming recycled materials.  Previous   studies have demonstrated the relationship between the   molecular weight distribution (MWD) and polymer   degradation properties such as viscosity and melt index.   We will investigate the feasibility of measuring the MWD   for common material mixes where mixes refer to various   recycling generations (virgin through fifth generation) as   well as polymer blends.  We must also characterize the   product complexities and the corresponding material   properties required.  Next, we will investigate the   relationship between the product complexities and the   material degradation properties.  Typical industrial   processing parameters for temperature and pressure will be   used.  The goal is to characterize the relationship   between the ratio of recycled content to virgin content   and the mold geometry, mechanical properties, and   rheological properties.  The materials degradation models   will provide valuable input for the life cycle material   content decision model.  The objective of the life cycle   material content decision model is to select material   content ratios in order to minimize costs subject to   constraints on regrind, post-consumer, and virgin material   supply, energy consumption, cycle time, and quality.      In five different undergraduate and graduate classes, the   principal investigators will motivate future engineers to   grapple with environmental materials selection challenges.   Industrial ecology principles as well as analytical   methods for life cycle material content decisions will be   integrated into the engineering curriculum.   ***"]
["CAREER: Theoretical Studies of Condensed Phase Conduction   and Spectroscopic Processes","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Space, Brian","PA","Duquesne University","space@cas.usf.edu","MPS","Brian Space is supported by a CAREER grant from the Theoretical and   Computational Chemistry Program to perform theoretical studies of   condensed phase conduction and spectroscopic processes.  This research   program focuses on the theoretical investigation of condensed phase and   interfacial phenomena.  The research is concentrated in two areas: 1) the   investigation of electronic localization and conduction behaviors at   metal-dielectric interfaces; and 2) the continued development of   instantaneous normal mode theories to better understand the information   contained in liquid state spectra.  Space will also integrate his   research and teaching efforts by introducing computer simulation into the   undergraduate Physical Chemistry curriculum at Duquesne University.    Instantaneous normal mode methods are rapidly emerging as a powerful new   tool for understanding the complex behavior of condensed phase systems.    They are providing new molecular insights into the interpretation of   experimental spectroscopic data and other materials properties"]
["Design and Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Photonic         Materials","CHE","BIMOLECULAR PROCESSES|UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Drain, Charles","NY","CUNY Hunter College","cdrain@hunter.cuny.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of methods for the assembly   of porphyrin building blocks into multi-component arrays and materials.    Discrete, ordered arrays of five to ten porphyrins will be self-assembled   and characterized using coordination of exocyclic ligands on the   macrocycle to metal centers with appropriate coordination geometry,   complimentary hydrogen bond molecular recognition groups and a hybrid   metal ion and hydrogen bond mediated approach.  One- two- and   three-dimensional porphyrin films, polymers and crystals will be prepared   and new methods developed for the characterization of these materials.    Also, new photonic materials will be prepared via self-assembly.  The   focus of the educational activities will be the development of a course   in supramolecular chemistry and efforts geared to high school science   outreach.  With this Faculty Early Development (CAREER) award, the   Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program is supporting the research   and educational activities of Dr. Charles M. Drain of the Department of   Chemistry at CUNY Hunter College.   Professor Drain will focus his   research efforts on the synthesis and characterization of new materials.    Arrays of five to ten porphyrins will be self-assembled to evaluate the   possible formation of these materials, the mechanism of electron and   energy transfer via non-covalent interactions and the process of   self-assembly.  The overall hypothesis to be evaluated is that highly   ordered photo-active films, polymers and crystals may be systematically   engineered by programming the correct bonding code into self-assembling   monomers.  The educational activities in the project include course   development  and out reach to high school students."]
["CAREER:  Stress Response in Recombinant Eschericia coli:  A Research and Educational Tool","BES","BIOCHEMICAL & BIOMASS ENG","Harcum, Sarah","NM","New Mexico State University","harcum@clemson.edu","ENG","9732957  Harcum  The objective of this career program is to enhance the  understanding of the stress response in recombinant  Escherichia coli and to integrate biotechnology research and  education of chemical engineers.  The research portion of  this proposal will use experiments to increase the basic  understanding of cellular control of proteolytic processes  during recombinant protein production.  Protease activity  levels will be monitored as well as the cleavage sensitive  peptide bonds determined.  A model will be developed and  refined to improve the control of recombinant fermentations.  This information will have the dual benefit of reducing both  fermentation and downstream purification costs.  The  education portion of the program is focused towards  educating chemical engineers in biotechnology principles to  meet the growing demand for this expertise.  The stress  response in recombinant E. coli will be model system for the  integration of research and education for undergraduate and  graduate students.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Measuring the Spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave     Background Anisotropy on Angular Scales from 0.15 to        4 Degrees","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Devlin, Mark","PA","University of Pennsylvania","devlin@dept.physics.upenn.edu","MPS","9732960  Devlin    The main scientific goal of the research is to the study the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background  (CMB) radiation.  The CMB is the photon remnant of the Big Bang.  The  observations of  the fluctuations in light intensity of the CMB, and by analyzing the data,  the fluctuations in the matter density of the universe at roughly 100,000 years after the big bang can be inferred and this information used to predict the present distribution of matter in the universe.  The anisotropy in the CMB provides a key test of models of structure formation of the Universe.  The knowledge of the sizes of fluctuations on different angular scales may allow the measurements of cosmological parameters such as the mass density of the universe, the expansion rate, and the baryon density.  These parameters will enable us to learn about the universe today, its past, and its future evolution.    The focus of the research is an aggressive plan to produce new results in CMB research. The plan is to combine the best aspects of ground-based and balloon borne experiments.  The plan is to measure the spectrum of the anisotropy of  the CMB on angular scales of from 0.15 to 4 minutes of arc with unprecedented accuracy.  The technique of using ground-based observations has already been proven with previous measurements made in Saskatoon, Canada..  These measurements have very long integration times, but are limited by the poor stability of the atmosphere at the site.  Balloon borne observations have negligible atmospheric interference, but are limited by integration time.  A telescope built for a balloon measurements has been converted  into the Mobile Anisotropy Telescope (MAT) which will be used to make observations from a high plateau (5,200 m) in Chile.  The atmosphere is stable at this site and integration times can be extended for as long as necessary.  The improvement in the  measurements will require the use of state-of-the-art detector technology.  A 115 element array of transition edge superc onducting bolometric detectors operating at 300 mK  will be built for use with the MAT telescope.  The array will to used to collect data which will yield independent measurements of the CMB anisotropy over a large fraction of the sky.  The net result will be an improvement over the sensitivity of  the Saskatoon data by an order of magnitude or more, and an increase in angular resolution by a factor of three.    The other goals are to establish a new laboratory for (CMB) research, to develop a research program that incorporates undergraduates and graduates, and to play a central role in developing an astrophysics curriculum.  The curriculum will  range from courses for general undergraduates and astronomy/astrophysics majors to courses for graduate students.  Major progress has already been made along each of these directions.   Data on the CMB with a balloon borne telescope has been obtained.  Undergraduates will be able to use a newly established laboratory.  The undergraduate students will come from a variety of backgrounds, including physics, mechanical engineering and computer science.  The development of a new astronomy course for non-majors will be exciting and instructive for both the faculty and students.  The plan is to extend the scope of the research and education activities by initiating an outreach program with the City of Philadelphia high schools which will provide area students with supervised projects in observational astronomy.  ***"]
["CAREER: Molecular-Level Characterization of Bonding and     Bioavailability of Monoaromatic Pollutants Associated wtih  Dissolved Organic Carbon","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Nanny, Mark","OK","University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","nanny@ou.edu","ENG","Mark Nanny  9732969  This is an award to support a project proposed in accord with the  Guidelines for Submission of Proposals to the Faculty Early  Career Development (CAREER) Program, NSF 97-87.  As such, it has  both a research and educational component.  The investigator's  research objectives are to conduct work that characterizes non-  covalent reactions of dissolved organic carbon with water  pollutants that affects their bioavailability, transferability in  aquifers and other factors that can be applied to engineering  design of systems to reduce the pollutional impact of leachate  from landfills.  The dissolved organic compounds he plans on  using have been isolated from the Norman Landfill leachate and  include humic acid, fulvic acid and hydrophilic organic matter.  The investigator plans on using deuterium-labeled aromatic  compounds such as toluene, ethylbenzene, nitrobenzene, phenol,  aniline, benzoic acid and methoxybenzene derivatives in addition  to pyridine and quinoline in the characterization of their  reactions with natural organic carbonaceous substances.    The Principal Investigator's educational component has an  outreach component aspect for involving secondary school  teachers, their students and undergraduates in environmental  research focussed on an actual problem such as those associated  with management of the leachate from a local landfill.  This  problem addresses environmental issues that are expected to  motivate students because of their immediate importance,  scientific and technological complexity.  The investigator plans  on inaugurating a summer program for high school students who  will assist in designing a research project to be conducted by  them during the succeeding academic year.  The investigator also  plans on implementation of the use of advanced analytical  instrumentation in undergraduate classes and integrating the  results of his research in the engineering design and  implementation of systems for solving hazardous waste management  problem s.  ***"]
["CAREER: Robust Learning Control with Application to         Intelligent Building Systems","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Young, Peter","CO","Colorado State University","pmy@engr.colostate.edu","ENG","9732986\n\nYoung\n\nThe research focuses on the development of new methodologies for robust controller analysis and design, which will be combined with reinforcement learning techniques to develop a new control paradigm: robust learning control.  These new analysis and design tools will then be used to address two specific application areas for intelligent building systems: structural control and environmental control.  These problems are highly multidisciplinary in nature, and present interesting and important research challenges.  At the same time simplified versions of these problems will be used as effective educational tools in a multidisciplinary undergraduate teaching laboratory.\n\n\n\nThe theoretical and computational part of the work will aim towards developing computationally efficient analysis and synthesis methods for a general class of robust performance problems for complex multivariable uncertain systems.  These will allow one to address problems with parametric uncertainty and (possibly nonlinear) dynamic uncertainty, with both unknown disturbances and known fixed inputs.  These theoretical results will be used as the basis for studying reinforcement learning controllers, by developing an uncertainty model for the learning process within the above robustness framework.  This will in turn be used to develop a new controller design methodology for robust leaning controllers, which combine the best aspects of robust and reinforcement learning control.  The controller will have guaranteed insensitivity to plant/parameter variations and disturbance signals, while at the same time it will be capable of precisely tuning itself to the nonlinearities and time-variations of a particular plant.\n\n\n\nThe first application area for these new techniques will be vibration supression in tall buildings.  The buildings will be subjected to loading which might arise from earthquakes and/or high winds.  The goal is to equip the building with sensors and actuators under computer control, creating an intelligent building which has the ability to sense and react to its enviroment.  Computer simulations, based on mathematical models, will be comtined with wind-tunnel experiments on a dynamically-scaled physical model.  A DSP-based real-time digital feedback control scheme will be used to implement advanced feedback controllers, operating at a sufficiently high bandwidth to effect control of wind-induced vibration on the structure.\n\n\n\nThese techniques will also be applied to design controllers for building environmental systems.  These Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems present very challenging control problems because they are complex nonlinear time-varying systems, and yet the controller is required to function on first powering up, preferably without human intervention.  Furthermore, high performance is required for energy efficiency, while at the same time robust stability is essential for safety reasons.  The new robust learning controllers will be tested both in simulation and on an experimental HVAC system.  \n\n***"]
["CAREER: Theoretical Investigations of Changes in            Photodissociation and Reaction Dynamics by Dimer and Small  Cluster Formation","CHE","QUANTUM CALCULATIONS","McCoy, Anne","OH","Ohio State University","mccoy@chemistry.ohio-state.edu","MPS","Professor Anne McCoy of Ohio State University is supported by a CAREER   grant from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Program to examine   theoretically the photodissociation and reaction dynamics of elementary   systems composed of several atoms.  A general approach will be developed   to approximate the quantum effects of large systems by treating a few   degrees of freedom quantum mechanically and the remainder of the system   classically.   This method will be applied to a number of systems where   detailed experimental data exist.  Novel educational ideas will be   incorporated into undergraduate and graduate courses, including   cooperative learning environments in lectures and recitations, and use of   the world wide web for information dissemination via course homepages.   By probing photodissociation and reaction dynamics under conditions where   comparisons to experiments can be made, an important step is made in the   connection between gas phase phenomena and more complicated chemistry   occuring in the condensed phase.  To make chemistry more relevant to   students, they will be actively encouraged to think about concepts and   their implications, rather than specific problem-solving techniques."]
["CAREER:  Coordination: Intergrating Organizational Style    with Environmental Characteristics","IIS","DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES","Decker, Keith","DE","University of Delaware","decker@cis.udel.edu","CSE","This award supports the development of a theory of coordination by means of examining the interactions of various organizational styles with the environmental characteristics of different problem domains.  Organizational styles can be operationalized as sets of coordination mechanisms that enforce certain behaviors as part of the style.  However, not all coordination behavior arises from abstract organizational styles; much arises from standard responses to specific environmental (problem domain) characteristics.   This research aims to extend environment and organization models, represent standard responses to common environmental problems, and develop operational specifications for organizational styles.  This allows the interactions between environmental constraints and organizational styles to be reasoned about analytically.  Designers are not doomed to create coordinated systems with only a few simple organizational behaviors and large numbers of brittle domain-specific coordination heuristics.  Instead, given good environment models and certain other constraints (often dictated by existing human organizations), desiginers can make principled choices of computational organizations and standard environment-influenced coordination behaviors.  This project will result in a much richer set of tools for building and analyzing both multi-agent computer systems and integrating such systems with existing human organizations in applications such as distributed information gathering, distributed scheduling, and concurrent engineering.     http://www.cis.udel.edu/~decker/research/organizations.html"]
["CAREER:  Analysis and Design of Matrix Microstructure in    Tissue Engineering","BES","BIOTECHNOLOGY","Moghe, Prabhas","NJ","Rutgers University New Brunswick","moghe@rci.rutgers.edu","ENG","9733007  Moghe  The research program of this career award is to develop a  technology to quantitatively evaluate matrix microstructure  and the corresponding cellular activities within  biodegradable tissue analog matrices.  Specific aims are to:  (1) develop a novel imaging methodology to quantitatively  investigate topological and bulk microstructure of 3-D  biodegradable porous tissue analogs under physiological  conditions; (2) design novel microstructural configurations  of polymeric matrices that promote the phenotype and  functions of cultured liver cells; and (3) examine the  effect of polymer degradation on the topological and bulk  matrix microstructure and the local physico-chemical  conditions to the physiology of liver cells.  For the  teaching component of this award, the specific aims are to:  (1) develop an innovative university-wide curriculum in  Tissue Engineering which reflects a focus on biomaterials  engineering; (2) establish a new course for students from  regional high schools with the goal of offering to selected  students a broad study of bioengineering as a field  combining life sciences with the physical sciences and  mathematics; and (3) extend outreach to other universities  and high schools by distance instruction through an internet-  based network.  ***"]
["CAREER: New Methods for the Analysis and Deployment of      Sustainable Infrastructure Systems","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP|INFO TECH & INFRASTRUCT SYSTEM|GEOTECHNICAL I","Miller, John","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","jbmiller@mit.edu","ENG","This CAREER award supports research leading to the development of a new methodology using project delivery and project finance methods as variables for optimizing the public infrastructure portfolio to replace the nation's current ideological confusion over `privatization` with reasoned engineering analysis.  Recent experiments with alternative delivery methods have produced hard evidence that, for many projects, more than one project delivery method is viable.  As project delivery and finance methods are considered variables, the optimization problem facing infrastructure decision makers is dramatically different.  The emerging task is to sensibly manage these variables to produce collections of viable individual projects (facilities or services) that are also viable at the portfolio level, i.e. they meet overall public infrastructure needs within multiple capital restraints.  The PI's research to date indicates that for public and private finance methods, and alternative project delivery methods to seamlessly co-exist, `linearity` must be re-established at the portfolio, not the project level.  Managing the infrastructure portfolio with these variables is the focus of the PI's research.  Based on detailed case study work, this research will develop the tools which will permit an integrated analysis and optimization of the public infrastructure portfolio.  These tools include new discounted cash flow (life cycle cost) models that can be commonly applied to all project delivery methods, and new linear optimization algorithms which extend capital rationing models to situations where there are multiple sources and limits on capital, along with a variety of viable project delivery strategies at the project level.  The goal of the research is to permit governmental infrastructure strategists, using sound engineering analyses, to investigate how different levels of private and public sector funding (together with changes in the amount and source of capital) affect the identity, number, and distribution of projects that can be completed using the various project delivery strategies."]
["CAREER:  Structure-Topology-Property Correlations in Carbon Nanotubes","DMR","CERAMICS","Ajayan, Pulickel","NY","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ajayan@rpi.edu","MPS","9733028  Ajayan    The  goals  defined  in  this Faculty  Early  Career  Development  project are aimed at developing the knowledge base that is needed  to  predict physical properties of carbon nanotubes as a function  of   dimensions,  structure,  defects,  and  dopants.    In-depth  systematic experiments are planned to study in the following:  1)  the   effect  of  topological  defects  on  structural  symmetry,  electronic structure and reactivity of nanotubes, 2) the  effects  of defect mobility in nanotubes during high temperature annealing  and  electron irradiation, 3) the effect of substitutional  boron  doping on the structure, topology and properties of nanotubes, 4)  the  effect of structure and topology of nanotubes on wetting and  the formation of interfaces in nanotube-based nanocomposites, and  5)  correlation of the information obtained on the structure  and  topology  of  carbon  nanotubes to transport  measurements.   The  studies    will   be   carried   out   by   spatially    resolved  characterization and measurement techniques on pure  single-shell  nanotubes,  pure  multi-shell  nanotubes,  doped  nanotubes   and  nanotube-oxide  layer composites.  State of the  art  microscopy,  spectroscopy,  and four probe conductivity measurements  will  be  done  on  isolated nanotubes for correlating structure,  topology  and properties.  Some of the measurements will be pursued through  industrial and international collaborations.  The main thrust  of  the  educational  plan is to use innovative teaching  methods  to  prepare  students  for  a  modern  and  technologically  advanced  society. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is at the forefront  of  undergraduate  educational  reform  and  in  its  commitment   to  introduce flexibility and innovation into the curriculum, most of  the  courses  are  being  recast into interactive  formats.   The  proposed  educational activities reflect the synergy between  the  long  term  educational  goals of the PI  and  the  institutional  a pproach  to  improving educational methods.   A  wide  range  of  activities  are planned achieve the educational goals:   some  of  these   include  developing  computer  based  structural  models,  demonstrations, short simulations and effective team problems for  interactive  courses,  use  of  multi-media  facilities  in   the  classroom,  developing  modules  for  the  nanomaterials  course,  involving  undergraduates  in  key research  projects,  arranging  formal  and  informal  seminars to  increase  science  awareness,  encouraging  industrial  stays and  international  exchanges  for  students  and  promoting materials science and engineering  as  a  viable career opportunity among secondary school students in  the  area.  %%%  The    basic    aim    of    this   proposal    is    to    study  structure-topology-property  correlation  in  carbon   nanotubes.  Carbon  nanotubes  represent the most  striking  example  of  how  carbon  structures can be tailored to exhibit a variety of useful  properties by changing local symmetries and topology.   Only  six  years  after their discovery, the new knowledge available in  the  field  indicates  that  nanotubes can  be  used  in  a  range  of  applications, for example as nanoprobes and nanoscale  electronic  devices.  It  is  expected that the comprehensive study  proposed  here  will  lead  to  better utilization of  nanotube  properties  leading  to  the development of unique functional nanostructures.  In  addition,  the  PI  will use innovative teaching  methods  to  prepare  students  for  a  modern  and  technologically  advanced  society.  ***"]
["CAREER: Modeling and Control Methods for Complex and        Uncertain Systems","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Beck, Carolyn","PA","University of Pittsburgh","beck3@uiuc.edu","ENG","9733043\n\nBeck\n\nA major challenge in the design of high performance control systems is dealing with the effects of system nonlinearities and uncertainty.  Examples of uncertainty include unmodeled dynamics, external disturbances, and parameter variations.  The main methodology used to account for uncertainty integrates structured uncertainty descriptions into the system models, resulting in what are commonly referred  to as uncertain systems.  During the last decade, a large body of control research has been focused on uncertain system design and analysis, and a variety of techniques are now available.  Unfortunately, both the modeling and design processes for uncertain systems typically result in large complicated models.  Due to the complexity of these models, design and analysis can be extremely difficult and in some cases intractable.  Furthermore, the modeling process itself for these uncertain systems is ill-defined; as a result there have been relatively few real engineering applications of these methods.  Thus, although the uncertain systems framework and many of these associated design methods are ideally suited for a number of applications areas, very few real applications have been pursued and a noticable gap has developed between both the pace and extent of the theoretical development and the practical use of this theory on engineering problems.\n\n\n\nOne relevant but relatively unexplored application area for this theory is modeling and control of power systems.  Currently, the methods used by industry for power systems control design consist mainly of system linearization around worst-case loading conditions followed by conventional linear methods for analysis and design of the control settings.  These design tools rely on standard time domain and frequency domain analysis procedures, in addition to modern state-space techniques.  The resulting control designs are tested for robustness over a range of operating conditions using numerous detailed time domain simulations of the nonlinear system.  This approach is practical, and has for the most part served the intended purpose, however, there are no systematic procedures and no guarantee that either robust stability or performance criteria will be met using this approach.  Furthermore, due to economic and environmental factors, there is an  increasing need for power systems to behave robustly over a larger range of operating conditions than standard linearization techniques can accommodate.  The design and analysis techniques developed over the last decade for uncertain systems provide for guaranteed robustness over varying operating conditions.  Additional applications in bioengineering systems will be pursued including the development of uncertain and time-varying models for automating intravenous anesthetic delivery during surgery and for describing human postural sway and balance control.\n\n\n\nThe principle objectives of the proposed research are: (1) to develop systematic modeling and model reduction techniques for nonlinear, time-varying and parameter-varying systems which can be incorporated into the existing uncertain systems framework; (2) to utilize practical applications for this development, emphasizing power systems; (3) to develop computational tools for implementing these methods, and to apply the techniques in order to facilitate the control design process for these systems; and (4)  to develop a general educational program that provides research opportunities for both graduate and undergraduate students in linear and nonlinear systems modeling and control, and  which contains both applied and theoretical aspects.  \n\n***"]
["Pericyclic Reactions of Radical Ions","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Wiest, Olaf","IN","University of Notre Dame","owiest@nd.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is in the area of electron transfer catalysis.    A combination of computational and experimental methods will be used to   study electrocyclic reactions, electron transfer catalyzed   vinycyclopropane rearrangements and the radical cation Bergman   cyclization.  The educational focus will consist of the development of a   course entitled `Computers in Chemistry.`  The course links computational   chemistry to practical applications and involves industrial participants.    With this Faculty Early Development (CAREER) award, the Organic and   Macromolecular Chemistry Program is supporting the research and   educational activities of Dr. Olaf G. Wiest of the Department of   Chemistry at the University of Notre Dame.   Professor Wiest will focus   his research efforts on the area of electron transfer catalysis.  A   combination of computational and experimental techniques will help in   understanding the role of radical cations in electrocyclic reactions, an   important class of organic transformations.  The educational activities   will focus on the interface between theory and experiment and stresses   computational chemistry at the undergraduate and graduate level"]
["CAREER:  Evaluation of Cr(2+) Doped Cadmium Chalcogenides   as Mid-Infrared Laser Materials","DMR","ELECTRONIC MATERIALS|MATERIALS RESEARCH PROJECT SUP","Hommerich, Uwe","VA","Hampton University","uwe.hommerich@hamptonu.edu","MPS","9733062  Hommerich    This CAREER project aims at a comprehensive investigation of  chromium doped II-VI semiconductors for tunable solid-state laser  applications in the mid-infrared wavelength region. Synthesis of  materials will be carried out in an ongoing collaboration with  researchers at Brimrose Corporation of America. Materials will be  optically characterized by spectral luminescence studies,  luminescence excitation and decay time measurements, optical  absorption, and laser performance studies over the temperature  range 15 - 450 K. Spectroscopic results will be modeled within  the framework of crystal field theory to derive crystal field  strength parameters, electron-phonon coupling strengths, and  luminescence quenching activation energies. The results of the  modeling will be used to derive structure/property relations  which can guide the optimization of selected materials to achieve  better laser performance. Educational components include: a new  course in optical spectroscopy and new experiments for an  advanced graduate laboratory; and activities to increase student  participation in research from K-12 through the graduate level.  This project aims to increase the skilled work force in an  important field of optoelectronics with a special emphasis on  enhancing the participation of underrepresented students.  %%%  The project addresses research and education issues in a topical  area of materials science having high technological relevance.  The research will contribute basic materials science knowledge at  a fundamental level to photonic materials. An important feature  of the program is the emphasis on education, and on the  integration of research and education through the training of  students in a fundamentally and technologically significant  research area with a special emphasis on participation of  underrepresented students.  ***"]
["CAREER: Modeling 3D Flow and Soil Structure Interaction     Using Optical Tomography","CMS","GEOMECHANICS & GEOTECHNIC SYST|GEOTECHNICAL I","Iskander, Magued","NY","Polytechnic University of New York","Iskander@poly.edu","ENG","This CAREER award supports research on measurement of three-dimensional deformation patterns and flow characteristics within a soil continuum. Such measurements are usually limited by the fact that soil sensors do not provide a continuous image of the measured continuum.   Additionally, soil sensors exhibit static and dynamic characteristics that are different form those of the surrounding soils, and therefore can change the response of the measured continuum.  Tests conducted with a transparent material which has properties that closely model the geotechnical properties of natural soils can potentially circumvent these experimental problems if the response of a model transparent continuum can be measured using non-intrusive optical visualization techniques.  The Principal Investigator has established methods for production and customization of a transparent synthetic soil that will meet model test requirements in terms of strength, deformation, and permeability.  This project will develop the technology (equipment and methodology) for performing optical tomography within soil continua.  Cross sections of the transparent soil mass will be illuminated using laser light and line scan cameras will be used to capture the reflected light.   Computer based digital image processing will be used to analyze the reflected light and construct continuous images of the spatial deformation patterns and flow paths within the transparent model soil mass.  This new technology will result in: better analyses and improved reliability of three-dimensional soil structure interaction and multiphase flow; and test results that can be used for the difficult validation of three-dimensional numerical analysis codes.  The project will also include development of advanced educational experiments to visualize the performance of infrastructure and environmental projects.  These low cost experiments can also be used to vitalize recruitment  efforts of high school students into civil engineering programs."]
["CAREER: Spoken Lexical Processing in Humans and Machines","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Jurafsky, Daniel","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","jurafsky@stanford.edu","CSE","Our  most  successful Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)  systems  remain  too  tied to specific domains (`air travel' or  `business  news')  and  to  carefully pronounced, slow speech,  because  our  statistical  algorithms  do  not  deal  well  with  the   extreme  variation,  in  pronunciation,  word-choice,  and  grammar,  that  characterizes natural, conversational, speech.  The research goal  of  this CAREER project is to build better speech recognizers  by  taking  human psychological results on lexical processing, giving  them explicit probabilistic models, and integrating them into ASR  algorithms.   This  project is incorporating  part-of-speech  and  word frequency into probabilistic models of word pronunciation in  ASR.   This project is using distributional-vector models of word  meaning  in an ASR system to increase the probability of  a  word  occurring    near   similar   words,   compiling    probabilistic  dictionaries of verb-argument structure to help ASR systems.  The  educational  goal of this CAREER investigation is to  incorporate  computational, corpus-based, and probabilistic training into  the  undergraduate    and    graduate   curriculum    in    phonetics,  psycholinguistics,  computational  linguistics,   and   cognitive  science.  Through its research and educational facets, the CAREER  project  will help draw talented and knowledgeable linguists  and  psychologists  into ASR and related fields, and produce  research  with  a  direct  impact on ASR and its technical  and  commercial  implications."]
["CAREER: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Thermal Behavior   in Polymers","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|POLYMERS","Grady, Brian","OK","University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","bpgrady@ou.edu","MPS","9733068  Grady    This EPSCoR co-funded CAREER award will use primarily X-ray  absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to examine responses in dynamics  and structure at the glass transition.  The glass transition is  one of the most important phenomena in polymeric materials.  The  fundamental microscopic structural changes that occur with the  glass transition are not well understood, and perhaps even more  importantly, the fundamental reason that Tg occurs at the  specific temperature it does for each polymer is not understood.  Other techniques, including NMR spectroscopy and neutron  scattering, show that local structural and dynamic changes occur  at the glass transition.  XAS will be used to obtain quantitative  and precise structural information.  Preliminary data show that  XAS can be used to examine local changes at the glass transition.  This proposal describes a broad range of experimentation which  will examine the important changes occurring at the local level  as a polymer progresses through its glass transition.  These  experiments will enable an evaluation of a Lindemann-type  approach to the glass transition, an approach suggested by others  and explored in this proposal.  %%%  The educational component of this project will involve the  Minority Engineering Program (MEP).  Almost 500 undergraduates at  the University of Oklahoma are members of the MEP, which is  limited to the historically underrepresented Black, Hispanic and  American Indian ethnic minorities.  One-on-one interactions  between faculty and students are one of the keys to recruiting  and retaining these students.  The PI's association with the MEP  program includes all facets of the undergraduate experience, from  the recruiting process to graduation.  It will involve travel to  primarily minority high schools and talks designed to help with  the recruiting process.  ***"]
["CAREER: Robust Coded Modulation for Fading Channels and     Rate-Compatible Puncturing","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH","Wesel, Richard","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","wesel@ee.ucla.edu","CSE","The proposed research investigates techniques to enhance the dual properties of robustness and adaptivity in communications systems.  Robustness allows the same transmission to work consistently well for a wide variety of channel conditions while adaptivity permits transmitter specialization to match estimated channel and traffic conditions.  We propose investigation of five specific techniques for improving robustness and adaptivity in practical systems.    First, we will develop new high-rate robust trellis codes to meet industry needs for robustness in digital audio broadcast and asymmetric digital subscriber loops.  Second, we will identify new families of rate-compatible trellis codes that provide rate flexibility for transmissions employing large constellations.  Third, we will explore the application of concatenated codes and iterative decoding (i.e. turbo codes) to the robust coding problem.  The fourth topic is the investigation of channel estimation for robust and rate-compatible trellis codes, and the fifth topic is an examination of how channel estimation accuracy affects the information rates achievable with Tomlinson-Harashima precoding."]
["CAREER:  A Survey for High Redshift Galaxy Clusters:        A Research and Education Resource","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Zaritsky, Dennis","CA","University of California-Santa Cruz","dzaritsky@as.arizona.edu","MPS","9733111  ZARITSKY    The largest existing sample of high redshift (0.4 .< z <. 1.1) galaxy clusters will be compiled and analyzed to provide information to address issues in cosmology, large-scale structure, cluster evolution, and galaxy evolution.   The number density, luminosity function, richness distribution, and structural properties of clusters are excellent discriminators among cosmological models, particularly so at high redshifts where many of the standard models predict rapid evolution of galaxy clusters.  The sample of hundreds of clusters that will be compiled will also provide the best available measure of the high-redshift cluster correlation function and possibly outline distant analogs of the local \"Great Wall\" of galaxies.   The information gained from analyzing the magnitudes and colors of thousands, and spectra of hundreds, of distant cluster galaxies will constrain models of galaxy evolution at a redshift where there are currently very few constraints.  The information will also help to  place limits on the formation epoch of cluster galaxies.  The identification of a large sample of high-z brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), and the data from observations of these clusters, will allow us to study BCG evolution and the connection between BCGs and the cluster environment.  A novel search technique for high-z clusters will enable the compilation of data from a unique sample of hundreds of clusters and use the results of the analysis of the data to address these issues.   Recent results from spectroscopic and photometric observations have demonstrated the success of the technique.     The educational efforts are divided into four areas: (1) enhancing the education of undergraduates through course development that utilizes current technology and research-grade data, (2) establishing a central clearinghouse for web-related instructional materials that publicizes the efforts of those who are attempting to develop the Internet into an effective teaching tool for astronomy, (3) gradua te student mentoring, and (4) public outreach.   The public outreach will be both to adults through public lectures and to elementary school children through the continuation of a two-year partnership with a local teacher through Project ASTRO.  The first project will be the creation and implementation of Internet-based laboratory projects that allow undergraduate students to directly manipulate research-quality data drawn from many sources, including the survey of clusters of galaxies.  There are several laboratory projects already written and available on the Web and which have been used in courses.  The second project is to establish and maintain a central location on the Internet where instructors can share material they develop.   There will be an informal discussion group organized for mentoring of graduate students.  There will also be involvement in the summer public visitor lectures at Lick Observatory and in the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's Project ASTRO for grades 4-9.    ***"]
["CAREER: Development of Emitter-Controlled Thyristors for    Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB)","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Huang, Alex","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","aqhuang@ncsu.edu","ENG","9733121\n\nHuang\n\nSemiconductor power devices form the heart of power electronics and are very important to the U.S. economy.  More specifically, they form the heart of the Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB).  The objective of the proposed research is to develop a new class of power semiconductor devices, the emitter-controlled thyristors (ECTs) for the PEBB.\n\n\n\nThe approach taken in developing the ECTs will include rigorous numerical modeling and analysis, as well as experimental verification through layout design and clean room fabrication.  Optimization of the ECT will also be done to assess its potential as a commercially viable power industry (Harris Semiconductor) and other universities (Stanford).\n\n\n\nThe specific objectives of an education plan are : 1) to teach students the fundamental principles of semiconductor devices and their applications; 2) to develop a novel and innovative Web-based Virtual Technology CAD (VTCAD) system for semiconductor device education and research; 3) to renovate and enhance existing courses with new materials directly from research covering advanced power semiconductor devices and power integrated circuits; 4) to continuously improve teaching skills by attending advanced teaching short courses or seminars, and by consulting students and peers on a regular basis; 5) to supervise graduate students and reach out to society.  The significance of planned educational activities is to provide graduates who are not limited to a specific job function, but who are equipped to learn new intellectual skills and knowledge and to make technological innovations that will serve our societal and national goals.  \n\n***"]
["CAREER: Design and Integration of Piezoelectric Actuators in Civil Engineering Structures","CMS","STRUCT SYS & HAZ MIT OF STRUCT|ARCHITECTURE & MECHAN SYSTEMS","Chen, Genda","MO","University of Missouri-Rolla","gchen@umr.edu","ENG","The primary goal of this CAREER project is to develop piezoelectric actuators with high control capability and implement them in building structures.  These actuators are a piezoelectric wedge actuator, a piezoelectrically-driven friction damper, and a shear-mode piezoelectric actuator.  A truss mechanism is introduced to further amplify the control force from the actuators.  \n\n\n\nThe project consists of design and fabrication of the three actuators, their modeling and tests, and their integration into a 1/4-scale steel frame structure.  Analytical models of the structure and actuators will be established and experimentally verified in a laboratory.  Effectiveness of these actuators is measured by the reduction of peak displacement/acceleration responses of the structure when subjected to earthquake ground motion.  For all actuators, simple but robust control algorithms with local deformation and force (acceleration) feedback will be developed.  Coordinated interdisciplinary collaboration and industry participation are emphasized.  The research results will be implemented into two recently-developed graduate courses on smart structures and disseminated to professional engineers by delivering in-house presentations in several pioneer consulting firms.  A small-scale, two-story plastic frame is designed and manufactured for demonstration to K-12 students and senior undergraduates to stimulate their interest in structural control and prepare them for higher education.  \n\n\n\nThis is a FY98 CAREER award."]
["CAREER: Multinuclear Solid State NMR Studies in             Environmental Catalysis","CTS","CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Klug, Christopher","CA","Stanford University","klug@chemeng.stanford.edu","ENG","Abstract - Klug -9733136    Prof. Christopher A. Klug, of Stanford University, will use in-situ NMR techniques to study two types of catalytic systems of importance to environmental catalysis and energy minimization issues. Supported metallocene catalysts for alkene stereoselective polymerization,  and supported vanadia for the decomposition of NOx and chlorohydrocarbons  will be studied. The PI will use various NMR techniques: CPMAS, 1 and 2-dimensional pulse NMR, homonuclear and heteronuclear dipolar coupling experiments. He will also develop multiply tuned NMR probes and in situ catalysis-NMR cells. Zr metallocenes prepared jointly by StanfordOs Waymouth group will be supported on silica or alumina with controlled dehydroxylation level. The initial steps of the stereoselective polymerization mechanism will be studied by characterizing in situ short chains of polypropylene. The microstructure and morphology of the polymers produced on the heterogeneous catalyst will be correlated with physical property determinations by WaymouthOs group. In another application of NMR, supported vanadia over alumina or complex K-promoted vanadia-tungsta over titania-alumina will be prepared and characterized. 17O, 51V, 29Si and 27Al NMR will be used to study the Mars-Van Krevelen-type oxygen insertion mechanism and oxygen and vanadium diffusion kinetics. The SCR of NOx with ammonia and the decomposition of CH3CH2Cl will be studied in situ with 13C, 15N, and 35Cl NMR. The modifications induced by potassium and its interactions with chemisorbates will be studied with 39K NMR. On the educational side, Prof. Klug will renew efforts to recruit minority, and will develop a new course in environmental catalysis for engineers for the multidisciplinary environmental sciences curriculum at Stanford."]
["CAREER:  Understanding the Molecular Mechanics of Growth    Cone Motility and Nerve Regeneration","BES","BIOTECHNOLOGY|DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE","Schmidt, Christine","TX","University of Texas at Austin","schmidt@che.utexas.edu","ENG","9733156  Schmidt  The overall goal of this  career program is to build a  nationally competitive program at the University of Texas-  Austin that integrates research and education in the field  of molecular and cellular tissue engineering, with a  particular focus on the nervous system.  The research part  of this program seeks to link quantitative molecular  information on the migration of the neuronal growth cone,  which guides axonal extension, to phenomenological  observations of nerve regeneration.  An electrically  conducting polymer, oxidized polypyrrole (PP), will be used  as a model system with which to stimulate axonal extension.  This material also has clear potential applications as a  component of devices to locally stimulate nerve  regeneration.  To gain a fundamental understanding of how  nerve regeneration is affected by an electrical stimulus, it  is to be determined whether electrical conduction through PP  directly modifies various intracellular events which are  critical for growth cone motility.  These experiments are to  be related to in vivo studies assessing rat sciatic nerve  regeneration under similar conditions.  The education part  of this program includes:  course development; curriculum  revision; mentorship; and outreach programs.  ***"]
["CAREER: Magnetic-Nanocrystal Self-Assembled Superlattices","DMR","METALS","Wang, Zhong","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","zhong.wang@mse.gatech.edu","MPS","9733160  Wang    This grant explores synthesis and characterization of  magnetic nanocrystal superlattice materials.  To utilize the  technological advantages offered by the size specificity and  selectivity of nanoclusters, it is imperative to understand  the fundamental methodologies for preparation of cluster  assembled materials in macroscopic quantities and with high  standards of size, structural morphological and shape  uniformity.  These are vitally important steps toward a  systematic exploration of the nature of patterned  superstructures assembled from such building units, as well  as the formulation of methods for designing and controlling  such novel assembled materials.  The major research  objectives are:  to synthesize, characterize, and determine  the properties of self-assembly passivated magnetic  nanocrystal superlattices of Co, y-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4; to  determine the bulk and surface microstructures of the  nanoparticles and the superlattices for understanding the  magnetic coupling/decoupling among nanocrystals as a  function of the interparticle distance; to examine the in-  situ structure evolution and phase transformation of the  nanoparticles, the surfactant and the superlattices for  predicting the stability, reliability and durability of the  system for device applications, and to model the structure  and behavior of nanocrystals and their assemblies.  Education efforts are concentrated in the areas of  development of collaborative graduate student thesis  projects, expansion of outreach programs, development of  interactive microscopy displays for high school students and  the public, and development of interdisciplinary teaching  experiments related to materials science.  %%%  Nanocusters, and the physical and chemical functional  specificity and selectivity they possess, suggest that they  are ideal building blocks for two-and three-dimensional  cluster self-assembled superlattice structures.  Self-  assembled arrays can involve self-organization into  monolayers, thi n films, and superlattices of size-selected  nanoclusters  with encapsulated in protective compact  organic coatings.   Patterned magnetic nanocrystals are of  vital interest both scientifically and technologically  because of their potential applications in information  storage, color imaging, bioprocessing, magnetic  refrigeration, and ferrofluids.  ***"]
["CAREER: The Chemistry of Etching: Understanding Kinetic     Surface Morphologies on an Atomic Scale","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Hines, Melissa","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","melissa.hines@cornell.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported in the   Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focuses on the detailed   microscopic, macroscopic, and computational characterization of etched   silicon surfaces.  In particular, the use of a new class of aqueous,   fluorine-based etchants will be investigated.  Professor Hines and her   students at Cornell University will employ scanning tunneling microscopy   to study the physical structure (quality) of the resultant etch patterns   while etch rate measurements will give evidence of the kinetics of the   process.  Monte Carlo calculations will be incorporated to help simulate   the observed chemistry.  This CAREER project will improve the   computational skills of undergraduates and graduates through the   implementation of a `Numerical Analysis for Chemists` course.  Professor   Hines will also improve students' readiness for the workforce through   seminars in writing and public speaking skills.  The study and development of new chemistries which can be applied to   semiconductor processing systems continues to be a very vibrant area of   research.  Professor Hines and her students at Cornell University are   combining physical measurement techniques and computational simulations   to evaluate the use of a new family of aqueous, fluorine-based etchants.    Previous studies have suggested that atomically flat silicon surfaces   could be produced by these methods.  This CAREER project holds the   promise of producing results of substantial technological importance.    Professor Hines will enhance the development of scientists with skills in   the important area of computational chemistry through the introduction of   a new undergraduate/graduate student course in that area.  Technical   writing and public speaking skills will be developed through topical   seminars and coursework."]
["CAREER: Maintaining Power Quality Through Simulation,       Experimentation And Education","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","von Jouanne, Annette","OR","Oregon State University","avj@ece.orst.edu","ENG","ECS-9733184  Von Jouanne   Power Quality (PQ) is becoming an ever increasing concern with the growth of both sensitive and disturbing loads in the residential, commercial and industrial levels of the power system, and the current movement toward deregulation in the electric utility industry.  With the increased attention on high efficiency and controllability of industrial processes, as well as reduced weight, volume and cost of consumer products, the application electronic converters is showing a rapid rise.  While solid-state power electronic equipment, such as Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs), provide efficient conversion of electric power, the switching-mode operation causes PQ problems such as harmonic distortion of voltages and currents leading to several adverse effects including the malfunction of sensitive electronic equipment, equipment overheating, lower operating efficiency (and higher losses) and interference with communication systems.  PQ related disruptions, ranging from system malfunction and hardware damage to costly data loss and downtime currently, cost U.S. companies more than $25 billion annually.   In response to these concerns, the objective of the proposed career plan is to develop a strong PQ program at Oregon State University (OSU) as follows:  Simulate distributed nonlinear load effects on the power system/industrial facility network.  Experimentally analyze critical PQ situations by subjecting representative loads to typical poor PQ conditions generated by a programmable AC source.  Evaluate ASD ride-through capabilities (multiple makes and ratings up to 300hp) through voltage sags, static capacitor switching and input distortion.  Investigate and develop improved PQ compensators and ASD ride -through devices.  Develop a novel \"Standard PQ Guide\" for industry and utility personnel to use in the design of new or existing facilities to ensure a high PQ environment and compliance with IEEE 519.  Disseminate this information through a series of courses and practical worksh ops for industries and utilities, and incorporate it into both the undergraduate and graduate course curricula.   The unique contribution of the proposed research and education plan is two-fold.  Results of the power system/power electronic simulations and experimental analyses will contribute to the development of a novel \"Standard PQ Guide\" (manual).  This Guide will significantly aid design engineers and utilities in harmonic compensation, and compliance with existing and upcoming PQ standards, as well as future planning.  Using the PQ Guide will help engineers get up to speed on PQ issues as well as 'clean up' existing facilities to significantly reduce costly downtime.  With the recent and continuing growth of the semiconductor manufacturing industry in the Pacific Northwest, utilities and industries have expressed the need for assistance in improving their PQ.  The proposed PQ Guide will address this need.     The second novel contribution is the dissemination of the results of the proposed PQ work through a series of innovative industry, utility and university seminars.  These seminars will include theoretical PQ analysis in a classroom setting combined with a unique hands-on laboratory experience in the Motor Systems Resource Facility (MSRF).  These seminars will also include instruction on how to use the proposed PQ Guide.  No other PQ courses offer the \"hands-on\" opportunities that the PI is proposing here, which will greatly enhance the effectiveness of the learning experience.  The PI has conducted several successful seminars addressing PQ issues.     The proposed career plan includes specific plans to stimulate and educate a new generation of energy systems engineers on the importance of PQ."]
["CAREER: In Situ NMR Techniques for the Study of             Environmental Catalysis","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Raftery, Michael","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","raftery@purdue.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported in the   Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focuses on developing nuclear   magnetic resonance (NMR) methodologies for the study of environmental   catalysis.  In particular, the surface chemistry involved in the thermal   and photocatalytic decomposition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)   will be investigated using new NMR probes which permit study of these   reactions in situ.  Professor Raftery and his students will use NMR   methods to study the structure of various adsorbed species, their   proximity to active sites on the solid catalyst surfaces, and monitor   dynamic surface processes.  This CAREER project includes the use of   group-based, interactive and Web-based learning tools as a means to   better connect classroom and laboratory experiences and provide a   contextual framework to introducing emerging technologies in   undergraduate and graduate curricula.  The study of catalytic reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at   the surface of a wide range of materials is important to a number of   energy and environmentally-related technologies.  New spectroscopic tools   are required to gain intimate knowledge of the dynamics of the gas-solid   interactions to better tailor processes to the reduction of air polution,   for example.  Professor Raftery and his students at Purdue University are   developing such methodologies for the study of the thermal and   photocatalytic degradation of VOCs, which could have implications in   reducing ozone-depleting emissions.  The use of of group-based,   interactive, and Web-based teaching methods will be used at both the   undergraduate and graduate levels to enhance students' connectivity   between their experiences and fundamental science."]
["PECASE: New Techniques for Optimizing the Quality and       Capacity of Wireless Communication Systems","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH","Veeravalli, Venugopal","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","vvv@uiuc.edu","CSE","Due to the exponential growth in the demand for wireless communication services, new techniques for optimizing system quality and capacity are imperative. Our proposed research program strives to meet these challenges in the following areas: (i) Accurate channel modeling. New statistical models for multipath and shadow fading will be developed that are both accurate in describing the propagation environment and also useful in analysis. These models will provide a foundation for proposed optimization techniques.  (ii) Information theory for wireless links.  The goal here is to develop  useful information theoretic limits for wireless multiuser systems. An approach based on throughput analysis is proposed that will yield new insights into the optimization of wireless systems, particularly for  multirate applications. (iii) Optimization of Wireless Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems. Hybrid systems that combine the advantages of using long spreading sequences (R-CDMA) with those of  short sequences (D-CDMA) will be explored. Techniques will also be developed for the accurate analysis of CDMA capacity and coverage for both single-user and multiuser detection systems. (iv) Dynamic resource allocation.  The three primary resources for wireless access -bandwidth, space and power - need to be allocated efficiently and dynamically in a mobile wireless environment. A major goal of the proposed research program is to develop a mathematical foundation for dynamic resource allocation. The proposed decentralized dynamic decision making (DDDM) framework will be essential to this development.    The educational objectives of the proposed program are: (i) to promote meaningful learning in the classroom; (ii) to promote ties with industry so students are exposed to real-world needs; (iii) to exploit new technologies to expand classroom boundaries; (iv) to design classes that will better prepare students for new opportunities in telecommunications; and (v) to incorporate research in all educational activ ities."]
["CAREER:  Molecular and Genetic Characterization of the Early Steps of Toluene Utilization in Thauera sp. T1","MCB","METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY","Coschigano, Peter","OH","Ohio University","coschiga@ohiou.edu","BIO","9733210  Coschigano   The aromatic hydrocarbon toluene is a hazardous substance that poses health risks to humans, particularly to the central nervous system. Individuals with long term exposures may exhibit memory loss, attention and concentration deficiencies, and poor abstracting abilities. Toluene is one of the most water soluable components of gasoline and other fuels and has been listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a priority pollutant.  It is also a  widely used industrial solvent, being used in a large number of chemical processes.  This project will be the first use a combined genetic and molecular approach to study the non-oxygen mediated metabolism of an aromatic hydrocarbon using a bacterial isolate tentatively identified as a Thauera sp. that can degrade toluene under denitrifying conditions.  Preliminary genetic and molecular studies have already proven useful in gaining  insight into the mechanism   of the toluene metabolic enzymes of strain T1,  specifically the TutD gene product.  This project will elucidate function of TutD and its regulation and identify additional enzymes in the pathway of toluene degradation using molecular genetic approaches.   An essential component of this research is to provide an opportunity for both undergraduate student exposure to scientific research and for graduate student training.  Ohio University has a number of programs to encourage undergraduates to participate in laboratory research and this proposal will help to provide an opportunity for such research.  Opportunities for graduate student research at the Masters and doctoral level will also be provided."]
["CAREER: Aerosol Droplet Combustion Synthesis of             Nonequilibrium Nanoscale Materials","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES|COMBUSTION AND PLASMA SYSTEMS","Helble, Joseph","CT","University of Connecticut","helble@engr.uconn.edu","ENG","Abstract - Helble    This is a fundamental exploration of combustion aerosol synthesis to generate chemically complex nanoscale ceramic materials.  In combustion aerosol synthesis, ceramic precursors are dissolved or dispersed in a combustible carrier; when this carrier is atomized into a high-temperature flame, each droplet can become a \"microreactor\" for nanoscale ceramic particle synthesis.  The high temperature, exothermic droplet combustion reactions enable the generation of chemically complex, crystalline materials without need for further heat treatment.  The first material to be examined is yttria-stabilized zirconia because of its applicability as a thermal barrier, coating, catalyst, and catalyst support.  A range of yttria compositions is considered to determine whether the nanoscale material, with its high concentration of surface atoms, shows the same transitions in phase behavior as does conventional stabilized zirconia.  Synthesis issues explored include the control of reacting aerosol droplet size, particle formation through the condensed-phase reaction and nucleation within the reacting droplet, and particle formation through the vaporization and subsequent condensation of ceramic compound vapors.  Key issues are the ability to minimize agglomeration of nanoscale particles and the ability to control their chemical composition.    Advanced ceramic materials consolidated from nanometer-scale ceramics have the potential to provide improved mechanical, optical, and electronic behavior over their larger-grained counterparts.  Potential applications include barrier coatings, catalysts, structural materials, and cores of superconducting wires.    Educational efforts include development of an aerosol science course using interactive learning and, in conjunction with the Boston Museum of Science, development of a hands-on interpretive module addressing the nanoscale world as a realm between atomic and macroscopic regimes."]
["CAREER: Cryptography on Recongfigurable Hardware:           Algorithmic and System Aspects","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Paar, Christof","MA","Worcester Polytechnic Institute","christof@ece.wpi.edu","CSE","Data security and cryptography are growing concerns for the  rapidly expanding information infrastructure.  This project  treats this emerging engineering discipline with a  systematic exploration of the use of  reconfigurable hardware.  The research in this project will:  develop arithmetic architectures for public-key algorithms  on reconfigurable hardware;  classify private-key algorithms  according to the kernel functions needed in their  implementation;  establish a public-domain VHDL library of  algorithms for both public and private key cryptosystems;  and develop a board-level reconfigurable device for  implementation of cryptographic algorithms.  Educational  activities will include development of material for teaching  cryptography to beginning graduate students, inclusion of  VHDL design projects in the undergraduate curriculum, and an  exchange program for graduate students with a cryptography  research group in Germany."]
["Synthesis of C-Glycosides","CHE","METHODOLOGY","Li, Chao-Jun","LA","Tulane University","cjli@tulane.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of unprotected methods for   carbohydrate synthesis.  Coupling of aryl- and alkyl substitutes   propargyl halides with various unprotected carbohydrates, mediated by a   metal will be investigated using aqueous solvent.  The resulting products   will be transformed into C-glycosides without using   protection-deprotection processes.  The methodology will then be extended   to the syntheses of natural products, including: (+)-goniofufurone,   (+)-7-epigoniofurfurone, (+)-goniobutenolide A, (+)-goniodiol and the   main skeletons of papulacandin (A,B,C.D), chactiacandin, and   trachelospermum asiaticum.  The focus of the educational activities will   be the development of an undergraduate course entitled `The World of   Organic Chemistry: Food and Drugs.`  An outreach program targeting   elementary and high school students is also planned.  With this Faculty   Early Development (CAREER) award, the Organic and Macromolecular   Chemistry Program is supporting the research and educational activities   of Dr. Chao-Jun Li of the Department of Chemistry at Tulane University.     Professor Li will focus his research efforts on developing synthetic   methods for the preparation of carbohydrates without resorting to the   long protection-deprotection strategies that have been relied on in the   past.  The educational activities center around course development and   outreach."]
["CAREER: Developing the Infrastructure for the Widespread Use of Simulation in the Analysis of Construction Operations","CMS","INFO TECH & INFRASTRUCT SYSTEM|GEOTECHNICAL I|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Martinez, Julio","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","julio@vt.edu","ENG","Abstract    Proposal:  97-33267  Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  PI - Julio C. Martinez  \"CAREER: Developing the Infrastructure for the Widespread  Use of Simulation in the Analysis of Construction  Operations\"      This CAREER award supports research leading to the  development of a new infrastructure needed for the  widespread adoption, acceptance, and use of simulation as an  analysis and design tool for construction operations.  The  project addresses a national priority for Federal research  and development for industries that produce constructed  facilities.  It will allow for significant improvements in  planning with substantial reductions in the cost and time  spent building them.  Consequently, it will enhance the  international competitiveness of U.S. industry and reduce  total life cycle costs.      The Principal Investigator will build on the previously  developed advanced programmable tool and simulation  programming language for construction operations, to create  a comprehensive and exemplary special-purpose simulator for  earthwork operations.  The language will also be used to  create an advanced general-purpose simulation tool that does  not require programming.  These tools will complement  existing ones to cover the entire spectrum of tool  complexity and modeling power needed to simulate  construction operations at all levels.  The common  representation vehicle across all tools will solidify the  use of Activity Cycle Diagrams as the universal means of  describing construction operations.    The educational aspect of the project is intricately related  to and dependent on the research.  It includes the  development of multimedia tutorials, active learning games,  workshops for educators, and an undergraduate construction  simulation course.  Its aim is to educate future  construction practitioners at various levels, from educated  users of special-purpose simulators to builders of models  for complex operations, to builders of special-purpose  simulato rs.  With adequate numbers of suitable educated  personnel at each level of proficiency, it will be possible  to construct all facilities in a computer without expending  any resources.  Construction operations will be planned so  well that they will flow smoothly and with no surprises.  The ever scarcer resources needed for construction will be  used as efficiently as possible."]
["PECASE: Seismic Hazard Mitigation: Innovative Directions in Research and Education","CMS","WESTERN EUROPE PROGRAM|STRUCT SYS & HAZ MIT OF STRUCT|STRUCTURES II","Dyke, Shirley","MO","Washington University","sdyke@seas.wustl.edu","ENG","9733272  S. Dyke    The focus of this CAREER research project is to develop  innovative and implementable techniques for mitigating the  devasting consequences of severe seismic events.  In  particular, the work will concentrate on the implementation  of supplemental damping devices.  Semi-active devices are  considered here because they address most of the concerns  brought forth about structural control, and are expected to  advance the near-term acceptance of  this technology.  Specifically, magnetorheological (MR) dampers are new semi-  active devices that are particularly suitable for civil  engineering applications.  They offer mechanical simplicity,  low power requirements, environmental robustness, and  demonstrated potential for developing forces sufficient for  full-scale applications at a reasonable cost, and can be  viewed as fail-safe in that they become passive dampers  should control hardware malfunction.    A number of important issues pertinent to practical  implementation will be examined.  Ultimately, guidelines  which can be used by design engineers to employ these  devices in new construction and retrofit applications will  be developed.  The control of both linear and nonlinear  structures, and the use of single and multiple control  devices will be considered,  The performance of the MR  damper will be compared to the active and passive systems  for a wide array of excitation types and amplitudes.  Analytical and experimental investigations will be carried  out in parallel, using the facilities available in the  earthquake engineering laboratory at Washington University  which has recently funded the construction of this  experimental facility.    The primary objective of the educational program to provide  students the Department of Civil Engineering with an  understanding that structures are dynamic systems, and for  the implications of this in their analysis and design,  At  the undergraduate level, an experimental facility will be  provided in which students can study  the response of  structures to dynamic loads, incorporating, \"hands-on\"  experiments into the cirrocumuli to introduce basic concepts  in structural dynamics and providing opportunities will be  created for students to participate in research projects in  the laboratory.  At the graduate level, a new course in  experimental methods for dynamic testing will be developed  to enable providing students to participate in state-of-the-  art research and integrating experiments into the advanced  structural dynamics course.  Throughout the program, n-line  exercises will be developed to assist students innprparing  for the laboratories.  The educational and research components of the project are  designed to complement and enhance each other.  The  laboratory facilities, and experiments developed therein  will provide the necessary tools to facilitate the  cirrocumuli development.  This integrated approach will  provide students with an understanding of the dynamic nature  of structures through illustrative experiments and state-of-  the-art research projects.  Furthermore, students at all  levels will be introduced to this emerging technology."]
["CAREER:  Building a Bridge Between Research and Education in Materials Chemistry: A Career Development Plan","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY","Huang, Songping","PR","University of Puerto Rico","shuang1@kent.edu","MPS","9733275  Huang    This proposal aims to develop solid-state synthetic routes to a  new generation of borophosphate-based second-order nonlinear  optical (NLO) materials with superior optical properties (large  NLO coefficients, high optical damage thresholds, lower  absorption cutoffs, and phase matching at shorter wavelengths).  Crystal engineering strategies will be used to produce novel  supramolecular NLO host-guest assemblies derived from metal-  organic coordination polymers and NLO-active organic  chromophores. Because of the robust, infinite structures  provided by polymeric inorganic host matrices, such materials  may have enhanced mechanical, thermal and temporal stability,  critical properties that have hampered commercial application of  many otherwise promising organic molecule-based NLO materials.    The education plan is centered on developing a coherent program  for offering education and technical training in materials  chemistry at both undergraduate and graduate levels, and on  increasing Hispanic minority participation in chemistry.  A  materials chemistry laboratory course for upper-level  undergraduate students will  focus on strengthening the teaching  of solid-state and materials chemistry for chemistry majors,  thus better preparing the them for tomorrow's job market.  Talented Hispanic students at the undergraduate level will be  provided research experience and encouraged to pursue research  careers in materials chemistry. This plan is anticipated to have  a direct impact on the nation by increasing the number of highly  trained and well-qualified Hispanic scientists.  %%%  The proposed research is aimed at synthesizing novel nonlinear  optical (NLO) materials for applications such as optical  switching, information storage, and laser frequency conversion  related to technology areas that include telecommunications and  computing. Furthermore,  the design and synthesis of new classes  of optical materials may lead not only to further technological  innovations in these  areas, but also to totally new  technologies.  This integrated research and education program  will educate and train students to better compete for job  opportunities in these fast-breaking areas.  ***"]
["CAREER: Interfacial Flow in Surfactant Monolayers","CTS","INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Schwartz, Daniel","LA","Tulane University","Daniel.Schwartz@colorado.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT   CTS-9733281  D.Schwartz/Tulane     Single layers of amphiphilic molecules can be formed on the surface of water contained in a \"Langmuir trough,\" which allows control of two-dimensional (2D) density and surface tension.  Such monolayers have traditionally been used to study the phase behavior of liquid-crystalline materials.  This project aims to extend the usefulness of these systems to the area of rheology.  Recent work has demonstrated that monolayers of particles can also be formed.  The rheology of surfactant and colloidal monolayers will be studied using a combination of specialized optical microscopy techniques (Brewster angle and fluorescence microscopy) and interfacial rheometric measurements.  These experiments will lead to a better understanding of processes where monolayer flow is important, such as foam coarsening and emulsion coalescence.  They will also serve as valuable tests for theories describing the behavior of colloidal suspensions under shear.    Performing flow experiments in 2D has several unique advantages:  the theoretical description of the flow is simplified, the entire flow field is directly observable, and the thermodynamic variables can be varied to control the orientation and conformation of the surfactant molecules to a greater degree than is possible in 3D fluid phases.  This project will utilize these advantages to study several important issues in the rheology of complex fluids for the first time.  The experiments will include both rod-shaped and disk-shaped surfactant molecules and will encompass a variety of liquid-crystalline phases, including nematic (and polar nematic), discotic, and hexatic.  The recent discovery of the first 2D small molecule nematic phase (by this research group) will make these experiments possible.  Also, since hexatic phases are peculiar to quasi-2D systems, the rheology of such phases are not understood.  Studies of rod-shaped particles under shear will lead to a  particle-level understanding of the effect of interpartic le interactions and proximity to a wall. Monolayers of spherical particles will be examined as a model system with which to study intriguing behavior in colloidal suspensions including shear thickening/thinning and the connection to shear induced melting and re-entrant solidification.    The simplifications afforded by 2D studies will permit detailed comparisons between the experiments and relevant theories, such as Leslie-Ericksen theory for nematic flow, and allow the development of new theory for hexatic phase hydrodynamics.  Since liquid-crystalline behavior is ubiquitous in 2D systems like monolayers, fundamental understanding of the rheology of 2D liquid crystalline phases will be directly relevant to processes involving surfactant monolayer flow.  For example, the coalescence of oil droplets in emulsions is the basic process regulating emulsion stability and is partly controlled by rheological properties of the surfactant monolayer.  Stability may be desirable, as in paint and coating technologies, or undesirable, as in some surfactant-based oil recovery schemes.  A basic understanding of surfactant monolayer rheology will permit the design of appropriate surfactants for these applications. Similar issues are involved in the stability and collapse of foams.  The rheology of colloidal suspensions is not only scientifically interesting but directly relevant to materials processing in a vast array of industries.  The studies are aimed at making the connection between particle-level structures and processes and macroscopic flow behavior. The simplification of 2D and the ability to observe individual particles over the entire flow field will allow such connections to be made."]
["CAREER:  Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Advanced      Affinity Techniques for Controlling Interfacial Protein     Behavior","CTS","SEPAR & PURIFICATION PROCESSES|INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Van Tassel, Paul","MI","Wayne State University","paul.vantassel@yale.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT  CTS-9733310  Paul R. Van Tassel/ Wayne State U.    This grant is awarded through the  Interfacial, Transport and Separations Program of the Chemical and Transport Systems Division. The principal investigator is Dr. Paul Van Tassel of Wayne State University. An objective of the research is the elucidation of  protein adsorption onto affinity surfaces, including the effects of kinetics, ligand density and ligand spacer length on protein orientation. A second objective is to develop technology to control protein placement on a surface using electric fields and specific ligand placement.  The educational aspects of the PI's career development seek to integrate course development with laboratory experiments through web based interactive modules. An outreach program seeks to team up undergraduates with high school students to provide an enhanced educational experience to potential scientists and engineers.    The immobilization of protein molecules at a liquid-solid interface is an important aspect of enzyme catalysis, bioseparations and biomaterials coatings. Understanding how proteins adsorb onto surfaces and developing new techniques to manipulate this adsorption process has significant implications to the biotechnology industry.   ***"]
["CAREER:  Probing the Structure of the Salmonella            Chromosome","MCB","MICROBIAL GENETICS","Segall, Anca","CA","San Diego State University Foundation","asegall@sunstroke.sdsu.edu","BIO","Segall  9733332  Many lines of evidence have shown that the structure of the E. coli and Salmonella bacterial chromosomes affects interactions with various enzyme complexes. Several probes of structure, including homologous recombination, transposition by Tn7 and Tn 10, and site-specific deletion mediated by the resolvase protein of the delta gamma transposon, have uncovered the presence of chromosomal \"barriers\". However, neither the nature of these barriers nor the basis of their action is known. Since these barriers are likely to affect all systems that interact with chromosomal DNA (repair, replication, and transcription functions as well as interactions between the chromosome and extrachromosomal elements like viruses and transposons), it is important to understand their nature and effects, and if and how they are regulated.  The first stage is to unequivocally identify and define the barriers or structural elements.  This research addresses this question in a systematic and more extensive manner than has been attempted in the past. The experiments are geared to understanding the three-dimensional structure of the chromosome within the bacterial cell, and how this structure is affected by some basic features of cell physiology. The probe that is being used is the site-specific recombination system of phage lambda, which has several features that make it a flexible and sensitive tool for the task at hand, and which will yield data complementary to that obtained by the probes used previously. The questions that are being addressed are: 1) Do all chromosomal sequences have equal access to each other?  2) Do circular extrachromosomal sequences (specifically plasmids) have equal access to all chromosomal locations? 3) Do loci that are easily accessible to extrachromosomal DNA but are poorly accessible to other chromosomal loci define regions that constrain the structure of the folded chromosome?    One of the most limiting aspects of educating biology students today is hands-on laboratory traini ng not in a classical classroom context, but in a real-life research laboratory. Students with well-developed skills in this area are extremely sought-after, but too few of them have the opportunity to enter research labs and receive the necessary training in problem-solving skills and proficiency in lab methods, experimental design, and data analysis. To begin to correct this problem five summer research workshops are being formed for undergraduates where students will work in teams on different facets of a research problem.  Students will be involved in  the design, performance, and analysis of the experiments, and will learn modern molecular techniques. The workshops should benefit students most profoundly by exposing them to carrying out experiments under a more realistic setting than can be duplicated in larger laboratory courses in which  students do set lab exercises.   In addition, some of the experiments on chromosome structure will be adapted and introduced into one new and one ongoing laboratory course."]
["CAREER: Studies in Hadronic Structure and Dynamics","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|NUCLEAR THEORY","Goity, Jose","VA","Hampton University","goity@jlab.org","MPS","The proposed research and education projects will be  carried out under the support of a CAREER award for a period  of five years.       The research component is aimed at the theoretical  study of hadronic structure and dynamics at low and  intermediate energies.  In these domains of energy the  fundamental theory of the strong interactions Quantum  Chromodynamics (QCD) is in a non-perturbative regime making  the use of effective theories necessary.  Among the  effective theories to be utilized are Chiral Perturbation  Theory (ChPT), the 1/N expansion in QCD, and in some cases  dispersion relations.  The topics of research include: a)  low and intermediate energy spin structure of the nucleon,  in particular the study of the generalized Gerasimov-Drell-  Hearn sum rule that will be tested experimentally at TJNAF;  b) tests of chiral symmetry and applications of ChPT to  mesons and baryons (K-meson decays, Goldberger-Treiman  discrepancy, weak decays of baryons, decays of heavy mesons  involving emission of low energy pions or K mesons, etc.);  c) studies involving the expansion in the inverse of the  number of colors in QCD (1/N expansion), in particular  applications to (excited) baryons with the aim at  understanding more clearly the pattern of masses, mixings  and decay widths; d) further study possible improvements to  the mentioned effective theory methods.  The research  component addresses topics of high current experimental  significance at facilities such as TJNAF, and close contact  and collaboration with experimentalists at TJNAF will be  pursued.       The education component is aimed at improving the  teaching of graduate courses in Physics. In particular, the  improvement of material presentation in the class through  the use of computers.  Computers will be used to present  graphical demonstrations in class with the aim at enhancing  the intuitive understanding of the subject discussed.  Material for use in such demonstrations will be developed  first in a Quantum Theory course  and later in others, and  efforts will be made to make such material widely available  to other teachers.  Students will be encouraged to actively  participate in this initiative. The impact of this education  component is expected to be very significant in the further  development of the young Ph.D. program in Physics at Hampton  University."]
["CAREER: Ionic Polarized Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes       Fabricated by Inkjet Printing Technology","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Yang, Yang","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","yangy@ucla.edu","ENG","Abstract    Program: Physical Foundations of Enabling Technologies    CAREER Competition    Proposal Number:  ECS-9733355  Principle Investigator:  Yang Yang    Title: Ionic polarized polymer light-emitting diodes fabricated by ink-jet printing technology      Conjugate polymers are a novel class of semiconductor materials that combine the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors with advantages of simple processing and flexible mechanical properties of polymers.  Due to its low cost and ease of fabrication this unique class of materials will revolutionize many existing electronics and bio-medical technologies. This CAREER proposal will engage in research and education activities to lay down the foundation for a consolidated polymer electronics research center at UCLA.  In particular, the research is aimed developing new and novel polymer light-emitting diodes using an innovative ink-jet printing technique.  the particular innovation of this proposal is the novel and potentially low-cost fabrication of large-area displays."]
["CAREER:  Investigations of the Formation and Evolution of   Stars in Young Embedded Clusters","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Lada, Elizabeth","FL","University of Florida","lada@astro.ufl.edu","MPS","9733367  Lada    The recent results from near-infrared wavelength imaging surveys have of stars have suggested that most stars in our Galaxy form in the environments of dense, embedded stellar clusters.  The extent to which these new results should alter our current understanding of star formation physics is unclear.  However, one would expect to find fundamental differences in the formation and early evolution of young stars in such dense regions as compared to more isolated regions.  Therefore, establishing the properties of young stars in embedded clusters is essential to understanding the process of star formation and early stellar evolution and to estimate the overall likelihood of the existence of planetary systems in our Galaxy.   An extensive and systematic broad-band infrared and millimeter wavelength study of 11 young embedded, or partially embedded, stellar clusters will be conducted.  The stellar clusters range in age from 1 to 70 million years, and span a range of environment from gaseous hydrogen regions to reflection nebulae.  The main goals of the research are: 1) to construct and compare the near-infrared wavelength luminosity functions and Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams for each cluster and to investigate the shape and universality of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) and  2) to determine and compare the frequency and mass distributions of circumstellar disks in each cluster.  In addition to providing a rich data base for investigations of the star forming histories of young clusters, the observations will provide, for the first time, a complete and statistically significant census of circumstellar/proto-planetary disk sources in cluster environments.  The comparison of the results of the analysis of the data for the stellar clusters with different ages will allow one to estimate the relative timescale for the disk phase of evolution within dense stellar environments.  The duration of the disk phase is of particular importance, for it sets the time scale for planet format ion.  The results can be compared to existing studies of young stars forming in relative isolation  This will be done in order to determine the differences in the formation and evolution of stars and their disks in differing astrophysical environments.     An integral part of this project is to carry out an educational and outreach plan that encourages, teaches, and mentors high school, college undergraduate and graduate students towards careers in the physical sciences.  The plan also emphasizes a science outreach program directed toward college level undergraduates, the general public and young children.  Specifically, it is planned to: 1)  Develop non-traditional teaching methods via the use of computers for the introductory level astronomy undergraduate course at the University of Florida; 2) Develop a new course on the origins of the solar system, stars, and life.  This course will integrate the results from recent research projects into the course material.  The course will be developed for both an undergraduate and graduate level.  3) A journal club on star formation and related topics will be organized;  4) Students will be involved at all levels in the research activities;  5) A women's career day symposium will be organized for the purpose of encouraging women high school students to consider careers in the physical sciences.   6) Two regular public lecture series will be organized, one for adults and one for children, on astronomical topics to encourage an interest and appreciation of astronomy and science in general among the public at all age levels.  ***"]
["CAREER: Instruments and Algorithms for Marine Mammal        Behavioral Acoustics","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|OCEAN TECH & INTERDISC COORDIN","Buck, John","MA","University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth","jbuck@umassd.edu","GEO","9733391  Buck    This project applies modern signal processing techniques  to  develop   new  instruments  and  algorithms  for  behavioral  studies  of  marine  mammals.  The  specific  focus  of  the  projects  will  be  on  tools to help  understand  the  link  between  the  vocal and physical behavior of these  animals.  An  common  difficulty  in  most  investigations  into  this  question  is  obtaining  extensive observations  of  animals  which spend a majority of their time beneath the surface  of  the   water.    For  this  reason,  the  visual   behavioral  observation techniques used for terrestrial animals  are  of  limited   effectiveness,  and  we  must  pursue  observation  methods   incorporating   modern   signal   processing   and  acoustical techniques.  This project will develop three such  tools.   The  first  is  an underwater video/audio  recorder  which  can  indicate which animal in the  video  picture  is  making  the  sound.   The second is  an  algorithm  for  the  controlled synthesis of bottlenose dolphin whistles to allow  controlled  tests  of  which  acoustic  features  of   these  whistles are important to the animals.  The final project is  the  ongoing development computer algorithms for recognition  and  classification of marine mammal calls investigating the  possibility  of  identifying specific individuals  based  on  their   calls.   The  project  also  incorporates  classroom  activities   encouraging  collaborative   learning   between  biologists   and   engineers.   Public  awareness   of   the  importance  of  sound in the ocean will  be  raised  through  participation in the design of several aquaria exhibits."]
["CAREER: Development of Nanofabrication Techniques for       Self-assembled Monolayer Based Biosensors","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Liu, Gang-Yu","MI","Wayne State University","liu@chem.ucdavis.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported in the   Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focuses on the use of new   technology developed by Professor Liu and her students at Wayne State   University to very precisely modify surfaces incorporating self-assembled   monolayers.  Modification methods are being developed to allow the study   of biorecognition processes and to use their specificity to develop new   types of chemical sensors on very small (sub-micrometer) scales.  This   CAREER research project also involves the introduction of new surface   chemistry courses and laboratories into the graduate and undergraduate   curricula.  Participation in a novel `Smart Sensor and Intelligent   Devices`course by Professor Liu and her students will enhance the   possible outcomes of this sort of interdisciplinary research.   The integration of advanced materials processing methods and the   expanding field of molecular biology has broadranging implications.    Professor Liu and her students at Wayne State University have developed   microfabrication methodologies which hold great promise for the assembly   of devices which allow for the study of biorecognition processes which   can be further utilized for the creation of sensor devices of extremely   high specificity.  The outcome of such research can be envisioned to   extend to a new generation of environmental and biological monitors.    Professor Liu extends the interdisciplinary nature of sensor development   program to the graduate and undergraduate curricula to introduce her   students to new ways of thinking about chemical research."]
["CAREER - Nonadiabatic Effects on Chemical Reaction Dynamics in Gas and Condensed Phases","CHE","QUANTUM CALCULATIONS","Martinez, Todd","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","tjm@spawn.scs.uiuc.edu","MPS","Professor Todd Martinez of the University of Illinois is supported by a   CAREER grant from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry program to   develop theoretical tools that address nonadiabatic effects on gas- and   condensed-phase chemical reaction dynamics.  Photochemical cis/trans   isomerizations and ring opening/closing processes will be investigated   using calculations of potential energy surfaces, their couplings, and   multiple electronic state nuclear dynamics.  Improved continuum models   for predicting electronic structure in solution and quasi-ligand   approaches for reducing the number of electrons explicitly considered   will be employed.  Novel educational ideas include incorporating organic   photochemistry examples  and modern computational chemistry software into   undergraduate and graduate physical chemistry courses.   Photochemical processes are important in vision and biosynthesis of   vitamin D as well as synthetic organic photochemistry.  A detailed   understanding of the electronic structure and dynamics of these reactions   will increase our ability to design new photochemical synthetic routes or   control known photochemical reactions.  Incorporating these research   topics into college chemistry courses allows students to see the   relationship between concepts and real-world applications."]
["CAREER: New Insights and Applications of Multiply Bonded    Phosphorus Centers","CHE","PHYSICAL INORGANIC|SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Protasiewicz, John","OH","Case Western Reserve University","jdp5@po.cwru.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award in the Inorganic,   Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry program supports research and   education on phosphorus chemistry by Dr. John D. Protasiewicz  in the   Chemistry Department, Case Western University.  The focus of the project   is synthesizing  multiply bonded phosphorus compounds, specifically for   the purpose of utilizing the reactivity of these species for development   of catalysts and materials.  Specific targets for synthesis are   diphospenes and polymers having two or more PX(X=C,N,P) multiply-bonded   sites.  The mechanism of formation of these compounds would also be   investigated.  Educational efforts would concentrate on development of a   project-based thematic undergraduate laboratory course.   As part of the   research-based, team-oriented approach, students would be introduced to   computer uses in literature searching, data storage and analysis, and   molecular modeling.  Extensive use is made of Internet capabilities.  Polymeric materials have wide utility in molecular devices and materials.    This research is aimed at  finding more effective routes to polymeric   materials that contain phosphorus, potentially widening the range of   properties currently available in materials.  The research is integrated   with undergraduate education not only in specific research projects but   in `discovery-based` laboratory courses."]
["PECASE: Neurally Inspired Silicon Learning","ECS","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Diorio, Christopher","WA","University of Washington","diorio@cs.washington.edu","ENG","This PI will study the physical and information-theoretic constraints that underline computation and computing machines.  For the educational component of the CAREER award, her will develop a new course, entitled `Computation and Computing Machines,` which will challenge students to consider the general notion of a computing machine.  First will introduce the requisite concepts in quantum physics, biology, integrated-circuit technology, information theory, and thermodynamics.  Using these concepts, He will the attributes and the Stations of present-day digital computers.  He will conclude by considering the foundations and promise of neurally inspired, quantum, and DNA computers.   His research goal is to build silicon integrated circuits that employ the computational principles used in nervous tissue. he has have already developed, in a standard CMOS process, a family of single-transistor devices called synapse transistors; these devices, like neural synapses, implement long-term analog memory, allow bi-directional memory updates, and learn from an input signs without interrupting the ongoing computation.  Although believe that a single device cannot model the complex behavior of a neural synapse completely, my synapse transistors do implement a local learning function.  He will model in silicon, the adaptive and learning behavior of living organisms, His approach is bottom-up: He will begin by fabricating synapse-transistor arrays that mimic some of the attributes of nervous tissue, including high device density, low power consumption, panel computation, and local weight adaptation, and he will investigate local learning in these arrays.  He will also develop circuits that model and axonal delays, and learn the delay values locally.  He will then use these arrays and delay circuits to investigate action-potential-based computation in silicon.  His future research will use the knowledge and devices gained under the CAREER award to construct large scale systems that, by using the computational and adaptive properties of nervous tissue, find good solutions to ill-posed problems."]
["CAREER:  Generative Designer Assistance Tools","DMI","ENGINEERING DESIGN","Schmidt, Linda","MD","University of Maryland College Park","lschmidt@eng.umd.edu","ENG","This CAREER award provides funding for the creation of a prototype generative designer assistance tool that combines a function-based generation strategy with the geometric modeling capabilities of today's computer-aided design systems.  The prototype tool will integrate an existing boundary solid modeler with a graph-based function modeling system, providing a platform for the transformation of a functional description of a design into a solid model of the components that comprise a potential design solution.  Function-driven, hierarchical design algorithms with optimization modes, will be developed to transform an initial functional description of a design into an entire space of functionally feasible and physically valid designs.  A supporting algorithm to recognizing emergent functions and function sharing opportunities will be proposed and tested.  This award also funds the expansion of a current graduate-level course, Mechanical Design Formalisms, with new modules examining creative design methods to answer the question, `Is one design method more creative than another?`.  An undergraduate version of the Formalisms course will be offered in Year Two of the award.  In addition to coursework, this award fund the continuation of an undergraduate research project to develop a Mechanical Design Learning Tool, targeting students in grades three through six.  Through a visual interface, students will manipulate icons representing simple mechanical components in order to solve problems like `create a rolling cart`.  The tool will feature animation sequences that illustrate the mechanical concept discovered by correct icon manipulation.       Successful generative design tools will assist designers in completing routine or, on a more interactive basis, challenging design tasks.  Their design interpretation techniques can be used to preserve a company's design knowledge, a significant goal for a design environment characterized by geographically dispersed design teams and paperless design databases. Generative design tools will have impact beyond use by experienced designers.  They are training tools for novice designers and tools for engineering students in design classes.  Generative design tools also embody the foundational principles necessary for building design learning tools suitable to engage elementary students in learning mechanical engineering concepts.  The proposed work's impact will reach into the university classroom, eventually providing design learning tools to students of all ages, engaging them in engineering pursuits at pre-college and college ages."]
["CAREER: Secure and Flexible Transmission Systems","ECS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Starrett, Shelli","KS","Kansas State University","starret@ksu.edu","ENG","9733447  Starrett    Objectives  The goal of this project is to begin a research and educational career that provides: high quality undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education; maintains working relationships with industry; and performs nationally competitive research.  The research proposal defines a plan for building a foundation for research in the analysis and control of stressed power systems.  The focus is to ensure system security and reliability in the rapidly changing utility environment by innovatively using new and existing controllers.  The plan is to develop coordinated system-wide schemes to improve system flexibility and to allow for more control of system security from the transmission system.  The goal is to encourage industry involvement to make research more applicable, and broaden the power education program.  Courses will be made more interesting and efficient using computer and video technology.  This plan strives to supply power system engineering students with: strong fundamental backgrounds, industry contacts, knowledge of practical power systems operation and control, and a knowledge of the big picture.    Methods to be Employed  Methods based on eigenvector analysis, controllability and observability, participation's, and sensitivities will be applied to the control design problem.  The uniqueness of this plan is the consideration of any system variables for control input, instead of limiting control variables to locally measured values.  FACTS controllers will also be included in this analysis.  The focus will be on system-wide analysis, and models will be developed and tested on the full nonlinear system.  Computer presentation software and hardware and active learning techniques will be utilized in the classroom and for course assignments.  The development of a seminar series and industry advisory board will help to integrate the research and teaching components of this project.  The communication, computer, and video technology will be utilized to enhance the  existing off-campus graduate program.    Significance of Plan  Open access, system mergers, and the growth in wheeling will magnify stress on the system.  As a result, each part of the system will become more vulnerable to problems in any other part of the system.  System-wide oscillations and energy transfers will become even more likely.  Control strategies and systems must be developed to keep the system secure as well as accommodate the host of new demands placed on it.  The results of this project will improve power system control strategies to allow the system to withstand increased stress.  The improvement of security using the transmission-based control will be necessary and valuable as generator-control is separated from the transmission system.  The plan will take advantage of new communication and control equipment and to coordinate its use for system security purposes.  Research, planning, and development now can mean more secure, flexible, and thus more profitable systems for the future.  More coordinated planning of new purchases can also reduce costs by avoiding redundant or ineffective controls.  Cooperative university-utility relationships and the training of high-quality engineers are critical to the success of a power program.  The activities in this plan are aimed at building and strengthening these relationships.  The creative use of teaching techniques and tools, collaborative efforts with other universities, involvement of industry in teaching plans, and the expansion of the curriculum will improve the quality of Kansas State University's power engineering graduates.  The industry will need well-trained engineers to succeed in the changing utility environment."]
["PECASE: Metal Core Macromolecules with Tunable Properties","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Fraser, Cassandra","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","fraser@virginia.edu","MPS","Dr. Cassandra L. Fraser, Chemistry Department, University of Virginia, is   supported by a Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award from the   Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Program.  The   utility of halo-methyl derivatives of bipyridine or phenanthroline metal   complexes will be tested as living polymerization reagents for the   preparation of metal core macromolecules in the form of star, heteroarm   star, and star block copolymers.  Research efforts include polymerization   of oxazolines, styrenes and acrylates; functionalization of   macromolecules via nucleophilic termination agents; and examination of   block length and composition influence upon aggregation behavior.  In an   associated educational effort, the second year of a two-year introductory   honors sequence and a graduate level transition metal course will be   redesigned.  The central motif of the undergraduate course is an   interdisciplinary approach to science education while the graduate course   utilizes an interactive seminar format.  Metal-containing macromolecules have a wide range of potential   applications that exploit the unique characteristics of the metal complex   core.  Metal core macromolecules may serve as liquid crystals, supported   catalysts and optical or electrochemical sensors.  Interdisciplinary and   seminar approaches to chemistry education will be introduced at the   undergraduate and graduate levels, respectively."]
["CAREER: Care and Feeding of High-Performance Processors with Reconfigurable Memory Systems","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Chong, Frederic","CA","University of California-Davis","chong@cs.ucsb.edu","CSE","***  9733475  Chong  Microprocessor performance continues to increase faster than  memory performance, so that computer systems face a memory  bottleneck.  The goal of this project is to distribute logic  within memory systems so that some computations can be  performed in the memory system without transferring data to  the processor. By fabricating field-programmable gate arrays  and memory on the same chip, computations for fine-grained  data manipulation can be distributed to the memory system at  run time to speed up specific applications.A crucial  research issue in such a design is the partitioning of  computations between high-performance processors and the  distributed logic. This project is investigating this  partitioning on a range of appilications, including integer  programming for compiler register allocation, filters for  image and video editing, internet routing, graph matching  for intrusion detection, and protein sequence matching.  Educational plans include the updating of several existing  courses in computer architecture, the development of new  courses in reconfigurable computing, and the incorporation  of undergraduate research into the project.  Expected  outcomes of this project include a methodology for designing  reconfigurable memory systems and using them in  computations, an infrastructure of simulation tools and  hardware prototypes, students trained in applications-driven  system design, and web-based educational software to support  collaborative projects in computer architecture.  ***"]
["CAREER: Nonlinear Control of Transport-Reaction and         Particulate Processes","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES|PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Christofides, Panagiotis","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","pdc@seas.ucla.edu","ENG","Abstract - Christofides - 9733509    The objective of this research is to develop a general and practical framework for the synthesis of nonlinear model-based feedback controllers for transport-reaction and particulate processes that achieve the desired stability and performance specifications in the presence of model uncertainty.  The motivation is provided by: a) the abundance of highly nonlinear transport-reaction (for example packed-bed reactors and chemical vapor deposition processes) and particulate (for example crystallizers and aerosol reactors) processes; b) the need for excellent control of these processes in order to minimize energy consumption and cost, achieve tighter performance specifications, and meet environmental and safety regulations; and c) the lack of practical nonlinear control methods for transport-reaction and particulate processes.  The specific research projects planned include: 1) control of diffusion-convection-reaction processes with time-dependent spatial domains, 2) control of transitional (not fully turbulent) fluid dynamic systems based on Navier-Stokes equations, and 3) model reduction and control of particulate processes based on population balance models.  The research will provide a fundamental understanding on the nature of the model reduction and control problems for transport-reaction and particulate processes.  It will also synthesize practically-implementable nonlinear feedback control algorithms that enforce the requested stability and performance specifications in the closed-loop system in the presence of model uncertainty.  The control algorithms will be applied to chemical vapor deposition processes, crystal growth processes, transitional channel and boundary layer flows, crystallizers and aerosol processes.  The development of a software package and the collaboration with companies (specifically, Trikon Technologies and Beta Squared) will be the means for transferring the results of the research to the industrial sector.    As part of this CAREER a ward, several educational activities are also planned, including: a) the integration of the model reduction and control methods into the undergraduate math and control courses, b) the development of an undergraduate process control lab, c) the development of a graduate level course on model reduction and control of nonlinear distributed parameter systems based on the results of the research, d) the design of open-ended projects for undergraduate students based on the research, e) the development of an industrial/graduate student internship program with companies in the microelectronics area, and f) the establishment of a unified control curriculum in the School of Engineering and Applied Science at UCLA."]
["CAREER:  Role of Exopolysaccharides in Rhizobium meliloti/ alfalfa Symbiosis","MCB","METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY","Gonzalez, Juan","TX","University of Texas at Dallas","jgonzal@utdallas.edu","BIO","9733532  Gonzalez              Bacterial exopolysaccharide is required for establishment of the nitrogen fixing symbiosis between Rhizobium meliloti and its host plant Medicago sativa (alfalfa), but the precise role of exopolysaccharides in this interaction is not well defined. Succinoglycan, the acidic Calcofluor-binding exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti strain 1021 is required for effective nodulation. R. meliloti mutants that fail to synthesize succinoglycan form empty nodules that are devoid of bacteria and bacteroids and unable to fix nitrogen. Rm l021 has also the cryptic ability to produce a second exopolysaccharide (EPS II) that suppresses the symbiotic defects succinoglycan-deficient strains on alfalfa nodule invasion. A common theme emerging from these studies is that small quantities of low molecular weight exopolysaccharides are sufficient to mediate successful invasion by R. meliloti mutants which fail to produce exopolysaccharides, implying that low molecular weight exopolysaccharide may act as a signaling molecule during this process. A low molecular weight EPS II fraction consisting of 15-18 EPS II disaccharide subunits efficiently allowed nodule invasion by non-infective strains when present in amounts as low as 7 picomoles per plant, suggesting that low molecular weight EPS II may act as a symbiotic signal during infection.  This  project will perform genetic and biochemical analyses of exopolysaccharide production by R. meliloti and identify the genes involved in the production of the biologically-active low molecular weight form of EPS II. This project will also investigate the roles of succinoglycan and EPS II in symbiosis.  The results will set the stage for the identification of the putative plant receptors for the biologically-active Rhizobium exopolysaccharides and their role in symbiosis.  Polysaccharides are increasingly being recognized as important determinants of virulence in both plant and mammalian pathogens.  Succingoglycan is one of the best-characterized  bacterial polysaccharides and has already advanced understanding of the synthesis and biological roles of polysaccharides in other bacteria, including human pathogens.  Basic studies of polysaccharide biosynthesis might eventually contribute to the design of enzymatic steps in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates to control linkage specificity and stereochemistry.  These studies may lead to insights into the possible broader use of oligosaccharides as signals in biological systems than has generally been recognized.  These studies promise to lead to a better understanding of plant-bacterial symbiosis which is necessary for biological nitrogen fixation."]
["CAREER: Stabilizing Containment for Networks and Distributed Systems","CNS","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Herman, Ted","IA","University of Iowa","ted-herman@uiowa.edu","CSE","The basic research component of this project is concerned  with transient faults and unexpected environmental changes  that occur in distributed systems and networks.  Transient  faults include spontaneous data corruption and any temporary  deviation from software specification. The project explores  how effects of transient faults can be contained within  desired boundaries of time or application-specific  objectives. Using methods of stabilizing algorithms, which  automatically recover from transient state disruptions,  issues of containment will be studied. Basic research  investigations will yield new algorithms for tolerating  transient faults and will demonstrate the inherent resource  conflicts between stabilization and containment objectives.  Another goal is to alleviate compute-intensive and  complexity disadvantages often associated with stabilizing  algorithms, using methods of encapsulation and probabilistic  approaches.  The potential significance of the new  stabilizing containment techniques will be demonstrated by  case studies: interfaces between software layers that  contain effects of faults are simplified; optimistic  treatment of faults improves efficiency of recovery;  distributed programs can manipulate objects while limiting  contamination due to temporary object corruption.  The  impact of the basic research and its case studies will be to  bring stabilization and containment techniques closer to  widespread application in new generations of distributed  systems.  The plan's applied research and educational  components emphasize student projects implementing recent  distributed computing algorithms."]
["CAREER:  Geometric Reasoning for Large Engineering          Knowledge-Bases","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI|INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE|HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM|ENGINEERING DESIGN|INTEGRATION ENGINEERING","Regli, William","PA","Drexel University","regli@drexel.edu","CSE","This research develops representations and algorithms to manage large digital libraries of engineering   knowledge.  In engineering design, it is conservatively estimated that more than 75% of design activity is   case-based.  This research identifies new computational methods for reasoning about complex geometric   and engineering information.  It develops the mathematical foundation and algorithmic tools to support   content-based retrieval from large engineering knowledge-bases (such as are generated by modern CAD   systems).  This research identifies: (1) classes of heuristic search algorithms for automated indexing and   retrieval of models from design knowledge-bases; (2) data structures for defining arbitrary relationships   among engineering data elements, based on their relationships through product model geometry; (3)   search interfaces for supporting customized queries from outside agents.  Additionally, this project   develops an educational plan that integrates the core computer science curriculum with complex problems   drawn from real-world application domains. This is accomplished through incorporating interdisciplinary   problem solving into basic Computer Science classes, outreach activities with industry, and the National   Design Repository---digital textbook of design knowledge for users around the globe.  This CAREER plan   will have an extensive impact on engineering design and computer-aided manufacturing.  http://www.mcs.drexel.edu/ wregli/EKB"]
["Studies of the physical and thermodynamic properties of     dusty plasmas and plasma crystals","PHY","PLASMA PHYSICS","Thomas, Edward","TN","Fisk University","etjr@physics.auburn.edu","MPS","***\n\n9733554\n\nThomas\n\nThis award is made as a part of the FY98 CAREER competition.  The scientific component of the research focuses on the study of dust-particle transport in plasmas.  The techniques of particle image velocimetry will be used to follow the motion of the particles.  This marks the first time that this technique, which to date has been used on fluid systems, will be used to study dusty plasmas.  The final years of the work will concentrate on the analysis of \"crystals\" in the plasma.  The educational component of the activity involves the development of a competitive program that brings a high school student/teacher pair to work on a project in the PI's laboratory during each summer.  This project would then be taken back to the high school during the subsequent academic year.  At the same time the PI will serve as \"science mentor\" for the teacher's class during the school year.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Nonlinear Dynamics of Smart Materials Used for      Structural Vibro-Acoustic Control","CMS","SENSOR TECH FOR CIVIL & MECH|CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Royston, Thomas","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","troyston@uic.edu","ENG","This CAREER project addresses the complex problem of  modeling, analysis, and experimental investigation of  nonlinear characteristic related to smart materials, such as  piezo-ceramic composites, and investigates their application  in vibro-acoustic energy conduction transduction,  dissipation and excitation. This research is vital for  meeting critical needs in applications such a structural  noise and vibration control, non-destructive testing and  evaluation, health monitoring of structures and machinery,  music and micro-electro-mechanical systems. The education  plan  is integrated fully with the proposed research topic.  It included outreach activities involving inner city youth  through the medium of music via a non profit program called  Music Education Reaching Instrumental Talent (MERIT). In  this program, the PI plans to incorporate a sequence of  instructions on `Science and Engineering in Music.` In  addition, he plans to augment the laboratory experience in  UIC Minority Engineering Recruitment and Retention Program  with `Science and Engineering of Musical Instruments,` in  which students first study traditional musical instruments,  and then design and develop their own musical instrument.  The project will result in a better understanding of vibro-  acoustic energy transmission, and engineering concepts via  musical acoustics."]
["CAREER: A Foundation for Applied Machine Learning","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI","Brodley, Carla","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","brodley@cs.tufts.edu","CSE","This project aims to provide a foundation for applying machine learning in practice.  The research   component has two goals. Firstly, to develop data collection and refinement methods that allow machine   learning algorithm to extract structure from data.  Secondly, to perform empirical and theoretical analyses   of machine learning algorithms to develop a deeper understanding of current and new methods, and to   uncover the characteristics of datasets that make them amenable to particular learning algorithms. The   education component of this project aims to provide practitioners with the foundation required to apply   machine learning successfully in practice by providing a deeper understanding of the type of structure that   various learning algorithms can detect, by creating tools for collecting data, by giving students hands on   experience applying machine learning in practice, and through inter-disciplinary research projects.  These   research and education activities are being performed in the context of several application domains,   including mapping global land cover of the Earth from remotely sensed data, content-based image   retrieval of high resolution CAT scans of the lung, learning to detect anomalies for computer security, and   on-board processing of planetary data.  In addition to its contribution to applied machine learning, this   project has the benefit that the successful application of machine learning to proposed application domains   will result in non-trivial contributions to medicine, computer systems development, and geography.  http://mow.ecn.purdue.edu/ brodley/"]
["CAREER:  Robust Behavioral Fault Simulation Algorithms for  Multilevel Simulation","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Panetta, Karen","MA","Tufts University","Karen@eecs.tufts.edu","CSE","This research focuses on improving simulation and test methodologies through the  use of Concurrent Simulation (CS) and Multiple Domain Concurrent Simulation  (MDCS) algorithms. This project develops an efficient behavioral fault simulation  architecture that integrates well with structural and RTL models. The inherent  ability of CS to represent and store only unique behaviors from the fault free  experiment allows for excellent internal observation and comparative  experimentation. Furthermore, the use of MDCS algorithms provides compression  techniques for large simulations, overcoming memory bottlenecks while supporting  the creation of multiple experiment scenarios. This allows a designer to vary  parameters within any model and simulate it against other model configurations  in a single simulation. Activities being explored under this grant include: (a)  Developing algorithms for behavioral fault simulation, observability and  signature traces using CS and MDCS; (b) Reduction of memory requirements through  enhanced erratic experiment (infinite loop) detection, experiment compression  using MDCS algorithms and fault dropping. (c) Evaluation of algorithms that allow  the seamless integration of multilevel models."]
["CAREER:  Techniques and Tools for Early Measurement and     Improvement of Software Reliability","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Tian, Jeff","TX","Southern Methodist University","tian@engr.smu.edu","CSE","9733588  Tian  This research project combines software reliability engineering  and software measurement to develop an integrated approach to  early measurement and improvement of software reliability. Key  research activities include: 1) Integrating research findings in  software reliability engineering and software measurement to  assess and improve software quality over extended development  phases and application domains. 2) Developing analysis techniques  and tools to effectively analyze diverse measurement data. 3)  Practical implementation of this integrated approach and  adaptation of it to a wide variety of software development  environments in collaboration with several industrial partners.  (4) Developing or enhancing several graduate and undergraduate  level courses in software engineering and computer science.  The  key benefits of this research project include: (1)  a systematic  technique to measure software quality early in development and to  identify early problems for effective quality improvement, (2)  construction of support tools that can help the implementation  and deployment of these techniques in industry, and (3)  educational opportunities for students to work on leading edge  research projects that solve practical problems.  ***"]
["CAREER: Teaching through Research: Plume-Ridge Interactions in the Galapagos as Focus of an Integrated InterdisciplinaryChemistry Curricular Initiative","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC|PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY","Harpp, Karen","WI","Lawrence University","kharpp@mail.colgate.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award by the Divisions of   Chemistry and Earth Sciences supports interdisciplinary research and   education on mantle dynamics and plume-ridge interactions by Dr. Karen S.   Harpp, Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University.   The investigation   will focus on the Galapagos hotspot, located south of the Galapagos   Spreading Center (GSC), off the west coast of South America.  The magmas   produced here are controlled by both hotspots and mid-ocean ridges, thus   serving as tracers of mantle flow patterns, extent of mixing between the   two sources, and detailed lithospheric structure and dynamics.  The   relationship of regional volcanic features, specifically the Wolf-Darwin   Lineament (WDL) as well as Pinta, Marchena, and Genovesa islands, to the   ridge and hotspot are not well understood.  Three mechanisms for   understanding the region have been proposed:  WDL pipes plume material to   the ridge; lithospheric weakness at the lineament; ridge upwelling, with   increased melt production because of the adjacent hotspot.  Each   mechanism results in different predictions for geochemical variation.    Sample lavas will be collected from Wolf, Darwin, and Genovesa and their   chemical compositions determined.  The data will be fit to models to   determine which mechanism best describes geologic activity in the area.    The project will be carried out by undergraduates.  In addition,   inquiry-based methods and team approaches  will be introduced into   chemistry laboratories, including a new environmental laboratory course,   at Lawrence University and undergraduate students will be involved in   outreach with local school and community groups.  The origin of volcanic islands in the Galapagos archipelago is not well   understood because of the complex interaction between ocean ridges and   local hotspots or plumes.  The geological mechanism will be determined by   studying the chemical composition of the lava flows at various islands.    The research is integrated with education of undergraduate students who   will be prepared in discovery-based laboratories prior to experience in   field work in the Galapagos."]
["CAREER: Isotopic Studies of the Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide","ATM","ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY","Mak, John","NY","SUNY at Stony Brook","jemak@notes.cc.sunysb.edu","GEO","9733638\n\nMak\n\n\n\n\tThis project was submitted in response to the CAREER Program solicitation.  It is a four-year career development plan that integrates research and teaching goals. The major science objectives focus on the importance of atmospheric CO in tropospheric chemical processes for the background marine atmosphere.  Specifically, the PI  will use isotopic chemical information (i.e., 14CO, 13CO, C18O): 1) to quantify the rate of CO loss in the tropics (where OH concentrations are high); and 2) to characterize the relative temporal trend in source strengths for atmospheric CO.  The loss rate of CO through reaction with OH will be determined by measuring 14CO.  The stable isotope composition (13CO and C18O) will be used to help constrain temporal trends in the relative source strengths of atmospheric CO.  Weekly air samples will be collected over a three-year period at the Mauna Loa Observatory and will be analyzed for the three CO isotopomers and for CO atmospheric abundance.  Over the same sampling period the 14CO annual production rate in the lower troposphere will be measured and these data will be compared to model simulations obtained from the NASA Goddard 3-D Global Chemistry Transport Model.  These proposed activities will shed new information on the source strengths of atmospheric CO, particularly over the tropical Pacific Ocean. \n\n\n\n\tThe education plan uses the proposed atmospheric CO studies as a mechanism for involving undergraduate students in research.  The PI's philosophy is to provide undergraduates with problem-solving opportunities that include equipment building and instrument operation as part of the research plan.  Specifically, the PI will establish an undergraduate consortium of 5-10 students to work with him each semester on a directed project.  Projects will require laboratory work, field work, and data interpretation and analysis.  Also, the PI will establish partnerships with private industry to generate informal internships for students to assist them in obtaining employment within these companies."]
["CAREER:  Motion Planning and Active Vision Strategies for   Optimizing Visual Feedback in Robot Control","IIS","ROBOTICS","Sharma, Rajeev","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","rsharma@advancedinterfaces.com","CSE","This project investigates two complementary ways of improving  computer vision based robot control particularly in uncertain and  changing environments. First, by developing motion planning  techniques that account for properties of the visual data --  exploiting the available visual feedback and overcoming sensing  limitations.  This requires extending the notion of robot  configuration space to include image feature space and using  topology-preserving learning schemes to handle modeling  uncertainties.  Second, by developing active vision strategies  for optimizing visual feedback in robot control -- systematically  extending the range of robot operation beyond that possible by  static cameras. Defining invariances under camera motion would  allow the decoupling of active camera control from robot control.  Both deterministic and stochastic strategies will be explored for  exploiting the camera motion in cooperation with the robot motion  plan. This research will be interleaved with supporting  educational activities which include developing new graduate  courses in robotics and human-computer interfaces, revising  undergraduate courses in related areas, and developing two new  educational tools. The first tool will be for collaborative group  projects on the web especially for projects involving video  images. The second tool will be for training and visualization  using an augmented reality interface that allows interactive  mixing of virtual and real objects."]
["CAREER: Sculptured Thin Films: Non-Linear Nanomechanics     and Homogenization for a New Class of Engineered Thin       Film Composites with Evolving Nanostructure","CMS","MATERIALS DESIGN & SURFACE ENG|MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER|MECHANICS","Costanzo, Francesco","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","costanzo@engr.psu.edu","ENG","Nanomechanics is employed to characterize the nonlinear  thermo-mechanical properties of sculptured thin films. Also,  a homogenization theory of sculptured thin films is  formulated to analytically and computationally derive the  effective constitutive and evolution equations of these nano-  engineered systems. Software and computer-based courseware  is developed to simulate the experimental activity used in  the identification of the thermo-mechanical properties of  homogeneous as well as composite materials. The project  contributes to the improvement of fabrication and life  prediction techniques for a new class of composite thin  films with promising applications on electroluminescent  devices, optical sensor technology, micro-sieves for  entrapment of viruses or for growth of biological tissues on  surfaces of biological and on-biological origin."]
["CAREER:  Structural Basis of Bacterial Conjugation","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY|BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS","Schildbach, Joel","MD","Johns Hopkins University","joel@jhu.edu","BIO","Schildbach  9733655    F factor, like all conjugative plasmids, directs its transfer from one bacterium to another, even between species.  While the genetics of F factor have been studied extensively, little is known about the structural basis of conjugal transfer.  The investigator is mounting a long-term effort to describe F factor conjugation in molecular detail.  The initial research will concentrate on a complex of three proteins and plasmid DNA that facilitates DNA cleavage with strand and sequence specificity.  Of these proteins, only plasmid-encoded TraI possesses nucleolytic activity.  Integration host factor (IHF) and plasmid-encoded TraY are required for efficient TraI activity, although their roles are unknown.  To better define TraY activity, the investigator will identify TraY amino acids involved in DNA recognition through site-directed mutagenesis, and will characterize the F plasmid DNA sequence bound by TraY.  The binding of IHF and TraY to DNA will be assessed for cooperativity, and for its effect on DNA conformation.  Crystallization of TraY will also be attempted, in preparation for eventual structure determination by X-ray crystallography. This research, coupled with teaching in lecture and seminar courses, is intended to demonstrate to graduate and undergraduate students the value of examining biological systems using interdisciplinary studies that include structural biology.    Conjugation is an efficient mechanism for transferring DNA between even unrelated bacterial species.  Consequently, acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes by pathogenic bacteria frequently occurs through conjugal transfer.  Drugs that inhibit conjugation, given in concert with regular antibiotic treatment, may render antibiotics more effective and may reduce the incidence of antibiotic resistance.  Design of such inhibitors requires an understanding of the structures and mechanisms of the proteins and DNA involved in conjugation.  The proposed activities will provide understanding of one step i n bacterial conjugation, as well as instill in students an appreciation of the value and design of such studies."]
["CAREER: Transport Phenomena in Solidification Processing    of Functionally Graded Materials","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Wang, Chao-Yang","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","cxw31@psu.edu","ENG","Abstract - CTS-9733662  Wang, Chao-Yang      The proposed work is to study the solidification processing of materials that feature a continuous compositional variation from ceramic to metal within a part.  Such materials, called Fuctionally Graded Materials, offer unique combinations of thermal resistance and mechanical strength, reduce thermal stresses due to the thermal mismatch between metal and ceramic, and near-net shapes.  Functionally Graded Materials offer a new dimension for satisfying the needs for high performance materials in aerospace, energy, and electronic industries.    The objectives of the study are to visualize particle migration, melt convection, and microstructural development during solidification, to understand the interactions between the particles and the growth front in the presence of convection, and to characterize the particle distributin and grain structure in the graded material.  The work will involve a combined experimental and modeling effort.  Transparent analog systems will be used to observe and measure particle motion and redistribution in a solidifying liquid.  Metal experiments and post-processing characterization will provide quantitative data on the graded microstructure.  A process model will be developed to predict graded ceramic-metal structures and to permit tailoring the material to specific functional requirements.  The results from this investigation will improve the commercial viability of Functionally Graded Materials."]
["CAREER: Design Parameter Determination for Optimal Dynamic  Performance of Complex Multibody Systems","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Anderson, Kurt","NY","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","anderk5@rpi.edu","ENG","This CAREER project emphasizes the use of multibody dynamic  modeling as a tool for designing complex dynamic systems via  low-order dynamic simulation algorithms, parallel computing,  and an efficient combination of heuristic genetic and  optimization algorithms. The methodology developed through  this research would automatically generate equations of  motion and associated simulation code for a specified  complex multibody system, and determine from these equations  the system design parameters that are considered optimal  with respect to some user prescribed design objective. The  education plan includes computer-aided mathematical modeling  and analysis oriented course developed, and their  application in undergraduate design projects such as SAE  sponsored electric car race and mini Baja competition. In  addition, graduate courses are planned with multibody  dynamics software used as a dynamic analysis and design  tool. Outreach activities include establishing a formal  student exchange program with Technische Hochschule  Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; and strengthening pre-college  level programs in engineering and technology currently in  existence at RPI."]
["CAREER:  Tagged Transposon-Mediated Mutagenesis in C.elegans","MCB","EUKARYOTIC GENETICS|GENES AND GENOME SYSTEMS","Jorgensen, Erik","UT","University of Utah","jorgensen@bioscience.utah.edu","BIO","Jorgensen 9733685      Abstract  Exocytosis in neurons has become specialized in order to allow for the rapid secretion of neurotransmitter. A number of proteins involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking have been identified by biochemical purification from synaptosomes. Nevertheless, current models for neurosecretion are greatly limited because there is only an incomplete list of the proteins that are required for these processes. Genetic studies in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, could potentially identify the complete complement of genes required for synaptic function. C. elegans is particularly advantageous for such studies because it is possible to select for mutants defective in secretion. Using such screens, over 38 genes have been identified which are required for normal neurotransmission. The efficiency of these screens has generated more mutants than can be easily characterized using standard genetic techniques. Techniques to rapidly map and clone these genes lags far behind the ability to obtain mutants. Mutagenesis strategies using transposons modified to contain foreign plasmid sequences could allow the immediate cloning of mutant genes without the need to map the mutations. The aims of this proposal are to: 1) Develop methods to mobilize recombinant Tc3 transposons in the germ line,  2) Develop techniques to mobilize a heterologous mariner element in C. elegans, 3) Train undergraduates to screen for neurotransmission mutants in C. elegans using a recombinant mariner element and to directly sequence the mutant genes in a single semester course.      The tools developed by this work will benefit the larger scientific community and accelerate experiments designed to analyze neurotransmission. The techniques developed will greatly increase the efficiency of forward genetic methods. Additionally, the development of these tools and reagents will provide students with a more complete laboratory experience."]
["Science Teaching and Learning in Economically Disadvantaged Urban Areas.","REC",null,"Barton, Angela","NY","Teachers College, Columbia University","acb33@columbia.edu","EHR","9733700  Barton    A major national science education goal is to promote scientific literacy for all Americans.  Egalitarian in theory, this idea of science for all has proven difficult to actualize among all students in all schools.  It has been documented that children living in urban poverty experience schooling as right: Teachers dominate classroom activity, students are passive, and learning is defined through rote memorization.  This kind of rigid education in science has resulted in students who view science as a set of facts to be memorized that has no connection or relevance to their personal lives.  It has also produced students who do not see or understand the interrelated nature of science and society, and who cannot use their skills and conceptual understandings to make personal decisions or to engage knowledgeably in debate abut scientific matters.  This is scientific matters.  This significant given that 20% of all children attend school in urban poverty."]
["PECASE:  Accuracy of Thin Slice Judgements","BCS","COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE INITIAT|CROSS-DIRECTORATE  ACTIV PROGR|SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY","Ambady, Nalini","MA","Harvard University","nalini.ambady@tufts.edu","SBE","The research in this CAREER proposal is directed towards improving our fundamental understanding of the accuracy of perceptual judgments based on very minimal information - brief `thin slices` or glimpses of behavior (such as 2-second silent video clips). Recent research suggests that people can make surprisingly accurate judgments from such slices. For example, judgments of thin slices of behavior have been found to predict important outcome variables in social and clinical psychology as accurately as judgments of thicker slices. The goal of the proposed research is to advance the field by elucidating some of the mechanisms that affect the real-life accuracy of perceptual appraisals, evaluations, and personality judgments from minimal information. The proposed work will integrate theoretical and empirical approaches from the areas of perception, cognitive science, education, communication, social cognition, ecological, cultural, and personality psychology. Specifically, the research program will explore (a) potential cognitive mechanisms that might be related to the accuracy of thin slice judgments; (b) potential affective mechanisms that might be related to the accuracy of thin slice judgments; (c) the automaticity of such judgments, (d) the efficacy and accuracy of such judgments in relation to judgments based on thick slices with considerably more information; (e) the stability of such judgments over time and across situations; and (f) the stability and generalizability of such judgments across cultures. Accuracy will be evaluated in relation to criteria that have considerable importance and ecological validity, such as indices of teacher effectiveness. The methods used to examine these mechanisms are diverse and include experimental, correlational, and meta-analytic techniques. The educational objectives of this CAREER proposal are (a) to develop courses to actively engage graduate and undergraduate students in research on interpersonal perception and communication using thin slices; (b) to design and conduct workshops to train educational and healthcare professionals in communication and interpersonal skills, and (c) to develop new assessment tools using multimedia technology."]
["CAREER: Visible Spatial Modulators","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Cartwright, Alexander","NY","SUNY at Buffalo","anc@eng.buffalo.edu","ENG","Program: Physical Foundations of Enabling Technologies    CAREER Competition    Proposal Number:  ECS-9733720  Principle Investigator:  Alexander Cartwright        Abstract:        This proposed research is focused on the development of visible spatial light modulators (SLMs) using AlGaN, InGaN, and GaN material systems for application in the next generation of display and printer technologies. Specifically, III-N visible SLMs will be modeled, designed, fabricated, and tested by the PI and in collaboration with Eastman Kodak Company.  The investigation will include the Franz-Keldysh and quantum-confined-Stark effect in III-N materials, linear optical properties and ultra-fast dynamics of charge transport in p-i-n devices. The educational part of the proposal will extend PI's undergraduate research symposium to outreach programs including mentoring of minorities and women students in high schools and undergraduate school."]
["Career: Protein Engineering of a Recombinant Diiron         Hydroxylase via Mutagenesis and in vivo Selection to Target the Creation of New Catalytic Properties","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Fox, Brian","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","bgfox@biochem.wisc.edu","BIO","Abstract -  Molecular Biochemistry    Brian G. Fox (University of Wisconsin)  MCB 97-33734  CAREER: Protein Engineering of a Recombinant Diiron Hydroxylase via Mutagenesis and in vivo Selection to Target the Creation of New Catalytic Properties.    1. Technical    This study examines a recombinant form of bacterial toluene 4-monooxygenase (T4MO), which is a four protein complex consisting of an FAD and  2Fe-2S  containing NADH oxidoreductase (tmoF, 36 kDa); a Rieske ferredoxin (tmoC, 12.3 kDa); a catalytic effector (tmoD, 11.6 kDa); and a diiron hydroxylase (T4MOH, 212 kDa, dimeric quaternary structure composed of the tmoA, tmoB, and tmoE gene products). The objectives are to create, select, and characterize new isoforms of the T4MO complex by bioengineering the diiron active site, which is contained entirely within the tmoA gene. A combination of targeted and random mutagenesis coupled with selection through in vivo complementation is used to alter the regiospecificity of aromatic oxidation in a targeted manner, to oxidize entirely new classes of hydrocarbon substrates, to produce new variations of catalytic reactivity, or to enhance catalyst stability.  The T4MO complex offers many unique opportunities to study diiron enzyme catalysis, to investigate the role of protein-protein interactions in catalysis, and to study the energetics of electron transfer between the Rieske ferredoxin and diiron redox centers.  It oxidizes many aromatic, aliphatic, heteronuclear, polynuclear, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Because hydrocarbons are the preeminent chemical feedstocks and about 60% of all industrial transformations involve some form of oxidation or reduction, this study is relevant to environment and biotechnology. This research is integrated into discovery-based undergraduate teaching, involving state-of-the-art molecular biology/biochemistry techniques.    2. Non-technical    Bacterial toluene 4-monooxygenase (T4MO) is a four protein complex containing two iron atoms in the catalytic active site.  Many key biochemical principles are inherent in the function of this multiprotein complex, including the role of metal ions in catalysis, protein interactions, electron transfer processes, substrate specificity, and others.  This enzyme oxidizes many aromatic, aliphatic, and halogenated hydrocarbons.  Hydrocarbon oxidation is an important topic because hydrocarbons are the preeminent chemical feedstocks and about 60% of all industrial transformations involve some form of oxidation or reduction. This study is aimed to create, select, and characterize new and improved isoforms of T4MO through bioengineering, using a variety of biochemical, catalytic, and physical approaches. This study is integrated also into discovery-based undergraduate teaching, involving state-of-the-art techniques such as DNA isolation and sequencing, expression vector construction, protein expression, protein purification, and structure/ function characterizations.  The objective is to contribute to the utility of T4MO complexes as biocatalysts, gaining significant knowledge of their function, and providing a stimulating focus for teaching the theory and practical application of modern biochemical techniques."]
["CAREER: Effects of Electronic Alignment in Laser Induced    M-H2 and M-CH4 Reactions","CHE","SPECTROSCOPY","Bililign, Solomon","NC","North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University","Bililign@ncat.edu","MPS","Solomon Bililign of North Carolina A&T University is supported by the   Experimental Physical Chemistry Program in his studies on the effects of   electronic alignment in laser-induced metal-hydrogen (M-H2) and   metal-methane (M-CH4) reactions.  Specifically, he will investigate how   the electronic structure and electronic orbital alignment of a metal atom   affects the structure and chemical reactivity of M-H2 and M-CH4   complexes.  Far wing absorption spectroscopy will be extended to study   the continuum or scattering state of a transient bimolecular collision   complex and investigate depolarization, chemical quenching, and reaction   in LiH2, ZnH2 and ZnCH4 complexes.  The ultimate goal of these studies is   to gain new understanding and detailed knowledge about the physical and   chemical binding of some metals with hydrocarbons.  The educational   activities associated with this CAREER award include outreach programs to   schools in the community, links to industry, short term projects for   undergraduates and course development related to the research project   both at the undergraduate and graduate levels.    The interactions of hydrogen or carbon-hydrogen bonds with metal atom   sites is of great interest and importance to areas such as homogeneous or   heterogeneous catalysis and organometallic chemistry.  C-H bond   activation by metal atoms is one of the most important and basic   reactions in chemistry and may lead to more efficient and less costly   catalytic reactions.  Despite this importance, we do not yet have a   complete understanding of some of the simplest metal-atom-hydrocarbon   reactions.  These detailed studies will bring new understanding and   detailed knowledge about the physical and chemical binding of metals with   hydrocarbons.  In addition, this research program at a historically black   university will provide a very basic research infrastructure for the   training and education of underrepresented members of society and should   prove to be very effective in attracting African Americans and other   underrepresented groups to advanced research in science."]
["CAREER: Mechanistic Investigation of Nucleoside             Hypermodification in tRNA","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Iwata-Reuyl, Dirk","OR","Portland State University","iwatareuyld@pdx.edu","BIO","9733746  Iwata-Reuyl   TECHNICAL     Modification of transfer RNA (tRNA) is fundamental to expression of the genetic code, its apparent importance is implied by both the phylogenetic conservation and the rich structural diversity. This study is designed to understand the biosynthesis of queuosine, a modified nucleoside ubiquitous throughout the Bacteria and Eukarya. Queuosine possesses an unusual 7-deazaguanosine core structure, occurs specifically at the wobble position of tRNA?s coding for asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine, and tyrosine, which suggests a role in modulating translational fidelity and/or efficiency. More specifically, the molecular mechanism involving the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:tRNA ribosyltransferase-isomerase (QueA), which catalyzes the penultimate step of queuosine biosynthesis and the transfer of ribosyl from the co-factor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to a queuosine-tRNA precursor is studied. The experiments include studies of purified recombinant enzymes for their regio- and stereochemistry and reaction kinetics with the natural substrates and analogs, and do structural studies. The biosynthesis and function of the 7-deazaguanosine class of hypermodified tRNA nucleosides, such as glycosylated derivatives of queuosine and the hypermodified nucleoside archaeosine is also studied.  The educational focus is placed on encouraging the participation of undergraduates in biochemical research through an honors research thesis program, which is a pilot program with an attempt to replace and to revitalize the current departmental honors degree requirements.  2. NON-TECHNICAL.   Molecular interactions involving transfer RNA (tRNA) are fundamental to expression of the genetic code.  It is in the correct attachment of amino acids to tRNA, and subsequent protein synthesis through codon-anticodon pairing of the messenger RNA (mRNA) with the tRNA, that the physical manifestation of genetic information as protein is realized. A characteristic structural feature of tRNA is the presen ce of an astonishing diversity of modified nucleosides, many of which are highly conserved among disparate organisms.  Modification can range from relatively minor changes to complex hypermodification, which results in radical structural changes to the nucleoside and requires multiple steps to complete. This study constitutes a broad set of experimental approaches designed to develop a detailed understanding of a critical step in the biosynthesis of the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine, which occurs exclusively at the first position (wobble position) of the anticodon in tRNA?s coding for the amino acids asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine, and tyrosine. Its specific location in the anticodon suggests a role in modulating the fidelity and/or efficiency of protein synthesis, for which further experimental support is needed. The educational component focuses on increasing the participation of undergraduates in biochemical research through the design and implementation of an honors research thesis program, which serves to test the feasibility of instituting a general requirement, in lieu of the current departmental honors degree, for the Chemistry and Biochemistry degrees offered by the department."]
["CAREER: Molecular Imprinting of Metal Oxides","CTS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Larsen, Gustavo","NE","University of Nebraska-Lincoln","LNKChemsolutions@netscape.net","ENG","Abstract - Larsen - 9733756  Prof. Gustavo Larsen of U. Nebraska-Lincoln proposes to molecularly imprint transition metal oxides in order to impart them molecular recognition capabilities for catalytic reactions.  Zircona and titania surfaces will be imprinted by means of templating with dibenzamide, alpha-phenyl propionic acid, or N-benzoylbenzensulfonamide, and will be doped with Cr metal when H-dissociation activity is needed.  They will be characterized gravimetrically, with infrared spectroscopy, by temperature-programmed desorption of alcohols, and by probe reactions to test for chiral selectivity (dehydration or oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols, and hydrogenation of  alpha-phenyl propionic acid).  The fundamental parameters governing the imprinting of zirconia and the stability at reaction conditions wll be identified.  The research will lead to new knowledge that helps a critical area of heterogeneous catalysis:  the ability to design catalysts with ultra-high selectivity.  If completely successful, the work will impact the fine chemical industries, including pharmaceutical and agrochemical processes.  The educational plan is a comprehensive agenda of activities that may highly affect the scientific human infrastructure in the State of Nebraska.  Part of the educational plan is targeted to junior and senior high-school students, who will be exposed to national laboratory and university research, and thus may will be exposed to national laboratory and university research, and thus may increasingly choose a career in science or engineering.  Some effort will be applied to the insertion of international students in the American system and the enhancement of international collaborations.  In addition, the teaching plan involves research experiences for undergraduate students as well as course development."]
["CAREER: Innovative Experimental Mechanics for Heterogeneous Construction Materials","CMS","INFRASTRUCT MAT & STRUCT MECHA|STRUCTURES I","Landis, Eric","ME","University of Maine","landis@maine.edu","ENG","9733769  Landis       The primary theme of this career development plan is to  promote, advance, and apply innovative experimental analysis  techniques to heterogeneous construction materials.  This  theme applies to both the research and the educational  components of the plan.  Concrete and portland cement-based  materials are the focus here, but many of the concepts and  techniques developed will be applicable to wood, rock,  composites, and other materials with a heterogeneous  microstructure.              The objective of the research is to quantify specific  microstructural damage and failure mechanisms in cement-  based materials through advanced experimentation and data  analysis.  In order for there to be significant advances in  our ability to model and predict failure mechanisms, we must  have a quantitative understanding of the physical  microstructural processes involved.  The research addresses  this need for quantitative microstructural property versus  performance data.              The overall objective of the educational work is to  update experimental mechanics and data analysis treatment in  the undergraduate and graduate civil engineering curriculum,  and to highlight the role of mechanics and materials in the  different civil engineering subdisciplines.  This objective  will be realized through the integration of new classroom  and laboratory modules into existing undergraduate and  graduate courses.  The cornerstone of the education program  will be an innovative freshman level construction materials  course in which the common themes of problem analysis and  design are introduced to new engineering students using  materials as the vehicle.  The laboratory component of this  course will be designed to reveal relationships between the  material's microstructure and performance properties.              The link between the research and education components  is the innovative use of the laboratory.  The ease of  numerical simulations has in varying degrees altered the use  of  experimental analysis in both education and research.  The goal of this workplan is therefore to emphasize the  importance to mechanics and materials of working in \"real\"  rather than \"virtual\"  laboratories.              As this work is multidisciplinary, collaborations with  experts in digital image processing, cement microstructure  and x-ray physics and planned.  ***"]
["Career: User/OS Transparent Fault Recovery Using Caches","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Suri, Neeraj","NJ","Foundation @ NJIT, New Jersey Institute of Technology","suri@bu.edu","CSE","The increasing reliance on computers for virtually all  applications drives the need for provision of fault-  tolerance to prevent disruptions in the delivery of desired  services. However, approaches to fault-tolerance are  acceptable only if high costs and degradation in the system  performance is avoided. The checkpoint based fault recovery  schemes currently used are effective, but they necessitate  customized solutions and a high cost penalty, both  monetarily and in long recovery times.  A novel cache based  approach that provides for high-performance and low-cost  checkpointing based recovery in distributed systems will be  investigated. The principles of using caches for providing  stable checkpoints will be  established, and the  architectural concepts will be developed. The research  focuses on developing techniques to analyze and control the  cache attributes of stability and frequency of  checkpoints, and establishing response/overhead  characteristics. Protocols for cache based recovery (roll-  backward and roll-forward) over varied fault instances will  be developed and analyzed. This research will utilize  existing system caches in order to provide for automatic  checkpoint establishment and for a low-overhead fault  recovery approach which is explicitly transparent in use to  the user/OS; thus a viable and effective fault tolerance  scheme for general computing systems will be developed."]
["CAREER:  Orbital Dynamics of Solar System Dust","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Hamilton, Douglas","MD","University of Maryland College Park","hamilton@astro.umd.edu","MPS","9733789  Hamilton    The research goals are focused on understanding the origin and evolution of micron to millimeter sized dust in the solar system.  The current distribution of dusty material around planets and in interplanetary space is a result of the delicate balance of many dynamical processes.  Micron and millimeter sized dust grains are created, their orbits evolve, and they are destroyed on very short timescales.  Insight into these fundamental processes can be gained by analyzing, interpreting, and modeling the detailed impact data from the dust detectors aboard the Ulysses, Galileo, and Cassini spacecraft.  In particular, the objectives of this research are to use these unique data sets to: 1) discover the source of the intriguing dust streams near Jupiter; 2) modernize and strengthen dynamical arguments which suggest that dark dust from Saturn's distant satellite Phoebe coats Iapetus' leading hemisphere; and 3) characterize the distribution and dynamics of dust in distant circumplanetary orbits.  A multipronged approach, which includes data analysis, analytical calculations, and numerical simulations, will be applied to these and other related problems in dust dynamics.  This study will lead to an improved understanding of many fundamental features of the solar system, and will highlight the important processes active in shaping our solar system today.  Moreover, since most of the processes currently acting on dust were also important in the early solar system, the results of this investigation will help clarify aspects of planetary formation.    The educational component of this proposal describes innovative ways to bring the exploration of orbital dynamics into the undergraduate classroom.  The orbital motions of the planets, their moons, artificial satellites, and planetary spacecraft are topics that continue to fascinate students of all ages.  Students are also intrigued by the use of computers and the information on the Internet and the World Wide Web.  The intrinsic appeal of t hese topics will  be used to interest  students by designing and implementing easy-to use interactive computer programs to teach the fundamentals of orbital motion.  Drawing upon previous experience in setting up and using several of these interactive programs in a classroom environment, and upon the proven principles and methods of' active learning, innovative class exercises for undergraduate students at all levels will be designed.  Exercises for upper level undergraduate Astronomy majors will be designed to expose students to the methods of scientific inquiry and to aspects of  ongoing research.  The exercises will also provide ways for students to test and to better appreciate important analytic derivations, and will allow them to explore their own interests in orbital dynamics independently.  Exercises intended for large introductory Astronomy classes will emphasize the spirit of scientific inquiry and will be designed to address concepts that students traditionally have difficulty grasping.  The programs will be available on the World Wide Web, which offers unbeatable access for students.  In addition, the programs will be computer platform independent, which will allow students to focus on astronomical issues rather than on computer languages and/or operating systems.  These highly desirable properties will allow the PI to design effective teaching tools for use in undergraduate classrooms.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Plasticity of Thin Metallic Sheets","CMS","MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER|MECHANICS","Tong, Wei","CT","Yale University","wei.tong@yale.edu","ENG","A theoretical and experimental approach towards a more  physically based modeling of plastic deformation of thin  sheets is developed. A suitable representation of spatial  homogeneities of materials microstructure, surface  topography, and plastic deformation properties of rolled  aluminum sheet metals in terms of grain clusters is  developed. Theoretical and experimental research of  polycrystal plasticity models of the grain clusters based on  crystal plasticity theories of single crystalline grains is  performed. Experimental investigation and finite element  analysis on the evolution of surface finish and formability  of aluminum sheet metals undergoing in-plane stretch  operation is conducted. These developments lead to a better  die design and processing parameters."]
["CAREER: Integrated Environment for Interactive Rendering    of Large-Scale Solid Models","CCF","NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Kumar, Subodh","MD","Johns Hopkins University","subodh@cs.jhu.edu","CSE","Interactive rendering is crucial to virtual design and  prototyping of large engineering models. This research will  produce techniques to significantly speed up the rendering of  surface models on current graphics systems. The emphasis will be  on novel algorithmic improvements in processing and rendering of  large models.   The effectiveness of using analytic surfaces and  other higher order representations of large models will also be  investigated. Such representations contain more information than  polygonal representations, but take less space to store. Recent  improvements in efficient tessellation and rendering of  parametric surfaces have opened up new possibilities for speeding  up the rendering of large surface models. This research will use  and improve these results. In particular, it will result in the  following:    -  Higher-order and hierarchical representations tessellated on-  line into a small number of triangles, based on the user's  position  -  Efficient visibility processing of surfaces    -  Interactive rendering of dynamically changing surfaces    -  Improved sampling of surfaces for the generation of textured  polygonal approximations    -  Configurable system that adjusts rendering speed and quality  without requiring user input    -  Algorithms that scale well with both available computing  resources and model size    -  A unified framework that allows various techniques to  inter-operate and results in combined improvement in the state of  the art    The project also includes design and installation of new computer  graphics courses and laboratories in the computer science  department at the Johns Hopkins University. Significant  interactions between the classrooms and laboratories are planned.  The usenet and the world wide web will be widely used to augment  the classroom teaching. In addition, seminars and informal  meetings will be organized to discuss research in computer  graphics."]
["CAREER: Synthesis and Characterization of                   Poly(N,N-dialkylaminoisoprene)s","DMR","POLYMERS","Ashby, Valerie","IA","Iowa State University","ashby@email.unc.edu","MPS","9733837  Sheares    Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(N,N-dialkylaminoisoprene)s    This CAREER award will exploit a new synthetic route developed in  our laboratory for the synthesis of N,N-dialkylaminoisoprene  monomers to produce functionalized homopolymers and copolymers.  The polymer polarity, in addition to the potential for  quaternization and crosslinking, will be utilized to produce  materials of both scientific interest and industrial utility.  Potential applications include new cationic polyisoprene-based  elastomers and new polymer blends.  Additionally, there is  potential for the poly(N,N-dialkylaminoisoprene)s to be used in  the modification of existing materials such as polystyrene-  polybutadiene rubber.  Changes in adhesion, processability,  solubility, microstructure, morphology, thermal and mechanical  properties will lead to tailor-made products.  In this research,  a fundamental understanding of the behavior of polar, diene  monomers in anionic, free radical solution and free radical  emulsion polymerization processes will also be gained.  %%%  The goals for this project are not only scientific, but are also  educational.  These include the training of graduate students and  the teaching of undergraduates and high school students.  Specifically, graduate students will design and synthesize  materials using a structure-property approach.  Undergraduates  and high school student researchers will examine intriguing,  practical problems that can be answered with this chemistry.  Multidisciplinary collaboration with engineers, material  scientists, and other chemists will be an additional educational  experience for students.  Finally, it is expected that the  research results will be incorporated, where appropriate, into  the teaching of undergraduate and graduate courses to help  students appreciate the utility of basic concepts . This project,  a combination of scientific research and educational training,  should have a significant impact in the area of tailor-made,  fu nctionalized materials. In the process, students will gain  excellent technical and creative skills in the field of materials  science.  ***"]
["CAREER: Dendritic Approach to Career-Development:           Dendrimers, Multidisciplinary Courses, and Girl Scouts","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Tucker, Sheryl","MO","University of Missouri-Columbia","TuckerS@missouri.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported in the   Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focuses on the   spectrofluorometric study of chemistry involving novel macromolecular   media, dendrimers.  Dendrimers are highly-branched, three-dimensional   polymers whose structures include cavity microvolumes which are being   investigated for use in areas such as chemical separations and drug   delivery.  Professor Tucker and her students will use a variety of   optical probes to study structure-function relationships in a   systematically varying family of dendrimers proposed for use in   separations applications.  This CAREER project includes the development   of a course entitled `Interviewing and Job Skills for Success in the   Sciences`.  Professor Tucker will also conduct weekend workshops for Girl   Scouts entitled `The Magic of Chemistry`.  There is a great deal of interest in the development of novel chemical   compounds which effectively act to encapsulate other ions or molecules to   transport them into and out of target systems.  One such group of   compounds is the dendrimers.  Dendrimers are three-dimensional polymers   which are being evaluated intensely for use in chemical separations and   in drug delivery applications.  Professor Tucker and her students will   study the chemistry of dendrimers using optical spectroscopy to probe   structure-function relationships.  Graduate and undergraduate students   will gain insights through a course devoted to interviewing and job   skills in the scientific workplace.  Girl Scouts will be exposed to the   `The Magic of Chemistry` in an effort to bridge the science gender gap."]
["CAREER: The Economics of Information Technology,            Organization and Productivity:  Theory Development and      Empirical Analysis","IIS","DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES","Hitt, Lorin","PA","University of Pennsylvania","lhitt@wharton.upenn.edu","CSE","This research and teaching program involves the investigation of the relationships between information technology (IT) investments and organizational practices and the implications of these relationships for organizational performance.   Drawing on prior work on the economics of organizations and the economic theory of production, formal empirical models are developed that identify specific sets of work practices and organizational structures that are complementary to IT investments.   These models are then tested by combining existing secondary data sources with an extensive program of data collection on work organization, workforce characteristics and organizational structure from individual firms.   The results of this program will enable managers and technologists to identify the appropriate organizational changes that should accompany the implementation of computer systems, improve the general understanding of how information technology influences economic performance, and inform teaching of information technology management.    http://grace.wharton.upenn.edu/~lhitt/"]
["CAREER: Photoelectron Spectra from Atoms and Molecules      in Intense Laser Fields","PHY","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|ATOMIC THEORY","Schafer, Kenneth","LA","Louisiana State University & Agricultural and Mechanical College","schafer@rouge.phys.lsu.edu","MPS","This NSF CAREER proposal uses the most modern  theoretical and computational tools to study time-dependent  phenomena in atomic systems.  The proposed research focuses  on 1) the effect of very intense laser fields to produce  multiphoton ionization in atoms and 2) the theoretical  treatment of ultrafast optical pulses both above and below  the optical limit.  The PI intends to use the visualization  techniques developed in his research on time-dependent  quantum mechanics to make several areas of classical and  quantum physics more attractive and easier to comprehend by  students at both the undergraduate and graduate levels."]
["Adaptive Perceptual Coding of Visual Information","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM","Karam, Lina","AZ","Arizona State University","karam@asu.edu","CSE","The ability of humans to analyze, capture, and recall visual  information significantly outperforms their ability to  analyze and recall other types of sensory information. This  fact makes humans rely heavily on their visual sense for  extracting information and learning about their surrounding,  and for planning and executing purposeful acts. As a result,  the need to reliably process and transmit visual data has  become central to many applications. In particular, with the  rapid development and migration of end-user applications and  services towards transmission media which place high  constraints on bandwidth, such as the Internet and wireless  media, there is a growing need for the development of new  efficient image and video compression techniques, which  offer reduction in bit-rates and improvement in quality at  low bit-rates. Although the importance of exploiting human  perception has long been recognized within the signal and  image processing community, the previous research efforts in  image and video compression have concentrated on developing  methods to minimize not perceptual but rather mathematically  tractable, easy to measure, distortion criteria. While non-  perceptual distortion measures were found to be reasonably  reliable for higher bit-rates (high quality applications),  they do not correlate well with the perceived quality at  lower bit-rates and they fail to guarantee preservation of  important perceptual qualities in the reconstructed images  despite the potential for a good signal-to-noise ratio  (SNR). Our research interest is in developing adaptive  perceptual-based image and video coding systems, which  discriminate between signal components based on their  perceptual relevance for achieving robustness and increased  performance in terms of quality and bit-rate. Achieving this  objective requires having reliable tools for predicting the  sensitivity of the human visual system to distortions. The  main objectives of this research can be summarized as  follows: 1 . Investigate the spatio-temporal masking  properties of the human visual system, and develop reliable  techniques to adaptively measure the masking characteristics  and perceptual relevancy of the different components  contained in the visual source material.2. Derive a reliable  tractable perceptual distortion metric for assessing visual  quality at a local or global level.  3. Investigate adaptive quantizer designs based on the  derived perceptual distortion metric.4. Develop and  investigate robust perceptually-based lossless and lossy  image and video coding techniques, with emphasis on  audiovisual applications disseminated through highly  constrained-bandwith communication systems. The research  program is complemented by the education plan, in which a  Signal and Image Processing Outreach Program is being  developed to stimulate the interest of middle and high  school students and undergraduates in engineering and  science. Another main component of the educational plan is  to integrate the research part into the educational process  by incorporating some of the research activities in  undergraduate and graduate courses as well as in  undergraduate-oriented research projects, and by introducing  new courses related to the research effort. Another goal is  to research efficient ways to make use of technology in  education."]
["CAREER:  Articulated Model Recognition","IIS","ROBOTICS","Geiger, Davi","NY","New York University","geiger@cs.nyu.edu","CSE","This research addresses the problems of detection and recognition  of  deformable  articulated shapes, such as people  and  animals,  from  real images. The aim is to develop a Top-down and Bottom-up  recognition strategy, where the Bottom-up detects features, group  them,  and access the object model, while the Top-down  uses  the  object model to search for features. Objects are represented in a  tree-graph  structure  derived  from  a  shape  axis  model.  The  information  stored in the nodes include probabilities,  used  to  specify  likely geometric deformations of the object and  of  the  imaging  function.   The  tree-graph  structure  allows   for   a  description  of  occlusions and articulations in  terms  of  tree  matching   operations.   To  further  reduce  the   computational  complexity of the task, an information theory criteria is studied  to  determine features which convey information about the objects  in  the  image.  The PI will also develop and teach two  courses,  one  of them new to NYU, to support a focused program in computer  vision;  these  course will be``Introduction to Vision'',  and  a  specialized course in ``Grouping and Recognition''."]
["CAREER:  Integrated Synthesis of Mechanical Systems with    Unconventional Actuations","DMI","ENGINEERING DESIGN","Ananthasuresh, Suresh G.","PA","University of Pennsylvania","gksuresh@seas.upenn.edu","ENG","This grant provides funding for a CAREER award.  The principal goal of this project is to develop systematic design methods for the shape synthesis of mechanical structures subject to unconventional actuation.  The following three synthesis problems will be addressed:  (1) Synthesis of novel micro- and meso-scale devices with embedded electro-thermal-compliant actuation such that they deform desirably upon applying an voltage differential between two points; (2) Synthesis of a structure for prescribed normal mode shapes; and (3) Shape synthesis of piezoelectrically driven structures.  In each case, the coupled interactions among the field equations of multiple energy domains will be modeled and used in conjunction with the numerical optimization methods to develop the optimal synthesis algorithms.  The educational plan includes involving undergraduates in research, and developing design-oriented graduate courses and a curriculum for graduate and undergraduate students in the rapidly growing area of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).  A new outreach activity of `Taking MEMS to high schools` is included as part of this integrated research and education activity to inspire and encourage high school students to pursue careers in science and technology.       If successful, this research will result in design methodologies for optimizing shape to exploit the full potential of materials and unconventional actuations used in modern mechanical systems such as MEMS and Smart Structures.  This will impact the MEMS, and micro-sensor and actuator industries making their products more competitive because of improved quality and lower cost.  The successful implementation of the educational plan of this project will result in mechanical engineering graduates with interdisciplinary skills for the 21st century."]
["CAREER:  Polyketide Synthase and Peptide Synthetase:        Mechanistic Studies and Engineered Biosynthesis","MCB","METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY","Shen, Ben","CA","University of California-Davis","bshen@pharmacy.wisc.edu","BIO","9733938  Ben Shen  This CAREER project integrates research and education on a central theme to bridge chemistry and biology in the current undergraduate and graduate programs. The research aspect of the project aims at investigating nonactin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus DSM 40695 to provide mechanistic insight on how type I polyketide synthase (PKS) controls the stereospecificity during polyketide biosynthesis. It is based on the hypothesis that nonactin is derived from tetramerization in a stereospecific (+)(-)(+)(-) fashion of (+)- and (-)-nonactic acid whose biosynthesis from acetate, propionate, and succinate is catalyzed by the nonactin synthase, a type I PKS catalyzing the complementary assembly of two enantiomeric polyketides. The specific goals of the project are first to characterize at the genetic and biochemical level how the nonactin synthase controls the stereospecificity during polyketide assembly and then to explore ways to make novel polyketide metabolites with predicted stereochemical centers by genetic manipulation of the nonactin synthase as well as other type I PKS genes. The outcome of these studies will reveal new insight about polyketide biosynthesis and shed light for rational engineering of PKS enzyme complexes to generate chemical structural diversity, leading to the discovery of new drugs. The educational aspect of the project aims at providing the undergraduate and graduate students a multi-disciplinary training in chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. This will be accomplished by providing on the webpage modules consisting of biological examples of the chemistry covered in the current organic chemistry lecture and by developing plans for the establishment of \"Biological Chemistry\" as the fifth field of interests for the departmental graduate program. These efforts shall better prepare students who desire to pursue a career working at the interface of chemistry and biology. It is in programs that effectively combine chemistry and biology that new che mists with a broad range of skills and sound understanding of biology for solving important bioorganic chemistry problems will be produced."]
["CAREER: High Performance Computing and Network Optimization Methods with Applications to Intelligent Transportation     Systems","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP|GEOTECHNICAL I|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","chabini, ismail","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","chabini@mit.edu","ENG","Abstract    CMS 97-33948  PI:  Ismail Chabini  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  \"CAREER:  High Performance Computing and Network  Optimization Methods with Applications to Intelligent  Transportation Systems\"      This CAREER award supports research designed to integrate  methodologies in high performance computing and network  optimization methods to solve problems arising in  Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications.  The  research has three main directions:    1) developing and analyzing mathematical formulations,  efficient algorithms and computer implementations for  problems arising with ITS equipped with on-line information  and control technologies.  Problems include:  dynamic  modeling of the interactions between demand and supply  components; generation of consistent and anticipatory route  guidance; dynamic signal control and ramp metering and their  integration with dynamic traffic assignment; and development  of efficient algorithms for the computation of time-  dependent shortest paths.    2) expanding network optimization methods and the knowledge  base in the field of design and development of new  algorithms and their computer implementation and testing to  solve very large scale real-life applications.  The emphasis  is on the development of new methods that are amenable to  efficient coarse grain parallel implementations.    3) developing high performance computing systems for  parallel implementations of dynamic transportation network  models and algorithms in order to meet the real-time  requirement of ITS; developing parallel optimization methods  to generate solutions to very large scale off-line real-life  applications; and developing mathematical measures to  analyze, assess and predict the performance of parallel  computing systems.    Education activities include:  contribution to the  development of a new curriculum and paradigm for the  education of future transportation professionals; innovation  in improving the learning and teaching experience b y  participating in the implementation of the concept of MIT  learning networks; contribution to a departmental initiative  that aims to develop a new curriculum for undergraduate  education; development of a textbook; outreach activities;  and transfer of research into practice."]
["CAREER:  Pressure-Induced Amorphization and Materials       Synthesis Under High Pressure Techniques","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Kruger, Michael","MO","University of Missouri-Kansas City","krugerm@umkc.edu","MPS","9733956  Kruger    This is a CAREER Award project involving high pressure techniques  in two separate areas of research. An objective of the work is to  synthesize and study, novel and potentially technologically  relevant materials. The research employs pressure-induced  amorphization, the pressure-induced destruction of long range  crystalline order to produce an amorphous materials. X-ray  diffraction study of pressure-amorphized samples will yield the  pair correlation function, G(r). The pressure variation of this  function will be correlate structures of the pressure-amorphized  glasses with the starting crystals, as well as with  conventionally synthesized, melt  quenched glasses. Raman scattering will be used to study the  boson peak of these glasses which will result in a deeper  understanding of the glasses as well as the boson peak itself.  Numerous theoretical studies have predicted the stability of  various phases of carbon nitride, some theoretical studies  indicating that certain phases should have bulk moduli rivaling  that of diamond. There is significant interest, both theoretical,  and practical, in realizing such materials. The PI will apply  high pressures and high temperatures to carbon-nitrogen mixtures  in order to synthesize some of the theoretically predicted  superhard phases of carbon nitride. Study of the equation of  state of the materials will help determine which phases are most  likely to be superhard, and hence should be made in larger  quantities for more detailed study. The education component of  this project involves extensive undergraduate research activity,  lectures at local high-schools, and mentoring activity associated  with the local student Chapter of the American Physical Society.  %%%  This is a CAREER Award project involves high pressure (up to 100  million atmospheres) techniques to synthesize and study, novel  and potentially  technologically relevant materials. One  relatively recently observed technique employs compression alone  to turn a cry stal into a glass. In this way a variety of glasses  will be prepared. X-ray and optical scattering techniques will be  used to characterize the structural transition from the  crystalline to the glassy state. Relationships are sought between  the new glasses, the starting crystals, and traditional model  glasses. A second project involves the use of high pressures to  try to synthesis new, superhard materials. By analogy with the  graphite to diamond conversion, high pressures and temperatures  will be applied to graphite-nitrogen mixtures in an attempt to  synthesize some of the theoretically predicted superhard phases  of carbon nitride. The education component of this project  involves extensive undergraduate research activity, lectures at  local high-schools, and mentoring activity associated with the  local student Chapter of the American Physical Society.  ***"]
["CAREER: Semi-Active Control with Independently Variable     Stiffness and Damping Systems: Analytical and Experimental  Study","CMS","STRUCTURES II","Nagarajaiah, Satish","MO","University of Missouri-Columbia","nagaraja@rice.edu","ENG","The objective of this Career Research Project is to develop  innovative semi-active structural sysems for earthquake  protection, in which stiffness and damping can be varied  independently, using a newly developed novel semi-active  independently  varible stiffness and damping device  (SAIVSD).  The existing semo-active variable sstiffness and damping  devices for response control is limited because the  stiffness and damping are either closely coupled or  variation of only damping or only stiffness is possible.  Research will be carried out to (1) study SAIVSD device  experimentally and analytically; (2) develop control  algorithms; (3) implement the device with real time control  systems in scaled building models representing fixed base  and base isolated buildings and bridges; and (4) evaluate  the performance of the new system by shake tabletesting and  numerical simulations.  The comprehensive nature of this  study will permit the evaluation of the capabilities of  device and the advantages and disadvantages of using such  devices in structural systems.  Semi-active control systems have significant potential for  practical implementation for earthquake protection in the  near future.  The research would contribute to the  development of new and innovative semi-active control  systems .  The research will bee performed in clos  collaboration with the industry which will accelerate the  implementation of semi-active control system and hybrid  isolation systems.  The integral compnents educational compnents include (1)  furher development of innovative teaching software BEST an  usage in dynamics corse; (2) introduction of new advanced  software into undergraduate and graduate course to enhance  learning experience of students; (3) promote hands-on  experimets in dynamics for effective learning; (4)  development of a new earthquake engineering and structural  control course ; (5) introductio if interesting concepts in  dynamics to undergraduate and school students; and (6)  coordinated out re arch activities including presentations at  area schools and laboratory tours.  The educational program  is aimed at enhancing the learning experience of graduate,  undergraduate, and school students."]
["Career: Reusable Specifications for Retargetability","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Ramsey, Norman","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","nr@eecs.harvard.edu","CSE","This research addresses the problem of retargeting tools  used to  translate, analyze, instrument, improve, and migrate  programs.  Such  tools include not only compilers, but also assemblers,  linkers,  debuggers, binary-code modifiers, and binary translators.  The primary  retargeting technique being applied is the generation of  machine-dependent  components from compact, reusable descriptions of machine  properties.    The research objectives are to describe machine properties  clearly and concisely, to represent instruction semantics in  a way that supports retargeting, to reuse specifications to  retarget a variety of tools, and to reuse analyses of  specifications to derive components for multiple machines.  Instruction semantics are specified in three layers.  Descriptions of whole instruction sets will be written using  the metalanguage layer. These descriptions will be  mechanically transformed into the register-transfer layer,  which defines each instruction's semantics in  a form that is easy to analyze.  The interpretation layer  will provide semantic interpretations of register transfers;  different interpretations support different analyses and  component generators. The major payoff of this research is  in developing new capabilities in machine specification; it  should deepen our understanding of properties of machines,  foster innovation in machine-level tools, and help others  save effort, cost, and time in developing tools of  scientific and practical value."]
["CAREER: Career Development Plan: Integrated Research and    Education Activities","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Palmore, G. Tayhas","CA","University of California-Davis","Tayhas_Palmore@brown.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is to design molecules to self assemble into   one- and two-dimensional supramolecular motifs or aggregates that will   serve as scaffolds with which to control three-dimensional structures.    Cyclic diamides are targeted as the molecular building blocks .  Among   those to be studied are 2,5-diketopiperazines, 3,6-dioxo-1,2,4-triazines   and 3,6-dioxo-1,2,4,5-tetrazines.  The robust one-dimensional `tapes`   obtained from these building blocks will then be used as precursors of   interesting solid state materials.  The educational focus of the project   is the integration of supramolecular chemistry into the undergraduate   curriculum.  With this Faculty Early Development (CAREER) award, the   Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program is supporting the research   and educational activities of Dr. G. Tayhas R. Palmore of the Department   of Chemistry at the University of California, Davis.   Professor Palmore    will focus her research efforts on  understanding how the self assembly   of molecules into supramolecular motifs can be used to control solid   state structure.  Self assembly of nanostructures promises to be one of   the most powerful approaches to device miniaturization.  The aim of the   proposed educational activities is to stimulate interdisciplinary   discussion and research in supramolecular chemistry and to integrate   supramolecular chemistry into the undergraduate curriculum."]
["A Study of Photo-produced SSbar Excitations in a National   Lab - HBCU Partnership to Enhance Minority Participation in Physics","PHY","PHYSICS EDUC & INTERDISCIP RES|INTERMEDIATE ENERGY NUCLEAR SC","Salgado, Carlos","VA","Norfolk State University","salgado@jlab.org","MPS","***\n\n9733999\n\nSalgado\n\n\n\nThe first goal of this proposal is to promote the inclusion of under-represented minorities in the field of Nuclear Physics, through the participation of Norfolk State University students in the experimental program at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab).  Most matter is made of various combinations of quarks, of which there are six kinds.  This research will focus on the properties of combinations of so called 'strange' quarks and their anti-matter equivalent (called 'strangonia'), up to a mass of twice the mass of the proton (hydrogen nucleus).  Measurements of their properties are of great importance for the understanding of how quarks interact with each other through the strong force, the basic interaction of nuclear physics.  Strangonia decay to several more common final state particles (pions and kaons) before they can be detected.  The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer at Jefferson Lab offers an unique large acceptance detector and a high intensity beam to study these rare multi-particle final states.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Enhanced Approach to Geophysical Imaging of Geotechnical Sites","CMS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|GEOMECHANICS & GEOTECHNIC SYST|GEOTECHNICAL I","Luke, Barbara","NV","University of Nevada Las Vegas","bluke@ce.unlv.edu","ENG","This CAREER award supports research and educational activities that will enhance the application of geophysics in characterization of geotechnical sites.  This will be accomplished through three activities:  *  informing, teaching, and training future and present engineers about the utility, methods, advantages, and drawbacks of geophysics in engineering;  *  developing an engineering geophysics test site appropriate for an urban area in the arid West, for purposes of both teaching and research; and,  *  enhancing a geophysical technique involving seismic surface waves to address lateral variability in geotechnical systems.  No geotechnical site is truly homogeneous, yet current the models currently applied to interpret results are based on this assumption. The Principal Investigator will work alongside students and collaborators in academics and private industry to perform experimental and analytical research to determine the extent to which this assumption is valid.  In the process, methods will be developed to characterize the variability of a site through interpretation of the surface wave data, including development of a modified Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Wave (SASW) method that incorporates areal coverage.  Applications for this technique in practice include establishment of lateral and vertical extent of hard inclusions of calcrete and cemented deposits in desert alluvium, and detection and delineation of buried inclusions such as man-made tunnels and natural cavities.  The educational component of this project includes introducing middle-school girls to the concept of geophysics; developing coursework in engineering geophysics for both undergraduate and graduate students; and laying the groundwork to develop a continuing education course in engineering geophysics for practicing engineers."]
["CAREER:  Worst-Case Evaluation Methodology","CMS","DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Peng, Huei","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","hpeng@engin.umich.edu","ENG","This CAREER project develops a systematic worst-case  evaluation methodology which addresses the problem of  evaluating mission critical dynamic systems, including  automatic control systems. Major research approaches  include: categorizing the problems into meaningful subgroups  according to input and information structure; developing  algorithms to obtain analytical and numerical solutions for  linear and nonlinear systems; and applying developed  algorithms to the rollover of an articulated vehicle  example, and worst-case evaluation of a vehicle stability  control system. The education plan includes the development  of an automotive engineering curriculum; development of an  `Intelligent Transportation Systems` course; active  mentoring of undergraduate and graduate students; design of  advanced computer simulation tools for automatic control and  vehicle control courses; and incorporation of strong  industry participation teaching and research."]
["CAREER: Fundamental Control Problems in Wireless            Communication Networks","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Wasserman, Kimberly","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","wass@eecs.umich.edu","CSE","The purpose of the research project is to  design simple, efficient, and robust mechanisms to   improve the performance of Transmission Control  Protocol (TCP) in mixed wired/wireless and ad hoc  communication networks.  The basic approach is to   study how the soon-to-be-standardized Selective   Acknowledgment (SACK) feature of TCP, together with  knowledge of the statistical behavior of wireless  links, can be used to decouple the error recovery and  flow control functions of TCP by distinguishing between  transient and persistent packet loss.  The network  will be modeled within a stochastic framework,  guided and validated by computer simulation.  Rigorous  mathematical techniques, as well as extensive computer  simulation, will be employed to design and analyze the   performance of each mechanism.  In order to accurately   evaluate the performance of the mechanisms, they will   be implemented experimentally under a wide variety   of real-world conditions using channel emulation hardware.  The education plan can be summarized as one of utilizing   the vast resources at the University of Michigan,   participating in several initiatives in curriculum   development, involving undergraduate students in research,   and developing Web-based Matlab modules."]
["CAREER: Research in Nonlinear Numerical Optimization and    Practicums for Computational Science","CCF","NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Torczon, Virginia","VA","College of William and Mary","va@cs.wm.edu","CSE","Many scientific and engineering numerical optimization  problems are both computationally expensive and difficult to  solve for analytical reasons.  Not surprisingly, for such  problems there are also significant issues in the  integration of the software that describes the system being  optimized.  These difficulties are often intertwined.  The research that will be done will look at  analytical and algorithmic issues that arise in  the solution of such difficult numerical  optimization problems.  Specifically, the work  will evolve along two complementary lines: the  further development and analysis of pattern  search methods for nonlinear optimization, and  the design and analysis of techniques for using  approximation models to optimize systems defined  by computationally expensive functions. Both  these lines of research include a strong effort  in software development and experimentation.  Practical experience working on numerical  optimization problems from science and  engineering reveals issues and  techniques that are not covered well in the  current computer science curriculum and yet  would serve students well in any  multidisciplinary computational setting.  The  course development will draw upon existing  knowledge and software tools in computer science  and computational mathematics to design new  courses---practicums, in effect---that will  teach students more about how to understand,  maintain, enhance, and optimize existing  scientific software.  The emphasis will be on systematic analysis and  testing with an eye toward performance  programming.  Fundamental to this approach is  the belief that students should be taught how to  experiment in a systematic, scientific fashion  to analyze and reason about extant, complex  computer programs."]
["CAREER: Integration of Economic and Environmental Assessment of Advanced Materials Manufacturing","DMI","MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE SYS|MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT|PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Isaacs, Jacqueline","MA","Northeastern University","jaisaacs@coe.neu.edu","ENG","9734054  Isaacs   With the increasing importance of commercialization and liabilities of materials, attributes other than technical performance are becoming significant for characterizing the success and performance of materials: the manufacturing cost and the environmental consequences of using the material. The objectives of this interdisciplinary research project are to develop modeling tools that (1) aid in assessing the commercial potential and process economics of existing and developmental technologies, and (2) identify environmental life cycle effects. Working with industrial partners, the initial phase of the research concentrates on development of process-based technical cost models in the powder metallurgy industry, simulation of manufacturing costs and development of environmental metrics. Analyses will be performed to identify economic and technical parameters that are necessary for successful implementation of advanced materials. In later phases of the project, analyses will be extended to more advanced powder processing of materials, such as magnetic, ceramic and composite materials.  Results from this work are expected to provide critical information about performance, economic and environmental tradeoffs that influence the implementation and competitive positions of alternative manufacturing technologies. Students working on this collaborative project will synthesize a relevant, meaningful manufacturing experience by participation in the graduate cooperative education program with the industrial partners. Research results will also be used to develop case-based interactive courses that raise the environmental literacy of undergraduate and graduate engineering students.   The ultimate goal of this research plan is to develop a sustainable and balanced effort among interdisciplinary education, case-based research and industrial co-op experience. The nature of this research encourages technology transfer, strengthens the knowledge-base of all participants in the partnership, and im pacts societal needs by aiding in assessment of economically viable, environmentally beneficial solutions to technological problems."]
["CAREER: A Framework for Resource Allocation in Wireless     Networks with Multi-User Receivers","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH","Tse, David","CA","University of California-Berkeley","dtse@eecs.berkeley.edu","CSE","ABSTRACT  NCR-9734090  Tse, David  Institution: University of California - Berkeley  Title: CAREER: A Framework for Resource Allocation in Wireless Networks with Multi-User Receivers  ________________________________________________________________      A central problem in the design of wireless networks is how to use the limited resources most to meet the quality-of-service requirements of applications. Two particular classes of techniques have received much attention: 1) at the physical layer, development of novel multi-user receiver structures which mitigate interference between users; 2) at the network layer, dynamic allocation of resources such as transmit power, bandwidth and bit-rates in adaptation to channel conditions. While the networking aspects for conventional multi-access techniques are well understood, the same cannot be said for problems of resource allocation and power control in the context of these multi-user receivers.     In this project, we propose to establish a coherent framework to study problems of dynamic resource allocation for multi-user receivers in an integrated manner, drawing on information theory as a fundamental basis for performance evaluation.  The specific topics we will study in the proposed framework are: 1) linear multi-user receivers: system capacity under optimal power control; 2) optimal resource allocation for Shannon capacity-achieving multi-user receivers; 3) capacity gain from the use of adaptive antenna arrays; 4) impact of multipath fading on achievable capacity; 5) resource allocation for cellular networks with multi-user receivers.    The solution of problems in resource allocation and QOS provisioning in wireless networks requires a marriage of networking and physical layer concepts. With this in mind, my education plan aims to accomplish the more general goal of providing a solid theoretical basis to our students in networking and communications, as well as the more specific goal of highlighting the interplay between networking and physica l layer concepts in wireless networking.  These goals will be implemented by course development in four subjects."]
["CAREER:  The Role of Vesicular Transport on the             Function and Biogenesis of the Contractile Vacuole in       Dictyostelium Discoideum","MCB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CELLULAR ORGANIZATION","Bush, John","AR","University of Arkansas Little Rock","jmbush@ualr.edu","BIO","9734093  Bush    Abstract    The contractile vacuole has long been studied as a subcellular model for the mammalian kidney.  In Protozoans and other primitive animals where it is found, it is an essential organelle that maintains water and ion homeostasis within the organism.  Presumably, study of its structure and function will provide insights into how more complex systems have evolved to perform these same functions in higher animals.  This proposal exploits the genetics of Dictyostelium discoideum to study the role of a particular GTPase (Rab11) in the biogenesis of the contractile vacuole.  Previous studies have shown that this protein is localized to the contractile vacuole and, arguing from studies of Rab function in other systems, is probably important in the regulation of vesicle traffic to and from this compartment.  The studies will utilize a number of genetic approaches to study how normal and mutant versions of Rab11 influence the biogenesis of the vacuole.  Additional studies will evaluate the possibility that other Rab-associated proteins are important in Rab control of vacuole biogenesis and function.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Computer-Aided Verification of Reactive Systems","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Alur, Rajeev","PA","University of Pennsylvania","alur@cis.upenn.edu","CSE","9734115  Model checking is emerging as a practical tool for automated  debugging of complex reactive systems. In model checking, a high-  level description of a system is compared against a logical  correctness requirement to discover inconsistencies. This CAREER  research aims to enhance applicability and efficiency of this  paradigm by pursuing three objectives in research and education.  First, to make results in computer-aided verification more  accessible to nonspecialists, a modeling method called \"reactive  modules\" is developed as a unified framework. In addition, an  analysis tool that supports a combination of techniques, a  standard textbook on computer-aided verification, and an advanced  course on computer-aided verification will all be created.  Second, to develop techniques that can analyze systems beyond the  reach of existing tools, two new topics, open systems and  heterogeneous systems, are investigated. An open system is a  reactive system interacting with an unspecified environment, and  for analysis of such systems, novel specification paradigms such  as alternating-time temporal logics are studied. For analysis of  systems consisting of components with different synchrony  assumptions and described in different source languages, the  utility of reactive modules as a common semantic framework is  investigated. Finally, to integrate concepts in formal methods  into undergraduate education at Penn, changes to existing courses  in theory and systems are proposed.***"]
["CAREER:  Genetic Analysis of Neurotransmitter Release       Mechanisms in Drosophila","IOB","NEURONAL AND GLIAL MECHANISMS","Pallanck, Leo","WA","University of Washington","pallanck@genetics.washington.edu","BIO","IBN 97-34125 PALLANCK. This is a CAREER award that has both a research and educational component.  In his research, Dr. Pallanck will investigate the mechanisms of regulated release of neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses.  He will use the powerful genetic and molecular approaches to available in the fruit fly Drosophila to define cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this process.  Neurons communicate with each other and with targets such as muscle cells with neurotransmitter signaling molecules, which are released when small vesicles inside the synaptic terminal fuse with the outer membrane of the cell.  Recent biochemical work has identified candidate molecules that are involved in recruiting vesicles to the cell membrane at precise locations, promoting fusion, and allowing the vesicle to reform when cell membrane is pinched off towards the inside of the cell.  Dr. Pallanck's research will ask which of these steps are carried out by which of the previously identified molecules, and whether there are components of the release apparatus that remain unidentified by the previous biochemical studies.  In previous work, Dr. Pallanck and his collaborators has identified in Drosophila two different forms of one of the key candidate release molecules, N-ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Fusion protein (NSF).  One goal of the current research is to test the hypothesis that multiple NSF proteins are involved in the targeting, fusion, and/or recycling of synaptic vesicles.  Molecular, electrophysiological and anatomical studies as the electron microscope level will all be employed in these studies.  To address the second goal, Dr. Pallanck's laboratory will carry out classical genetic screens to identify novel components of the vesicular release apparatus.  The properties of neurotransmitter release appear to be similar at synapses in all animals, and to share mechanisms with the vesicular release of other substances such as hormones.  Thus, the results from this study will contribute to a general understanding of this process.\n\n\tDr. Pallanck's educational objective is to incorporate a research perspective into the undergraduate genetics curriculum at his university.  He will be teaching the core genetics course taken by most undergraduate biology majors, and will use this forum to emphasize the experimental basis of scientific knowledge and to introduce students to current research opportunities in his department.  He will also serve as undergraduate research coordinator, and will develop an undergraduate research seminar course.  Through these three avenues, Dr. Pallanck will be instrumental in preparing undergraduate students for a career in research at a critical stage in their educational development."]
["CAREER: The Fate of Hormones in the Aquatic Environment","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Sedlak, David","CA","University of California-Berkeley","sedlak@ce.berkeley.edu","ENG","9734130  Sedlak  The objective of this research is to study the fate of  natural and synthetic hormones in three aquatic environments-  laboratory, wastewater treatment and natural river. Since  hormones interact with the endocrine systems of humans and  wildlife, the effect of endocrine disruptors must be  understood and reflected in environmental policies about  chemical use and the management of water resources and water  reuse. To date, most research on endocrine disruption has  focused on industrial chemicals, such as pesticides,  plasticizers and surfactants. However, trace amounts of  natural and synthetic hormones can cause endocrine  disruption and previous measurements of estrogen and related  compounds in urine suggest that these hormones could be more  important to endocrine disruption than other compounds found  in wastewater effluent.    To access the importance of wastewater effluent as a source  of endocrine disrupters, research will be conducted to  determine the environmental fate of estrogens. In the first  phase of this project, new analytical methods will be  developed for measuring estrogens at environmentally  relevant concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent  assays (ELISAs) and gas chromatography. These methods will  then be used to assess the removal of estrogens during  wastewater treatment and their fate in a river that receives  significant discharges of treated wastewater.    A series of interactive demonstrations will be developed and  displayed at public forums to educate the public about  emerging water resource issues. To provide environmental  engineering students with the skills needed to address  problems associated with resource conservation and reuse, a  series of graduate-level courses will be developed. These  courses will consist of a lecture course, a laboratory  course and a graduate seminar that highlight the role that  environmental engineers can play in solving problems related  to the conservation and reuse of resources."]
["CAREER: Optical Manipulation of Colloidal Systems","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Marr, David W.","CO","Colorado School of Mines","dmarr@mines.edu","ENG","CTS-9734136  Marr, David W. M.  Colorado School of Mines    Structure at small length scale arises as the material microscopic components interact and assemble themselves into mesoscopic-sized morphologies.  This project will investigate the link between molecular interactions and the properties of interfaces that develop during morphology evolution.  A combination of dense colloidal model systems probed by new optical techniques that can manipulate such systems, and statistical mechanical modeling methods will be applied.  A new experimental device will be constructed that uses a rapidly scanning optical trap to build arbitrary optical potential wells. The technique of confocal microscopy which can characterize, in situ, the relatively dense colloidal structures will be developed.  The study of nucleation in systems using nuclei of various structure and the templated growth of colloidal crystals will be two areas of focus.      The education goal is to bring the physical insights obtained in this study to the classroom at both undergraduate and graduate levels by developing new courses and adding molecular level material to current coursework.  In addition, new pedagogical techniques including the World Wide Web, browsers used to access the web, as well as state-of-the-art computer languages will be used to enhance the educational environment.    Understanding the link between microscopic interactions in colloidal systems and macroscopic properties is an essential step in the synthesis of new materials with specifically designed microscale morphologies.  ***"]
["PECASE: An Empirical Investigation of the Dynamics of       Measurement-based Admission Control Algorithms Within an    Economic Framework","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH|RESEARCH/TESTBEDS","Jamin, Sugih","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","jamin@eecs.umich.edu","CSE","Abstract    On today's Internet, packets are delivered in a best-effort manner.  The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is standardizing support  for realtime packet delivery on the Internet. The viability of  relaxed, as opposed to hard guarantees, realtime services depends  fundamentally on the ability of its measurement-based admission  control algorithms to determine which connection can be admitted to  the network without violating service specifications.  Previous  research has demonstrated the viability of measurement-based admission  control algorithms and relaxed realtime services.  However, two  important questions remain.  First, independent of any specific  algorithm, what traffic characteristics can serve as primary  indicators to guide the setting of an algorithm's parameters?  Second,  can global inefficiencies resulting from the local nature of  independent admission decisions be minimized?  This research proposes  to use equivalent token-bucket filter of aggregate traffic to guide  the setting of the admission control algorithm's parameters, and to  apply a market-based approach to global resource allocation.  While  there is a sizeable body of literature in the application of  market-based control to the allocation of computing resources, no previous  work on distributed resource allocation that involves multiple  resources and takes into account transaction costs, i.e.~the cost to  negotiate and execute a transaction, has been reported.  Further  information on this project is available from  http://irl.eecs.umich.edu/jamin/research/CAREER.html."]
["CAREER:  Optimizing Database Systems for Large Main Memories","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE","Adelberg, Bradley","IL","Northwestern University","adelberg@cs.nwu.edu","CSE","Many database applications today are no longer I/O bound but memory bound - during transaction processing applications, the CPU wastes approximately 80% of its cycles waiting for fetches from memory. Thus a 5 fold speed up is possible if cache misses are eliminated entirely, and with clock speeds continuing to grow, the available speed up will grow as well. Thus the goal of this research is to build significantly faster database management systems (DBMSs) by (1) developing analytical models of the interaction between different database structures (i.e. indexes, tables) and the memory hierarchy, (2) identifying those structures that are causing the most stalls, (3) synthesizing new structures and algorithms that are more \"cache friendly\", and (4) verifying the new designs through low level performance studies on a real system. The results of this project will help ensure that database performance scales with the ever increasing speed of processors and density of memory chips. The educational goal of this project is to develop a project based curriculum for database systems. Instead of using a scaled down \"teaching\" system, students learn to use and extend commercial DBMSs through standard interfaces like JDBC and OLE DB, which gives them practical skills as well as teaches them to write and debug code that is part of a large complex system."]
["CAREER:  CAD Techniques and Tools for Intellectual Property Protection","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Potkonjak, Miodrag","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","miodrag@cs.ucla.edu","CSE","The use of proprietary designs (reusable cores) as part of VLSI systems on a chip  depends on having reliable and efficient techniques for intellectual property  (IP) protection. This research investigates techniques for such protection. It  includes a watermarking (signature hiding) approach for protecting CAD tools,  reusable cores, and embedded software. Also being explored is a fingerprinting  scheme, and a covert channel-based technique for the efficient detection of  misappropriated (stolen) IP. The watermarking approach is the addition of design  and/or timing constraints in the design specification which encode the author's  signature. Fingerprinting techniques are meant to deter people from illegally  distributing IP by enabling the author of the IP to uniquely identify the  original buyer of a resold copy. The concept of covert channels is the basis for  techniques which convey to the author information without alerting an illegal  owner of IP. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques and algorithms will be  demonstrated on industrial strength designs.  The educational plan includes the  development and use of watermarking techniques and video games for teaching IP  protection techniques and other material."]
["CAREER:  Regulation of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis in    Yeast","MCB","GENE EXPRESSION|INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Rolfes, Ronda","DC","Georgetown University","rolfesr@georgetown.edu","BIO","9734170 Rolfes Regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level is important to cells in order to link extracellular conditions with metabolism. The ADE genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide an excellent model system to learn about the fundamental mechanisms that eukaryotic cells use to regulate gene expression in response to extracellular conditions. The regulation of the ADE5, 7 gene uses regulatory schemes that are conserved in higher eukaryotic cells, namely, multiple regulatory circuits to control gene expression, a common DNA element that binds multiple transcription factors, and combinatorial control arising from the specific interactions of different transcription factors at specific promoter elements. The objectives of this research are to characterize the molecular interactions between the positive transcriptional activators BAS1 and BAS2 with DNA, determine domains for transcriptional activation and protein-protein interaction, and characterize chromosomal mutants and dosage-dependent suppressors to identify additional regulatory components in a signal transduction pathway linking extracellular conditions to the transcriptional activators. The results of these experiments will lead to a deeper understanding of the precise mechanisms used to regulate this locus. The insights gained from this study will shed light on the regulation of gene expression in other eukaryotic cells. Science education is an integral part of modern life. The fruits of science are visible in the advances made in medicine, agriculture and technology. Since the impact of science in society is great, a deeper understanding of what science is and how it works is important for students of today. The ultimate in education in the sciences is achieved via substantial research experience. At the undergraduate level, this type of involvement in science is difficult to achieve because it requires a major investment of time for both the student and faculty member. The objectives of the education plan  are to develop a significant nexus of research and undergraduate education in the laboratory, enhance the research orientation of a course in genetics, direct the development of a concentration in molecular biology within the biology major, and participate in special programs aimed at increasing student access to, and awareness, of research opportunities.  Purine nucleotides are essential components of cells, composing DNA and RNA, participating in energy transfer and serving as signaling molecules. Cells maintain pools of purine nucleotides to participate in these different reactions. Maintenance of nucleotide pools is essential for ce!ls, and several human disorders arise from the disruption of these pools, including the syndromes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDS) and Lesch-Nyhan. The results of this study will provide an understanding of how S. cerevisiae regulates the synthesis of purine nucleotides. Understanding how these regulatory mechanisms work in yeast provides a model for purine regulation in human cells."]
["CAREER: Low Temperature Deposition of Thin Metal Films from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solution","CTS","PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Watkins, James","MA","University of Massachusetts Amherst","watkins@ecs.umass.edu","ENG","Abstract - Watkins - 9734177    The demands of present and future microelectronic and optoelectronic device fabrication place stringent requirements on metal deposition schemes.  These include high film purity, low temperatures and rapid, controllable deposition rates.  The PI postulates that these objectives can be met via Chemical Fluid Deposition (CFD), a new approach to metal deposition that involves the chemical or thermal reduction of soluble organometallic compounds in supercritical carbon dioxide at low temperatures (40-80oC) to yield continuous films on inorganic or organic substrates.    CFD exploits the unique, and adjustable, physicochemical properties of SCF solvents, which lie intermediate to those of liquids and gases, to circumvent the limitations of both vapor and liquid phase techniques.  In CFD, precursor transport and reduction occurs in solution at significantly lower temperatures and higher reagent concentrations than those of vapor phase techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD).  While CFD is a solution-based process, the \"gas-like\" transport properties of the SCF and its miscibility with gaseous reducing agents such as hydrogen, render the process unencumbered by issues of poor mass transfer and poor deposition rates associated with liquid phase reductions.  Preliminary experiments demonstrate that high-purity, continuous platinum and palladium films can be deposited from SCF solution onto silicon wafers and other inorganic substrates at temperatures up to 170oC below those employed in CVD.    The research program will focus on the deposition of thin films from carbon dioxide solution by the hydrogenolysis of dimethylcyclooctadine platinum (II) and the deposition of copper films by reduction of copper(II)bis(hexafluoroacetylacetone) and copper(II)bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate).  The precursors were chosen to facilitate a direct comparison of film quality and reduction kinetics in CFD to those of existing techniques and the potential utility of the m etal deposits in microelectronics copper and catalytic platinum devices.    The educational portion of the work are to: (1) train graduate students who will work at the interface of engineering and materials chemistry, (2) provide undergraduates with opportunities for research experience, (3) develop a two-course series in materials processing that addresses the interests of students and is reinforced by the expanding materials research efforts in the Department of Chemical Engineering, and (4) incorporate research problems and active learning principles into the classroom and assist in the implementation of interactive teaching tools across the curriculum."]
["PECASE: Toward a Unified Theory of Social Evolution:        Reproductive Skew and Aggression in Social Wasps","IOB","ANIMAL BEHAVIOR|INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Reeve, H. Kern","NY","Cornell University - State","hkr1@CORNELL.EDU","BIO","Increasing complexity is a central theme of evolution.  The most recent step in this trajectory is the transition from solitary to social life.  This transition resulted in enormous consequences; it can be said that nearly all land ecosystems are dominated by social species.  It is of great importance, then, to understand how sociality evolved.  Historically there have been two bodies of theory that apply;  one deals with the evolution of sociality within kin groups  and the other with sociality among nonrelatives.  The \"reproductive skew\" theory addressed in this research has the potential to provide a general theory of social  evolution that is relevant in both situations.  Skew theory  holds that a dominant individual within a society must provide incentives to subordinate individuals in order to secure their cooperation and assistance.  Ecological factors  combined with the genetic similarity among individuals dictate the payoffs for cooperation and therefore define the  optimal \"reproductive skew\" (the degree to which one or a  few individuals co-opt direct (production).  This research  will continue the development of the theory and test it with an ideal study species, a social wasp, Polistes fuscatus.  Investigations of the social wasp in nature will measure the  ecological and genetic similarity factors, along with  observation of reproductive skew to determine if there is a  quantitative agreement with the predictions of optimal skew theory.      This project also involves a large educational component designed to provide tomorrow''s behavioral scientists with both theoretical and empirical skills.  In addition, a major  new Web site will be created to better enable students to  communicate with theorists and empirical behavioral biologists.  The study of sociality using insect models has provided pivotal contributions to the field, including kin-selection theory.  Kin-selection theory changed the way we  think about social animals, solved a dilemma that had  existed since Darwin''s time and changed the way that some anthropologists think about human sociality.  This research  has the potential to develop an even more general theory of  how social behavior evolved and holds considerable promise for broad application."]
["Career:  Nucleic Acid Phosphodiester Modification and       Educational Career Development","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|METHODOLOGY","Turnbull, Kenneth","AR","University of Arkansas","kturnbul@comp.uark.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of affinity transfer   alkylating reagents (ATAR) for labeling the phosophodiester of nucleic   acids.  Using quinone methide chemistry, the ATAR will be agents for the   covalent, chemoselective modification of the phosphodiester group in   nucleic acid polymers.  The educational focus will include the   development of a course to educate journalists, development of a   laboratory course stressing individual creativity and extending this   approach to secondary science education and, developing apprentiship   style laboratory experiments for `real life` problem solving with   community based industry.  With this Faculty Early Development (CAREER)   award, the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program is supporting the   research and educational activities of Dr. Kenneth D. Turnbull of the   Department of Chemistry at the University of Arkansas.   Professor   Turnbull  will focus his research efforts on developing innovative,   chemical means to covalently deliver  a variety of reporter groups or   proteins to DNA.  The ability to site-specifically attach such moities to   DNA would allow various genetic based, biological studies to be conducted   and provide a new means for efficient diagnostics, therapeutics and   biological control at the genetic level.  The educational focus of the   project stresses course and curriculum development with an emphasis on   public science literacy, real life problem solving and secondary science   education."]
["CAREER: Design Tools and Techniques for Analog Effects in   Digital Integrated Circuits","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Shepard, Kenneth","NY","Columbia University","shepard@ee.columbia.edu","CSE","This research addresses the need to consider details of the  analog behavior of digital circuits and interconnect in  order to ensure correct functionality. Specifically it  focuses on analysis of timing and noise in deep submicron  circuit designs. All noise sources in a digital integrated  circuit are being considered - coupled and ringing noise on  signal lines, power supply noise, and noise from the  circuits The effect of noise on delay is being considered in  performance verification. Because many of the emerging  timing and noise problems are associated with on-chip  inductance, techniques for practically extracting on-chip  inductance will be developed. The question of how the  complex time-domain responses that result from inductive  interconnect can be used in static timing and noise analysis  is being investigated. Additional explorations are on using  the complex time-domain responses that result from inductive  interconnect for static timing and noise analysis. Other  areas of investigation include a static solution to on-chip  power grid integrity analysis and noise considerations in  synthesis and circuit tuning.  The educational plan includes building a VLSI CAD research  laboratory, and development of courses in hardware design  using FPGAs."]
["CAREER: Scanning Probe Microscopy of Photonic and           Electronic Materials","ECS","INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Johnson, Matthew","OK","University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","johnson@mail.nhn.ou.edu","ENG","Program: Physical Foundations of Enabling Technologies    CAREER Competition    Proposal Number:  ECS-9734228    Principle Investigator: Matthew Johnson    Title:  CAREER:Scanning Probe Microscopy of Photonic and Electronic Materials.    Abstract        The proposed research is related to the used of scanning probe microscopy to characterize, understand, and help improve materials issues in optelectronic devices.  Properties such as dopant distribution and the electronic and optical properties on a nanometer scale will be measured and characterized using in situ Scanning Probe Microscopy techniques. The measurement techniques and tools developed in this work will have significant impact in the area of materials characterization on a nanometer scale, and it may leads to the understanding of new phenomina and the development of novel devices. The PIs connection with outside groups who will provide him with materials was noted.  The educational component of the proposed work including the development of Junior/Senior Lab courses, and the supervision of undergraduate students projects is also considered adequate.  In general, it is felt  that  the PI is highly qualified to successfully perform the proposed work. It is because of the expected high impact of the proposed research and educational activities that this proposal was highly recommended by the panel.    Based on the panel discussion and the potential merit, this proposal is recommended for the CAREER award at $200,000 over 48 months.              February 20, 1998"]
["CAREER:  Photocrosslinkable Polymers for Fracture Fixation","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|POLYMERS","Anseth, Kristi","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","anseth@colorado.edu","ENG","9734236  Anseth  Treatment of bone fractures through fixation requires the  use of materials with sufficient strength to allow fixation,  good tissue/material compatibility, and facile molding (into  potentially complex shapes) for easy placement by the  surgeon.  In addition, controlled degradation is imperative  to restore optimum bone function upon healing.  The material  must initially re-establish the mechanical integrity of the  bone and subsequently degrade to allow new bone ingrowth.  Hence, degradable polymeric materials provide an important  alternative to widely-used metallic implants.  Degradable  polymers eliminate the need for a second surgery and, if  carefully designed, can release compounds to accelerate  healing or prevent infections.  The research component of  this CAREER plan targets the development of a new class of  high-strength, surface-eroding, photocurable (i.e., react  upon exposure to light) polymers for orthopaedic  applications such as fracture fixation.  In particular, the  rationale for this work is driven by three key hypotheses:  i)  photopolymerization allows in vivo curing, which will  provide great flexibility for the placement and handling of  implantable polymers for surgeons; ii) crosslinking of  polymers will provide an effective tool to control the  physical and mechanical properties of materials without  major modifications to the backbone chemistry, which can  alter biocompatibility; and iii) surface-eroding  polyanhydrides networks, which degrade in a controlled  fashion and maintain the structural integrity of the  polymer, will be advantageous for orthopaedic applications.  The educational component of this CAREER plan is intimately  linked with the research plan.  Special opportunities for  undergraduate research (e.g., senior thesis projects) and  incorporation of team-oriented research projects in advanced  elective courses will be developed.  Outside of education  through research, new courses will be developed to examine  engineering aspects o f the human body and the use of  engineering skills to address medical problems.  Finally,  the University of Colorado has completed its Integrated  Teaching and Learning Laboratory (ITLL).  This facility is a  national model for future directions in engineering  education, and the integrated learning approach (addressing  learning styles and cross-departmental teamwork) will be  incorporated and piloted in a new polymer courses.  ***"]
["CAREER: Passive and Active Damping Control for Large Civil  Structures","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Wereley, Norman","MD","University of Maryland College Park","wereley@eng.umd.edu","ENG","The objective of this integrated education and research plan is to augment damping in large civil structures applications, via both passive and active means, to reduce structural response.  The proposed research program will develop, analyze and experimentally demonstrate passive, semi-active, and active structural damping control for civil structures using smart materials and structures technology.  The research builds on the ongoing research efforts at Maryland on stability augmentation, shock, and vibration control using electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) dampers.  Damping strategies will be tested on dynamically scaled three story civil structures building model currently under development."]
["CAREER: High-speed Electrophoretic Imaging of Biological    Microenvironments","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Shear, Jason","TX","University of Texas at Austin","jshear@mail.utexas.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported in the   Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focuses on the development of   high speed separation techniques with high sensitivity detection   strategies to study neurotransmitter release from single cells.    Professor Shear and his students at the University of Texas-Austin will   fabricate a novel, multichannel capillary electrophoresis array for the   rapid sampling and separation of excreted neurotransmitters.    Multiphoton-excited fluorescence can be generated from extremely small   (sub-picoliter) volumes to provide high sensitivity while retaining   chromatographic integrity.  This combination will allow the monitoring of   neurotransmitter release across the 'landscape' of a single cell.  This   CAREER research project will expose undergraduate students to modern   research laboratory instrumentation and illustrate the utility of the   approaches through the analysis of `real world` samples.  Professor Shear   will combine fundamental aspects of chemical instrumentation in his   lectures with hands on problem solving in the laboratory.  One of the long standing issues in the area of neurochemistry has been   the desire to observe neurotransmitter release on the single-cell level   in real time.  Professor Shear and his students at the University of   Texas-Austin, are developing monitoring techniques based on the   combination of a novel capillary electrophoresis array and high   sensitivity optical spectroscopy methods.  Instrumentation having the   capabilities to monitor individual neurotransmitter releases across the   surface of a cell would impact a number of disciplines.  The   multidisciplinary aspects of the instrumentation development portion of   this project are complemented by Professor Shear's interest in   introducing undergraduates to state-of-the-art research instrumentation   for solving `real world` analytical problems which may have a high degree   of complexity.                                                 ?¡?¿?/??/•¡ ¢??¡>?¡ ?%/¢¢¡¢     Ω¡_???>???•?? >/>??/?•??%¡¢ /?¡ /> ?_???•/>• ?%/¢¢ ?¬ >¡ ? _/•¡??/%¢     º©¡` ?¬¬¡? ?>???¡ ?????•?>?•?¡¢ •? ¢•??` ¬?>?/_¡>•/% ????%¡_¢ ?> •©¡   ?>•¡???¢???%?>/?` /?¡/¢ ?¬ ?©¡_?¢•?`  ?©`¢??¢ />? _/•¡??/%¢ ¢??¡>?¡  /¢  ?¡%% /¢ _/>` ??•¡>•?/% /??%??/•??>¢ ¢??© /¢ ¢?%/? ¡>¡?¿` ??>?¡?¢??>    ?/¢•¡ ?¡¿?/?/•??>  />?  >/>?¡%¡?•??>??¢   º©¡ ?¡•/?%¡? ?>?¡?¢•/>??>¿   ?¡¢?%•?>¿ ¬??_ •©¡¢¡ ¢•???¡¢ ??%% ©/?¡ /> ?_???•/>• ?_?/?• ?> •©¡   /??%??/•??> ?¬ ¢¡_???>???•?? >/>??/?•??%¡¢  ?>?¡ •©¡ ????¡¢¢¡¢ •? ?¡   ¢•???¡? ?¡•¡?_?>¡ •©¡ ¡¬¬???¡>?` />? •©¡ ?©¡_??/% ¢•/??%?•` ?¬ />`    ?¡???¡¢ _/?¡ ¬??_ ¢??© >/>??/?•??%¡¢   ¨¡¢?%•¢ ¬??_ •©?¢ ¢•??` ??%% /%¢?   /?? •? •©¡ ¿¡>¡?/% ?>?¡?¢•/>??>¿ ?¬ •©¡ ?`>/_??¢ ?> •©¡ ¢?%?? %?????   ?>•¡?¬/?¡  ???© ?¢ ¡¢¢¡>•?/% ¬?? •©¡ ?¡¢?¿> />? /??%??/•??> ?¬ _/>`   ?_???•/>• ?¡???¡¢ />? ????¡¢¢¡¢ ¢??©  /¢ •©¡ ¢?%/? ?¡%%  ¡%¡?•???©¡_?¢•?`   />? ©¡•¡??¿¡>¡??¢ ?/•/%`¢?¢"]
["CAREER: Phospholipid Tubule and Protein-lipid Self Assembly","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Thomas, Britt","WY","University of Wyoming","britt.thomas@chem.lsu.edu","MPS","Britt Thomas of the University of Wyoming is supported by the   Experimental Physical Chemistry Program to investigate phospholipid   tubule self-assembly and phospholipid membrane-protein interactions using   X-ray scattering techniques.  The self-assembly studies will explore the   roles played by molecular tilt, twist, conformation, and chirality in   tubule formation.  A comparative study of various genetically-engineered,   membrane-bound proteins will extend the X-ray diffraction techniques used   to elucidate characteristics of these more complex systems.  The   education plan of this CAREER award involves the creation of an   interdisciplinary teaching program, in which two complementary upper   level courses are developed and added to the Chemistry and Molecular   Biology Department curricula.  The hallmark of nearly all technologically useful biomaterials is the   self-assembly of highly-ordered supramolecular structures from simpler   components.  Phospholipid membrane structures serve as the stage upon   which some of the most important processes of life occur, including many   catalytic reactions, protein production and folding, and photosynthesis.    Results from this study will be used to improve the understanding of   lipid membrane properties, and could subsequently impact the   technological development of membrane-based optical switches, molecular   electronics, molecular sieves, and chemical/biological sensors.  The   educational component of this award will encourage collaboration among   students and faculty in two separate academic departments at the   University of Wyoming, by enhancing cross-disciplinary teaching and   research efforts."]
["CAREER: Structure, Dynamics and Reactivity at Electrode     Interfaces","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Borguet, Eric","PA","University of Pittsburgh","eborguet@temple.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) project, supported by the   Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, focuses on very fundamental   studies of the behavior of water at electrochemical interfaces.    Professor Borguet and his students at the University of Pittsburgh will   use optical second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency generation   methods to probe the orientation, structure, and dynamics of the   interfacial water layer at metal electrode interfaces.  The respective   roles of electrolyte concentration and electrode potential will be   evaluated.  This CAREER project will seek to improve science literacy for   non-science majors by developing a unified course inclusive of most of   the science disciplines.  Outreach to high school students will be   undertaken by Professor Borguet through greater use of modern   instrumentation in the University of Pittsburgh Chemistry Van Program.  The interaction of water with metallic surfaces is of great technological   importance, but is still not well understood on a fundamental level.    Professor Borguet and his students at the University of Pittsburgh will   use a suite of optical techniques to study the physical structure of   water molecules at electrode surfaces.  This CAREER project provides   graduate students with a system which intimately ties fundamental   chemical reactivity with a topic of great technological importance;   corrosion.  Professor Borguet will make contributions to improving the   scientific literacy of non-science majors through curriculum development   and capturing the interest of high school students through participation   in the University of Pittsburgh Chemistry Van Program."]
["ELUCIDATION OF THE MEANS BY WHICH LIPID A ASSOCIATES WITH   OTHER MOLECULES","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Savage, Paul","UT","Brigham Young University","paul_savage@byu.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of a system in which the   interactions of lipid A and derivatives with other molecules can be   directly observed and characterized.  The association properties of the   lipid A derivatives will be studied via microtitration calorimetry.  The   first lipid A binding molecule to be studied will be the peptide   antibiotic polymyxin B.  The focus of the educational activities is on   the preparation of short animations of organic reactions based on high   level semi-empirical and ab initio calculations.With this Faculty Early   Development (CAREER) award, the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry   Program is supporting the research and educational activities of Dr. Paul   B. Savage of the Department of Chemistry at Brigham Young University.     Professor Savage will focus his research efforts on developing a system   in which association of lipid A and derivatives with other molecules can   be directly measured and thermodynamically characterized.   Lipid A, a   primary component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria,   adversly affects the lives of hundreds of thousands of people each year   in the United States.   A primary focus of the educational activities is   to develop visual materials for undergraduate teaching."]
["CAREER: Theory and Application of Hybrid Estimation","ECS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Li, X. Rong","LA","University of New Orleans","xli@uno.edu","ENG","9734285\n\nLi\n\nHybrid estimation, as powerful robust adaptive approach, has found great success recently in solving many problems compounded with structural and/or parametric uncertainty, ranging from fault detection and isolation to target tracking and recognition, and from biomedical signal processing to complex system decomposition.  The bottle-neck problem currently exists with hybrid estimation is that existing techniques are not cost-effective enough for most real-world hybrid estimation problems, which involve a large set of modes.  The most serious barrier for the further development of hybrid estimation is associated with the fact that existing techniques are confined to a fixed structure.  In other words, existing hybrid estimation has a fundamental limitation, inherent to the fixed structure, in that it cannot handle effectively problems involving more than just a few modes, which is, unfortunately, the case for most real-world problems.  This limitation stems from the fundamental assumption of the existing techniques that the system mode at any time can be represented accurately by one of a small and fixed set of models that can be determined a priori.  As a result, existing hybrid estimation with a fixed structure has arrived at such a stage that great improvement can no longer be expected within its fixed structure.  Nevertheless, existing research effort is confined almost entirely to this fixed structure.  In this proposal, an investigation of the theory and application of hybrid estimation techniques is proposed.  The theoretical research proposed includes the development of several promising and complementary variable structure algorithms that are highly cost-effective, uncomplicated and general enough to be applicable to most hybrid estimation problems, and some work toward the development of a unified theory of hybrid estimation.\n\n\n\nThe technical approach that will be undertaken for the proposed research is to use variable structure in hybrid estimation:  The set of models, rather than the models themselves, may be made adaptive based on measurement sequences, which carries valuable information about the system mode currently in effect.  This is a promising new direction for improving significantly on the existing techniques, which was initiated by the PI recently.  Its great potential has been demonstrated by the recent development of such an algorithm by the PI that is uncomplicated, generally applicable, and significantly more cost-effective than the state-of-the-art fixed structure hybrid estimators.  This project is expected to have a significant impact on the theoretical and applied research in estimation, decision and identification, and their application areas.  In the short term it will advance significantly the state-of-the-art hybrid estimation techniques, and in the long term, it will provide insight and thrust to future investigation in stochastic systems theory, random signal processing and statistical inference.\n\n\n\nEducation and human resource development are integrated components of the proposed career development plan.  The primary education objective of this plan is to train students to develop ability, knowledge, and skills for scientific inquiry and technological discovery and invention, hence preparing them well for their pursuit of an engineering career.  This is achieved by the following: 1) Provide students opportunities to participate in advnced research projects under innovative and close guidance of the PI; 2) Develop new graduate and undergraduate courses for better educating and training students; 3) Disseminate results from the proposed reseach by textbook writing to reach out to more students.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Analytical Modeling for Demanufacturing Operations","DMI","PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Stuart, Julie Ann","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","stuart@ecn.purdue.edu","ENG","9734310  Julie Ann Stuart   This research focuses on the development of strategies for \"product take-back centers\" receiving a variety of discarded products.  To improve the profitability and efficiency of product take-back centers, decision tools will be developed for the strategic production planning decisions and for the operational grouping and scheduling decisions.  The goal of the strategic decisions for take-back production planning models will be to reduce staging inventory and increase frequency of outgoing shipments.  Mixed integer programming models will be developed to represent the linear quantities of take-back products and the integer quantities of outbound truckload shipments.  The goal for the grouping algorithms will be to assign take-back products to processing groups in an effort to improve outbound shipment value while considering additional inventory and material handling expenses.  The focus of the scheduling heuristics for demanufacturing will be to decrease the cycle time for outbound shipments.  The performance of these new decisions tools will initially be tested using simulation models since incoming product characteristics vary considerably.  In addition, these new models will be validated with case studies in U.S. take-back centers.    This research will contribute to the establishment of a methodological foundation for demanufacturing planning and operations modeling.  If successful, the results of this research will improve take-back center profitability that may lead to the increase of product take-back processing.  The increase of product take-back processing will divert many tons of discarded products from landfills and increase the supply of materials for reuse in new products.  Grouping strategies to improve the quality and value of outbound materials may also increase the possibilities for materials reuse.  Furthermore, the challenges and approaches for materials reuse, product design for demanufacturing, demanufacturing planning, and sustainability will be  communicated to undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers through innovative learning modules for existing and new university courses, presentations, papers, and workshops.***"]
["CAREER: Engineering Synthesis of High Performance Adaptive  Robust Controllers for Mechanical Systems and Manufacturing Processes","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Yao, Bin","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","byao@purdue.edu","ENG","This CAREER project develops a general framework for the  design of a new generation of high performance robust  control algorithms, their integration in actual sensor and  controllers, and application of the integrated design to  control electro-hydraulic servo-systems and linear motor  driven high-speed/high-accuracy positioning systems. The  controllers combine the positive features of both adaptive  control and robust control, and their implementation leads  to high performance and energy-saving in hydraulic machines  such as those developed by Caterpillar, Inc. an industry  with which the PI has developed a collaborative research  relationship. The education plan includes the integration of  proposed research in existing control courses; involvement  of undergraduate and graduate students in research;  developing continuing education and short courses for  practicing engineers to facilitate technology transfer; and  development of two new courses--one at the undergraduate and  the other at graduate level. The project is aimed towards  developing a solid foundation for designing high performance  robust controllers to meet the industrial needs for high  productivity and high quality products, and introduce to the  engineering students and practicing engineers a strong  analytical background in this area."]
["CAREER: Interface and Reliability Studies of MEMS and       Microelectronics Using New MEMS Instruments","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Saif, T.","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","saif@uiuc.edu","ENG","9734368  Saif    This proposal is focused on experimentally studying one of the commonly occurring failure modes in MEMS and micro electronics, namely debonding between interfaces, often referred to as decohesion.  The interface formed by submicron films of a metal (aluminum) and an insulator (silicon dioxide) will be studied.  To carry out the experiments, micro instruments will be developed based on MEMS devices.  These instruments will initiate debonding in test specimens designed for interfacial studies.They will also self calibrate, and will allow measurements of Angstrom to nanometer scale displacements of the specimens.  The micro instrument and the test specimens will be simultaneously designed, patterned and cofabricated.  ***"]
["CAREER: Investigation of Fuel Sprays and Air Mixing in      Lean Direct-Injection Four-Stroke Spark-Ignition Engines","CTS","COMBUSTION AND PLASMA SYSTEMS","Lee, Chia-fon","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","cflee@uiuc.edu","ENG","Abstract - Lee        This is a study of the interaction of fuel spray mixing and combustion in a lean direct-injection engine.  Advanced optical diagnostics and multi-dimensional modeling are used to characterize in-cylinder fuel/air mixing and combustion in an optically accessible, direct-injection engine.  Optical diagnostics include exciplex fluorescence for visualization of spatial distributions of liquid and vapor fuel under firing conditions, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) with fuel dopants for visualization of liquid fuel, and phase/Doppler particle analysis (P/DPA) to characterize drop size and velocity of the spray.  In addition, a new planar droplet sizing technique is developed by imaging exciplex liquid fluorescence and Mie scattering signals simultaneously; the ratio of these signals is proportional to the Sauter mean diameter and the technique can be calibrated using the P/DPA measurements.  Computations are performed within the framework of a model for two-phase reacting flows that has been used for comparisons of spray and engine measurements.    The results of this work should provide the fundamental basis for design of a successful lean direct-injection spark-injection engine.  Such an engine is believed to offer improved fuel economy and reduced emissions, but its development has been hampered by poor understanding of the relationships among fuel injection, mixing, and combustion."]
["CAREER:A Unified Approach to Quality-of-Service Provisioning in Integrated Services Networks: Traffic Characterization, Resource Management and Their Integration","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Zhang, Zhi-Li","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","zhzhang@cs.umn.edu","CSE","The purpose of the research project is to  design simple, efficient, and robust mechanisms to   improve the performance of Transmission Control  Protocol (TCP) in mixed wired/wireless and ad hoc  communication networks.  The basic approach is to   study how the soon-to-be-standardized Selective   Acknowledgment (SACK) feature of TCP, together with  knowledge of the statistical behavior of wireless  links, can be used to decouple the error recovery and  flow control functions of TCP by distinguishing between  transient and persistent packet loss.  The network  will be modeled within a stochastic framework,  guided and validated by computer simulation.  Rigorous  mathematical techniques, as well as extensive computer  simulation, will be employed to design and analyze the   performance of each mechanism.  In order to accurately   evaluate the performance of the mechanisms, they will   be implemented experimentally under a wide variety   of real-world conditions using channel emulation hardware.  The education plan can be summarized as one of utilizing   the vast resources at the University of Michigan,   participating in several initiatives in curriculum   development, involving undergraduate students in research,   and developing Web-based Matlab modules.  http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~wass/nsf/career.html"]
["PECASE: WisWeb: Scalable, Consistent, High-Performance WWW  Proxy Caching","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Cao, Pei","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","cao@theory.stanford.edu","CSE","This research focuses on improving WWW proxy caching in  order to sustain the continued growth of the Web on the  Internet. Caching is one of the most important techniques  that can be used to increase the salability of the Web.  The  research targets four major problems that currently plague  Web caching systems: lack of strong cache consistency, no  support for server control on cache accesses, inflexible  caching algorithms, and poor performance.  In order to solve  these problems, this project will explore  means to include  strong cache consistency maintenance in WWW via lease-based  invalidation protocols, active cache architecture that  supports server-supplied processing upon cache access, Web  caching strategies that adapt to network conditions and  utilize the unique capabilities of large proxy caches to  reduce network  congestion, and high-performance scalable  proxy architectures and cache sharing  protocols.  Combined,  these efforts promise to qualitatively improve the  scalability and availability of the Web, and to support the  increasingly important role that the Web plays in our  society. The educational activities include developing the  mini-scale Internet emulator, nurturing the \"crash and burn\"  lab, and other initiatives aimed at increasing the research  involvement of undergraduate students."]
["CAREER:  Algorithmic Issues in Collaborative Filtering","IIS","DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES","Konstan, Joseph","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","konstan@cs.umn.edu","CSE","The promise of the information age is the delivery of more information than has ever been available before.  Unfortunately, human ability to manage and process information remains mostly unchanged. The result of this mismatch is information overload.  This project extends one approach to alleviating information overload--collaborative filtering--to provide a new way to assist individuals in personal information selection.  Collaborative filtering uses the opinions of member of a community about information objects to recommend a subset of those objects to each individual in the community.  The technique works well for small communities in which each user has evaluated many of the information objects.  This project uses sophisticated statistical and computation techniques to extend collaborative filtering to communities with millions of users who may have evaluated only a fraction of a percent of the available items.  As part of this work, the researchers are developing measures of confidence to help users determine how much faith to place in a particular recommendation.  This research project will allow an already booming personalization industry to move from niche markets into mainstream communities and markets; at the same time, it will provide the measures needed for other researchers to evaluate new filtering algorithms and techniques.     http://www.cs.umn.edu/Research/GroupLens"]
["CAREER: Structural Basis of Transcription Termination in    Thermophilic Eubacteria and Hypertext Curriculum for Advanced Undergraduate Biology Organized by Function and System","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","Friedman, Alan","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","afried@bilbo.bio.purdue.edu","BIO","9734466  Friedman  The project is designed to begin to elucidate the structural basis of transcription termination.  Transcriptional termination appears to result from multiple weak interactions among various factors and between them and the RNA polymerase.  Two proteins that have been identified as being critical for proper transcription termination are nusG and rho.  E. coli rho is known to be a helicase that unwinds the RNA transcript from the transcription bubble at rho-dependent termination sites, while nusG acts as an adaptor between rho and the RNA polymerase.  The nusG homolog from T. maritima has been demonstrated to be readily cleaved by proteolysis into two fragments.  The structures of both fragments will be determined by x-ray crystallography.  At the same time, expression systems for the T. maritima rho protein will be constructed from presently available clones.  Crystallization experiments of this protein will also be conducted, both with the intact protein and protein proteolytically cleaved to separate the RNA-binding domain.  Finally, potential interactions between the T. maritima nusG and rho proteins will be investigated to determine if they also show the same interaction which is seen in their E. coli counterparts.  If this interaction is seen, crystallization trials on a complex of the two proteins will be initiated.    On the education side of this CAREER proposal, a new set of hypertext-based curriculum materials will be developed.  These materials will be designed to present biology in a \"vertical\" direction, focusing on the connections between different levels of organization within a biological function or organ system.  The vertical organization of the curriculum material should help communicate to under-graduate students how molecular structure underlies biological processes.  It should also provide upper-level biology undergraduates with an alternative view of their biological knowledge, thereby solidifying what they have been taught in their introductory classes.   This combination of research and educational projects will help further integrate structural biology into the mainstream of biology.  The research component will bring a new area of  biological research under structural investigation, while the education component will help integrate our present knowledge of structural biology into the undergraduate curriculum."]
["Scientific Method, Stochastic Dynamics & Deterministic      Forcing: Integrated Modelling, Field Research, & Educational Outreach to Understand Population Dynamics of the Blue Crab","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY","Eggleston, David","NC","North Carolina State University","eggleston@ncsu.edu","GEO","9734472  Eggleston    Populations  of  animals and plants  often  fluctuate  in  a  seemingly  chaotic  manner. Fundamental  challenges  include  formulating  population  models that  can  tease  apart  the  precise   effects  of  different  environmental  forces   on  population dynamics, and determining the interaction between  biological  feedback mechanisms and the  environment.   This  project   addresses  processes  that  determine   population  dynamics  in  the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus)  in  North  Carolina,   through  comprehensive  and   integrated   field  observations and experiments, population modeling  of  long-  term  abundance data, and computer visualizations  of  water  currents.   The  overall  hypothesis is  that  environmental  perturbations,  primarily in the form of tropical  cyclones,  will   markedly   alter   biological  feedback   mechanisms,  producing  large fluctuations in abundance of  juvenile  and  adult  crabs.   The  overall  goal  of  the  student/teacher  enrichment  program is to enhance scientific  literacy,  and  involve students and teachers in the scientific method  that  have  traditionally been under-represented  in  science,  by  linking  public  schools,  state,  and  academic  scientists  together with a common research goal.  Fisheries species are  an  ideal focal point since they are of significant cultural  and  economic importance to coastal counties, and lie at the  center of such critical issues as overfishing, water quality  degradation, and habitat loss."]
["CAREER:  On the Assessment of Volume Rendering Algorithms   in Visual Computing","OCI","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM","Machiraju, Raghu","MS","Mississippi State University","raghu@cis.ohio-state.edu","O/D","The field of visual computing is concerned with the storage, analysis, manipulation of sampled definitions of 3D objects and the resulting image synthesis.  Given the ubiquitous use of imagery for graphics in architecture, engineering design and manufacturing, and entertainment, there is an ever-growing need for realism in displayed images.  For serious uses of imagery in engineering and medicine, there is an additional need for assurances for accuracy and for providing ways to validate the image.  This project will increase the level of understanding about the foundational aspects of image synthesis, an essential component of visual computing.  Volume rendering and visualization algorithms are being increasingly used for image synthesis in visual computing systems.  The project plans to specifically address the following issues:   * Accuracy in volume rendering algorithms-Lack of concerted efforts to define and measure image quality has stymied the widespread use of visualization techniques and visual computing.    * Volume Analysis- Given the noisy nature of the datasets and large sizes, there is a need to seek minimal correlated representations of the volumes and even rendering operators.  *  Perceptual metrics - The displayed image should preset meaningful information to the end-user.  It would be useful to employ objective numerical tools to guide the generation of new images if desired.     One approach to achieving this goals will be to use multiresolution methods including the wavelet transform.  The work will be initially targeted towards the requirements of computational fluid dynamics engineers, marine geologists and medical imaging experts, given the access of Principal Investigator (PI) to the ERC, NASA Stennis and the University of Mississippi Medical center (UMMC) respectively."]
["CAREER: Turbid Acousto-Optics","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM","Wang, Lihong","TX","Texas Engineering Experiment Station","LWang@tamu.edu","ENG","9734491  Wang  This research project is supported under the Early Career  Development (CAREER) program.  This premier program emphasizes  the importance the National Science Foundation places on the  early development of academic careers dedicated to stimulating  the discovery process in which the excitement of research is  enhanced by inspired teaching and enthusiastic learning.  It  combines in a single program the support of research and  education of the highest quality and in the broadest sense.    The research activity involves the use of ultrasound-modulated  optical tomography (USMOT), a novel system combining an  ultrasonic transducer and a laser system, to study the acousto-  optical effects in liquid and gel turbid media (e.g. biological  tissues).  The specific tasks of the activity include: 1)  computer modeling of turbid acousto-optics; 2) effects of the  ultrasonic wave on the ultrasound modulation of light; 3) effects  of the light source on the ultrasound modulation of light; 4)  effects of the relative configuration between the ultrasonic wave  and light on the ultrasound modulation of light; 5) effects of  the acoustic and optical properties and geometry of the media;  and 6) characterization and optimization of images of turbid  media.  The educational plan aims to directly involve students in  the research, with specific goals including the development of a  new course in Optical Imaging, expansion of an existing course in  Medical Imaging, and outreach to pre-college students through the  Texas A&M Summer Student Program.    It  is  conjectured that the development of turbid acousto-optics  as a new field in optical engineering may lead to applications in  medicine, underwater detection, and atmospheric optics.  ***"]
["CAREER:  Telepresence in Teleoperations","IIS","|HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Kaber, David","MS","Mississippi State University","dbkaber@eos.ncsu.edu","CSE","This  research examines telepresence, \"the sense of being present  at  a  remote site,\" which has been identified as a design  ideal  for  teleoperators and virtual environments.  It is  intended  to  resolve extant confusion as to the origins of telepresence and to  develop a plausible and parsimonious telepresence model.  This is  to  be  accomplished by empirical investigations of teleoperation  system  and  human  factor  effects  on  subjective  measures  of  telepresence  along with studies of physiological  variables  and  mental  constructs, including attention and situation  awareness,  for objectively representing telepresence.  The research involves  developing  a descriptive model of telepresence in attention  for  understanding  the  phenomenon  and  predicting  its  effect   on  teleoperation  performance.   Design  guidelines  for   synthetic  environment configuration are also to be formulated based on  the  model.   The  effort  is  expected to  serve  as  a  vehicle  for  promoting  the  effective transport of human  perceptuo-cognitive  capabilities into remote environments through unique teleoperator  applications, such as the exploration of Mars, by encouraging  in  operators a sense of being at the remote site.  Outcomes  of  the  work  are  anticipated to be applicable to design of the spectrum  of  teleoperators and virtual environments and will be integrated  in  graduate student education in cognitive engineering  for  the  21st Century."]
["CAREER: An Internet-Based Multimedia Approach to Teaching   Developmental Neurobiology with Integrated Research on      Neuronal Migration","IOB","DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE","Phelps, Patricia","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","pphelps@physci.ucla.edu","BIO","9734550  PHELPS      Dr. Phelps' Early Career award contains both educational and research components related to the field of developmental neurobiology.  The educational aim is to build an internet-based multimedia learning system for a new undergraduate course on developmental neurobiology, in collaboration with Dr. Gambhir and colleagues at the Crump Institute for Biological Imaging at UCLA.  During nervous system development, many complex tissue movements occur that are difficult for students to understand using the typical 2-dimensional drawings from textbooks, yet they come alive when presented as 3-dimensional animations.  Designing colorful animations depicting these complicated tissue movements is an important goal of this project.  An additional focus is to incorporate data from scientists working  in the field of developmental neurobiology.  For example, time-lapse video microscopy demonstrating observations of living neurons will be used in classroom presentations to introduce students to exciting new research techniques.  Students are able to review class presentations over the web, and utilize interactive quizzes as study aids.  Such evaluation tools will help the students, but also will provide the teachers with information about the effectiveness of this new internet-based learning system.   The aim of the research component is to determine what structures and/or molecules guide the unique migration of a group of chemically defined neurons during early spinal cord development.  The neurons under study, called the \"U-derived\" cells, use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter and can be identified by both immunological and histochemical methods.  Between embryonic days 15 and 16, U-derived cells migrate from their initial ventral locations to their final destinations within the dorsal and central parts of the spinal cord.  These cells migrate in a direction perpendicular to the radial pathways utilized by most other neurons.  To determine the structural and/or molecular cues that  guide this unique migration, Dr. Phelps will attempt to block the migration experimentally.  Dr. Phelps uses an organotypic slice culture system that has been shown to support normal migration of U-derived cells and maintains relatively normal intercellular relationships between neurons and their environment, yet is accessible to both chemical and surgical manipulation, which would not be possible the whole embryo.  A variety of different experiments are designed to disrupt this cell migration in culture.  Results from these experiments will determine if the dorsal migration of the U-derived cells is guided by structural cues, such as early forming axons, and/or by molecular cues such as different types of adhesion molecules."]
["CAREER: New Traffic Models for Internet Connections and VBR video Traffic","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Chandra, Kavitha","MA","University of Massachusetts Lowell","kavitha_chandra@uml.edu","CSE","New Traffic Models for Internet Connections  and VBR Video Traffic      This project examines new models for application and connec-          tion  level  traffic  on  the  Internet. The objective is to               better understand the impact  of  this  traffic  on  network               congestion.   Features  of Internet traffic such as its non-  Poisson statistics and long range dependence are a point  of               departure from typical traffic on circuit switched networks.               As packet traffic progresses from the  user  application  to               its  destination across a network, it undergoes a variety of               transformations.  These linear and/or nonlinear  transforma-               tions  give rise to structural features in an otherwise ran-               dom traffic stream. The result is high  variability  in  the               network traffic mix.  Identifying and controlling the source               of these traffic features is important in real-time resource               allocation and network traffic engineering. The work in this               project uses measured network data to identify  the  feature               space  required  to model Internet usage. Traffic generation               from end users, network protocols and video-coders are  con-               sidered.   Non-linear  time-series  models  will  be used to               characterize connection and application level traffic. These               models  have  the  flexibility to address a range of traffic               types from short-range  dependent  stochastic  processes  to               those  with  self-similar and deterministic features. At the               application level, particular attention is paid to the  gen-               eration  of layered variable bit rate video and into the in-               fluence of encoding parameters on  traffic  characteristics,               model  parameters  and performance. The time-series modeling               framework will be used to  design optimal rate control  algo-               rithms  with perceptual and network driven cost constraints.        The traffic models obtained will allow one to assess  and   control  end  systems  and provide network level control for               problematic traffic sources. The results will  also  provide               quantitative  evaluation of what types of traffic can be su-               perposed to yield suitable statistical  multiplexing  gains.               In  conjunction with the research effort, a graduate and un-               dergraduate curriculum in the network performance area                 will be  developed. The  courses  and  projects will support the               development of end-to-end problem solving skills. The aim               is to integrate  research and interdisciplinary ideas from               engineering and  physical  sciences  into  the  solution  of               telecommunications related problems.               Ongoing activities  under  this  project  can  be found at    http://morse.uml.edu/-kchandra/career."]
["Visual Information Processing","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM","Simoncelli, Eero","NY","New York University","eero.simoncelli@nyu.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  Improving the Access-Execute Balance in High       Performance Processors","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","John, Lizy","TX","University of Texas at Austin","ljohn@ece.utexas.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER: Parallel Integer Programming for Architectural-LevelVLSI Design","CCF","NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Papaefthymiou, Marios","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","marios@eecs.umich.edu","CSE"]
["Carbon Monoxide in Comets","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Womack, Maria","MN","St. Cloud State University","womack@r2d2.stcloudstate.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER:  Intelligent Planning and Control of Robotic        Systems in a Perceptive Frame","IIS","ROBOTICS","Xi, Ning","MI","Michigan State University","xin@egr.msu.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  Molecular Modeling Studies of Poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(propylene oxide) in Aqueous Solution","DMR","CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Smith, Grant","UT","University of Utah","gsmith@geoffrey.emro.utah.e","MPS"]
["CAREER:  A Compiler-Assisted Approach to High Performance   Memory Architectures","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Li, Zhiyuan","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","li@cs.purdue.edu","CSE"]
["An Effective Framework for Realizing Derivation Systems","CCF","EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS/CADRE|SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Nadathur, Gopalan","IL","University of Chicago","gopalan@cs.umn.edu","CSE","9803849  Many reasoning and specification tasks require the analysis of  logically complex syntactic objects. Such tasks arise, for  instance, in using typing systems, in describing and prototyping  programming languages, in effecting program transformations, in  demonstrating program correctness, in realizing theorem provers,  in describing the semantics of natural languages and in  constructing corresponding parsers for them.  A satisfactory  framework for performing such tasks is obtained from using lambda-  terms to represent the objects that are of interest and a  constructive logic to describe their properties. This research  addresses questions of implementation and use of lambda  Prolog, a programming language that provides such a framework.  The starting point for this work is an implementation of lambda  Prolog that embodies the first serious attempt to realize many of  its new features in an efficient manner. Using this system, the  project conducts an extensive empirical study of the impact on  efficiency of choices in the representation of lambda terms and  in the compilation of unification and other operations on these  terms. Refinements to the structure of lambda terms and to other  language features are considered towards understanding the  tradeoffs between efficiency and expressiveness. Issues relevant  to constructing a flexible programming system around the language  are studied. Finally, the strength of the programming system and  of the methods supported by it are tested by employing them to  implement a compiler for lambda Prolog.***"]
["VirB Mediated DNA and Protein Transfer from A. tumefaciens","MCB","MICROBIAL GENETICS|INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY|GENES AND GENOME SYSTEMS","Binns, Andrew","PA","University of Pennsylvania","abinns@sas.upenn.edu","BIO","Agrobacteria are bacteria that infect damaged plants.  Bacterial DNA is transferred to the plant nucleus, and this process is used to move desired genes into plants in the process of genetic engineering.  It is important to understand how this process occurs, as it represents a natural occurence of inter-kingdom DNA transfer, as well as of practical importance.  The movement of DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells depends upon the activities of the virulence (vir) genes of  the Ti plasmid.  Several of the Vir proteins are required for the production of a single-stranded DNA covalently attached to VirD2 at its 5' terminus. The long term objectives are to understand how the VirB complex assembles and functions.  Towards this end, a variety of genetic and biochemical methods have been developed to study the interaction of VirB proteins with themselves and with transported substrates.  Recent studies yielded the surprising result that the expression of a subset of the VirB proteins in the recipient vastly increased the efficiency of virB-mediated conjugal transfer of RSF1010 between agrobacteria.  This result leads to several questions about the VirB proteins and recipient activity: a) what is the minimal complement of VirB proteins necessary for increased recipient activity, b) does the presence of RSF1010 in the recipient affect this activity and c) what is the generality of this phenomenon?  The answer to these questions may allow the identification of a \"core\" VirB complex that could simplify genetic and biochemical studies, and may have important implications to plasmid transfer in general.\n\n\n\nIn order to define the VirB complex and its activity, the interactions between the VirB proteins and themselves or the transported substrates must be understood..  In this project physical/biochemical analysis, utilizing chemical cross-linking and immunoprecipitation will be continued; yeast two hybrid system analysis will be carried out, looking specifically at the possibility that other VirB proteins - and possibly other unidentified proteins - interact with the VirB7-10 group;  and saturation mutagenesis on the virB7-10 genes will be carried out to help define regions required for protein interaction and for virulence in general."]
["Networking Principal Investigator's Workshop","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Aspray, William","DC","Computing Research Association","waspray@indiana.edu","CSE","The computing Research Association will host a meeting of principal investigators on NSF-funded networking research grants.  The purpose of the meeting to exchange information about research results, and explore possible new questions and priorities in the areas of data communication.  The meeting, to be held in Washington, DC in late fall of 1998, will bring together about 125 PI's on research grants supported by the Advanced Networking Research and Special Projects Programs of the Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research Division (ANIR).  The principal purpose of the meeting will be to improve communication among the networking research PI's, and much of the discussion will be sharing information about work in process.  A report on the meeting will be published, and CRA will establish a meeting web page to provide participants convenient access to slides and presentation notes."]
["CAREER: Studies in Hadron Collider Physics","PHY","ELEMENTARY PARTICLE ACCEL USER","Gerdes, David","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","gerdes@umich.edu","MPS","***\n\n9818097\n\nGerdes\n\nThe top quark is by far the heaviest of the six types of quarks we know to exist. Since it is so heavy, it can currently only be produced at the Fermilab Tevatron. The PI is a leader in the efforts to understand the decays of the top quark. This research program will allow him to continue his focus on studying the decays of this particle, and will enable him to work on upgrading the CDF detector so that a much higher statistics sample of top quark decays can be accumulated. This will allow the Standard Model to be probed in a new energy region and may reveal new physics. In addition, the PI is working on a project to use Java to set up a series of interactive physics demonstrations on the World Wide Web.\n\n***"]
["San Diego Symposium on Asymptotics and Applied Analysis     to be held January 10-14, 2000 in San Diego, California","DMS","ANALYSIS PROGRAM","Dunster, Timothy","CA","San Diego State University Foundation","dunster@math.sdsu.edu","MPS","Re: DMS-9818531\n\nTitle: San Diego Symposium on Asymptotics and Applied Analysis.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nT. M. Dunster and D. A. Lutz are the organizers of the \"San Diego Symposium\n\non Asymptotics and Applied Analysis\" from January 10 - 14, 2000 at San\n\nDiego State University, California.  The proposed conference will have\n\ntalks falling under the following three categories in asymptotics and\n\napplied analysis: difference equations, ordinary differential equations,\n\nand functions defined by integrals.  The first of these would emphasize\n\nasymptotic methods involving special functions.  Included in the second and\n\nthird categories would be new results related to exponentially-improved\n\nasymptotics and hyperasymptotics, summation of divergent solutions,\n\nconnection problems, error analysis, and applications to special functions.\n\nThe following eleven leading experts in the above fields have indicated a\n\nwillingness to participate as principal speakers in the proposed symposium:\n\nF. W. J. Olver (Maryland), R. Askey (Wisconsin), W. Balser (Ulm, Germany),\n\nC. Bender (St. Louis), M. Berry (Bristol, UK), B. Braaksma (Netherlands),\n\nP. Pham (Nice, France), R. Schaefke (Strasbourg, France), Y. Sibuya\n\n(Minneapolis), N. Temme (Netherlands), and R. Wong (Hong Kong).\n\nPost-doctoral and graduate students, and especially those from\n\nunder-represented groups in mathematics, are strongly encouraged to attend.\n\n\n\nThe broad area of this conference is asymptotics of special functions.\n\nAsymptotics is defined to mean, for example, the approximation of a given\n\nfunction in terms of a function whose properties are better understood, or\n\nwhich can be more readily computed.  Special functions are solutions of\n\ncertain equations which appear in many areas of physics, engineering and\n\nmathematics.  This is a very classical branch of mathematics that has\n\nalready contributed much to our understanding of the physical world.\n\nHowever, during the past decade there have been a series of new and\n\nexciting ideas leading to significant improvements in the accuracy of\n\nasymptotic methods, with the main contributors coming from the US, Europe,\n\nand the Fareast.  But since 1989 (Winnipeg, Canada) and there have been no\n\nmajor conferences in North America on the theme of this symposium, even\n\nthough there have been many conferences on similar themes in Europe and\n\nAsia.  This symposium will bring experts and younger researchers together\n\nto disseminate these new ideas to a wider audience and lay the groundwork\n\nfor future studies and collaboration, new applications, and insight into\n\nmore complex problems to be yet solved."]
["411POWRE:  Analysis of Microbial Communities by Coupled        Polymerase Chain Reaction and Dematuring Gradient Gel       Electrophoresis as an Indicator of in Situ Bioremediatio","BES","PROF OPPOR FOR WOMEN IN RSCH|ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Munakata Marr, Junko","CO","Colorado School of Mines","jmmarr@mines.edu","ENG","9870561 Marr The objective of this research is to establish a foundation for the verification of in situ bioremediation. The proposed research will test the hypothesis that the molecular biology tools of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) can be used to monitor the succession of microbial populations associated with in situ biodegradation of chlorinated solvents. PCR and DGGE have been successfully applied to natural microbial communities to elucidate microbial diversity and identify the specific populations present in uncontaminated aquatic, sediment and soil environments. Specific objectives are to 1) optimize the application of PCR and DGGE to distinguish microbial species in uncontaminated methanotrophic soil, 2) simultaneously monitor trichloroethylene degradation and species diversity as measured by DGGE resolution of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA and 3) identify the predominant species over time via type-specific phylogenetic and catabolic gene probes and by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The ultimate impact of this research will be to enhance our knowledge of bioremediation and to provide tools to monitor and optimize operating conditions during in situ bioremediation of contaminated groundwater sites. This project will allow the PI to take a leadership position among researchers in the area of disinfection processes by focusing her research in an area were there are significant knowledge gaps"]
["CAREER: Quantum Cryptography With Entangled Photons","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH","Sergienko, Alexander","MA","Boston University","alexserg@bu.edu","CSE","This research involves the development of an experimental prototype of a quantum cryptographically protected communication system using two-photon entangled states of light, and a detailed theoretical study of the physical principles underlining the ultimate security of this technique.  The exponentially growing flow of private and confidential data transmitted over telecommunication channels has brought with it the need for its protection to insure the security of sensitive information.  Conventional encryption based on the mathematical complexity of factoring large numbers is still vulnerable to the intrusion of an unfriendly party in command of large computational power.  Quantum cryptography was designed to address this issue by bringing to bear the power of the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics.  \n\n\n\nThere are two major approaches in quantum crytography which, historically, appeared nearly simultaneously.  One makes use of near single-photon states derived from coherent-state light.  The other relies on the nonlocal character of two-photon entangled states generated in the nonlinear optical process of spontaneous parametric down conversion.  A new scheme for quantum cryptography has been designed which overcome the limitations that have heretofore plagued the latter systems for use in cryptography, particularly the requirement for synchronous manipulation of two Mach-Zehnder interferometers that are well separated in space.  This new approach is based on the use of a special polarization quantum intensity interferometer and utilized doubly entangled states generated by type-II spontaneous parametric down conversion."]
["CAREER: The Diffusion of Collective Protest in the U.S., 1950-1996","SES","SOCIOLOGY","Soule, Sarah","AZ","University of Arizona","soule@u.arizona.edu","SBE","This is a study of the diffusion of social protest in the United States.  Using news media reports, this project will attempt to gather and code data on all protest events in the United States between 1950 and 1996 associated with all social movements that took place during this critical period. Additionally, it will gather a number of important independent variables associated with the different movements in this period. The ultimate goal is to compile a data set which will be comparable with one that was recently completed in Germany (at the Wissenshaftzentrum by Friedhelm Neidhardt and colleagues) which includes protest event data and associated covariates for the identical time period.\n\n\n\nThis research is theoretically informed by general questions about the diffusion of social phenomena. Social movement scholars have noted that social movements are not bounded entities; rather, protest tactics, frames, organizations, ideologies, and symbols often diffuse between different social movements. Recent advances in the statistical modeling of diffusion in an event history framework allow for the testing of hypotheses about the diffusion between social movements in this period, both within the U.S. and between the U.S. and Germany.\n\n\n\nData collection will focus on the identification and coding of protest events reported in four daily newspapers. Both a coding mechanism and a codebook detailing coding instructions have already been devised and tested. Both of these are comparable to the German counterparts. In addition, a list of independent variables, and potential sources and techniques for gathering them, was compiled. \n\n\n\nUsing advances in the collection of event data from newspapers and in the measurement of bias of this method, this research will allow for a careful examination of diffusion processes in social movements. Questions about within-movement, between-movement, and between-country diffusion will ultimately be addressed. Additionally, these data will allow researchers to fully exploit advances in the statistical modeling of diffusion in an event history framework.\n\n\n\nThis award is made under the Faculty Early Career Development rubric.  In addition to supporting scientifically meritorious research on a central sociological question, it will also provide innovative educational experiences for students of the social sciences."]
["CAREER: Reducing Drought Hazards by Improving Drought Plans","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|STRUCTURES II|NAT & MAN-MADE HAZARD MITIGATI","Steinemann, Anne","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","acstein@u.washington.edu","ENG","This career project deals with drought, one of the most complex and costly of all natural disasters.  However, recent research found that drought plans often suffer from deficiencies that limit their value in actual droughts.  Drought plans may fail to incorporate valuable expertise and experience from previous droughts.  In addition, agencies lack readily accessible methods to test and improve their plans.  Because agencies' plans may be inadequate, metropolitan regions may unwittingly be susceptible to disasters.\n\n\n\nThis research project addresses two key needs for development of drought plans:  to improve drought plans before a drought occurs, and to tap existing expertise on drought water management.  The research will generate new knowledge and methods for the development and evaluation of drought plans, using a knowledge-based engineering approach.  This approach applies artificial intelligence techniques to acquire, formalize, and disseminate expert heuristics within an integrated decision-support system.\n\n\n\nThe research objectives are to: (1) investigate the factors that reduce drought hazards; (2) design a framework for developing and evaluating drought contingency plans, using knowledge-based engineering methods; (3) test drought plans, using expert heuristics and drought scenarios; and (4) develop an integrated knowledge-based system to help agencies prepare and improve their drought plans.  \n\n\n\nThis integrated CAREER plan will also address deficiencies in water resources education.\n\n\n\nThe educational objectives are to: (1) provide students experience with real-world water resources problems in which they work directly with agencies and stakeholders; (2) develop and implement problem-based learning exercises that enable students to develop reasoning skills for active, lifelong learning; (3) use information technologies, including knowledge-based systems, in educational and professional settings; and (4) provide students opportunities to contribute both to the advancement of research and to the solution of problems in their community.  An interdisciplinary degree program will be developed to establish internships with industries and agencies, and engage students in research and K-12 outreach programs that link scientists and educators from over 5,000 schools in 65 countries.  This educational plan will help to meet the growing need for engineers and water resources professionals who can work and communicate effectively when faced with complex, multidisciplinary problems that affect both the public and private sectors."]
["CAREER: Progressive coding and transmission of images and video","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM","Xiong, Zixiang","HI","University of Hawaii","zx@ee.tamu.edu","CSE","Progressive coding and transmission of images and video\n\n\n\n\n\nIn recent years, we have witnessed explosive growth of digital video in communications, medicine, education and entertainment. Examples are digital TV, DVD, Internet video, and telemedicine. Major driving forces behind such growth have been the striding advances made in digital technologies for image/video compression, storage, computing, and transmission. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe objective of this project is to integrate the PI's research on image/video compression with his teaching plan. The research plan addresses the following three aspects in coding and transmission of images and video: coding performance, coding functionality, and progressive transmission. A diverse yet focused set of research \n\nprojects are proposed with regard to these three areas, linked by a multiresolutional wavelet transform thread. The teaching plan takes into account the unique position of the University of Hawaii. It focuses on teaching our students both technical and interactive skills that enable them to compete with others from mainland schools."]
["CAREER: A Lipid Based, Gene Delivery System for Proliferative Vascular Diseases","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|BIOTECHNOLOGY","Bellamkonda, Ravi","OH","Case Western Reserve University","ravi@bme.gatech.edu","ENG","9874631\n\nBellamkonda\n\nThis CAREER proposal presents a novel combination of educational and research initiatives in biomedical engineering in general and molecular tissue engineering in particular.  The principal investigator holds a joint appointment in the Schools of Engineering and Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, and over a four year period, he proposes a program of teaching and research that will involve students and faculty from both the schools.  The unifying theme of the program is the development, application and dissemination of interdisciplinary expertise on adapting biomaterials technologies as enabling tools to facilitate molecular level tissue engineering.\n\n\n\nThe four educational initiatives proposed are a) application of modern teaching methodologies to engineering education, b) curriculum revision and development, c) outreach programs for area high school students focussing on recruitment of women into engineering, and d) mentoring of bioengineering majors.  All of the initiatives mentioned above are strong integrated with the research initiatives proposed.\n\n\n\nThe research initiatives proposed focus on the application of biomaterials based, drug delivery technology for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic genes to improve transfection efficiency and duration of transgene expression in vivo.  In particular, the research targets proliferative vascular disorders which account for 10%-15% of all fatalities in America today.  Proliferative vascular diseases are common after angioplasty, stent or graft placement or in peripheral vascular diseases.  This proposal outlines a novel, versatile drug delivery system for the continuous, local, perivascular delivery of genetic agents to the arterial wall.  Lipid based microcylinders can be fabricated of differing lengths and provide corresponding periods of slow release of genetic agents.  It is proposed to deliver genetic agents via non-viral means to circumvent the safety issues associated with adenoviral mediated gene transfer.\n\n\n\nIt is proposed to use an organ culture system and mathematical modeling to study and optimize the kinetics of reporter gene delivery using non-viral lipid- and peptide-DNA complexes to the arterial wall.  Efficiency of transfection and duration of transgene expression will be quantified in vitro in the organ culture system.  Once the kinetics of gene deposition in the arterial wall are optimized, endothelial nitric oxide synthase containing plasmids will be complexed to polylysine peptides and continuously delivered to an artery previously injured by a balloon catheter in a rodent model of peripheral restenosis. \n\n\n\nWhen complete, this project will shed new light on using continuous gene delivery to improve efficiency, duration of gene expression and the therapeutic outcome of delivering inhibitors of smooth muscle cell proliferation, continuously and perivascularly.  It will also influence recruitment and retention of women into engineering, and impart critical biomaterials, molecular, and gene manipulation skills to undergraduate and graduate students in biomedical engineering."]
["Photoproduction of Vector Mesons","PHY","INTERMEDIATE ENERGY NUCLEAR SC","Cole, Philip","TX","University of Texas at El Paso","cole@athena.physics.isu.edu","MPS","9874653\n\nCole\n\nThe research component of this five-year Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Award will yield insights into the underlying symmetry of the quark degrees of freedom in the nucleon, the nature of the parity exchange between the incident photon and target nucleon, and will touch upon the strangeness content of the nucleon, as well as other OZI-evading processes.  With his collaborators, the Principal Investigator (PI) will measure the photoproduction of vector mesons by using a beam of linearly-polarized photons from both the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) in Hall B of Jefferson Lab and the GRAAL detector at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.  The PI is a cospokesperson on three approved experiments, E94-109, E98-109, and E99-013, which will take place in Hall B of Jefferson Lab.  With the high-quality beam of linearly-polarized photons provided, and the 4-pi detectors at these two facilities, we shall increase the world's data by a factor of approximately three orders of magnitude.  This rich pool of data will allow us to accurately measure the evolution of the angular distributions of the daughter spin-0 mesons resulting from the decay of the parent vector mesons as functions of c.m. energy, and polar and azimuthal scattering angles with unprecented high precision by extracting the spin density matrix elements in a model-independent way.  At his home institution, the PI has been actively engaged in developing the science component to an algebra-based pre-engineering science course in the effort to elevate awareness of physics and chemistry with the objective of increasing the retention rate of entering students.  The PI is promoting physics within his department in the capacity of the faculty advisor to the Society of Physics Students (SPS).  Within the wider context of the El Paso community, he is promoting physics by combining the SPS and the Physics Circus; the PI and several undergraduate students carry out a set of exciting and interactive physics demonstrations for audiences at UTEP and at area schools.  In that El Paso is the gateway to Latin America, and that the student population of the primarily undergraduate University of Texas at El Paso is 66% Hispanic, establishing a high-caliber research program in experimental nuclear physics will provide unique research opportunities for Hispanic students, who traditionally have been underrepresented in physics.  The funding for this CAREER grant is a crucial step towards establishing and carrying out a high-caliber medium-energy nuclear physics program at the University of Texas at El Paso.  Furthermore, this research program will provide a meaningful and state-of-the-art undergraduate and master's student research experience in keeping with the mission of the NSF Model Institutions \n\nfor Excellence agenda."]
["CAREER:  Two-Phase Turbulent Reactive Flows","CTS","FLUID DYNAMICS & HYDRAULICS|PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Mashayek, Farzad","HI","University of Hawaii","mashayek@uic.edu","ENG","The overall research objective is to provide a better physical understanding of the phenomenon of two-phase turbulent combustion involving the vaporization of the fuel drops and the chemical reaction of the fuel vapor with the oxidizer.  It is proposed to conduct extensive numerical simulations of evaporating drops dispersed in homogeneous turbulent flows with and without the presence of chemical reactions.  The carrier phase is considered in the Eulerian frame and is treated via Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the problem.  A \"two-way\" coupling between the carrier fluid and the dispersed phase is applied.  The results of the simulations will be used to extract Lagrangian and Eulerian statistics.  \"Explicit algebraic\" second moment closures for statistical predictions of two-phase reacting flows will be constructed.  The effects of the drop's \"shape deformation\" on interphase transport in two-phase flows will be investigated.  The numerical methodology involves the finite element method with a volume-of-fluid based algorithm for treatment of the deforming interface.\n\n\n\nThe education plan consists of two activities with a particular emphasis on \"integration\" of research and teaching activities of the PI.  The particular geographical and cultural situations of the University of Hawaii with respect to other U.S. universities are taken into consideration.  The first activity is focused on attracting students to engineering and helping them in their transition to professional life.  The second activity is focused on a critical examination of current educational system in an attempt to implement recent scientific and technological advances in the process of training the future generation of scientists and educators."]
["Career: Catalytic, Enantioselective C-C Bond Forming Reactions of Imines","CHE","SYNTHESIS","Lectka, Thomas","MD","Johns Hopkins University","lectka@jhu.edu","MPS","Professor Leckta's multifaceted research efforts explore aspects of asymmetric transformations of imines.  These include addition reactions of enol- and allylsilanes and ketene silyl acetals to imino esters catalyzed by chiral Lewis acids, asymmetric Staudinger and Baylis-Hillman reactions.  Also,  the development of novel catalysts based on diborane as a bifunctional Lewis acid and (bis)phosphine ligands is being pursued while incorporating computations to evaluate and possibly design useful catalytic species.  Creating a bridge between the experimental and the theoretical is a hallmark of Professor Leckta'a teaching goals, with computational chemistry employed in the introductory as well as advanced aspects of his curriculum.  Further, plans are being made to include high school teachers with one goal being to develop visual aids to pique the interest of high school students.\n\n\n\nWith this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program supports the research and teaching efforts of Dr. Thomas Leckta of Johns Hopkins University.  Professor Leckta's research deals with new ways to make nitrogen-containing molecules called amines in such a way that the three- dimensional shape or chirality of the molecule is controlled.  This is ever more important when designing the synthesis of biomolecules and drugs.  Professor Leckta's teaching emphasizes the use of computers as a tool for predicting the outcome of chemical reactions before time is invested in actually trying the chemistry in the laboratory.  An outreach program is being planned that will involve high school teachers and provide demonstrations of high-quality graphics and computations to high school students."]
["CAREER:  An Integrated Video-Based Storage System with Guaranteed Performance","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Liu, Chien-Liang","WA","Washington State University","jcliu@cise.ufl.edu","CSE","CCR-9874726\n\nLiu\n\n\n\nMultimedia applications such as Digital Library, Video-On-Demand, Electronic Commerce, and World-Wide-Web have been developing at a very fast rate.  The main objective of this four-year CAREER project is to design a generic high-quality video-based storage system.  The goals are (1) to search for efficient processing algorithms for the static video file allocation problem, (2) to develop the theoretical framework for dynamic video file allocation problem, (2) to develop the theoretical framework for dynamic video file reallocation and (3) to investigate efficient software design for emerging serial storage interfaces.  A video-based storage system (i.e., middleware solution) with guaranteed application quality over high-speed communication networks is designed.  The research includes both theoretical performance evaluation and measurement through an experimental system.  The integration of research and education is achieved by developing a series of multimedia system design courses and a research laboratory to provide students a facility to design, implement, and test the proposed high-performance video-based storage system over high-sped LANs."]
["CAREER: Synthetic Genes to Elucidate Glycopeptide Module Function in Extensins and Arabinogalactan-Proteins","MCB","METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY","Kieliszewski, Marcia","OH","Ohio University","kielisze@helios.phy.ohiou.edu","BIO","Kieliszewski\n\n\n\nHydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPS), ubiquitous structural components (up to 10-20% dw) of growing cell walls, are implicated in all aspects of plant growth and development including responses to stress. Three major groups of HRGPs represent a continuum of glycosylation and polypeptide periodicity ranging from the lightly glycosylated repetitive proline-rich proteins (RPRPs), through the highly arabinosylated crosslinked extensins, to the arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) that are the most highly glycosylated and least periodic. Repetitive units are generally small 4-6 residue glycosylated motifs viewed hypothetically as functional modules. However, HRGP function remains largely unexplored at the molecular level. This research will define their roles through functional analysis of single glycopeptide modules expressed as repetitive glycopolypeptides in tobacco and tomato cultures. These include the (Ser-Hyp4)n, (Ser-Hyp3)n, (Ser-Hyp2)n, (Ser-Hyp)n, (Ala-Hyp)n, and related motifs of extensins and AGPs, as well as the 19-residue consensus sequence of another glycoprotein (GAGP). This involves construction of synthetic gene cassettes based on ligating sets of overlapping oligonucleotide complementary internal repeat pairs and complementary external 3'- and 5'-linker pairs to form long duplex DNA encoding a given number of module repeats. Insertion of these synthetic genes into a modified pBIl2l plant transformation vector containing an extensin signal sequence and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene will be used to transform cell cultures of tobacco and tomato that contain the plant prolyl hydroxylases and glycosyltransferases required for module posttranslational modifications. Expression and isolation of these modules will permit tests of the following general and specific hypotheses for glycosylation and glycomodule function:\n\n1.\tGlycosylation codes predicted by the Hyp-contiguity Hypothesis specify precise saccharide addition to specific HRGP Hyp residues, namely: tetraarabinose to the most highly contiguous residues, arabinosylation decreasing with decreasing Hyp-contiguity; and arabinogalactan polysaccharide addition to repetitive noncontiguous Hyp residues that typify AGPs including GAGP.\n\n2.\tCarbohydrate-mediated alignment of extensin monomers is necessary for their orderly assembly and crosslinking roles in cell wall self-assembly. \n\n\n\nAs analogs of highly periodic glycoproteins, \"designer extensins\" and \"designer gums\" will help relate site-specific glycosylation to essential molecular functions like crosslinking, self-association and cell wall self-assembly. These analogs also provide a unique approach to the design of novel genetically engineered gums and glycoprotein polymers of controlled structure and properties for enhancing plant disease resistance, and potential use in the agricultural, food and nanotechnology industries. Finally, this research will give students access to a wide range of tools and concepts in molecular biology, ranging from gene manipulation, microbiology and plant biology, to protein, glycoprotein and carbohydrate chemistry, and an excellent opportunity to learn how to integrate them to make significant scientific contributions."]
["CAREER: Ecohydraulics: Simulation of Physical Processes in River Ecosystem Management","BES","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|OCEAN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS|ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Goodwin, Peter","ID","University of Idaho","pgoodwin@uidaho.edu","ENG","9874754\n\nGoodwin\n\nThis is an award to support research on a process by which all factors that impact on riverine enhancement can be taken into consideration during planning, engineering design and implementation of enhancement procedures.  Implementation of river enhancement plans requires an understanding of the complex interactions between and among factors that influence the decision to undertake enhancement and determine their economic cost and benefits.  These factors are basically determined by the basin's geomorphology which influences its response to conditions that cause flooding.  Basin responses including sediment transport and bank erosion are significantly influenced by changing patterns of development and land use.  The investigator has identified study sites in Idaho that are relatively small in scale to use in conduct of this research.  These include a pristine, undisturbed site in the Frank Church Wilderness, a logged and heavily mined site on the Red River and a grazed rangeland basin drained by Reynolds Creek in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho.  Selected heavily urbanized drainage basins selected for study include Wildcat Creek in Richmond, California and San Pedro Creek in Pacifica, California.   The hydraulic research objective is expected to focus on the Willamette River between Albany and Salem in Oregon as an example of a large-scale river and the Napa River in California as an intermediate-scale river.    \n\n\n\nThe proposal leading to this award was submitted in response to the Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program that emphasizes combining discovery of new knowledge with inspired teaching and enthusiastic learning.  The research component of this project is expected to result in better procedures than are now available for relating of the costs of riverine restoration to benefits gained than is now possible.  The educational component includes an approach to interest inner-city and rural children in river restoration, introduce undergraduates to ecological restoration by using field-acquired data in undergraduate courses and establishing a project web page and video for the Red River site that will include computer simulations of floods and the geomorphological changes resulting from flooding."]
["CAREER: Investigations of Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices: A Program in Multidisciplinary Student Research","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY","Sapochak, Linda","NV","University of Nevada Las Vegas","sapochak@wsu.edu","MPS","9874765\n\nSapochak\n\nThis research program will accomplish the design and synthesis of structurally modified metal quinolate materials and carry out systematic studies correlating geometric, substituent, and metal ion effects on photoluminescent efficiencies, charge transport properties, and electroluminescent efficiencies.  Furthermore, detailed x-ray studies are planned to elucidate the electronic and molecular structure of these materials in thin films and at device interfaces.  A major goal will be to implement strong interdisciplinary collaborations between the departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering.  This research program offers a unique opportunity for undergraduate and graduate student researchers in all three departments because of its  interdisciplinary nature.  For example students will work together to accomplish the design, synthesis and characterization of new materials as well as the fabrication and testing of devices.  The main educational objective is to recruit and better prepare undergraduates for research endeavors at an earlier stage in their academic career.  This will be accomplished through proposed course curriculum enhancements in the Organic Chemistry Program and the development of interdepartmental courses in Advanced Topics of Materials.\n\n%%%\n\nThe design, synthesis and characterization of organic materials exhibiting electroluminescence is highly relevant to important technologies that include various full-color, flat-panel display applications.  A fuller understanding of the electronic and molecular structure of organic materials and methods for controlling their optical properties in thin films and at device interfaces is needed to advance the development of various device applications areas.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Integrated Study of Benzene Combustion by Quantum   Mechanical Calculation, Detailed Kinetic Modeling, and      Optimization","CTS","COMBUSTION AND PLASMA SYSTEMS|CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Wang, Hai","DE","University of Delaware","haiw@usc.edu","ENG","The research emphases of this program are understanding of the fundamental reaction mechanism of aromatics combustion under variable pressures, developing detailed kinetic models of benzene combustion at high pressures, and developing new and robust approaches to kinetic models.  The studies consist of  quantum- mechanical calculations to estimate thermochemical properties of intermediate species in aromatics oxidation and to study potential-energy surfaces and reaction pathways involved in one-ring aromatics oxidation; Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) calculations to analyze reaction pathways and estimate the temperature and pressure dependence of unimolecular and chemically activated reactions relevant to benzene oxidation; detailed kinetic modeling studies; and systematic optimization of a kinetic model using solution mapping techniques.\n\n\n\nThe education program is an integral part of an institution-wide reform of undergraduate education and includes introducing small, well-formulated research and design projects into a junior-year thermo- dynamics course that cover topics in HVAC and combustion; experimenting with a new curriculum that introduces selected chemistry topics in an effective manner to mechanical-engineering students whose interest are cross-disciplinary, including emerging areas such as pollution prevention, biomechanics, and materials; and reaching out to local-area, including inner-city, school children."]
["CAREER: Fundamental Problems in Dynamic Fracture Mechanics","CMS","MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER|MECHANICS","Lambros, John","DE","University of Delaware","lambros@uiuc.edu","ENG","The objective of the proposed research is the thorough understanding of \n\nfundamental phenomena in dynamic fracture of homogeneous and bimaterial systems \n\nsubjected to high shearing loads. Recent experimental evidence during shear \n\ndominated crack propagation along interfaces, has shown the development of \n\nsupersonic crack speeds and crack face contact. In addition, theoretical \n\nevidence predicts supersonic speeds even in homogeneous materials, under high \n\nshear loading, if the homogeneous material exhibits a cohesive type failure \n\nresponse. Here, experimental and numerical analysis will be conducted to \n\nscrutinize the physical details of the contact zone and of limiting crack speeds\n\nin bimaterial interface and homogeneous material systems. Special emphasis will \n\nbe placed on the issue of crack face friction and subsequent heating during \n\ncontact. The educational part of this proposal describes a plan for improvement \n\nof teaching practices in current courses and enhanced undergraduate \n\nlaboratories, including animated classroom presentations as well as physical \n\ndemonstrations of counter-intuitive dynamical systems."]
["CAREER: Mechanisms Regulating the Activity of the Pax-5 Transcription Factor During B-cell Development","MCB","GENE EXPRESSION","Zwollo, Patty","VA","College of William and Mary","pxzwol@wm.edu","BIO","Zwollo, P \n\n\tThe transcription factor Pax-5  is expressed during the early stages of B-cell development and influences the expression of several B cell-specific genes, most of which are involved in cell development and proliferation. Over the past grant period,  the existence of alternatively spliced isoforms of the murine Pax-5 gene was investigated.  In addition to the existing isoform (Pax-5a), three new isoforms, Pax-5b, 5d, and 5e, were isolated. In isoforms Pax-5b and Pax-5e, exon 2 has been spliced out, resulting in proteins with an incomplete DNA-binding domain.  In Pax-5d and Pax-5e, the 3' region which encodes the transactivating domain, is deleted and replaced by a novel sequence with unknown function.  Recent studies revealed that both Pax-5d and Pax-5a protein levels are high in normal B-cells, in contrast to cell lines of the B-cell lineage, where Pax-5d levels are very low.  When normal B cells were activated by the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide, the protein level of Pax-5d, but not 5a, decreased rapidly.  The high protein levels of Pax-5d in resting B-cells, as well as its low levels in proliferating B-cells, would be in agreement with it functioning as a dominant negative regulator of proliferation or growth.   Pax-5b protein, on the other hand, is only present during the later stages of B-cell development, including the mature B and plasma cell stages.  The presence of Pax-5b so late in development was unexpected and is interesting in light of its possible regulatory roles during the terminal stages of B-cell development. In this project, the transcriptional activities of Pax-5 isoforms 5a, 5b, and 5d will be investigated. These studies are expected to lead to an increased understanding of specific mechanisms that regulate activity of the transcription factor Pax-5 during B-cell differentiation.  Such mechanisms may include both the functional activities of its alternative isoforms as well as the differential regulation of their protein stability.  \n\n\n\n\tThe protein Pax-5a has been shown to play important roles during the development of antibody-producing cells. Pax-5 is a \"regulator\" protein that affects the amount of antibodies that are made in this cell type.  Pax-5 also plays a role in cell proliferation, thus regulating the amount of \"proliferation\" determining proteins in the cells, but this process is not well understood.  In this project, the main question will be: what is the role of Pax-5a, as well as two other Pax-5 like proteins (named Pax-5b and Pax-5d) in the development and activation of antibody producing cells.   This research will provide insight into possible mechanisms that Pax-5a, 5b, and 5d use to make sure that cells produce antibodies at the right time and in the right place."]
["CAREER: MINERAL INVESTMENT AND LAND-USE/LAND-COVER CHANGE IN THE AMERICAS","BCS","GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL SCIENCE","Bridge, Gavin","OK","University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","gbridge@maxwell.syr.edu","SBE","This plan is centered on industrial decision-making, natural resource development, and environmental protection.  The research component will compare four case studies of land-use/land-cover change within mineral exraction regions of the Americas. (Arizona US, Sonora Mexico, Orinoco Belt Venezuela, and southern Andes Peru) An analysis of the impact of mineral investment on land values, land-use, and land-cover over time will use data derived from interviews with local land users combined with information from local archival sources. This information will be used to construct a model of the socioeconomic mechnisms through which direct investment drives land-use/land-cover change.  Both direct land-cover change (at the site of the extraction activity) and indirect land-cover change (land values change and supporting infrastructural development) will be researched.\n\n\n\nThe educational component will result in the development of two interdisciplinary courses to be team-taught with colleagues from Business, Economics, and the Institute for Energy Economics and Policy, and a program of K-12 outreach in partnership with the Oklahoma Alliance for Geographic Education to develop curriculum materials which assist teachers in meeting the National Geography Standards."]
["CAREER: Molecular Rhenium(V) Oxotransferases","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Abu-Omar, Mahdi","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","mabuomar@purdue.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry Program supports research and education on oxygen transfer reactions by Dr. Mahdi M. Abu-Omar of the Chemistry Department, University of California - Los Angeles.  New rhenium-based catalysts will be prepared and used to enhance the oxygen-transfer chemistry of sulfoxides.  The catalytic reactions of complexes of the general formula ReOCl3LL' will be studied in detail using spectroscopic and kinetic methods.  Density Functional Theory calculations on model systems will be used to understand the catalytic reactivities.  Using the results, chiral Re(V) oxazoline complexes that are resistant to degradation will be designed in order to promote asymmetric oxo-transfer reactions.  \n\n\n\nEfficient new catalysts will be developed for the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins by sulfoxides.  The educational component of this CAREER Award will focus on incorporating contemporary research issues into undergraduate classes in inorganic chemistry and new approaches to problem sessions will be developed."]
["CAREER:  Seismic Behavior and Design of Non-Emulative Precast Concrete Buildings with Supplemental Passive Energy Dissipation","CMS","STRUCT SYS & HAZ MIT OF STRUCT|INFRASTRUCT MAT & STRUCT MECHA|STRUCTURES II|MAJOR RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION","Kurama, Yahya","IN","University of Notre Dame","ykurama@nd.edu","ENG","The broad objective of the research program is to investigate the use of supplemental passive energy dissipation in precast concrete wall and frame building structures.  The greatest disadvantage of precast concrete structures in seismic regions is an increase in lateral displacements as a result of small inelastic energy dissipation.  It is now possible to reduce these displacements by using supplemental passive energy dissipation.  \n\n\n\nThis research will conduct a fundamental, integrated analytical and experimental investigation on the use of supplemental passive energy dissipation in steel and monolithic cast-in-place concrete structures and assessment of these systems.\n\n\n\nThis project will ultimately develop seismic design and analysis guidelines and recommendations for precast concrete structures with supplemental passive energy dissipation.  \n\n\n\nThe broad objective of the education program is to provide a more effective environment for undergraduate and graduate level education in concrete structures and earthquake engineering by developing dynamic, interactive \"virtual laboratory\" modules using the World Wide Web (WWW).  These modules will be developed using recent advancements in the WWW, such as Java applets, to demonstrate fundamental information on the seismic behavior and design of concrete sections, members, and structures.  The modules will allow the students to configure the system parameters (such as geometry, reinforcement, concrete confinement, material properties, loading, etc.) and observe the effects of these changes on behavior.  These capabilities will allow the students to interactively configure and conduct their own examples, \" what if\" studies, and experiments on the web.  The proposed WWW modules will include on-line help as well as theoretical background on the subject matter.\n\n\n\nThe modules will be used by three courses taught by the PI and will be available for use by other education institutions and practicing engineers throughout the world, through the internet, and will be conducted in collaboration with professional bodies and trade association such as the Portland Cement Association (PCA) and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)."]
["CAREER: Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of the Dynamics and Mechanism of Amphitrite Ornata Dehaloperoxidase","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","Franzen, Stefan","NC","North Carolina State University","Stefan_Franzen@ncsu.edu","BIO","Franzen\n\nMCB 9874895\n\n\n\nThis  is a CAREER award.  The research component addresses biophysical and biochemical aspects of the function and, the marine worm dynamics of the novel enzyme dehaloperoxidase (DHP) from the marine worm, A. ornata. From a biochemical point of view there is intense interest in understanding the ability of the DHP enzyme to dehalogenate bromo- and fluorophenol by an oxidative mechanism to produce quinone. From a biophysical point of view there is a strong structural analogy with myoglobin. The structural analogy will be exploited to study the significance of conformational substates and structural relaxations of proteins as has been discussed in hundreds of biophysical studies of myoglobin. Time-resolved vibrational and transient absorption spectroscopy will be applied to the study of structural relaxations of the DHP enzyme including both the motions of the peptide backbone and the motions sensed by the heme. Novel rapid-mixing and stopped-flow experiments will be combined with these spectroscopies. The biophysical studies will focus on a test of hypotheses concerning structure/function relations that have been applied to myoglobin. Biochemical studies will contribute spectroscopic information on the mechanism of oxygen activation and substrate oxidation. The educational component focuses on modernizing the physical laboratory to include flash photolysis and resonance Raman spectroscopy experiments. Classical biophysical experiments on electron transfer and ligand dynamics will be included in the curriculum. Computational chemistry will be developed as part of the undergraduate curriculum in statistical mechanics and spectroscopy. The research will serve as an example for much of this effort since there is now an extensive literature on both experiment and computation of myoglobin that serves as model for future studies of heme proteins. The impact of these studies will be felt by more than one hundred chemistry majors who graduate annually. The focus on DHP will provide an example of the utility of these studies for enzyme function. This is both an exciting research area for graduate students and an interesting forum for interaction between the research program and undergraduate education.\n\n\n\nThe study applies vibrational spectroscopy to the structure and dynamics of a recently discovered heme enzyme, dehaloperoxidase of Amphitrite ornata. The enzyme is capable of replacing bromine and fluorine with hydrogen or oxygen in a phenolic substrate. The mechanism involves binding of peroxide to the heme, but the details are not yet understood. One aspect of the research is to study mechanistic intermediates in collaboration with Dr. Dawson and Dr. Lebioda at the University of South Carolina. A second aspect of the studies addresses central issues in the interpretation of protein biophysics. The study addresses the importance of protein conformations for enzyme function. The goals are\n\n \n\n to understand how protein fluctuations affect catalysis and to understand specific structure changes that accompany binding of peroxide or the substrate and control by biological feedback mechanisms. Since dehaloperoxidase is structurally similar to myoglobin it provides a very interesting test of the generality of conclusions for protein biophysics based on studies of myoglobin. The educational component focuses on modernizing the physical laboratory using laser kinetics and light scattering experiments. Classical biophysical experiments on electron transfer and ligand dynamics will be included in the curriculum. The focus on DHP will provide an example of the utility of these studies for enzyme function. This is both an exciting research area for graduate students and an interesting forum for interaction between the research program and undergraduate education."]
["CAREER:  Molecular Imprint Polymer Receptor Mimics and      Microscale Separations: Harnessing Molecular Recognition for Combinatorial Library Screening","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Remcho, Vincent","OR","Oregon State University","vincent.remcho@orst.edu","MPS","This  CAREER award supported by the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program, by Professor Vincent Remcho of Oregon State University is the development of molecular imprint polymer technology with microscale liquid phase separation techniques to be used as a new analytical tool in the screening of complex mixtures of biologically active molecules for specific activity.  Molecular recognition will be used in both covalent and noncovalent formats for the development of new stationary phase materials.  Tricyclic antidepressant compounds will be the target compounds for imprinting specificity.  The work will progress to novel specifc methods for the detection of PPAR mimics.  Bioanalytical course curricular reform forms the focus of the educational component of this CAREER proposal.\n\n\n\nThe premise of molecular imprinting is that a memory of a molecule's shape and size can be created in a three dimensional structure.  Once that memory is established, it becomes a selective tool, much as a key fits into a lock.  In the case of Professor Remcho's work, the selectivity gained through molecular imprinting is used to advantage in separations of targeted compounds from a complex mixture."]
["CAREER: Phonon Spectroscopic Studies of Anisotropic Superconductors and Dipolar Magnets","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Ellman, Brett","OH","Kent State University","bellman@kent.edu","MPS","9874930\n\nEllman\n\nMuch of the research in this CAREER project relies on the use of high-frequency phonons as incisive probes of unconventional superconductor (e.g., heavy fermion) gap structures.   Transverse ultrasound is exceptionally suited to studies of symmetry-breaking in, for example, UPt3 under uniaxial stress, while higher frequency non-hydrodynamic phonons will be utilized in an attempt to directly \"map the gaps\" in k-space.  Even higher energy phonons (~200 GHz) will be used to study Ising magnets possessing a \"tunable\" degree of disorder.  Ultimately, the aim will be to spectroscopically explore the onset of glassy behavior in a system eminently amenable to theoretic analysis. The education component incorporates (a) teaching qualitative physics to non-scientists and (b) instilling an appreciation for science as a worthwhile human endeavor.  Two groups will be targeted: (1) Students enrolled in a large non-mathematical physical science course, which may be the only opportunity to broaden their horizons. (2) Parents (or prospective parents) of young children. Here, the goal is to supply information to inform and augment the parents in their roles as role model and teacher. Updated course materials, demonstrations, and modern information technology will bring powerful, highly visual tools to bear on these tasks.\n\n%%% \n\nThis project focuses on magnets and superconductors, which have important technological applications. Ultra-high frequency sound waves are used to probe some of these exotic materials. For superconductors, this technique gives a direct geometric \"picture\" of quantities that dictate the electrical behavior of the material (the superconducting \"gap\").  For magnets, it provides basic information about the often-puzzling roles of disorder and magnetic interaction in otherwise simple systems. The education component incorporates (a) teaching qualitative physics to non-scientists and (b) instilling an appreciation for science as a worthwhile human endeavor.  Two groups will be targeted: (1) Students enrolled in a large non-mathematical physical science course, which may be the only opportunity to broaden their horizons. (2) Parents (or prospective parents) of young children. Here, the goal is to supply information to inform and augment the parents in their roles as role model and teacher. Updated course materials, demonstrations, and modern information technology will bring powerful, highly visual tools to bear on these tasks.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Phase Transformations in Ceramics and Semiconductors Under Contact Loading","DMR","CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|CERAMICS","Gogotsi, Yury","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","gogotsi@drexel.edu","MPS","9874955\n\nGogotsi\n\n\n\nPhase transformations occurring in materials under high pressures are important for a wide range of problems in materials science and engineering.  Most of the results in this area have been obtained using various sophisticated high-pressure cells. In this Faculty Early CAREER Development project, the solid-state phase transformations and amorphization under high non-hydrostatic pressures using a combination of hardness indentation tests with Raman spectroscopy will be studied.  Micro-Raman spectroscopy is probably the only method that allows the non-destructive phase analysis of materials to be conducted within seconds with a spatial resolution in the order of 1 micrometer on a non-prepared surface of the material or under the surface.  Preliminary experiments have demonstrated metallization due to closing of the band gap and consequent formation of metastable phases upon decompression in Si and Ge.  For the first time, metastable phases were unambiguously observed in hardness impressions and for some of these phases Raman spectra have not been published before. The data obtained will be used to confirm experimentally that the hardness level of many brittle materials depends on the stress (deformation) needed to initiate the phase transformation and supply evidence that metallization of semiconductors is a deformation induced, not a 'pressure' induced phenomenon. TEM with SAD and EELS, micro-XRD and micro-FTIR will be used as supplementary techniques for phase analysis.\n\n\n\nHardness indentation tests combined with Raman spectroscopy will be used to analyze a variety of semiconductors and ceramics.  The use of this technique will allow the PI to demonstrate the high-pressure metallization of diamond.  This technique will also be used to find other new high-pressure phases in ceramics (carbides and nitrides) and semiconductors that have been theoretically predicted, but not yet obtained. The success in solving this problem is likely to catalyze rapid advances in high-pressure research, and make it a routine technique which is accessible to almost every material scientist.  In addition, the educational component of this CAREER project builds on the PI's multidisciplinary research and educational background.  The project is structured in order to ensure that the basic science developed in this project will lead to achievement of long term goals of practical significance with applications in indentation testing, ductile regime machining, nanopatterning of surfaces, surface quality control and tribology."]
["CAREER: Tripodal Aryloxide Ligands: From Molecular Receptors to Organometallic Catalysis","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Scott, Michael","FL","University of Florida","MJScott@chem.ufl.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry Program supports research and education on structurally defined ligands by Dr. Michael Scott of the Chemistry Department, University of Florida.  A new class of tripodal aryloxide ligands with a preorganized bowl-like shape will be synthesized.  The ligands can be adjusted by chemical modification to selectively bind various metal ions or to alter their reactivity.   Some of the ligands are sufficiently rigid that they can be used in the assembly of supramolecular structures containing metal ions.   The ligands have three binding sites and so  binding of more than one metal center to the ligand backbone is possible, yet oligomerization is inhibited.  \n\n\n\nCompounds containing aluminum will be prepared which will be useful as robust catalysts for alkylations, cycloadditions and many other chemical reactions.  Undergraduate students involved in the project will learn about molecular recognition and catalysis, in addition to skills in synthesis and characterization.  The educational component of this CAREER Award will focus on developing a course in inorganic biochemistry for biochemistry students and on offering an undergraduate research course in the department."]
["CAREER: Superwinds, Galactic Fountains, and Gaseous Halos in Disk Galaxies","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Veilleux, Sylvain","MD","University of Maryland College Park","veilleux@astro.umd.edu","MPS","Abstract\n\n\n\nAST 98-74973\n\nVeilleux \n\n\n\nThe research to be carried out is a comprehensive study of the warm ionized medium on the outskirts of nearby disk galaxies. The knowledge of the physical state, distribution, and velocity structure of this material is relevant for understanding large-scale galactic winds (\"superwinds\") and fountains in active and normal galaxies, quasar absorption-line systems, the baryonic content of the universe, the formation and evolution of galaxies, and measuring the mass and distribution of dark matter in galaxies.  A complete sample of nearby galaxies will be mapped down to unprecedented flux levels using state-of-the-art optical Fabry-Perot interferometers.  These data will provide new quantitative constraints on the gaseous cross-sections of galaxies.  The morphology and kinematics of the ionized gas derived from these observations will help determine whether this material is an extension of the neutral Hydrogen gas (HI) disks, remnant-accreting gas from galaxy formation, tidal debris from recent galaxy interactions, or gas associated with galactic fountains or superwinds. Data on the rotation curves of galaxies will allow a better determination of the dark matter distribution.  The results from the data on the emission-line properties of the warm gas will be compared with the observational data on the disk interstellar medium (ISM) and with predictions from shock models.  Graduate students and undergraduate astronomy majors will be involved in this research effort.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe educational component of the project involves developing innovative ways to introduce more observing experiences into the curriculum of non-science university students and to provide K-12 students from local schools with some flavor of what goes on in modern ground-based astronomy.  Astronomy activities attract students of all ages. Activities for the University of Maryland campus observatory will be designed and developed. An inquiry based learning approach is to be used as a means of educating the students. The existing laboratory astronomy course for undergraduate non-science majors will be revamped to take advantage of the added versatility of the campus observatory.  New emphasis will be put on having undergraduate students directly involved in the course material and the learning process.  The telescopes and computers will be used to provide some basic research activities into the curriculum of non-science majors.  These hands-on activities will help the students develop a framework for understanding the scientific method that will facilitate learning throughout their lives."]
["CAREER:  Functional Nanostructures of Core-Shell Metal Oxides Within ABC Triblock Copolymer Templates","CTS","POLYMERS|PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Kofinas, Peter","MD","University of Maryland College Park","kofinas@umd.edu","ENG","The overall goal is the development of novel core-shell functional nanostructures having unique microwave and magnetic properties, which are not available in the bulk.  Applications are sought in communications, computer hardware and magnetic storage systems.  The primary objective is to incorporate metal oxide nanoclusters into the self-assembled nanodomains of ABC triblock copolymer templates, and to fabricate functional nanostructures exhibiting improved magnetic and microwave properties due to the core-shell structure of the nanodomains.  One area of research which will be explored is relevant to the next generation of magnetic storage.  There is currently considerable effort aimed at creating the 100 Gbit per square inch storage systems.  The sizes of individual storage elements in such a memory system are in the range of 50-100 nm.  This approach will enable us to create core-shell magnetic oxide particles, in this size range and confine them into core-shell ABC triblock copolymer nanomorphologies.  The core-shell nanomorphology will result in an enhancement of the coercivity.  The insertion of metal oxide materials into a cheap, manufacturable polymeric matrix would considerably reduce the cost of the functional nanostructured device.  The confinement of colossal magnetoimpedance metallic oxides in a triblock copolymer core-shell nanotemplate can produce a free-standing film, with improved microwave absorption properties.\n\n\n\nThe education activities include undergraduate and graduate teaching, development of a new graduate course in Polymer Synthesis, and significantly improving the content of an undergraduate course in Materials Properties, graduate student advising and various opportunities in undergraduate research involvement and mentoring.  K-12 students will also benefit from education activities in the proposed program, through an interactive web page."]
["CAREER: Life Science in the Atomic Age: The Radioactive Revolution of Biomedical Research","SES","Hist & Philosophy of SET","Creager, Angela","NJ","Princeton University","creager@princeton.edu","SBE","This Career Development Project integrates research and teaching around the theme of materials in biological experimentation. The five-year research project addresses the role of radioisotopes in postwar biomedicine, a subject that has been virtually untouched by historians of science. This study will help resolve central issues about the reconfiguration of biology after World War II, including the changing relationship between physical scientists and biologists, the degree to which postwar biomedical research corresponded to \"big science,\" and the relationship of practices in laboratory research to those of field science.\n\n\n\nIn conjunction with this research project, the PI will develop two new courses to teach Princeton students about developments in postwar biology by involving them in historical research. An undergraduate seminar, \"Biology in the Atomic Age,\" will focus on the intertwined scientific and political developments in the aftermath of Hiroshima, with attention to biophysics, radiation research (including that on human subjects), and scientific assessments of environmental health and safety. Students in a graduate seminar entitled \"Postwar Biomedicine: Big Science?\" will investigate the major trends in life science after World War II, in terms of disciplines, institutions, patronage, and research practices. To complement the seminar discussions, the PI will draw a group of outstanding scholars to Princeton for a three-day workshop on postwar biomedical science. Finally, the Pis yearly lecture course on the history of biology since the Enlightenment will be redesigned around the changing materials and practices of life scientists, incorporating various instruments, organisms, and contemporary biological kits into classroom teaching.\n\n\n\nThis project will also include a second and more limited research project examining the contributions of crystallographer Rosalind Franklin to knowledge of the three-dimensional architecture of tobacco mosaic virus. In addition to enriching our understanding of molecular biology in the 1950s, this historical reassessment will provide a timely and important contribution to scholarship on women in science. The study has more immediate benefits as well:  by extending the PI's scholarship to include work on gender and science (an area in which she teaches a yearly seminar) the project will more fully integrate her teaching and research activities. This historical study grows out of her first book project, which shows how tobacco mosaic virus became an important material for biological experimentation and served as a model for biomedical and agricultural research on other viruses."]
["CAREER: New Synthetic Methods via Allyl Organometallics","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|SYNTHESIS","Cook, Gregory","ND","North Dakota State University Fargo","Gregory.Cook@ndsu.edu","MPS","Professor Cook's research explores new allylmetal chemistry from a nucleophilic as well as an electrophilic viewpoint.  Nucleophilic allylmetal species are well-known, but few if any act as nucleophiles toward other C-C pi bonds such as alkynes.  In fact, involvement of an allylindium in a competitive reaction with a terminal alkyne and an ester showed a distinct preference for reaction with the alkyne.  Further exploration of the factors controlling this reaction will be forthcoming from Cook's laboratory.  Electrophilic allylmetal chemistry is afforded by (pi-)allylpalladium species.  Professor Cook's group has devised a scheme whereby ring-opening, reversible, and catalytic formation of an allylpalladium results in epimerization of a stereogenic center to a single configuration.  Linking this process with nucleophilic addition to the transient allylpalladium has the potential to provide elaborate polyfunctional intermediates for elaboration into such products as optically pure non-natural amino acids.  Professor Cook's teaching initiative is highlighted by efforts to involve college chemistry teachers in a summer research program, including representatives of the Tribal Colleges.  Additionally, web-based instructional media are slated for further development, to include molecular animations in addition to an already-popular web site that offers course notes, general resources, and an anonymous mail form to enhance communication between student and professor.\n\n\n\nWith this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program supports the research and teaching efforts of Dr. Gregory R. Cook of North Dakota State University.  Professor Cook's research deals with novel, fundamental chemical reactions that are employed for the construction of deceptively simple molecules that are often used in the pharmaceutical industry.  The fundamental nature of the processes being studied means that they could prove to be highly significant and have broad impact in chemistry.  Professor Cook's teaching initiatives include exposing teachers at small colleges (including the Tribal Colleges) to the excitement of scientific discovery in the laboratory setting, and developing communications and teaching tools that employ the latest web-and internet-based tools."]
["CAREER: Synaptic Remodeling in C. elegans","IOB","DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE","Jin, Yishi","CA","University of California-Santa Cruz","jin@biology.ucsc.edu","BIO","Synaptic Remodeling in C. elegans\n\nYishi Jin\n\n\n\nAbstract\n\nSynapses are specialized subcellular structures by which a neuron communicates with other neurons or muscle cells.  Most synapses formed during early embryogenesis are maintained precisely to ensure functional stability throughout the life of an animal.  However, preexisting synaptic connections can change in response to various environmental and growth-related signals.  The proposed research focuses on elucidating the molecular genetic mechanisms controlling synapse formation and remodeling in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. \n\nC. elegans is an excellent organism to study events occurring at synapses because of the simple anatomy and powerful genetics.  Six motor neurons are chosen as experimental objects because they remodel their synaptic patterns during development.  In young larvae, they receive synaptic inputs from the dorsal side of the animal and innervate ventral body muscles; in older larvae and adults, they receive synaptic inputs from the ventral side and innervate dorsal body muscles.  \n\nA fluorescent marker is used to observe the synapses of these neurons in living animals.  Three sets of experiments will be carried out: first, to examine how the timing of the synaptic remodeling is regulated; second, to identify other genes involved in this process in genetic screens for mutants that exhibit defects in the synaptic patterns of these neurons; third, to analyze the function of the syd-1 gene, which appears to regulate synapse formation in the C. elegans nervous system.  \n\n\tTraining in neurobiology is an integral part of an undergraduate biology education.  Neurobiology at University of California at Santa Cruz is underdeveloped because of the shortage in faculty with research interests in neurobiology.  The education goal in this proposal is to establish a coherent undergraduate curriculum in neurobiology and to incorporate the proposed research into undergraduate education. \n\n\tStudies using simple organisms have been proven to be invaluable to the understanding of mechanisms that are evolutionarily conserved throughout the animal kingdom.  This work shall shed light on the understanding of other kinds of neural plasticity, such as those involved in learning, memory, adaptation, and aging."]
["CAREER: Innovative Technologies for Expedited Site          Characterization in the New Millennium","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|GEOMECHANICS & GEOTECHNIC SYST|GEOTECHNICAL I","Kurup, Pradeep","MA","University of Massachusetts Lowell","Pradeep_Kurup@uml.edu","ENG","9875037 \n\nPradeep U. Kurup \n\nUniversity of Massachusetts, Lowell \n\n\n\nCAREER:  Innovative Technologies for Expedited Site Characterization in the New Millennium \n\n\n\nABSTRACT   \n\n\n\nThis CAREER award supports integrated research and education to pioneer novel methodologies for rapid and versatile site characterization of the geomedia.  With the great emphasis placed today on environmental monitoring, assessment and remediation needs, there has been substantial efforts concentrated on advancing a popular in situ methodology, the cone penetration test (CPT), for geoenvironmental sensing and assessment.  The Principal Investigator will develop an innovative Modular Integrated ConE (MICE) penetration test methodology for rapidly sniffing and characterizing contaminants in the subsurface, in real-time.  \"MICE\" will be developed by integrating a recently developed \"Electronic Nose\" technology with the \"CPT\" technology.  The electronic nose technology is based on combining modern developments in chemical sensors with artificial neural networks (ANN), for automated odor identification.  The various phases involved in the research plan include: the development of sensor arrays, ANN models and graphical visualization tools, laboratory training and pattern recognition, calibration chamber testing, field implementation and in situ testing.  \"MICE\" is envisioned to provide assessment solutions, and expedite characterization of the growing number of contaminated sites in the country (and around the world).  The educational component of this plan is multifold.  Through innovative instructional techniques the PI will creatively involve graduate, undergraduate and high school students (from typically underrepresented and minority groups) in the various phases of the proposed plan.  Undergraduate and graduate students will also participate in incorporating research findings into existing and new geotechnical/geoenvironmental engineering courses.  The PI will develop a new course entitled \"Geotechnical and Environmental Site Characterization\".  This course, directly related to the proposed research, will be offered to other campuses via live, two way interactive, audio-video, Distance Learning technologies.  The PI will build a dynamic partnership involving interdisciplinary research centers, academia, and state agencies to enhance the research and educational plans.  The results from this career development plan will be broadly disseminated to a broad spectrum of audience, to enhance their scientific and technological understanding.  This plan is envisioned to further the global frontiers of knowledge and technology in the area of site characterization.  The PI will keep pace with future developments in cross-disciplinary areas to innovate education and enhance site assessment technologies in the 21st century."]
["CAREER:  Steps Toward Ensuring the Quality of the Next Generation of Chemists, and Probing the Size-Dependent Properties of Catalytically Significant Metal Cluster/Adsorbate Compl","CHE","STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Jarrold, Caroline","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","cjarrold@indiana.edu","MPS","Jarrold is supported by the Experimental Physical Chemistry Program to perform experiments that systematically probe the interactions between size-selected, catalytically relevant metal clusters and simple organic adsorbates using anion photoelectron spectroscopy.  The goals are to determine how metal cluster size, geometry, and electronic structure determine reactivity in these systems.  In the educational part of this CAREER award, local high school science teachers will engage in summer research at Jarrold's institution, to develop stronger relationships with university-level scientific material and to learn new teaching tools.  The continuity of the undergraduate chemistry curriculum will be examined as well, in order to devise and test concrete curricular guidelines for demographically diverse undergraduate student populations. \n\n\n\nUnderstanding chemical catalysis has important ramifications for strategic applications such as the petrochemical industry and environmental protection processes.  Outcomes from the supported reseach will impact the development of heterogeneous catalysis.  The educational projects will contribute to improving secondary science education in Chicago-area high schools, and contribute to a more coherent and effective undergraduate chemistry curriculum."]
["CAREER:  Extending Non-Destructive Infrastructure Assessment Techniques to Micropile Foundations","CMS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|GEOMECHANICS & GEOTECHNIC SYST|GEOTECHNICAL I","Gassman, Sarah","SC","University of South Carolina at Columbia","gassman@engr.sc.edu","ENG","9875066\n\nCAREER: Extending Non-Destructive Infrastructure Assessment \n\nTechniques to Micropile Foundations\n\n\n\nSarah L. Gassman\n\n\n\nABSTRACT:\n\nThis CAREER award investigates an integrated approach to research and\n\neducation in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of civil infrastructure\n\nsystems. Much of the civil infrastructure in the United States is\n\ndeteriorating due to age, inadequate investment in proper maintenance, and\n\nincreased system demand.  NDE can provide fast and reliable assessment\n\ntechniques that are needed to handle the large volume of deteriorating civil\n\nsystems, particularly bridges, that pose serious threats to safety if they\n\nfail.  The focus of this research is to develop a NDE technique based on\n\nstress wave principles to efficiently and accurately assess the integrity of\n\nmicropile foundations that are used to support existing foundations of aging\n\nbridges and buildings during rehabilitation. This work consists of 1)\n\nlaboratory investigations on micropile foundations using a combination of\n\nlongitudinal and flexural wave methods with surface and embedded sensors, 2)\n\nanalytical studies related to signal processing and numerical simulation,\n\nand 3) field investigations of in situ micropiles. Although NDE is well\n\nestablished and confirmed by extensive site experience for drilled shafts\n\nand driven concrete piles, the technique is uncertain for slender piles with\n\nhigh length-to-diameter ratios and piles with multiple changes in\n\ncross-sectional dimensions.  Thus, this work will study the fundamental\n\nrelationship between slender micropile foundations and the surrounding soil,\n\nthe effect of multiple changes in cross-sectional area on wave propagation\n\nand the received signals, and the dispersive effects of the concrete used\n\nfor micropile construction.  An education plan is integrated with the\n\nproposed research to incorporate infrastructure assessment, rehabilitation,\n\nand monitoring technologies into the civil engineering curriculum at the\n\nUniversity of South Carolina.  Education is critically needed in the areas\n\nof infrastructure failure, inspection, and rehabilitation to give both\n\nstudents and the engineering workforce the skills to revitalize and preserve\n\nour nation's civil infrastructure. Furthermore, the plan proposes to\n\nintegrate NDE research methodology into course work, provide increased\n\nresearch opportunities for undergraduates, and increase participation of\n\ntraditionally under-represented groups"]
["CAREER: Trophic Interactions between Benthic Suspension Feeders and Marine Aggregates: An Initiative for Experiential Learning in Coastal Studies","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY","Ward, J. Evan","CT","University of Connecticut","jeward@uconnvm.uconn.edu","GEO","My career-development plan is centered around two themes that serve to combine my research and educational projects within the University of Connecticut's new Coastal Studies program at Avery Point.  The first theme focuses on visually-oriented techniques as tools to enhance learning and advance research, and the second theme focuses on laboratory-based learning programs that will enhance and strengthen both the undergraduate and graduate experience.  My research initiatives will examine interactions between aggregated material (flocs, marine snow), and suspension-feeding, marine animals that live on the bottom.  I will study whether bottom animals feed on particle aggregates and whether they release mucus during the normal feeding process that may affect how flocs form near the bottom.  Many of my research techniques can be used as teaching tools to promote hands-on learning by undergraduate students (e.g., video microscopy, electronic particle counters, image analysis, video endoscopy) and will have immediate payoffs by providing opportunities for undergraduate research in my laboratory.  In addition, my educational initiatives focus on hands-on learning and include developing three projects: (1) a video-ready teaching laboratory; (2) research experiences for undergraduates; and (3) a graduate student seminar that focuses on preparation for academic life.  My research and teaching initiatives for graduate and undergraduate students will serve as a model for other faculty members at Avery Point and, with their support, allow me to build a comprehensive program."]
["CAREER: Density Functional Chemistry -- The Ground State and Beyond","CHE","QUANTUM CALCULATIONS","Burke, Kieron","NJ","Rutgers University New Brunswick","kieron@rutchem.rutgers.edu","MPS","Kieron Burke  is supported by a CAREER Grant from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Program to develop new methods in excited state density functional theory and in time-dependent density functional theory.  His applications include molecules in intense laser fields, linear and nonlinear optical response, and electronic excited states.  He will also develop a workstation-based Science Vision Center and a new multidisciplinary course in computational chemistry.\n\n\n\nDensity functional theory comprises one new method in computational chemistry that has proven particularly useful in treating large molecular systems such as surfaces.  This work is aimed at improving the accuracy, reducing the computational cost, and extending the domain of applied density functional theory.   Additionally, outreach programs to local high schools are under development, along with the establishment of a new graduate program in the Rutgers-Camden chemistry department.   State-of-the-art workstations will also be incorporated into the undergraduate science curriculum at this urban campus."]
["CAREER: Available Transfer Capability of Deregulated Power Systems: A Nonlinear Predictive Approach","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Flueck, Alexander","IL","Illinois Institute of Technology","flueck@ece.iit.edu","ENG","ECS-9875109\n\nFlueck\n\n\n\n\n\nThis CAREER proposal focuses on the integration of research and teaching in the undergraduate and graduate programs of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology.  The Principal Investigator (PI) is collaborating with industry to develop a contingency screening tool for voltage collapse that will predict the distance to collapse given any generator unit outage, any single branch outage, or any multiterminal branch outage.  In addition, the PI is creating new undergraduate courses on Industrial Drives and Power Electronics, and new graduate courses on Power Transaction Management.  Lastly, the PI is developing new relationships with industry to attract students and faculty to the American Power Conference, thereby promoting the fascinating field of power engineering.\n\n\n\nThe PI's research agenda for the next four years is centered on the research and development of robust and efficient computational tools for analyzing nonlinear steady-state behavior of large-scale electric power systems in a competitive environment.  The PI's educational agenda is centered on new discovery opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of (i) stability and control of large-scale power systems, (ii) industrial drives, and (iii) power electronics.  The PI's service agenda is centered on the recruitment of talented engineers for the electric power industry.\n\n\n\nThis Career Development Plan will help the power engineering discipline in its time of need, which is now!  The electric power industry is facing a tremendous challenge brought on by deregulation.  The challenge is obvious: power engineering is seen by undergraduates as a slowly dying field that does not have any career potential, while at the same time the electric power industry is in dire need of attracting new engineers to build, operate, maintain, control, and manage the distributed power generating plants, the tightly woven web of transmission networks, the vital distribution capallaries, and the liberated customer service market.  The goal of this proposal is to integrate research and teaching with the direct result that industry will benefit from both activities."]
["CAREER: Deformation Mechanisms in Thin Metal Films","DMR","METALS","Baker, Shefford","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","shefford.baker@cornell.edu","MPS","9875119\n\nBaker\n\n\n\nThis CAREER grant explores the special mechanical properties that arise in very small volumes and integrates it with a modern education program in the area of mechanical properties of materials.  The research focuses on deformation mechanisms in thin metal films on substrates.  It is now recognized that the mechanical behavior of such films may be very different from that of the same metals in bulk form. The mechanical properties and the behavior of dislocations in thin metal films on substrates are examined in detail via a unique combination of efforts.  Stress measurements are conducted using a unique ultra-high-vacuum sputter deposition combined with a substrate curvature measurement system.  Advanced microstructural characterization is carried out using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction methods.  Mechanical behavior and microstructure are simulated using finite element and discrete dislocation dynamics methods. By comparing the results of these efforts, detailed knowledge is generated on how microstructural and dimensional constraints on deformation lead to unique film behavior. The educational portion integrates a modern view of mechanical properties into the Cornell materials curriculum, bringing specialized knowledge regarding mechanical properties in small dimensions to individuals in both academe and industry.  Three courses in mechanical properties are planned: a broad introduction for undergraduates, a high level graduate level course, and a specialized course at the graduate level which focuses on aspects on mechanical properties specific to small dimensions.  Opportunities are offered for interested external learners to obtain up-to-date information regarding mechanical properties in small dimensions through a series of tutorials and an electronic course for remote learners.\n\n%%%\n\nThis detailed study of dislocation interactions and of dislocation behavior near film/substrate and film/passivation interfaces is important to understanding bulk behavior.  Since metal films on substrates are critical elements in a range of high-technology applications, the research should generate knowledge of immediate use to industry, in particular with respect to understanding and improving reliability in microelectronics, micromechanical and optical devices, and coatings.  \n\n***\n\n\n\n9875119\n\nBaker\n\n\n\nThis CAREER grant explores the special mechanical properties that arise in very small volumes and integrates it with a modern education program in the area of mechanical properties of materials.  The research focuses on deformation mechanisms in thin metal films on substrates.  It is now recognized that the mechanical behavior of such films may be very different from that of the same metals in bulk form. The mechanical properties and the behavior of dislocations in thin metal films on substrates are examined in detail via a unique combination of efforts.  Stress measurements are conducted using a unique ultra-high-vacuum sputter deposition combined with a substrate curvature measurement system.  Advanced microstructural characterization is carried out using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction methods.  Mechanical behavior and microstructure are simulated using finite element and discrete dislocation dynamics methods. By comparing the results of these efforts, detailed knowledge is generated on how microstructural and dimensional constraints on deformation lead to unique film behavior. The educational portion integrates a modern view of mechanical properties into the Cornell materials curriculum, bringing specialized knowledge regarding mechanical properties in small dimensions to individuals in both academe and industry.  Three courses in mechanical properties are planned: a broad introduction for undergraduates, a high level graduate level course, and a specialized course at the graduate level which focuses on aspects on mechanical properties specific to small dimensions.  Opportunities are offered for interested external learners to obtain up-to-date information regarding mechanical properties in small dimensions through a series of tutorials and an electronic course for remote learners.\n\n%%%\n\nThis detailed study of dislocation interactions and of dislocation behavior near film/substrate and film/passivation interfaces is important to understanding bulk behavior.  Since metal films on substrates are critical elements in a range of high-technology applications, the research should generate knowledge of immediate use to industry, in particular with respect to understanding and improving reliability in microelectronics, micromechanical and optical devices, and coatings.  \n\n***"]
["CAREER: Cycloaromatization Approach to Graphite Oligomers","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|METHODOLOGY","Anthony, John","KY","University of Kentucky Research Foundation","anthony@uky.edu","MPS","Professor Anthony's research focuses on the design and synthesis of organic materials for electronic devices.  The synthetic work involves the preparation of graphite oligomers by the derivatization, cyclization, and aromatization of alkynylnaphthalenes and -thiophenes.  The reactions to be employed include particularly the Bergman cyclization of arenediynes.  The target molecules are polyaromatic compounds having a variety of shapes, whose physical properties are a matter of some conjecture.  Professor Anthony is particularly interesting in testing these new materials as FET's (Field-Effect Transistors).  The classroom goals of Professor Anthony are to motivate students to become better learners by putting them in situations where they will need -- and want -- to uncover the knowledge required to solve a particular problem.  For instance, guiding the student through the properties of functional groups in an enzyme active site will enable the formulation of a \"drug\" molecule having complementary functional groups.  The students then might wonder how to synthesize their (own) \"drug\" molecule, which leads them into the panoply of organic synthetic transformations.  Upper level course development includes incorporation of the latest supramolecular and materials chemistry.\n\n\n\nWith this CAREER award, the Synthetic Organic Program supports the research and educational activities of Dr. John Anthony of the Chemistry Department of the University of Kentucky.  Dr. Anthony's research efforts center on the creation of graphite-like structures on a molecular level that have exacting sizes and shapes.  Of the several applications of materials that make up these molecules, electronic devices such as field-effect transistors are among the most exciting.  Professor Anthony's teaching endeavors rely on new ways to put the student in charge of their own learning, using strategies based on student design of a pharmaceutical molecule and the challenge of planning its synthesis. Upper-level curricular offerings  will be invigorated by an infusion of the latest materials and supramolecular chemistry."]
["CAREER: Insider Lending and Economic Transition: Research and Teaching in Social Connections and Financial Market Development in China","SES","EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC PROGRAM|SOCIOLOGY","Keister, Lisa","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","Keister.7@sociology.osu.edu","SBE","The objective of this CAREER project is to take advantage of China's economic transition to investigate the relationship between social connections, financial market development, and economic outcomes. Three separate studies are planned. The first examines the relationship between social connections and the structure of interorganizational financial exchange relations in the early stages of financial market development. The second study tests a structural explanation for firm productivity and financial performance during market emergence, predicting that firm behavior and outcomes will reflect the structure of exchange relations--particularly those grounded in personal connections--found in an emerging financial market. The third study examines the relationship between financial market development and aggregate economic growth, testing the idea that China's economic growth in the absence of a financial market has been possible due to the development of informal financial market substitutes based on strong social relations. For all of these projects, network data will be collected on the financial exchange relations and firm financial performance, along with additional interview data on state-owned specialty banks and the central bank, case study data on the process by which firms and banks make financial strategy decisions, and secondary data on growth and other financial market indicators. The education plan includes the development of two courses, one for graduate students and one for undergraduates, that also explore the extent to which the structure of relationships among actors is useful in explaining economic behavior."]
["CAREER:  Coordinated Application of Constitutive Models, Simulation and Experiment for Study of Metal Forming Processes","DMI","MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT","Beaudoin, Armand","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","abeaudoi@uiuc.edu","ENG","Deformation properties of metals are typically established in a controlled laboratory environment.  The resulting mathematical models are then applied to complex processes of the modern industrial facility -- with success often impaired by the disparity between theory and practice.  This Career Award supports research into the coordination of experimental test regimes and detailed computer models for metal behavior.  Augmenting experimental trials with computer simulation, detailed examination is made for processing pathways having complexity between a routine laboratory test and a plant production practice. The goal is to improve the predictive capability of computer models, then utilize the simulations to further development of novel, more efficient processes. \n\n\tThis exercise of physically motivated models in a manner that bears insight to practical industrial processing quite naturally encourages application of classroom knowledge to real-world practice.  Projects for incremental improvement - motivated through industrial liaison - are of ideal scope for the senior-level undergraduate design course. Here, the undergraduate gains gentle introduction to modern engineering practice.  The multidisciplinary aspect of the research necessarily leads the graduate student toward interaction with researchers in both industry and government laboratories.  Viewed as a whole, this research and educational program renders a path for professional development with both a foundation in basic science and application to industry."]
["CAREER: The Relationship among Phonology, Syntax & the Lexicon in Specific Language Impairment","BCS","LINGUISTICS","Stromswold, Karin","NJ","Rutgers University New Brunswick","karin@ruccs.rutgers.edu","SBE","9875168\n\nStromswold\n\n\n\nSome apparently normal children inexplicably have difficulty acquiring\n\nlanguage.  Specific language impairment (SLI) is the term for severe\n\ndevelopmental delays in the production and/or comprehension of\n\nlanguage that do not seem to be due to hearing loss, mental\n\nretardation, motor deficits, neurological or psychiatric disorders, or\n\nlack of exposure to language.  In this project, three types of studies\n\nwill be conducted on normally-developing and SLI children: 1) analyses\n\nof longitudinal spontaneous speech samples; 2) analyses of\n\ncross-sectional elicited speech samples; and 3) analyses of imitated\n\nsentences that systematically vary in phonological, syntactic and\n\nlexical complexity.  Through careful analyses of these data, we will\n\naddress the following questions:\n\n\n\n*  What is the nature of the linguistic deficit(s) in SLI?\n\n*  To what extent are some components of language (e.g., syntax, phonology,\n\n\tlexicon) spared relative to others in SLI?  \n\n*  To what extent do performance factors play a role in SLI children's \n\n\tdeficits?  To what extent does SLI and normal children's performance\n\n\ton language tasks degrade as performance load increases?\n\n*  Do SLI and normal children have a single (limited) pool of performance\n\n\tresources for all language tasks, or does each subcomponent of\n\n\tlanguage have its own dedicated resources? Does increased performance\n\n\tload in one area of language lead to decreased performance in just\n\n\tthat area or in other areas of language as well?"]
["CAREER: A Logic-Based Approach to Software System Integrity and Security","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Necula, George","CA","University of California-Berkeley","necula@cs.berkeley.edu","CSE","9875171  George Necula \n\nA major challenge in building software systems is to ensure that the various components fit together in a well-defined manner.  This problem is exacerbated by the recent advent of software components whose origin is unknown or inherently untrusted, such as mobile code or user extensions for operating system kernels or database servers.  Such system integrity and security problems are tackled using techniques from mathematical logic and programming language semantics, in the framework provided by Proof-Carrying Code.  As part of this research, the existing Proof-Carrying Code framework is extended to deal both with new language features such as objects, higher-order functions and copying garbage collection, and with more complex safety and liveness properties, such as information flow and resource usage constraints.  This requires the investigation of new formal reasoning systems that are capable of encoding the enriched safety  properties along with new proof methods to assist the generation of the safety proofs."]
["CAREER: Performance Evaluation of Gigabit Ethernet Networks, A Systems and Experimental Approach","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH|RES EXP FOR TEACHERS(RET)-SITE","Christensen, Kenneth","FL","University of South Florida","christen@csee.usf.edu","CSE","It is evident that both ATM and Ethernet networks will comprise the \"network of the future\". Ethernet\n\nnetworks are rapidly transitioning from half-duplex CSMA/CD to full-duplex switched operation. While much of the current research in ATM networks is relevant to both types of networks, there are significant remaining problems in the area of Ethernet networks that urgently need to be addressed.  These problems include:\n\n     1. The traffic characteristics of future gigabit applications have not yet been predicted.  Current traffic\n\nmodels may not be applicable for gigabit applications.  Therefore, better knowledge of traffic from\n\nexpected gigabit applications is needed to be able to predict network performance.\n\n     2. For high-speed networks, memory speed limits output buffered and shared memory switch architectures to low port densities.  For this reason, scheduling algorithms which achieve high throughputs for input buffered only ATM switches have been the subject of recent research.  Yet, there do not exist scheduling algorithms or switch architectures which accommodate variable length packets and Quality of Service (QoS) in input buffered only switches and full-duplex repeaters.\n\n     3. While switched operation will likely be predominant in future networks, inefficiencies in gigabit half-duplex CSMA/CD Ethernet still remain and need to be addressed.\n\n     The objective of this four year CAREER program is to address these problems. Existing traffic models are\n\nlargely based on time series analysis of traffic traces resulting in a limited understanding of the causes of observed traffic characteristics.  New knowledge will be gained by instrumenting application and protocol implementations to study the user behavior, source data objects, and application and protocol behaviors of expected gigabit applications.  Using the resulting traffic models as input to performance models that will be developed, methods for highly scalable, input buffered only switches to provide high throughput and efficient support for bursty, best-effort data traffic and guaranteed-service traffic streams will be advanced.  The hypothesis is that by using traffic shaping at each input port, the scheduling algorithm can be made simple and scalable. The applicability of packet bursting and spacing, priority queueing, and selective PAUSE flow control will be studied.  To support CSMA/CD on large span, half-duplex Gigabit Ethernet networks with high-data rates, the current minimum 64-byte packet size must effectively be increased to 512 bytes to allow for correct collision detection.  The IEEE 802.3 Gigabit Ethernet standard uses packet bursting to transmit small packets.  A more efficient and interoperable method of operation whereby late collisions are permitted, can be detected, and handled correctly will be studied.\n\n     A systems and experimental approach will be used to tackle the problems.  A laboratory of Gigabit Ethernet\n\nattached personal computers and servers will be built. This laboratory will be used for direct perimentation, as a facility for parallel execution of simulation models, and for related educational activities at both the graduate and undergraduate levels.  A tool for parallel independent replications of simulation models will be developed and made generally available.  Much more significantly, new ideas in traffic modeling, new knowledge in switch scheduling for variable length packets with support for QoS, and new methods for using CSMA/CD in large span, half-duplex Ethernet networks will be presented in appropriate conferences and journals, and to standards bodies.  To solicit input and generate external participation, a WWW site with a bulletin board will be established for researchers and developers from academia and industry to share software tools, new ideas, and findings.  In addition, a workshop will be held.  New ideas will thus be seeded into the research community.\n\n     Education Plan\n\nThe College of Engineering at the University of South Florida currently has a new undergraduate degree track\n\nin Information Systems . A graduate track in Information Systems is under consideration.  This CAREER program will advance a strong networking and performance modeling focus for this Information Systems degree track.  New courses and curricula will be developed and research results will be brought into the classroom.  The emphasis will be on experimental and hands-on projects where students will work in teams to solve real world problems using cutting-edge knowledge.  The educational materials developed as a result of this project will be used as a contribution to ongoing ACM and IEEE-CS efforts to develop curriculum guidelines for Information Systems programs. To encourage undergraduate students to pursue graduate education in engineering, portions of this CAREER program have been explicitly identified for undergraduate student research involvement."]
["CAREER: Nanofabrication of Local Magnetic Sensors for Materials Physics","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Moler, Kathryn","CA","Stanford University","kmoler@stanford.edu","MPS","9875193\n\nMoler\n\nThis CAREER project will focus on improved measurements of magnetic field distributions on small length scales. It will lead to advances in superconducting and magnetic materials, which have naturally occurring magnetic structure, and in artificially structured mesoscopic materials. The major goal of this project is the development of sensors with sufficient sensitivity to image mesoscopic electronic phenomena by detecting the magnetic fields produced by persistent currents.  Magnetic Force Microscopes (MFMs), Hall probes, and Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) each have particular advantages and disadvantages.    Fabrication, testing, and subsequent experimentation with these sensors will provide training for graduate and undergraduate students in materials physics and nanofabrication techniques.  This award will also partially support the development of a microfabrication-based research experience course, which will provide undergraduates with a solid grounding in the scientific principles and practice of microfabrication, and with the opportunity to conceive, design, fabricate, and characterize their own microfabricated device.  This course will be offered as part of a new applied physics minor, intended for undergraduate engineering and science majors, which is being offered by the historically graduate Stanford Applied Physics Department.\n\n%%%\n\nThis project focuses on research in the area of nanofabricated magnetic sensors related to the study of electronic structure on small length scales.  In addition, the project will partially support the development of a new microfabrication-based research course to provide undergraduates with a solid grounding in the scientific principles and practice of microfabrication, and with the opportunity to conceive, design, fabricate, and characterize their own microfabricated device.  This course will be part of a new undergraduate minor in applied physics being introduced by the Stanford Applied Physics Department which has historically been solely a graduate department. The work supported under this proposal will provide training for both graduate and undergraduate students in materials research and nanofabrication techniques at the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility and at the newly constructed Laboratory for Advanced Materials.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Fast and Accurate Computations of Applied Eigenproblems","CCF","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Li, Ren-Cang","KY","University of Kentucky Research Foundation","rcli@ms.uky.edu","CSE","Eigenproblems appear ubiquitously all across applied science and \n\nengineering, and their efficient computations have become an \n\nintegral part of related research and teaching. The research \n\ncomponent of this proposal is concerned with numerical linear \n\nalgebra problems that have significant impacts on related \n\napplications. Although the existing general purposed software \n\nlibraries such as LINPACK, EISPACK, and LAPACK solve many common \n\neigenvalue and singular value problems quite efficiently, many \n\nproblems from applied science and engineering such as primary \n\neigenvector computations for object recognition in image \n\nprocessing can be solved much more efficiently if their own \n\nintrinsic characteristics that are mostly ignored by general \n\npurpose libraries are incorporated properly. This project\n\ndemonstrates that point of view with a preliminary and promising \n\nstudy that combines numerical linear algebra techniques and \n\ncharacteristics of image data to attack a huge eigenvalue \n\n(singular value) problem for a large set of high resolution \n\nimages. The research objective is to exploit in depth the structural properties of applied problems from their \n\napplication background and, consequently, will develop accurate \n\nand efficient algorithms. The research into relative perturbation theory and highly relative accurate methods for matrix computational problems has been extremely active in the last ten years, and exciting advances are being made. The results could have a significant impact on research in other disciplines that previously used conventional algorithms to carry out eigenproblem computations.  The education component of this project is to implement a set of ideas and concrete projects, including the exploitation of new information technologies for more effective teaching such as avoiding too much time for students' note taking, keeping constantly in touch with struggling students, and bringing math material alive in the classroom.  The project is also concerned with modifying the curriculum of the existing two-semester numerical linear algebra courses to include applied problem lectures that ultimately will lead to a new course on solving applied computational problems."]
["CAREER: A Wireless Sensor Instrumentation System for Harsh Environments","ECS","RESEARCH/TESTBEDS|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Kornegay, Kevin","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","kornegay@ece.cornell.edu","ENG","9875206\n\nKornegay\n\nAerospace and defense system applications, both in the military and civilian arenas, place heavy demands on the development of sensor technology for electronic systems that can survive in harsh environments. These demands will be met by wide bandgap materials, but more importantly, how the benefits of using these materials can be exploited. This proposal covers an effort to develop wireless microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology for harsh environment applications (e.g., high temperature, corrosive, erosive, etc.). The research plan offers a direct path to the realization of a wireless sensor instrumentation system through innovative research in silicon carbide (SiC) fabrication, circuit integration, and electronic packaging. The support electronics for the wireless sensor will provide signal conversion, communication, and self-calibration functions. All fabrication will be done in the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility (CNF) and all packaging work, including development of high temperature die attach materials, wires and wire bonds, will be done in the Cornell Advanced Electronic Packaging Facility.\n\nThe research plan will be augmented with innovative educational activities that integrate research and teaching with practical hands-on experiences. A multidisciplinary course titled \"Integrated Electronics for Harsh Environments,\" will he developed. The course will teach microelectronic integration principles, and apply them to the design and analysis of MEMS for harsh environments. It will cover topics in wide bandgap materials, fabrication technology, devices, circuits, packaging, system integration, working in teams, and the effective use of computational prototyping CAD tools facilitated by the World Wide Web. Graduate student advisees will also be introduced to problems at government and industrial laboratories that will help them acquire valuable hands-on experience as welt as learn about research that is relevant to the needs of government and industry.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Spectroscopic Studies of Transition Metal Ion Catalysis","CHE","STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Metz, Ricardo","MA","University of Massachusetts Amherst","rbmetz@chemistry.umass.edu","MPS","Metz is supported by the Experimental Physical Chemistry Program to use photofragment spectroscopy to characterize the metal-producing reactions,  products, and reaction intermediates for reactions of gas-phase transition metal cations and metal oxide cations with simple hydrocarbons.  The goals of this effort are to determine the structure and thermochemistry of the ground and low-lying excited electronic states of these species.  In addition, he will use an optical double-resonance approach to characterize bonding in the ground electronic state of transition metal reaction intermediates.  The educational and outreach aspects of this CAREER award include participating in general chemistry curricular reform, modernizing the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory, and mentoring students from underrepresented groups. \n\n\n\nChemists have long sought practical approaches to breaking bonds in alkanes under mild reaction conditions, an elusive goal.  Outcomes from the research effort are expected to provide aspects of the basic understanding necessary to achieve this goal. Sucessful outcomes from the educational plan will improve the precollege and undergraduate science learning experience."]
["CAREER: Simulation and Control of Electron Dynamics in Thin Films and Dendrimers","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Evans, Deborah","NM","University of New Mexico","debi@unm.edu","MPS","Deborah Evans is supported by a CAREER award from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Program to extend current quantum dynamics methodological and massively parallel computing techniques to enable realistic simulations on electron transport through polymer films.  The numerical studies focus on the underlying mechanism of electron transport relevant on the microscopic scale for the design of nanoscale devices.  Evans teaching plan is to establish a summer minority outreach program in high performance computing and chemical physics for a small number of undergraduate students.  She will develop curricula in chemical physics and high performance computing to enhance the numerical capabilities of chemistry students in applying computational techniques to solve fundamental physics problems.\n\n\n\nTechnological advances have made the manufacture of electronic devices on the nano- and molecular scale possible.  This has led to an increased activity in experimental studies of simple models for these devices, including electron transfer studies on thin films and polymeric materials.  Transport properties in complex materials is challenging because electron behavior should be treated quantum mechanically, but an exact solution of the problem including the environment cannot be achieved quantum mechanically.  Evans is employing massively parallel computing techniques which treat environmental effects at the classical and semiclassical level to enable realistic systems of reasonable size to be studied."]
["CAREER: Engineered Humification Processes: An Innovative Approach to Remediate Hazardous Waste Sites","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Bhandari, Alok","KS","Kansas State University","bhandari@ksu.edu","ENG","The objective of this research is to evaluate the chemical and biochemical processes that result in the binding of select contaminants to soils and sediments.  Such binding reactions can affect the fate and transport of pollutants by their in-situ humification with a significant impact on the chemicals' environmental mobility and ecotoxicity.  Research will focus on studying the environmental fate of phenols and anilines in soils and sediments.  Oxides of transition metals and enzymes can catalyze oxidative coupling reactions that polymerize select chemicals or bind them covalently to humic-acid type macromolecules.  The proposed research will investigate the possibility of engineering similar humification processes in natural soils and sediments to permanently \"trap\" and detoxify phenols, anilines and hydroxylated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.  Ecotoxicology of the sequestered contaminants will be assessed by evaluating their leachability, bioavailablilty and toxicity.  The overall results of this investigation will comprise the basis for a scientific understanding of the factors controlling enzyme and metal oxide mediated sequestration of aromatic acids and bases in soils and sediments, and provide information on the applicability of engineered humification processes to achieve health-risk based alternative remediation endpoints."]
["CAREER:  Hybrid Processes for Machining Brittle Materials","DMI","MANUFACTURING MACHINES & EQUIP","Miller, Michele","MI","Michigan Technological University","mhmiller@mtu.edu","ENG","The overall goals of this CAREER project are to advance fundamental knowledge leading to higher productivity of ceramics grinding and to improve the problem solving abilities of undergraduate and graduate students.  The superior properties of ceramics make them a desirable material for many applications.  However, the fabrication cost of ceramic components is often prohibitive.  One of the problems occurs in the grinding of ceramics, where the rapid degradation of the grinding wheel hinders surface quality and production rate.  The research objectives of this project are to improve grinding wheel effectiveness through the use of high-frequency vibrations as a means of in-process cleaning of the wheel; and, the use of an abrasive waterjet as an in-process cleaning and dressing technique.   Both analysis and experimentation will be used to evaluate the effect of high-frequency vibrations on the performance of individual grains as well as the grinding wheel.  In addition, the interaction between a high-pressure waterjet (with and without entrained abrasive) and a grinding wheel will be investigated.  The education part of this project will introduce problem-based learning concepts in the classroom.  Techniques for solving open-ended practical problems will be introduced in an undergraduate class, and experimental exercises will be developed in a problem-solving project course for graduate students.\n\n     The potential impact of the project includes improved methods for fracture-free grinding of ceramics, new scientific knowledge on the effect of high-frequency vibrations on the grinding process as well as on the interaction between a high-pressure waterjet and a grinding wheel, and the education of undergraduate and graduate students in practical problem solving."]
["Fabrication of Nanoparticle Assemblies in Ordered Polymeric Matrices","DMR","POLYMERS","Genzer, Jan","NC","North Carolina State University","Jan_Genzer@ncsu.edu","MPS","9875256\n\nGenzer\n\nHybrids comprising dispersions of nanoparticles in insulating matrices represent a novel class of materials.  Unusual optical, electrical and magnetic properties are expected in nanocomposites with controlled spatial distribution of the embedded nanoparticles.  These can be utilized in the fabrication of future generation devices, such as high-density magnetic storage materials, molecular semiconductors, or optical coatings transparent to some wavelengths but opaque to others.  This CAREER award will investigate the formation, organization, and physical properties of nanocomposites made of periodically modulated arrays of nanoparticles embedded in self-organized two-component polymer matrices deposited onto solid substrates.  The organization and spatial distribution of the nanoparticles will be adjusted by tailoring the structural properties of the host polymer material.  In particular, by using mixtures of diblock copolymers (or mixtures of diblock copolymers and homopolymers) or by using laterally phase-separated polymer blends, the dimensions of the structural features in the polymer matrix, and thus the distribution of the embedded nanoparticles, will range from several nanometers to several micrometers,  respectively.  A fine control over the morphology of the nanocomposite will be achieved by suitably adjusting the molecular parameters of the polymers (molecular weight, processing temperature, copolymer architecture, and mixture composition) and tuning the interactions at the matrix/substrate and matrix/particle interfaces.  Initial research efforts will focus on studying the formation and morphology of the mesoscopic structures, investigating the interplay between the polymer/particle interactions, and probing the ordering mechanisms as a function of the host-and guest- properties.  Subsequent work will be devoted to determining the optical, electrical, magnetic, and transport properties of the newly generated structures.\n\n%%%\n\nThe research program will be complemented by a comprehensive teaching curriculum.  Both undergraduate and graduate education in the areas of polymeric materials and self-assembly will be advanced by:  teaching a course about experimental methods in interfacial polymer science (with the emphasis on capabilities and application of experimental techniques); developing a new course on self-assembly in materials; emphasizing cooperative learning; and applying a number of different tutoring styles in the classroom and the laboratory.  These educational efforts will offer students an opportunity to broaden their education scope, learn to work in teams, and master experimental and communication skills.  The overall goal is to prepare the students for employment or for future graduate studies in engineering.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Catalytic Reactions Involving C1 Feedstocks: Development of High Activity Catalysts for the Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Coates, Geoffrey","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","gc39@cornell.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry Program supports research and education on polymer synthesis by Dr. Geoffrey W. Coates in the Chemistry Department, Cornell University.  The goal of the research is to develop new catalysts for the controlled copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides.  Transition metal complexes, specifically zinc diimines and chiral oxazolines, will be used as initiators for polymers that have heterocyclic groups in the main chain.  By modification of these groups, polymers that are biodegradable are expected to result.  The mechanism of the reaction will be investigated, as will potential synthetic applications.  Polymer chemistry will be the basis of outreach programs to K-12 students, redesign of a portion of the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory, and industrial interactions for graduate students.  The Cornell Center for Materials Research will be the focus for many of these activities."]
["Career: Molecular and Genetic Analysis of the Yeast EBP2 Gene","MCB","MICROBIAL GENETICS","McAlear, Michael","CT","Wesleyan University","mmcalear@wesleyan.edu","BIO","This research project will focus on using molecular techniques to characterize a new family of proteins (the Ebp2 proteins). The Ebp2 proteins are significant because they are required for eukaryotic cellular division.  Since the molecular and genetic techniques available in yeast provide powerful approaches for studying basic aspects of cellular biology, the EBP2 homolog from S. cerevisiae will be studied.   Preliminary analysis indicates that yeast Ebp2p is an essential nucleolar protein, and that ebp2 mutants suffer from defects related to rRNA metabolism and chromosome segregation. In order to gain a greater understanding of the role that Ebp2p plays in cellular metabolism, new ebp2 mutants will be created and characterized. Random and site-directed mutagenesis will be used to alter critical residues within the Ebp2 protein, and these mutations will be studied to determine the effects that they have on nucleolar metabolism and nuclear division. The genetic approaches of suppressor analysis and synthetic lethality will be used to identify proteins that interact with Ebp2p. To further define the role that Ebp2p plays in nuclear metabolism, microscopic analysis will be used to probe nuclear structure in wild type and mutant ebp2 cells. The Ebp2 protein will also be investigated to determine if it is associated with chromatin and whether it functions in chromosome condensation of the nucleolar rDNA repeat sequences. \n\nSince the analysis of a novel protein in yeast (Ebp2p) offers a great opportunity to engage students in basic research, these studies will be coordinated with the education of students in molecular genetics. Also, in collaboration with the Project to Increase Mastery of Mathematics and Science (PIMMS), a Biotechnology Workshop will be developed to train high school and middle school teachers in experiments in basic molecular biology and genetics. These workshops will use yeast and bacteria as model organisms, and they will emphasize hands-on approaches for teaching basic concepts of genetics to high school and middle school students."]
["CAREER: Robust On-Line Location and Routing for Urban Service Systems","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Miller-Hooks, Elise","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","elisemh@umd.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT\n\n\n\nCAREER: Robust On-Line Location and Routing for Urban Service Systems\n\nElise Miller-Hooks\n\nProposal No. 9875305\n\n\n\nThis research focuses on the development of the conceptual framework and\n\nalgorithmic steps for real-time location and routing decisions in dynamically\n\nchanging environments for urban service operations, including emergency\n\nresponse services, vehicles carrying hazardous materials, and response teams to\n\nincidents involving hazardous materials.  Response time and the associated\n\nlevel of service of many of these urban service operations, such as ambulance,\n\npolice, fire and emergency repair, depend on travel times experienced on the\n\nroadways and the relative location of the call for service to that of the\n\nresponse vehicle.  Thus, optimal location and routing decisions are vital to\n\nthe performance of many emergency service operations.  Real-time information\n\ncan be used to make improved tactical and operational location and routing\n\ndecisions for emergency services and other urban operations, including the\n\ntransport of hazardous materials.  However, it is critical that procedures that\n\ndynamically respond to current conditions on the state of the network consider\n\nthe time-varying and uncertain nature of future travel conditions in order to\n\ngenerate robust solutions; i.e. solutions that will remain optimal, or nearly\n\noptimal, despite variations in travel conditions and that can be applied to a\n\nvariety of situations.  The inherent stochastic and dynamic characteristics of\n\nfuture travel conditions, including the probability of arc or node failures, as\n\nwell as the spatial and temporal correlation in travel conditions and the\n\npossibility of multiple conflicting objectives, are considered in this work. \n\nAccompanying this research effort is an integrated educational initiative to\n\nprovide students with fundamental knowledge and skills drawn from multiple\n\ndisciplines to allow them to solve a broad range of difficult problems, to\n\nintegrate research and teaching through inclusion of real-world problems in\n\ncoursework, to impart an interest in transportation graduate studies and\n\npromote retention of women and underrepresented minorities in engineering, and\n\nto develop skills in using non-lecture based pedagogical techniques for\n\nimproved comprehension of fundamental engineering concepts."]
["CAREER: Nonlinear Nano-Optics: An integrated Education and Research Program","ECS","JAPAN AND KOREA PROGRAM|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Kuzyk, Mark","WA","Washington State University","kuz@wsu.edu","ENG","The proposed research is to study nonlinear interaction of light and matter in thin polymer films and in molecular systems.  The molecules may be doped or attached to the polymer matrices.  It is proposed to combine optical near field scanning tip microscopy with femtosecond optical pulses to investigate the multiphoton interactions.  The ultimate goal is to investigate interactions of light with single molecules  and study its nonlinear effect in their local environment.  Femtosecond optical pulses can be used to time-resolve these effects.  The educational component of this proposal is to establish an MS degree program in Applied Physcis/Optoelectronics in WSU."]
["CAREER : Understanding the Role of Process Variables on Properties of Multi-Phase Polymeric Materials","DMR","POLYMERS","Krishnamoorti, Ramanan","TX","University of Houston","ramanan@uh.edu","MPS","9875321\n\nKrishnamoorti\n\nThe underlying theme motivating this CAREER education and research plan is the need to understand and disseminate fundamental scientific knowledge regarding materials, specifically polymeric materials, with the perspective of the final application of such knowledge.  The research plan will focus on understanding the role of process variables on properties of multi-phase polymeric materials.  Despite the widespread use of multi-phase polyolefin blends, little rigorous information regarding the effect of process variables such as pressure and shear are available on their phase behavior.  With the focus on recycling of polymers, with minimal sorting or raw materials, and the advent of novel metallocene catalysts has highlighted the need to understand the melt state and crystalline state phase behavior of polyolefin blends.  Using model polyolefins, specifically ethylene rich ethylene-butene-1 random copolymers, we propose to study the effect of pressure on the melt state liquid-liquid phase behavior and the solid state structure of the blend.  By carefully controlling the molecular weight and the comonomer composition of each of the components, the bulk ambient pressure melt state phase behavior and component crystallization behavior can be carefully tailored.  With this capability, using high pressure small angle neutron scattering, small angle x-ray scattering and small angle light scattering we envisage to gain a thorough understanding of the parameters governing the solid state structure and properties.  Further, by focusing on thin film behavior in both the melt and the solid state, we plan to establish the three dimensional structure in such films using atomic force microscopy and neutron reflectivity.  Issues such as the effects of confinement on the crystallization characteristics and on the melt state phase behavior will be investigated.  Such information is vital in understanding the role of interphases in controlling the final structure and hence properties.  Finally, preliminary studies relating the final properties in the solid state to the structure and processing are proposed.\n\n%%%\n\nIntegrating non-traditional disciplines such as materials and polymer science to the fundamental scientific core of chemical engineering is essential for the continued success of this discipline.  Additionally, the demands of an urban university located in the heart of the nation's petrochemical and polymer industries, require unique techniques for training, re-training and dissemination of knowledge.  Mentoring of undergraduate and high school students in materials research is proposed.  It is also proposed to use the latest technological innovations such as video link ups as well as the web as tools to supplement traditional classes.  In addition an introductory course for senior undergraduates and graduate students elucidating the principles and practice of polymer science and engineering is envisaged.  Finally, a short course is also planned in order to update industrial audiences of the latest advances in the area of nano and micro structured materials.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Safe Observable Components:  Programming-Language  Support for Object Interaction Protocols","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Rossie, Jonathan","NC","North Carolina State University","jrossie@csc.ncsu.edu","CSE","9875329   Jonathan G. Rossie Jr. \n\nThe research focuses on programming-language support for the behavioral characterization of observable components in terms of logical finite-state machines.  Observable components support two-way messaging protocols with their client code, keeping the clients informed of significant state changes that affect the component's outward utility.  The logical state machines provide a vocabulary for this protocol, serving as enforceable characterizations of the component's dynamic protocol.   The research objective is to develop practical language mechanisms, rigorous formal foundations, and efficient implementation techniques to support observable components and to exploit the enforceable state machines to improve the safety of component reuse.  A safe implementation would protect components from receiving messages out of sequence, and would also protect clients from components that are not faithful to their declared state machines.   An essential technology in developing and using these components is a notion of safe substitutability that would account for the state machine and its implied two-way protocols.  The research plan includes formal foundations for safe substitutability of components, as well as robust and efficient implementation technology in sequential and concurrent contexts."]
["CAREER: Predictive Chemical Kinetics: Reaction Rate         Estimation and Validation","CTS","COMBUSTION AND PLASMA SYSTEMS|CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Green, William","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","whgreen@mit.edu","ENG","Professor William Green will develop algorithmic and molecular modeling methodology to predict the kinetics of complex reaction systems such as combustion of fuels and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons and small amines and nitriles. Transition state theory and scattering theory will allow a priori calculation of individual rate constants. Selected constants will be experimentally validated primarily by overall reaction rate measurement and laser flash photolysis of reactive intermediates. Thus a combination of group additivity, quantum calculations and limited experimental data will be used to estimate unknown rate constants, including their uncertainty. A simulation algorithm --already implemented--  will allow the construction of complex reaction schemes by identifying the kinetically significant species.  The focus will be on the free-radical chemistry of small organic molecules in the gas phase and in weakly interacting solvents. Such is most important in oxidation and pyrolysis, but is also relevant to materials synthesis (e.g., plasma-enhanced CVD) and photo-remediation of pollutants. The educational portion of the grant will entail the development of a new graduate course in predictive chemical kinetics emphasizing molecular simulation, as well as modules for the existing undergraduate courses at MIT. Dissemination will be done via a web-site. The impact of this grant is expected to occur in the chemical, fuel, and environmental protection industries, as well as in engineering education."]
["CAREER: Interdisciplinary Mechanics for MEMS","CMS","SURFACE ENGINEERING","Boyd, James","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","jboyd@aero.tamu.edu","ENG","9875353\n\nBoyd\n\nA CAREER award will address specific problems in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). The research component will focus on development of an experimentally verified thermodynamic field formulation for anodic bonding, as it is used in MEMS.  The education component will develop a rigorous graduate-level continuum physics curriculum for MEMS design and fabrication.  MEMS components are made using material removal methods such as etching, and material addition methods such as vapor deposition, evaporation, sputtering, and electroplating. In addition, MEMS are often joined and packaged using anodic and/or eutectic bonding. Current microfabrication textbooks provide either an overly elementary introduction to these processes or a highly detailed treatment of the non-continuum physics; there is nothing available to cover the middle ground, as planned here. Students will formulate the equations for conservation of mass, energy, and momentum, as well as the second law of thermodynamics for evolving microstructures, including reaction, diffusion, creep, and moving surfaces and lines. The education will be integrated with the research and the analytical models developed will be validated by experiments performed in the 3,000 sq.ft. clean room of the Microfabrication Applications laboratory.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Methods and Mechanisms for Micro Manipulation","ECS","INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Bohringer, Karl","WA","University of Washington","karl@ee.washington.edu","ENG","9875367\n\nBohringer\n\nThere exist important applications that are difficult or impossible to realize with current technology. For example, the following two items are directly related to NSF strategic areas: (a) techniques to efficiently move, sort, or mix small particles (e.g. cells in biotechnology applications); (b) methods for massively parallel assembly of microfabricated components (e.g. for advanced manufacturing technology of high resolution display or imaging arrays). Towards the general goal of micro manipulation we identify three major directions along which we pursue our research:\n\n(1)\tmicrofluidic manipulation of parts;\n\n(2)\tmassively parallel micro assembly; and\n\n(3)\tcomputational tools for modeling and simulation.\n\n\n\nOur goal is to build practical devices for micro manipulation, and to develop the underlying scientific concepts and enabling technologies. Microfluidic manipulation is the basis for analysis and synthesis devices in many biotechnology applications. Parallel microassembly is an enabling technology that will allow the efficient manufacture of a new generation of complex microsystems from simpler or standard components. In analogy to the development of ICs, the growing complexity of microsystems will require sophisticated computational tools for modeling and simulation.\n\n\n\nOne of the key items on the educational agenda of this project is to provide students with hands-on engineering experience and with training in state-of-the-art technology.  Our new MEMS laboratory provides opportunities to perform exciting research at undergraduate, masters, and PhD. level. The newly developed class \"UWEE 539: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems\" that the P1 will teach for the first time in Fall '98 will emphasize practical, interdisciplinary training in microtechnology, and it will provide the students with a cooperative learning experience. Working in MEMS labs at Cornell, Stanford, and Berkeley has taught the P1 that in this interdisciplinary field of research teamwork is extremely important. Students will be guided to work in teams organized for example by role (designing and testing - checking and verifying), or by complementary field of expertise.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Microfabrication of Highly Ordered Biosensor Arrays","CTS","CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Pishko, Michael","TX","Texas Engineering Experiment Station","mpishko@engr.psu.edu","ENG","Professor Michael Pishko will develop biosensor arrays based on highly ordered polymeric films containing biorecognition molecules. Rod-coil block copolymers will self-assemble on electrode surfaces. They will include segments that permit UV-initiated cross-linking and other segments that permit electron transfer from an immobilized enzyme such as glucose oxidase to the electrode surface. The investigator will study the effects of polymer structure on self-assembly, cluster formation, and electron transfer through the films using experimental and molecular modeling techniques. He will develop methods for immobilizing biorecognition molecules on those films and patterning them on surfaces using mid-UV photolithography to form sensor arrays. Future potential clinical and biomedical applications are envisioned. The educational plan includes the development of two new courses in materials for undergraduate and graduate students; summer research mentoring of undergraduate students; and a mentoring program for female high-school students."]
["CAREER: Gamma-Ray Astrophysics from the Ground and Space","PHY","ELEMENTARY PARTICLE ACCEL USER","Dingus, Brenda","UT","University of Utah","dingus@lanl.gov","MPS","9875387\n\nDingus\n\nThis proposal is to support the research program in gamma-ray astronomy of Professor Brenda L. Dingus at the University of Utah.  The two elements of the program are (1) a continuation of work on the Milagro ground-based detector, and (2) to begin work on GLAST, which is a satellite detector expected to be launched in 2005 that is designed to be 50 times as sensitive as the previous EGRET detector.  The Milagro detector became operational in October 1998.  The Cerenkov detector will be useful both to calibrate the energy and angular resolution of Milagro and to measure the cosmic-ray composition.  Dr. Dingus is also interested in planning and testing the GLAST design, in particular regarding gamma-ray bursts which impact all subsystems due to their extremely bright intensity, thus tightening the requirements on instrument dead-time while reducing the requirements on background rejection."]
["CAREER :  The Evolution and Genetic Regulation of Sexual Fate in Nematodes","MCB","EUKARYOTIC GENETICS","Ellis, Ronald","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","ron.ellis@umdnj.edu","BIO","Like most nematodes, Caenorhabditis remanei has two sexes: XO animals become males and XX animals become females. However, Caenorhabditis elegans is hermaphroditic: XO animals are male and XX animals develop as self-fertile hermaphrodites. These hermaphrodites appear female in most respects, but produce sperm during larval development which can be used for self-fertilization. Thus these species provide a system to study how well defined differences in sex-determination arose. In C. elegans, two genes appear to directly control the decision to make sperm: fog-1 and fog-3. Mutations in either gene cause all germ cells to differentiate as oocytes, even in males. Thus, one simple model is that these genes would be active only in male C. remanei and that a crucial step in the evolution of hermaphroditism involved their expression and function in XX individuals of C. elegans. Four approaches will be used to test this model. 1) The C. remanei homologs of fog-1 and fog-3 will be isolated and sequenced. In addition, RNA-mediated interference will be used to determine the function of each gene in C. remanei. 2) Comparison of the promoters for these C. elegans and C. remanei genes should aid in identifying regulatory elements that control transcription. Any identified elements will be tested in transgenic animals. 3) Comparison of the protein products of these genes will help to identify crucial domains and potential regulatory sites. These products will also be tested in transgenic animals. 4) C. elegans will be genetically analyzed to find and characterize new genes that regulate fog-1 or fog-3 which will be subjects for future study in C. remanei. The introductory Genetics course will be amplified to include new material from human genome studies, as it becomes available. Discussion of ethical issues raised by human genomic studies will also be added to the course and new computer technology will be utilized in order to teach students about the power and limitations of the genetic databases available on the Internet.\n\n\n\nInsight into the evolution of sexual differences in animals will be enhanced by the results of this investigation of two nematodes with different modes of reproduction. The use of information from the extensive database for C. elegans will be used to introduce undergraduate students to the technology necessary to effectively use available databases. The Introductory Genetics course will be expanded to encompass new information from the Human Genome Project and to discuss ethical issues arising from that project."]
["CAREER: Cluster-Assembled Magnetic Nanostructures","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Leslie-Pelecky, Diandra","NE","University of Nebraska-Lincoln","dleslie@unlnotes.unl.edu","MPS","9875425\n\nLeslie-Pelecky\n\n\n\nThe goals of this CAREER proposal are 1) to fabricate cluster-assembled magnetic materials using a novel evaporation-condensation-compaction deposition technique; 2) to correlate magnetic and magnetotransport properties to sample structure to understand the role of disorder in magnetism; and 3) to investigate the potential for applications ranging from permanent magnets to sensors.  \n\nA gas-entrained evaporation-condensation technique is used to form clusters with diameters from 5 - 50 nm.  The clusters are compacted under high pressure to form a nano-grained bulk material.  Extensive structural characterization is performed, including x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, neutron scattering and EXAFS.  The resulting nanostructures have two components: crystalline grains, and the atoms between the grains, which are collectively called the interphase.  The interphase is a large fraction of the sample when the grain size is small - up to 50% for 5-nm grains - and can be a significant factor in determining overall sample magnetic properties.  \n\nA range of static and dynamic magnetic and magnetotransport measurements will determine the intrinsic properties of the grains and the interphase, and how the two components interact.  Ordering on multiple length scales is investigated using scaling to elucidate the similarities and differences between these systems and other random magnetic systems such as spin glasses, random anisotropy magnets and amorphous ferromagnets.\n\nThe two-part education plan addresses some of the factors that cause students to choose not to pursue science as a profession.  Two one-credit courses will be developed to prepare students for undergraduate research and develop the skills necessary to communicate with scientists and non-scientists.  The second part of the education project involves the UNL Society of Physics Students in outreach to a low-income elementary school in Lincoln.  \n\n%%%\n\nThis project addresses several fundamental issues in cluster-assembled magnetic nanostructures: 1) fabrication of these magnetic materials using an evaporation-condensation-compaction technique; 2) correlation of their magnetic and magnetotransport properties to sample structure to explain the role of disorder in magnetism; and 3) investigation of their potential applications ranging from permanent magnets to magnetic sensors.  \n\nA novel deposition technique is used to form clusters with diameters from 5 - 50 nm.  The clusters are compacted under high pressure to form a nano-grained bulk material.  Using clusters as \"building blocks\" offers great versatility in tailoring magnetic nanostructures to have specific characteristics.  A unique feature of these materials is that samples with very small grains display magnetic properties impossible to achieve with traditional bulk materials.  This project will determine the mechanisms responsible for these extraordinary properties.\n\nThe two-part education plan addresses some of the factors that cause students to choose not to pursue science as a profession.  Two one-credit courses will be developed to prepare students for undergraduate research and develop the skills necessary to communicate with scientists and non-scientists.  The second part of the education project involves the UNL Society of Physics Students in outreach to a low-income elementary school in Lincoln.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Investigations of Ordered Polymer Microstructures Formed by Molecular and Mesoscopic Self-Assembly","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|MATERIALS RESEARCH PROJECT SUP|SEPAR & PURIFICATION PROCESSES","Crawford, Gregory","RI","Brown University","Gregory_Crawford@brown.edu","MPS","9875427\n\nCrawford\n\nThis proposal focuses on novel microstructures formed by molecular and mesoscopic self-assembly that possess high degrees of order, well defined symmetry, and strong anisotropic optical and dielectric properties.  These unique attributes, in conjunction with their versatile fabrication and processing, robust thermal and mechanical stability, and responsiveness to external fields, will result in interesting physical phenomena and exciting new applications.  Various reactive mesogenic compounds are being made available by EM Industries and the NSF ALCOM Center at Kent State University to create and study microstructures exhibiting novel electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of potential high technological interest.  The educational goal of this project is to establish a well integrated education and research program on soft condensed matter materials at Brown University.  The educational program will target K-12 outreach through interactive hands-on modules, undergraduate laboratories and curriculum development, and research opportunities for undergraduates.\n\n%%%\n\nInterest in reactive mesogens is being expanded because of their important role in emerging liquid crystal based technologies and a richness in physical phenomena that makes these materials highly relevant to other applications areas.  For example,  diverse set of ordered microstructures on the submicrometer scale that includes solid rods and spheres, hollow tubes, 'yarn balls', and torroids are of high technological interest and may be extremely useful for optical devices and as a new means of controlled drug release.\n\n***"]
["PECASE: Spectral Directional Radiative Properties of Rough  Si at Elevated Temperatures","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Zhang, Zhuomin","FL","University of Florida","zhuomin.zhang@me.gatech.edu","ENG","PECASE: Spectral Directional Radiative Properties of Rough Si at Elevated Temperatures\n\n\n\n9875441\n\n\n\nZhuomin Zhang\n\n\n\nThis is an NSF CAREER/PECASE grant for research on the radiative properties of silicon at elevated temperatures. The principal investigator will conduct measurements of the directional radiative properties of Si wafers with polished and rough surfaces from room temperature up to 1000 C and from 0.4 to 20 micrometers. The theoretical part of the study will emphasize the effect of surface roughness on emittance and transmittance. The fundamental mechanisms, such as the temperature dependence of the carrier scattering rate and photon-enhanced absorption, will also be investigated.\n\n\n\nThe radiative properties of rough Si determined from this project will be used in a detailed heat transfer analysis to predict the emitted and reflected radiation from the wafer to the radiometer and the rapid thermal processing (RTP) chamber to optimize the RTP chamber design. In addition, an integrated educational plan is proposed to advance thermal science engineering education through the development of a microscale thermal science program and the writing of appropriate instructional and laboratory manuals."]
["CAREER: Rigid Metallocene-Silica Interfaces and Development of a Scientific Professionalism Course","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Deck, Paul","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","pdeck@vt.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry Program supports research and education on immobilized olefin polymerization catalysts by Dr. Paul A. Deck of the Chemistry Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute.  Group 4 metallocene complexes, already known to have catalytic activity in solution, will be supported on silica in such a way that the catalytic sites will be isolated from the support surface and therefore retain their effectiveness.  Multiple short tethers will hold ancillary ligands to the surface.  The interface established will be characterized by surface analytical methods, and detailed reactivity studies and computational modeling will be carried out.   Undergraduate and graduate students will participate in a new course on scientific professionalism that will provide orientation to non-technical issues and situations encountered in professional life.  Career development strategies, ethics, and business concepts will be introduced."]
["CAREER: Collision Energy Spectroscopy of Elementary Reactions","CHE","SPECTROSCOPY","Shafer-Ray, Neil","OK","University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","shaferry@mail.nhn.ou.edu","MPS","Shafer-Ray proposes to measure high-resolution scattering-angle-dependent cross sections for atom-diatom reactions such as H + O2 and O(1D) + H2 in order to provide a detailed picture of atom-diatom reactive scattering and reveal possible dynamical resonances in the H + O2 reaction.  The PI will develop a laboratory for an introductory physics course for engineering majors in which minilab and group laboratory experiments will be incorporated into block units designed to increase students' understanding of physics.\n\n\n\nThe data gathered from these experiments will be benchmarks for comparing theory with experiment.  Since the gross details of the dynamics of these reactions are well established, the detailed data from this work will provide important new information for theoreticians to compare with."]
["CAREER: Online Estimation of MWD of Polymer Melts Using  Broad-Band Dielectric Measurements: Sensor Development and  Control","CTS","ENVIR SOCIAL & BEHAVIOR SCIENC|PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Skliar, Mikhail","UT","University of Utah","mikhail.skliar@utah.edu","ENG","Proposal Title: \tCAREER: Online Estimation of MWD of Polymer Melts Using Broad-Band Dielectric Measurements: Sensor Development and Control\n\nProposal Number:\t\tCTS-9875462\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\tMikhail Skliar\n\nInstitution:\t\tUniversity of Utah\n\n\n\nThe focus of the proposed research program is on the development of sensing technology and model-inversion based identification methods to infer online the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of polymer melts based on broad-band dielectric measurements.  The ultimate goal of the research is to develop new polymer processing technology for online customization of the properties of the final product by varying the processing conditions during extrusion and molding.  The inverted fringe-effect microdielectric sensing with controlled depth of field penetration is a novel approach for measuring spatially resolved properties of a material in a direction normal to the interface.  In the proposed approach, methods for inferring MWD online from dielectric measurements will be based on theoretical modeling of polymer relaxation in electromagnetic fields and on statistical correlation methods.  Theoretical and experimental studies will be followed by the development of advanced process control systems, which will enable online polymer customization by varying conditions during processing.  The educational program is aimed at creating a balanced undergraduate process control curriculum, which includes project-based hands-on experience in implementing practical control systems in laboratory settings."]
["CAREER: Activation of the Vibrio fischeri Luminescence Operon via Quorum Sensing","MCB","MICROBIAL GENETICS|GENE EXPRESSION|INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Stevens, Ann","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","ams@vt.edu","BIO","Stevens\n\n\n\nLuxR from Vibrio fischeri is the best understood member of a new family of bacterial activators of transcription.  These activators are involved in the cell density-dependent phenomenon of quorum sensing and response to self-generated acyl homoserine lactone environmental signals.  The goal of this research project is to determine the molecular mechanism of transcriptional activation employed at the luxI promoter during quorum sensing.  The primary focus will be to further define the roles of LuxR and RNA polymerase (RNAP) in this process using a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches.  Active full-length LuxR will be purified and its activity characterized in vitro.  Specific regions of RNAP that are essential for transcriptional activation at the luxI promoter will be identified.  The residues on LuxR that are essential for transcriptional activation at the luxI promoter will be further defined.  Intergenic suppressors that identify protein-protein interaction sites between LuxR and RNAP will be isolated.  Finally, intragenic suppressors within LuxR that define interdomain interactions will also be isolated.  The knowledge gained from these studies will be relevant to the growing number of bacterial systems that have been found to use a quorum sensing and response regulatory scheme.  The incorporation into the instructional curriculum of the latest findings and theories coming out of emerging research fields like quorum sensing, is essential to the training of the next generation of microbiologists.  Thus, an educational plan has also been developed with the primary goal of exposing undergraduate and graduate students to the current field of research in molecular microbiology, with a particular emphasis on microbial physiology and genetics.  This will necessitate a coordinated discussion of curriculum at the departmental level followed by the design and implementation of appropriate new lecture and laboratory courses. To help optimize the quality of the students' learning experiences in these and other courses, the instructor will continue to gain knowledge in the areas of learning theory, instructional design, assessment and educational technologies.  As a result of these efforts, modern molecular microbiology will become a standard part of the departmental curriculum used to educate and train students for their future professional careers in microbiology and related disciplines. \n\n\n\nThe idea that bacterial cells are capable of intercellular communication and coordinated behavior as multicellular units through a process known as quorum sensing is a relatively new, but important concept in the field of microbiology. Bacterial cells are able to control these processes at the level of gene expression through the activity of protein molecules know as transcriptional regulators. LuxR is the name given to the best understood member of a family of transcriptional regulators whose members all have similar functions. This LuxR family of transcriptional regulators controls the expression of a range of target genes involved in a number of bacterial processes of scientific, medical, agricultural and economic importance.  Several of them, including LuxR, are found in bacteria that enter either helpful symbiotic, or harmful pathogenic associations with plant, animal or human hosts. A detailed knowledge of the precise molecular and biochemical functions of the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators may be useful for identifying compounds that interfere with these associations. This research focuses on further defining some of these properties for LuxR."]
["CAREER:  Classroom Instruction to Promote Authentic Experimentation","REC","|RESEARCH ON LEARNING & EDUCATI","Chinn, Clark Allen","NJ","Rutgers University New Brunswick","cchinn@rci.rutgers.edu","EHR","This project is grounded in a theoretical framework that specifies\n\nkey epistemological features of scientific experimentation.  On the basis\n\nof this framework, the project will develop a computer-based environment in which\n\nseventh graders can conduct simulated experiments in the domain of cell\n\nbiology.   The simulated experiments will be designed to capture many of\n\nthe crucial epistemological features of authentic scientific\n\nexperimentation.  The computer-based experimentation environment will then\n\nbe used in a series of studies to investigate how students learn complex\n\nforms of scientific reasoning.  A main focus of the studies will be to\n\ninvestigate the sociocognitive processes by which computer simulations\n\npromote complex learning during classroom instruction.  The planned studies\n\ninclude two large classroom experiments that will provide a rich, detailed\n\npicture of how seventh graders' reasoning and knowledge of cells change,\n\nmoment to moment, during classroom instruction.  The classroom instruction,\n\nusing an instructional method called Collaborative Reasoning about\n\nEvidence, will interleave whole-class discussions with small-group work in\n\nwhich students conduct and discuss simulated experiments.  The studies will\n\naim to provide a fine-grained analysis of how whole-class discussions and\n\ngroup interactions mediate students' learning.  In sum, this program of\n\nresearch is intended (a) to provide new insights into how to teach students\n\nto reason about epistemologically authentic experimentation and (b) to\n\nproduce tested instructional software, materials, and methods that teachers\n\ncan readily access and use in their classrooms."]
["CAREER: Bandwidth Allocation Techniques for Video-on-Demand Systems","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Feng, Wu-chi","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","wuchi@cs.pdx.edu","CSE","As networking and multimedia technologies continue to advance new video-based applications such as digital libraries and video-on-demand services will become increasingly more common, requiring the efficient network transmission of compressed stored video streams. For constant-quality video streams, however, the efficient allocation of network resources is complicated by several factors.  First, compressed digital video data has much larger bandwidth requirements than textual data, and hence, place much larger bandwidth requirements on the network.  Second, compressed digital video data can exhibit significant burstiness in bandwidth requirements at multiple time scales. In particular, stored video content will typically be much more complex than \"live\" videoconference type video streams, resulting in much greater long-term burstiness. Finally, due to the continuous nature of digital video, stringent guarantees on network jitter and delay may be required (especially for live-video transmission).\n\n\n\nTo efficiently allocate network resources for the delivery of compressed video streams, bandwidth-smoothing techniques have been introduced to take advantage of a priori information that may be available for a video stream.  The bandwidth smoothing techniques that have been presented thus far have not considered the interactions of bandwidth smoothing algorithms with network delivery mechanism. The proposed research will address the integration of bandwidth smoothing techniques into current networking mechanisms in two key areas:\n\n\n\n1.  Bandwidth Smoothing over ATM - ATM networks are a popular networking technology because it provides some minimum rate guarantees as well as different classes of service. In this study, we will investigate the interactions between bandwidth smoothing techniques and three of ATM's classes: constant-bit-rate (CBR), variable-bit-rate (VBR), and the available-bit-rate (ABR) services. In the first part, we will investigate the efficient mapping of bandwidth smoothing algorithms into the CBR and VBR services. In the second part of this subtask, we will investigate the mapping of bandwidth smoothing techniques into the ABR service class. In particular, the ABR service class provides a minimum cell rate guarantee and, in times of relatively low network load, an available cell rate which allows the applications to send more than their minimum cell rate that has been guaranteed. We will investigate techniques for shaping video streams into the ABR minimum cell rate while taking advantage of the available cell rate to enhance the video stream when possible.\n\n\n\n2.  Bandwidth Allocation Techniques for Best-Effort Networks - Many of the current approaches for delivering video across best-effort networks such as the Internet do so by monitoring network feedback and altering the video frame rate or video frame quality to fit within the available resources. For stored video streams, these algorithms typically do not take advantage of the a priori information available from stored video, resulting in video frame rates delivered to the user that are more variable than necessary. In this study, we will investigate techniques for the efficient streaming of stored video across best-effort networks that take advantage of the a priori information to smooth the video frame rate delivered to the user.\n\n\n\nThe solutions in this project will be evaluated using two methods. First, the solutions will be evaluated and refined through simulation studies using captured and compressed video data. In the later stages of this project, we will implement a simple streamed video delivery system that will demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.  We will evaluate the proposed solutions using (1) the Internet, (2) the Ohio Computing and Communication ATM Research Network (OCARNet) which connects six institutions within the state of Ohio, and (3) vBNS - the very high speed backbone network that we have access to through the Ohio Supercomputing Center.\n\n\n\nThe contribution of this project will be to answer the following question:\n\nWhat is the best way to take advantage of a priori information in the delivery of stored video streams across networks, which may provide varying guarantees of network bandwidth?\n\n\n\nThrough the intelligent management of network resources, a client-side buffer, and the a priori information avail-able from stored video streams, the solutions developed in this project will allow us to deliver the highest video quality to the user. We expect that this work can serve as a catalyst for the development of future stored-video applications such as digital libraries, distance learning, and video-on-demand."]
["CAREER: A Rational Framework for In-situ Geotechnical and Pavement Characterization by Wave Methods","CMS","GEOMECHANICS & GEOTECHNIC SYST|GEOTECHNICAL I","Guzina, Bojan","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","guzina@wave.ce.umn.edu","ENG","9875495 \n\nBojan B. Guzina \n\nUniversity of Minnesota \n\n\n\nCAREER:  A Rational Framework for In-situ Geotechnical and Pavement Characterization by Wave Methods \n\n\n\nABSTRACT   \n\n\n\nThe aim of this project is to provide an advanced analytical and experimental basis for site characterization by wave methods and to integrate the fundamentals of elastic wave propagation and non-destructive testing into the civil engineering curriculum.  Making use of current computational power, research will be conducted to develop a hybrid technique for realistic site characterization that would account for the three-dimensional nature of the induced wave propagation, soil stiffness, density and damping in a systematic and rigorous manner.  It includes the developments in forward and inverse wave propagation analyses and their implementation into an effective field technique for seismic sounding of geotechnical sites and pavements.  In addition to revealing the in-situ wave velocity and attenuation profiles, the new method will be capable of furnishing the independent stiffness and mass density information that is typically not available from seismic measurements.  A comprehensive delineation of dynamic soil, rock and asphalt properties by means of the proposed technique may find use in a wide range of applications such as planning of geotechnical sampling programs, design of foundations to dynamic loads, evaluation of the soil liquefaction potential, and pavement monitoring and repair.  To facilitate the implementation phase of the project, a collaboration with the Minnesota Department of Transportation has been established which will provide access to an appropriate field testing equipment and a unique experimentation site.  The foregoing research program will be conducted in conjunction with a curriculum development effort to foster the growing use of non-destructive testing in civil engineering.  To this end, efforts will be directed to design a new course on wave methods in civil engineering, and to develop a set of digital instructional modules that would introduce students to the fundamentals of elastic wave propagation and their applications to field and laboratory testing by wave methods."]
["CAREER: Bayesian Simulation Modeling","SES","METHOD, MEASURE & STATS","Givens, Geof","CO","Colorado State University","geof@lamar.colostate.edu","SBE","Computer simulation models are widely used in diverse scientific disciplines for understanding the relationships between variables; examples include models of pharmacokinetics, ecosystems, epidemiology, climate, and biological populations.  Evidence related to such models and their predictions arises both from observed data and from the opinions of experts whose expertise is amassed over years of experience and study rather than being based on any particular set of data.  Statistical methods to combine these two types of information will be developed to help researchers make overall inferences about simulations, particularly future projections and the uncertainties therein.  The statistical innovations developed will also deal with the difficult situation when expert opinions conflict.  These methods will be flexible, powerful new tools for non-statisticians and scientists in diverse fields to enhance what they learn from their own simulation modeling.\n\n\n\nSeveral instructional initiatives are also planned, with the primary goal of student recruitment and interdisciplinary cross-fertilization.  They are designed to nurture an early enthusiasm for applied statistics and then to serve as a conduit to direct students towards undergraduate and graduate degrees in the field, as well as to provide a pipeline of statistically literate students of the scientific workforce.  The proposed research will also enrich graduate education by providing opportunities for students in several disciplines to interact and participate in relevant research.  A key area of student participation will be the development of an interactive computer program that can be used by scientists from diverse disciplines engaged in simulation modeling to draw statistically sound inferences from their simulation experiments.  In this sense the project should benefit the broader scientific community."]
["CAREER: Providing Interactive VOD Services in Multicast Networks","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH|RESEARCH/TESTBEDS","Gao, Lixin","MA","Smith College","lgao@ecs.umass.edu","CSE","The Principal Investigator (PI) will study efficient schemes that provide interactive video-on-demand (VOD) services in multicast networks.  Interactive VOD services allow a subscriber to select the content of\n\nhis/her choice at any time, and are likely to become one of the most successful services in the  emerging broadband integrated services digital networks. The great challenge in the design of a VOD system is to address\n\nthe bottleneck on the server network-I/O bandwidth for delivering videos to a large number of users. At the core of this design issue is the problem of efficient scheduling of server and network resources so as to satisfy various requests from a diverse set of clients. This research is a systematic study of efficient schemes for scheduling server and network resources. In addition, the PI will explore avenues that facilitate\n\ninteractive operations without making excessive demands on server and network resources. The PI will also build a testbed incorporating the proposed schemes on the very high performance Backbone Network Service\n\n(vBNS) and the Internet Multicast Backbone (Mbone). The testbed will allow the researcher to address implementation issues and to experiment with the proposed schemes and additional issues arising from these experiments.\n\n\n\nEducation Focus:\n\nThe PI is committed to a career in undergraduate computer science education. Since coming to Smith College --a four-year liberal arts college for women, the PI has incorporated multimedia and networking concepts into the computer science curriculum at all levels. Multimedia networking is an essential and important aspect of the ``information revolution''.  The proposed research provides an ideal framework for undergraduate women's participation. The research project described requires extensive simulations to bolster the analyses and algorithm designs. The implementation of and experimentation with the testbed described will provide a long-term undergraduate research program. Through the project described in this proposal, the PI plans to continue supervising undergraduate women to do research in multimedia networking. She also plans to attract more undergraduate women to major in computer science and mentor\n\nwomen in this field through being a role model, one-to-one interaction, and student career advising. These are all activities strongly supported by Smith in the form of financial and administrative resources, outreach programs."]
["CAREER: Non-equilibrium Dynamics of Thin Fluidized Granular Media","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Urbach, Jeffrey","DC","Georgetown University","urbach@physics.georgetown.edu","MPS","Urbach\n\n9875529\n\nThis is a Condensed Matter Physics CAREER project. The research deals with non-equilibrium dynamics of excited granular media, focusing on a monolayer of nearly identical spheres on a flat plate vibrating vertically. This simple and easily controllable system exhibits a rich variety of cooperative phenomena which will be quantitatively investigated using computer imaging techniques. Direct measurements of the statistical distribution and correlation functions necessary for the construction of a kinetic theory of the non-equilibrium granular fluid will be made. Transport of particles, energy , and momentum in the layer will be studied and compared with the behavior predicted from the kinetic theory.  In addition, the novel collective behavior of the system will be studied to develop and test theories of `granular thermodynamics'. These results will provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics of granular media, an essential step towards improved models of a wide range of important industrial processes. These conceptually simple but visually striking experiments will be used to increase the number and quality of physics majors through incorporation into a statistical mechanics course and a travelling show to be taken to local high schools in the community.\n\n%%% \n\nThis is a Condensed Matter Physics CAREER project. The research deals with the behavior of a large number of nearly identical spherical particles on a vibrating plate. This simple and easily controllable system exhibits a rich variety of surprising phenomena that arise from the energy lost during inter-particle collision. The behavior will be quantitatively investigated using computer imaging techniques. Theories that relate the statistical behavior of individual grains to the average properties of the collection of grains will be developed and tested.  These results will provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics of granular media, an essential step towards improved models of a wide range of important  industrial processes, including transport and processing of grains and powders, and gas fluidized beds used in petroleum processing. These conceptually simple but visually striking  experiments will be used to increase the number and quality of physics majors through incorporation into undergraduate courses, and a traveling show to be taken to local high schools in the community."]
["CAREER: Design, Applications, and Foundations of Safe, Low-Level Programming Languages","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Morrisett, J. Gregory","NY","Cornell University - Endowed","greg@eecs.harvard.edu","CSE","9875536  J. Gregory Morrisett\n\nWe are examining the design, applications, and foundations of low-level, but safe programming languages.  The goal is as in C, to give programmers (and compilers) the option of tight control over instructions and memory management, but as with high-level languages such as Java or SML, provide the abstraction and safety mechanisms needed to engineer large systems.  In particular, we are exploring type systems that support the elimination of unnecessary dynamic tests, provide manual control over data layout, and give fine-grained control over the [de]allocation of memory objects, all without sacrificing the safety guarantees of high-level languages.  We expect that the type systems for these low-level languages will have a number of compelling benefits.  First, a programmer unsatisfied with automatically generated code or automatic memory managers will have the facilities to hand-optimize the code.  As long as the resulting code continues to type-check, the programmer can be assured that the code is still safe.  Second, typed low-level languages can serve as compiler intermediate or target languages.  Here, the types can be used to support advanced optimizations, to ensure that compilation invariants are maintained, and to support security in extensible systems.  Finally, typed low-level languages can serve as safe \"glue\" between high-level language systems and low-level services, such as runtime systems, operating systems, or hardware devices, thereby providing an evolutionary path from legacy software to next-generation systems."]
["CAREER: Traps for Rydberg Atoms","PHY","ATOMIC & MOLECULAR DYNAMICS","Raithel, Georg","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","graithel@umich.edu","MPS","9875553\n\nRaithel\n\nThe scientific component of this CAREER award is a project that will use state-of-the-art laser cooling and trapping techniques to produce cold and trapped Rydberg atoms.  Different methods of Rydberg atom trapping will be demonstrated and characterized.  Once formed, cold and trapped Rydberg atoms will be used to study high-density Rydberg systems and to perform high-precision spectroscopy and atom interferometry with Rydberg atoms.  The research component will be accompanied by a summer outreach program directed toward high school students."]
["CAREER: Theory and Applications of Optimization Algorithms","CCF","NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Tutuncu, Reha","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","reha@cmu.edu","CSE","The research component of this project will address theoretical and practical issues in the development and implementation of continuous optimization algorithms and their application to problems in mathematical finance and chemical process engineering. Algorithm design efforts will focus on interior-point methods, including the study of semidefinite\n\nprogramming, complementarity, general nonlinear programming, and robust optimization problems. Particular attention will be devoted to the development and analysis of potential-reduction methods and  algorithms that reliably detect infeasible problems, as well as to the efficient implementation of these methods. Implementation efforts will include the continuation of the improvement of SDPT3, a research code for semidefinite\n\nprogramming. Robust optimization problems will be studied through saddle-point formulations and polynomial-time interior-point algorithms for this class of problems will be developed. \n\n\n\nThe applications in mathematical finance will focus on the study of pricing of financial derivative securities in the presence of transaction costs through optimization models, and on the development of methods to find robust and low turn-over solutions to portfolio selection problems.  This project will also continue the investigator's current collaboration with chemical engineers on the study of optimization models and\n\nmethods to solve chemical process engineering problems. \n\n\n\nThe integrated educational activities of this project include (1) further development of graduate courses in optimization, portfolio theory, and interior-point methods already introduced by the investigator; (2) participation in outreach activities through project direction at CMU's Summer Undergraduate Institute; (3) facilitation of active involvement of \n\nundergraduate students in local industries through the introduction and running of a new project course; (4) a long-term plan for the preparation of a graduate-level textbook on portfolio optimization.  \n\n\n\nThe theoretical insights gained from this research will lead to\n\ndesign of more efficient optimization algorithms.  The models, methods, and software resulting from this project has the potential to produce improved decisions and performance on several application areas in science and technology."]
["CAREER: Atomic-Scale Microscopy and Spectroscopy: New Tools for Condensed Matter Physics Research and Interdisciplinary Education","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Yazdani, Ali","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","yazdani@princeton.edu","MPS","9875565\n\nYazdani\n\n \n\nThe recent advances in scanning probe microscopies are the unifying motivations for the proposed four-year CAREER development program, which integrates research at the forefront of condensed matter physics with an interdisciplinary educational program.  The research program proposes experiments in three critical and related areas of the physics of  superconductors: the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity, the suppression of  superconductivity in two-dimensions, and the interactions of an unconventional superconductor with local perturbations. It is the high-resolution tunneling microscopy, together with the imaging and atomic manipulation capabilities of our state-of-the-art scanning tunneling microscope (STM), that make the proposed research possible.  With this tool, we can make significant contributions to research in superconductivity and, moreover, we are in a position to address a wide range of problems in condensed matter physics.  The educational component of this program involves the development of a new course to provide theoretical and practical knowledge of STM and related instruments to advanced undergraduates  and beginning graduate students in a wide range of disciplines, from physics to biology. \n\n%%%\n\nUsing the newly developed scanning probe microscopes, it is now possible to image, manipulate, and probe properties of a variety of materials, from semiconductors to biological samples on very short length scales.  Using these techniques experiments will be performed in three critical areas of the physics of superconductors.  This research program is complemented by the development of a new course in scanning probe microscopy, which will introduce state-of-the-art techniques to graduate and undergraduate students in a wide range of disciplines in the physical and biological sciences. \n\n***"]
["CAREER: Rational Design of Cryopreservation Techniques for Cells and Tissues","BES","BIOCHEMICAL & BIOMASS ENG","Karlsson, Jens O.M.","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","jens.karlsson@me.gatech.edu","ENG","The overall research objective of this award is to advance the state-of-the-art in mechanistic theoretical modeling of the response of cells and tissues to cryopresevation in order to make possible the rational design of freeze/thaw protocols which cause minimal cell damage.  This is to be done by: (1) modeling water \n\ntransport in high Peclet number regimes; (2) modeling of the thawing process; (3) measuring physical properties of cryoprotectant solutions; (4) verifying the models; (5) analyzing tissue cryopreservation; and (6) integrating the optimization of freezing and thawing protocols.  The educational objectives are to: (1)  enhance awareness of biology among engineers and of engineering methods among biologists and clinicians via cross-cutting educational activities; and (2) use these interactions to enhance educational experiences for students.  The educational objectives are to be achieved by using four integrated strategies."]
["CAREER: Micromachining of Gallium Nitride and Related Materials for Microwave and Optoelectronic Applications","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Fay, Patrick","IN","University of Notre Dame","patrick.j.fay.9@nd.edu","ENG","9875600\n\nFay\n\nAn integrated plan for career development based on research on micromachining of GaN and related materials (e.g. A1GaN, InGaN, InA1N) is proposed. Three micromachined devices for microwave and optoelectronic applications that can only be realized using micromachining approaches are proposed to demonstrate the technology: an inline transmissive microwave power sensor, a piezoelectrically assisted microwave micromechanical switch, and an arbitrary curvilin-ear mirror surface for the realization of surface emitting blue heterostructure diodes. The re-search work proposed includes development of the necessary micromachining fabrication pro-cesses, including the development and implementation of a computerized submersible angle-controlled stage for generating arbitrarily-shaped etch sidewalls using photoelectrochemical wet etching. In addition, a full characterization of the etch reaction kinetics will be performed, and a process model developed for inclusion into the control software for the angle-controlled stage in order to etch curved as well as arbitrarily angled surfaces. The thermal conductivity and thermo-electric properties of GaN and A1GaN as a function of A1 mole fraction will also be investigated experimentally both in order to optimize the material selection for the inline transmissive power sensor, as well as to provide additional experimental insight into the electronic band structure of this nascent material system. The development and demonstration of a viable micromachining technology in this material system will have wide-ranging impact on the fields of high-power and high-temperature microwave electronics as well as short-wavelength optoelectronics. The inline transmissive power sensor is designed to be integrable with high-power GaN-based HEMTs, providing for the ability to directly measure amplifier output power over very wide bandwidths without the need for large coupling structures. The piezoelectrically-assisted micro-wave micromechanical switch is expected to provide the same benefits as micro-electro-me-chanical switches in Si and other III-V materials, but with the added benefit of lower activation voltage due to the piezoelectric properties of GaN and integrability with high-speed, high-power GaN HEMTs. Finally, the arbitrary curvilinear mirror surface technology will allow the imple-mentation of surface-emitting heterostructure diodes to greatly ease the difficulty in packaging these devices for high-density optical storage and display applications. In addition to providing a more easily packaged surface-emitting structure rather than an edge-emitting diode structure, the ability to tailor the curvature of the mirror surface through the use of the angle-controlled etching stage also permits the control of the stigmation of the far-field intensity pattern of the emitter, eliminating the need for bulky and difficult-to-align external optical components to circularize the light beam.\n\nThe educational programs that are included within the scope of activities of this research project include numerous opportunities for undergraduate students to participate directly in research activities. These opportunities include participation in the development of micromachining fabrication processes, device fabrication and verification, and microwave and optoelectronic testing of the finished devices. The research results originating from this work will also be incorporated into undergraduate course work; the Integrated Optoelectronics, Wire-less Communications and Microwave Measurements, and Electronic Circuits courses taught by Prof. Fay will all benefit directly through inclusion of results from this work. Students will also be given the opportunity to be involved in this project through the senior design capstone course in the department; the numerous opportunities for fabrication process design as well as imple-mentation of the computerized angle-controlled etching stage are well-suited for year-long undergraduate design projects. An additional program to be supported by this program is the expansion of Prof. Fay's Electronics Hobby Evenings program to include more students from other departments and colleges across the university as well as to include interested high school students and community members.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Growth Factor Accessibility and the Role of Extracellular Mediators","BES","BIOTECHNOLOGY","Williams, Kimberly","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","kforsten@vt.edu","ENG","The overall research objective of this award is to apply \n\nengineering principles through mathematical modeling to elucidate \n\nimportant parameters and variables key to the regulation of growth \n\nfactor transport.  This type of analysis should find practical use \n\nin deciphering how therapeutics might find access to underlying \n\ntissue or be cleared from the blood stream in a timely fashion.  \n\nThe educational objective revolves around the idea that learning \n\nrelies on effective communication and that team building skills \n\nare critical for interdisciplinary work.  Methods proposed to meet \n\nthe educational objective include: (1)  the assembly of a \n\nbiochemical track for undergraduate students interested in \n\ncellular engineering; (2) the development of an upper-level \n\nundergraduate/graduate course in cellular engineering; (3) the \n\nprovision of opportunities for women and minorities to investigate \n\nwhat graduate school and cellular engineering involve through \n\nundergraduate research;  and (4) the incorporation of active \n\nlearning as well as writing analysis in both classroom instruction \n\nand research group meetings to promote deep learning."]
["CAREER: An Efficient 3D Representation for Modeling Microstructure of Trabecular Bone and Development of An Integrated Program in Computational Biomechanics","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT","Guo, X. Edward","NY","Columbia University","exg1@columbia.edu","ENG","9875633\n\nGuo\n\nThe goal is to develop an integrated education program in computational biomechanics in conjunction with research in trabecular bone mechanics in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Columbia University.  The research component of the project aims to develop a novel imaging analysis and modeling technique for trabecular bone mechanics.  Trabecular bone, a spongy, porous type of bone tissue made of tiny rods and plates, is mostly affected by many bone diseases such as osteoporosis, which costs billions of dollars in health care in the United States alone.  The complex three-dimensional microstructure of trabecular bone can be captured in great details by high resolution imaging techniques.  Mechanical models based on these high-resolution images of trabecular bone are very useful in determining mechanical properties of normal and diseased trabecular bone.  One technical challenge in modeling is to overcome the enormously large size of the models.  In this project, a distinctly new approach will be developed to handle microstructural modeling of trabecular bone.  We will develop imaging analysis procedures on high-resolution images of trabecular bone to create microstructural models with significantly reduced size (200-100 fold) such that even a whole bone can be analyzed!  In parallel with this research activity, a new course in computational biomechanics for senior undergraduate and first year graduate students will be introduced.  In this new course, we will use a multimedia teaching facility equipped with numerous computer workstations and video-audio aids to teach students the fundamentals in biology, computational techniques as well as basic principles of mechanics.  In addition, using the Internet as a fast channel for information dissemination, all teaching materials will be written in a highly graphical and multimedia format and placed on the World-Wide-Web for student's easy access.  Furthermore, programming modules of basic computational techniques will be written in a new Java language, which allow a computer-platform-independent Internet access by students.  New research advances in the research component will be introduced and implemented in the course.  In summary, this project will develop an innovative modeling technique for trabecular bone, integrate new research advances in undergraduate/graduate education, and provide an interactive (fun) teaching forum for enhancing education in science, mathematics, engineering and technology."]
["CAREER: High Performance Packet Switches","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","McKeown, Nick","CA","Stanford University","nickm@ee.stanford.edu","CSE","The Internet is facing two problems simultaneously: there is a need for faster switching/routing\n\ncapacity to carry the continued growth of user data, and there is a need to introduce guaranteed\n\nqualities of service (QoS) for real-time traffic.  Each problem can be solved independently - the fastest single-stage switches and routers can be made using input-queued crossbar switches, instead of shared memory systems limited by memory bandwidth.  And QoS can be provided using numerous well-known techniques, such as weighted fair queueing (WFQ).  However, until now, these two solutions have been mutually exclusive; all of the work on algorithms that provide QoS has required that switches and routers use shared memory or output queueing.\n\nThe Next Generation Internet (NGI) will require hugely increased capacity, and distinguished and guaranteed qualities of service.  Building on previous research on high performance switches and routers, the proposed work will follow three avenues in an attempt to solve the problem of simultaneously increasing network capacity and providing QoS:\n\n1. Switch Speedup.  Using a new technique called \"precise emulation via speedup\", cross-bar switches can be built that precisely emulate output queued and centralized shared memory switches, yet use memories that run at only twice the speed of the external line.  This promising technique enables switches and routers to provide guaranteed QoS at speeds much higher than before.  In this work, new practical algorithms will be developed, studied and prototyped with the goal of making this technique available to the industry at large,\n\n2. The Fork-Join Router.  This is a new highly parallel architecture for single-stage IP routers with aggregate capacities in excess of 1Tb/s.  Using multiple forms of parallelism simultaneously, different parts of the system may operate at different speeds, allowing a particular implementation to make best use of the available switching, and forwarding technology.  The router is highly fault-tolerant, degrading gracefully when sub-systems fail.  Perhaps most importantly, the fork-join router can use the \"speedup\" technique for Terabit routers that provide precise QoS guarantees.\n\n3. The Streaming Processor.  Network switches and routers require fast processing elements that process data as it \"streams through.\"  Streaming data is not processed well by traditional heavily-pipelined load-store RISC CPUs.  There is a need for a processor architecture optimized for streaming data, in which the CPU is part of a larger system pipeline, and in which data with spatial, but not temporal, locality can be processed at very high speed.  Such a device would enable faster forwarding decisions in routers, perform\n\nfaster scheduling algorithms to provide QoS, and perform fast transcoding of net-work data.\n\nAn important goal is to see the research used by industry and in the NGI.  Therefore, a goal of\n\nthe proposed research is to transfer the technology to the builders of \"carrier-class\" switching and routing equipment, and to encourage rapid adoption."]
["CAREER: Real-Space Measurement of Structure and Director Configuration in 3-D: A Study using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy","DMR","POLYMERS|SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY","Srinivasarao, Mohan","NC","North Carolina State University","mohan@ptfe.gatech.edu","MPS","9875646\n\nSrinivasarao\n\nThis proposal is focused on the use of polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) for display devices.  Polymer dispersed liquid crystals consist of micron size drops of small molecule (nematic) liquid crystals embedded or trapped in a polymer matrix formed by photopolymerization.  The aim of the proposal is to understand the dynamics of domain growth in a reactive medium that is undergoing phase separation.  A laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) will be utilized to make measurements confirming growth laws operable in these systems, and to develop methods of imaging director configurations in complicated morphologies in three dimension.  Such methods should find applications in a variety of other areas besides the materials under study in this proposal.  The integration of this research with education goals will provide a very stimulating environment for students both at the undergraduate and graduate levels.  The integration of research and education to be implemented in this project will provide students with a very broad education that crosses disciplinary boundaries, requiring knowledge of physics of liquid crystals, chemistry, optics, and polymer chemistry.\n\n%%%\n\nOrganic thin films are utilized in various technological applications.  Their role in display devices is a case in point.  The use of devices for displaying information that use liquid crystals are quite pervasive as is evidenced by their use in laptop computer screens.  This particular approach to the integration of research with education will expose both undergraduate and graduate students to interdisciplinary research that provides a glimpse of what is to follow in industrial settings.  The biggest impact will be in educating young minds and preparing young scientists and engineers to compete in future job markets.  These outreach activities are also designed to help educate high school teachers on issues that are pertinent to society in this \"age of plastics\"."]
["CAREER: Rendering Algorithms for Tactile and Haptic Display of Multidimensional Data","IIS","UNIVERSAL ACCESS|HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Barner, Kenneth","DE","University of Delaware","barner@eecis.udel.edu","CSE","This career plan focuses on the broad challenges of designing every-citizen interfaces (ECIs) to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) and fully integrating individuals with disabilities into the education and employment mainstream. These are complementing challenges as full access to the NII is becoming integral to not only education and employment, but also leisure time pursuits. Access is of particular concern to individuals with physical, sensory, and other disabilities who often find current interfaces difficult or impossible to use. This career plan consists of a tightly coordinated set of research, education, and mentoring activities designed to address the NII interface and educational needs of individuals with disabilities.\n\n\n\nWithin the broad objectives, the specific research activities of this plan focus on the development of rendering algorithms that will allow individuals with visual impairments access to multidimensional data through haptic and tactile means. Information that is multidimensional, such as complex mathematical expressions or recorded sensor data, is generally displayed in an inaccessible visual form. While tactile and haptic hardware technology continues to advance and can be brought to bear on this problem, relatively little research has been applied to the development of rendering algorithms for the effective display of information. This research will address the following fundamental issues:\n\n\n\n   Optimal data decomposition for low-relief tactile and dynamic haptic display - Methods for extracting data features, including edges, contours, region boundaries, and textures that faithfully represent the underlying data will be developed.\n\n\n\n   Optimal feature and multiresolution display - Display methods that are optimized for the low tactile and kinesthetic bandwidth will be developed. These methods will present data features in a form that can be comprehended tactilely and haptically. Moreover, these display methods will allow for a multiresolution display in which detail level can be easily controlled.\n\n\n\nThe tactile and haptic rendering research will also develop multimodal methods and formalize this area of research borrowing from the more developed fields of sonification and general visualization.\n\n\n\nThe research objectives are closely integrated with a complementing set of education and mentoring objectives, including the development of related courses and the implementation of mentoring activities for students from underrepresented groups in the high school through graduate school levels. The specific educational and mentoring objectives include:\n\n\n\n     Course Development - Courses will be developed that give students a theoretical foundation in areas critical to ECI design and will also introduce them to a wide array of problems, including disability related issues. Students will also work with community organizations to solve real-world problems and learn in a problem-based setting.\n\n\n\n  Mentoring activities - Mentoring activities include an Internet based mentoring program for high school students with disabilities, summer internships and research opportunities, and advisement of a campus disability issues focused student organization.\n\n\n\nThe education and mentoring activities will be conducted in conjunction with the research activities, for instance through the use of research projects as teaching examples in courses and the inclusion of interns in research teams. Moreover, results from the research efforts will form new paradigm teaching tools that can be integrated into the curriculum. Through these coordinated efforts, the body of knowledge on ECI design will be advanced as will the opportunities available to individuals with disabilities."]
["CAREER: MESO-SCOPIC DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS FOR MONOLITHIC INTEGRATION  WITH VLSI","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Prather, Dennis","DE","University of Delaware","dprather@ee.udel.edu","ENG","The proposed research is to design, construct and characterized suitable diffractive optical elements (DOE) for use as optical interconnects monolithically integrated in VLSL circuits and hence significantly improve system performance of high level computing systems.  The project has both experimental and theoretical aspects.  Experimentaly meso-scopic diffractive optical elements and VLSI circuits will be designed and fabricated.  Theoretical simulation using both boundary elements methods (BEM) and finite difference-time domain method (FDTD) will be performed.  The educational component of the proposal is to integrate research into undergraduate courses which will require research participation and presentation of results by students."]
["CAREER:  Dynamic Freight and Fleet Management: Modeling,  Algorithm Development and Implementation","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP|INFO TECH & INFRASTRUCT SYSTEM|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Regan, Amelia","CA","University of California-Irvine","aregan@uci.edu","ENG","Dynamic Freight and Fleet Management: Modeling, Algorithm Development and Implementation\n\n\n\nThe proposed project involves the development of an integrated research and teaching program.  Its educational aim is to define the goals of a graduate program in transportation systems engineering (systems analysis and applied operations research) which includes a significant logistics component, to create a graduate sequence in freight network analysis and logistics and to guide the development of a four course undergraduate sequence in computer and mathematical methods for Civil and Environmental Engineering.  \n\n\n\nThe research focus is in the area of dynamic freight and fleet management. Commercial vehicle operations are increasingly dominated by operations which require that decisions be made in real-time, as changes in customer demands, traffic network conditions, and the availability of resources (vehicles, drivers, repair equipment, etc.) occur.  The rapid development of advanced information technologies suitable for use in real-time operations has outpaced the development of algorithms and implementable systems to support dynamic fleet management.  The proposed research involves algorithm development aimed specifically at time-constrained and stochastic fleet and freight management systems coupled with modeling efforts which focus on the representation of freight transportation networks with a sufficient degree of operational realism in order to draw reasonable inferences into the likelihood of successful implementation of the algorithms developed. Applications include trucking operations, (long haul truckload, less-than-truckload and intermodal drayage between maritime ports, railheads and air freight terminals), local package pickup and delivery operations and urban service fleets."]
["Career:  Advanced Numerical Modeling of Bridge Foundation Scour","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|STRUCTURES I","Sotiropoulos, Fotis","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","fsotirop@ce.gatech.edu","ENG","Abstract\n\n9875691\n\nThe proposal for this CAREER award was motivated by the need for a comprehensive research strategy to address the problem of bridge pier and abutment scour, the leading cause of bridge failures that devastated the nation's transportation infrastructure during recent severe floods.  Due to the enormous complexity of this problem, for such a strategy to be effective it must integrate field and laboratory experiments with three-dimensional computational modeling.  It is the objective of this work to develop an advanced computational fluid dynamics model by combining the latest advancements in numerical and turbulence modeling of complex, three-dimensional flows with a novel approach for modeling the sediment transport processes that lead to scour.  The numerical methodology will rely on the unsteady, three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations closed with advanced turbulence models, which resolve the near-wall flow, account for turbulence anisotropy, and can simulate bed roughness.  Such level of turbulence modeling is essential for reproducing the structure and intensity of the foundation-induced, large-scale vortices that drive the scouring process.  A coupled Lagrangian/Eulerian approach will be developed for modeling the transport of sediment particles and simulating the temporal development of scour.  Efficient numerical methods, featuring multigrid acceleration and preconditioning strategies, will be used to solve the time-dependent governing equations.  Data from existing laboratory experiments will be used to calibrate and validate the numerical model.  This research will lead to an advanced computational framework that can be used to enhance our understanding of  the complex mechanisms that induce scour in the field at a level of detail not previously accessible by field and laboratory experiments alone.  The numerical model, employed in conjunction with experimental studies, will facilitate the evaluation of bridge designs for scour susceptibility and the development of scour countermeasures that are based on in-depth understanding of the flow physics.  Therefore, this work could potentially have a significant impact on the current state-of-the-art, which relies almost exclusively on empirical correlations derived from small-scale laboratory measurements.  Furthermore, the numerical model will help guide future improved experiments by clarifying issues such as the effect of  scaling the results of small-scale experiments to full-scale conditions, and the time development of scour toward equilibrium.  The educational contributions of this CAREER plan will include, among others, the following: i) a new curriculum for Civil and Environmental engineers in the area of computational fluid dynamics and hydraulics; ii) projects for directly involving undergraduates in research; and iii) a graduate-level textbook on the numerical simulation of incompressible turbulent flows."]
["CAREER:  Development of Design Decision Support Methods for Large-Scale Systems","DMI","ENGINEERING DESIGN","Lewis, Kemper","NY","SUNY at Buffalo","kelewis@eng.buffalo.edu","ENG","This Faculty Early Career Development award provides funding to develop methods to support sound and rational decision making in complex, large-scale systems design.  The research initiatives include:  (1) developing game theory methods to model large-scale design problems that are being performed by multiple designers or design teams,(2) using statistical and probabilistic techniques to develop methods to approximate the decision interfaces among designers or subsystems, and (3) integrating modern operations research and visualization techniques into decision support tools to describe and predict the effects of various decisions on product performance and configuration.  The educational aims are to develop engineering design awareness and associated programs in local K-12 schools,  integrate systems design technology and techniques into the undergraduate and graduate curriculums,  and  continue to develop systems design distance learning courses utilizing network and multimedia capabilities at the University at Buffalo.\n\n     If successful, the results of this research will lead to the capability to describe existing design process protocols, rapidly explore system decision tradeoffs, and predict the effects of different strategic decision structures.  The primary benefits of this research include allowing designers to quantify the interfaces in the design of large-scale systems.  These interfaces include the tradeoffs in integrating and coordinating multiple decision-makers or teams, functional interfaces between subsystems, and interfaces between temporal product realization stages, such as design and manufacturing."]
["CAREER: Architectures And Algorithms for Rapidly Growing Datasets","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Acharya, Anurag","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","acha@cs.ucsb.edu","CSE","9875732  Anurag Acharya\n\nThe goal of this project is to evaluate Active Disk architectures which integrate significant processing power and memory into a disk drive and allow application-specific code to be downloaded and executed on the data that is being read from (written to) disk.  This project takes a vertical approach spanning architectures, programming model, operating systems and algorithms. A stream-based programming model is developed for disklets and their interaction with their peers. A restricted execution environment is designed for the execution of disklets. A simulator that contains detailed models for disks, networks and the associated libraries and device drivers and relatively coarse-grain models of processors and I/O interconnects is developed. Active Disk algorithms are developed for a suite of data-intensive algorithms for relational databases, image processing and satellite data processing. The performance of these algorithms running on Active Disks is compared with that of efficient algorithms running on conventional architectures, such as clusters and SMPs."]
["CAREER:  QoS Architecture for General Purpose Network  Computing.","CNS","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Yau, David","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","yau@cs.purdue.edu","CSE","9876117\n\n\n\nCAREER: Compiler Optimizations for Instruction Bandwidth\n\n\n\nWilson C. Hsieh\n\n\n\n\n\nThis project reexamines how compiler optimization affects one of the\n\nbottlenecks in commercial applications: the cost of fetching\n\ninstructions.  Standard compiler optimizations trade instruction\n\nbandwidth for faster instruction sequences, which works well for\n\napplications that have good instruction locality.  Unfortunately,\n\nrecent studies have shown that instruction bandwidth is a\n\nperformance-limiting factor in many commercial applications, such as\n\ndatabases, circuit simulators, and multimedia programs.  In addition,\n\ntechnology trends in processor architectures will also increase\n\napplications' demands for instruction bandwidth.  The proposed\n\nresearch will explore several solutions to these problems.  First, two\n\nnew compiler optimizations to improve utilization of the instruction\n\ncache, instruction cache scheduling and code factoring, will be\n\ninvestigated.  Trace analysis of commercial applications will be used\n\nto quantify their benefits.  Second, traditional compiler\n\noptimizations will be reexamined and redesigned as necessary, with the\n\ngoal of making them sensitive to instruction cache utilization.\n\nFinally, architectural changes to support explicit cooperation between\n\nthe compiler and processor to make more efficient use of the\n\ninstruction cache will be explored.  This research will provide a\n\nbetter understanding of how compilers should optimize large,\n\ncommercial applications, which is a field that has remained relatively\n\nunexamined in the research community."]
["CAREER: Development and Applications of Solid-State NMR     Methods for the Structure Determination of Membrane -       Associated Peptides","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS|BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS","Ramamoorthy, Ayyalusamy","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","ramamoor@umich.edu","BIO","Ramamoorthy\n\n9875756\n\n\n\nTechnical:\n\nThe main objective of this proposal is to develop solid-state NMR techniques that are capable of describing the structures and dynamics of immobile and non-crystalline supramolecular assemblies of membrane proteins that have been largely inaccessible to the traditional experimental methods of structural biology, x-ray crystallography and solution NMR spectroscopy. The key problem hampering widespread use of solid-state NMR spectroscopy for structure determination of membrane-bound peptides and proteins is the lack of a comprehensive resonance assignment protocol. To overcome this problem, multinuclear, multidimensional methods are proposed. Several biologically active membrane-bound polypeptides will be used in the development of methods proposed in this application. Since spin interaction tensors are important in the conformation and dynamics studies of uniaxially oriented membrane-associated polypeptides, simple methods are proposed to study chemical shift anisotropy and dipolar coupling tensors associated with nuclei (~sN and 13C) on the backbone of the peptide of interest rather than using the data from a model peptide in order to probe the global as well as local dynamics of the peptide incorporated in lipid bilayers. Two educational initiatives are proposed to develop Biophysics and Chemical Biology courses that reflect the expansion of this science into the interface between Biology and Physics.\n\n\n\nGeneral Significance:\n\nMore than half of all proteins are strongly associated with cell membranes. Membrane-associated proteins are responsible for many of the properties and functions of biological systems. In order to obtain a detailed understanding of how membrane proteins carry out their functions and how these functions can be altered for biological or biotechnological purposes, it is necessary to determine their three-dimensional structures. Determining the structures of membrane proteins is one of the most important challenges in science at the present time. In this research project, new solid-state NMR techniques will be developed and applied to study several biologically active membrane-bound peptides. The methods and goals of this research will demonstrate the power of solid-state NMR methods applied to systems of fundamental interest, and will also provide a mad map for other investigations of complex membrane proteins using solid-state NMR. Two educational initiatives are proposed to develop Biophysics and Chemical Biology courses that reflect the expansion of this science into the interface between Biology and Physics."]
["CAREER: Synthesis and Analysis of Mixed-Phase Microporous/Mesoporous Materials and Implementation of Distance Learning Techniques","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MATERIALS SYNTHESIS & PROCESSN","Landry, Christopher","VT","University of Vermont & State Agricultural College","christopher.landry@uvm.edu","MPS","This CAREER award to Christopher C. Landry at the University of Vermont is supported by the Advanced Materials Program in the Chemistry Division. The research deals with the synthesis, characterization and catalytic and chromatographic behavior of mixed phase microporous/mesoporous silicates and aluminosilicates. The mixed phases will be prepared by initial polymerization of a silicate source in the presence of an organic micellar template in aqueous solution and room temperature to form a weakly-organized mesoporous material. This material will be subsequently heated in the presence of a structure-directing agent, typically tetrapropyl ammonium cation, to form a microporous material.  Incomplete annealing will produce mixed mesoporous/microporous composites. Structure, as a function of reaction variables will be explored. XRD, NMR, IR, SEM, TEM and porosimetry will be employed to characterize the mixed phases. The materials will be evaluated as catalysts for olefin isomerization and as chromatographic supports.\n\n\n\nThe CAREER educational plan will focus on the inclusion of Materials Chemistry into both graduate and undergraduate curricula. Courses in Materials  Chemistry will be developed which will also utilize local faculty and industrial scientists as resources.  Classes and special lectures will be electronically disseminated through the University's Distance Learning Network, permitting both graduate students and industrial scientists at remote locations to earn credit towards advanced degrees. The program will include examples from Prof. Landry's research and other local industrial projects and is expected to stimulate industrial-academic research partnerships."]
["CAREER:  Ultra-Precision Shape Controlled Smart Structures","CMS","DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Main, John Alan","KY","University of Kentucky Research Foundation","johnmain@engr.uky.edu","ENG","PI:  John A. Main, Ph.D., University of Kentucky\n\nProposal # 9875781\n\nCAREER:  Ultra-Precision Shape Controlled Smart Structures\n\n\n\nAbstract\n\nEngineering systems that require ultra-precision control of positions and shapes often use active materials as extremely precise actuators.  Many active materials respond to applied electric fields, which are conventionally applied by distributed electrodes.  In this investigation active material actuator technology is combined with an electron gun charge deposition system and the characteristics of the resulting shape and position control system explored.  The electron gun approach permits extremely accurate placement of control charges on the active material, thus making it possible to command strains and displacements at extremely precise locations in a piezoelectric structure.  The overall technical objective is the development of a thorough understanding of electron gun shape control of piezoelectric materials, including possible shape control limits, resolution, and dynamic behavior.  Both analytical and computation models are being developed and verified with experimental data.  The companion educational objective is to use the scientific investigation, which has significant mechanical, electrical, and control engineering components, to expose as many students as possible to the inherently multidisciplinary nature of modern engineering.\n\nAn actuation system that has the potential to be controllable at the nanometer level is explored in this research.  Potential applications for the technology developed in this project include active optics, micro-electro-mechanical systems, and micromanufacturing, which are all high value-added emerging industries.  Training of students at the graduate, undergraduate, and secondary levels is also a product of this work-a product that naturally adds to domestic capabilities in math, science, and engineering."]
["CAREER: Regulation of Membrane Traffic by the Arl1 Protein in Yeast","MCB","CELLULAR ORGANIZATION|CELLULAR SYSTEMS","Rosenwald, Anne","DC","Georgetown University","rosenwaa@georgetown.edu","BIO","This project has two broad objectives. First, a laboratory research program that supports education and training of graduate students and provides significant \"hands-on\" training in research for undergraduate students will be developed and implemented. Second, new strategies for teaching biology at the molecular level at both the graduate and undergraduate level in classroom and laboratory settings will be developed and implemented.\n\n\n\nThese research efforts will advance our understanding of a critical process for eukaryotic cell function, the movement of macromolecules between membrane-bound compartments (organelles). The regulation of this process, particularly how organelles maintain their unique assortment of protein and lipid components is currently not well understood. This research will address the question by examining the function of a protein hypothesized to regulate this process, the Arl 1 protein of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a guanine nucleotide-binding protein that binds alternately GDP and GTP. The hypothesis upon which the research portion of the proposal is based is the following: the Arl 1 protein, like its close relatives the Arf proteins, is a modulator of membrane traffic in a nucleotide-dependent manner and as a result is a member of a novel signaling pathway. This portion of the project has three goals, (1) examination of the interactions between Arl 1 proteins and guanine nucleotides, (2) determination of the role of Arl l protein in regulation of membrane traffic, and (3) isolation and characterization of proteins that interact with Arl 1 protein. Both graduate and undergraduate students will be significantly involved in achieving these goals.\n\n\n\nTo achieve the second objective, the undergraduate core curriculum for Biology will be revised to integrate several courses, Introduction to Biology, Biochemistry, and Genetics. This integrated curriculum will in turn form the basis for a newly approved Concentration in Molecular and Cellular Biology that will include many different course offerings, including Cell Biology, Developmental Biology, Population Genetics, and advanced seminars in current topics like signal transduction. In Biochemistry, the emphasis will shift from memorization of details to gaining an understanding of the underlying conceptual framework for this discipline. Necessary skills for rational scientific discourse, such as analytical thinking, writing, and oral skills, will be emphasized. Collaborative learning exercises will be implemented to augment the current lecture-based format. Use of existing computer technologies, as well as development of new computer-based tools, will further strengthen course work.  Additional programs will be undertaken to enhance mentoring and community outreach."]
["CAREER: Population Subdivision and Reproductive Isolation in Drosophila Silvestris and D. Hawaiiensis","DEB","POPULATION DYNAMICS","Price, Donald","HI","University of Hawaii","donaldp@hawaii.edu","BIO","Price\n\n9875785\n\n\n\nA core scientific issue for our understanding of biodiversity on the planet is how the biological processes that generate differences among individuals within and among populations translate into the differences we see among species.  Reproductive isolation is one of the most important biological processes for creating and maintaining this biodiversity diversity. When individuals from different populations do not mate then the populations can evolve independently and potentially create new species. The Hawaiian picture-winged flies and Hawaiian Drosophila in general are a highly speciose group of animals with over 500 species that are found only in the Hawaiian Islands. The fragmentation of suitable habitat due to lava flows and variable climates across the island restricts the distribution of species into many isolated populations. This study will use molecular genetic techniques to compare the degree of genetic isolation to the degree of reproductive isolation among populations in these different habitats.  The understanding of these biological processes will influence management strategies for conservation biology in Hawaii and across the planet.\n\n\n\nThe Hawaiian Islands and especially the Big Island of Hawaii offer unique opportunities to investigate the formation and maintenance of biodiversity.  Approximately 81% of the birds, 89% of the flowering plants and 99% of the terrestrial invertebrates are native only to the Hawaiian Islands. Many of these animals and plants are threatened or in danger of extinction. The unique animals and plants coupled with the highly fragmented populations of many species provide the islands with difficult challenges for the conservation of biological diversity. This project will be integrated into an ecology, evolution and conservation biology program being developed at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. The integration of research and education in the general area of environmental biology is vital to the preservation of Hawaii's biodiversity."]
["Career: Toward a QoS Provision Architecture in Noncooperative Networks: Theory and Implementation.","CNS","RESEARCH/TESTBEDS","Park, Kihong","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","park@cs.purdue.edu","CSE","With the increased deployment of high-speed local- and wide-area networks carrying a multitude of information from email to bulk data to voice and video, provisioning adequate quality of service (QoS)  to the diverse application base has become an important problem.  Current techniques---some stemming from intrinsic limitations---make it difficult to provide differentiated QoS and guarantees without resorting to over-provisioning which renders these services prohibitive.\n\n\n\nGiven the expected use of the Internet as an everyday, casual, yet evermore indispensable component of economic, educational, entertainment, and other societal functions by the population at large, a new architecture is needed to transform the homogeneous clump that constitutes today's best-effort bandwidth  into stratified services  with graded QoS properties that better matches the diverse QoS needs of a compendium of applications, multimedia or otherwise.  Crucial to the success of this venture is that neither the user nor the network be required to engage in complex computations which would thence make the solution outright infeasible or render it equally as expensive as over-provisioning.\n\n\n\nThis proposal describes a QoS provision architecture suited for best-effort environments based on ideas from microeconomics and noncooperative game theory.  We construct a noncooperative QoS provision model where users are assumed to be selfish, and packets are  routed over switches where---as a function of their enscribed priority---differentiated service is delivered.  Quality of service is an induced phenomenon, achieved as a result of interaction between selfish applications mediated by the underlying network\n\nsubstrate.\n\n\n\nThe present approach differs from previous works in three significant ways---one, it is one of the most comprehensive noncooperative resource allocation models specifically formulated to model QoS provision, two, the approach describes a specific network architecture suited to many-switch wide area network environments, and three, it addresses both theoretical and practical aspects, with an emphasis on realizability.  Not only does the PI study the noncooperative QoS provision modelfrom a game-theoretic\n\nperspective showing the existence of a rich structure relating Nash equilibria to Pareto and system optima, he also investigate the problem of facilitating adequate services when the model is extended to incorporate\n\nmulti-dimensional QoS vectors with possibly conflicting requirements, the effect of system variance on QoS rendered, the adaptive relocation of network resources to hot spots using programmable general processor sharing switches, and the myriad of distributed control problems arising in many-switch systems.\n\n\n\nThis proposal describes the PI's previous research---both single-switch and many-switch---and outlines a program for future research that emphasizes an integrated approach to theoretical and practical issues with a strong view toward feasible implementations.\n\n\n\nThe dual goal of this proposal is to describe a strategy for developing the networking curriculum and education in the Computer Sciences  Department at Purdue University.  The main goals are threefold.  First, expand and reorganize the existing networking curriculum to impart more  structure, depth, and guidance to the student.  This is achieved by enhancing the graduate program with two new networking courses, Advanced Topics in Networking (already implemented) and Experimental Networks. In the undergraduate curriculum, a new networking course was recently introduced by the PI with several more in the planning stage.  Second,  enhance the strength of the graduate research program by incorporating state-of-the-art networking technology into the curriculum (the PI has procured equipment funding for ATM switches which will be incorporated into the fall 98 networking curriculum) and devising a new course in Experimental Networks\n\ninvolving active student participation as players in network games where noncooperative and cooperative protocols and their behavioral consequences are studied.  Finally, with distance learning fast becoming a reality spurned by the growth in enabling networking technology and continuing education demand, the PI hopes to develop an undergraduate-level networking course that can be effectively taught over the Web.  This will be facilitated by the PI's graduate networking course being televised in the fall 1998 semester as part of Purdue's CEE program to off-campus sites who will receive live video/audio feed and a voice channel for questioning."]
["Cognitive Functions of the Postrhinal Cortex","IOB","BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS CLUSTER|BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE","Burwell, Rebecca","RI","Brown University","rebecca_burwell@brown.edu","BIO","LAY ABSTRACT\n\nProposal # : \tIBN-9875792\n\nPI Name:\tRebecca Burwell\n\n\n\nBrown University has a dual mission as an active research institution and a strong liberal arts college. Thus, the expectation is that the PI  will not only establish a research program as an independent investigator, but that she will contribute to the educational goals of the university. The career development plan includes two educational objectives:\n\n1) To direct a program of neuroscience outreach and mentoring for Brown undergraduates belonging to groups that are underrepresented in neuroscience, and 2) To continue and expand involvement of undergraduates in my own research program. The PI has planned an outreach program that will interface with existing programs on campus that have the goal of increasing diversity in all academic disciplines. In particular, this CAREER Award will support summer research fellowships for science concentrators that are interested in neuroscience and belong to groups that are underrepresented in neuroscience fields. Students will do research in a neuroscience lab in collaboration with a faculty mentor throughout the summer.\n\nThe research objectives are part of an overall plan of research that will examine the cognitive functions of the cortical regions surrounding the posterior rhinal sulcus in the rat, including the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices and the newly defined postrhinal cortex. The PI  contributed to the neuroanatomical findings that led to more precise boundaries for the rat perirhinal cortex and provided the conceptual basis for defining the rat postrhinal cortex, a region that exhibits considerable homology with the monkey parahippocampal cortex. Subsequent studies indicated that the interconnections among the perirhinal, postrhinal/parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices and their cortical afferentation are even more similar between the monkey and the rat than previously thought. Thus, the rat now clearly provides an excellent model for understanding the function of the cortical regions that surround the hippocampus. A role in recognition memory has already been identified for the perirhinal cortex, but the parahippocampal cortex does not appear to contribute to object recognition memory in monkeys assessed in the standard DNMS task. The proposed experiments will employ multidisciplinary approaches to examine the hypothesis that the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex contributes to the processing of visuospatial information."]
["CAREER: An Integrated Digital Signal Processing Framework   for Optimized Wireless Communications","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH|RESEARCH/TESTBEDS","Sayeed, Akbar","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","akbar@engr.wisc.edu","CSE","Abstract for CCR-9875805\n\n\n\nWireless communication systems, particularly code-division\n\nmultiple access (CDMA) systems, are vital building blocks of the rapidly\n\nevolving global information infrastructure. Digital signal processing (DSP)\n\nis playing a central role in wireless communications due to the increasingly\n\nsophisticated processing required in the physical network layer.  The major\n\nDSP challenges in CDMA system design stem from three key factors that\n\ndominate the processing in the physical layer: (1) channel propagation\n\ndynamics; (2) multiaccess interference; and, (3) the inherent complexity of\n\nthe DSP algorithms. The proposed research has two primary goals for meeting\n\nthe physical layer CDMA challenges:\n\n\n\n*       Development of DSP tools and theory to launch an integrated attack\n\non time-varying multipath dispersion, time-varying multipath fading, and\n\nmultiaccess interference.\n\n*       Development of design strategies for practical high-performance\n\nsystems that optimize the complexity versus performance tradeoffs inherent\n\nin the DSP techniques.\n\n\n\nA new unified framework based on DSP in canonical multipath-Doppler\n\ncoordinates will be developed to meet these goals. The canonical coordinates\n\nare defined by a fixed basis that is derived from a fundamental\n\ncharacterization of channel propagation dynamics in terms of certain discrete\n\nmultipath delays and Doppler shifts of the signaling waveform. The canonical\n\ncoordinates naturally connect the key physical layer facets and thus\n\nfacilitate a unified DSP development. First, all processing relating to\n\npropagation effects can be directly performed in the coordinates. Second,\n\nthe same coordinates provide a canonical subspace-based representation\n\nof the desired signal and multiaccess interference. Finally, the simple \n\ncomputation and subspace structure of the coordinates affords a direct handle \n\non complexity. At the heart of the research is a particularly promising\n\ninnovation: whereas existing interference suppression techniques treat\n\npropagation effects as a nuisance, canonical coordinates exploit the subspace\n\nstructure induced by channel effects for enhanced interference suppression.\n\n\n\nThe educational objectives of the program include integrated curriculum\n\ndevelopment in DSP and communications, a thematic approach to teaching to\n\nfacilitate conceptual thinking, and leveraging of technology to extend the\n\nboundaries of traditional instruction and learning."]
["CAREER: Theoretical Investigations of Chemical Processes in Bulk Crystals and on Surfaces","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Tuckerman, Mark","NY","New York University","mark.tuckerman@nyu.edu","MPS","Mark Tuckerman is supported by a CAREER award from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Program to study hydrogen bonding and proton transfer in strong acid/base hydrates and gas hydrate crystals using ab initio molecular dynamics and path integral molecular dynamics.  He will also use density functional theoretical methods to study the surface chemistry involved in dehydration and Diels-Alders reactions of hydrocarbons on semiconductor surfaces.  Tuckerman's teaching plan involves an integration of his research and interdisciplinary background into the curricula of graduate statistical mechanics and undergraduate freshman chemistry courses.  Graphic visualization of computer simulations will be used at the undergraduate level.  Graduate students will be taught simulations and apply the techniques to realistic problems.\n\n\n\nAlthough most technologically important chemical processes occur in condensed phases, often with the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, little is known about the detailed molecular nature of these processes.  Only recently have modern theoretical methods been applied to the microscopic details of chemical reactions in condensed phases.  Tuckerman's research program is designed to use modern ab initio computational approaches, employing massively parallel computers, to study such processes thus deepening our theoretical understanding of the molecular details of such systems."]
["CAREER:Performance Enhancement for African American Students in Science (PEASS)","REC",null,"Norman, Obed","WA","Washington State University","onorman@email.sjsu.edu","EHR","This CAREER grant seeks funding for a systematic research program aimed at investigating the root causes of the underachievement of African American students in science.  An important part of this project will be to use the research findings to propose and field test classroom intervention programs aimed at enabling teachers to help African American Students improvement their achievement.\n\n\n\nThe work builds on that of Ogbu who has written extensively on the question of academic performance of minority students in American schools.  A specific research question is how the performance of these students in science is affected by their language use.  Both quantitative and qualitative research methods will be used.  Individual students and teachers as well as classrooms will be used as units of analysis"]
["Career: Self-Organization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers   for the Preparation of Highly Ordered Materials: A Research and Education Program","CTS","INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Alexandridis, Paschalis","NY","SUNY at Buffalo","palexand@eng.buffalo.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT\n\nCTS-9875848\n\nP. Alexandridis\n\nSUNY\n\n\n\nThe ability of amphiphilic molecules to organize at various configurations and lengthscales allows multiple levels of organization, often with remarkable precision.  In additional to all living creatures being manifestations of such self-organization (e.g. lipid cell membranes), numerous technical products and processes that involve, e.g., surfactants and copolymers, are taking advantage of properties (compartmentalization, compatibilization, rheological) afforded by self-organization.\n\n\n\nThe present investigation focuses on amphiphilic block copolymers, macromolecules consisting of hydro(solvo)philic and hydro(solvo)phobic blocks (or grafts), that are very interesting from the aspect of both formulations and materials synthesis, and offer advantages over typical surfactants.  The macromolecular nature of the amphiphilic block copolymers affords great flexibility in setting the desired morphology, and allows a considerable variation of the length- and time-scales characteristic to the microstructure.  An important degree of freedom (compared to \"solvent-free\" block copolymers) is the presence of selective solvent(s), that can modulate the phase behavior and structure, and also act as suitable media for chemical synthesis.\n\n\n\nThe goals of the research are two-fold:  to achieve a desired microstructure via means of self-organization of amphiphilic block copolymers and to stabilize such microstructure for the synthesis of microporous materials.  To this end, it is planned to study the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers under equilibrium conditions and utilize this knowledge to prepare formulations offering desired compartmentalization and release properties, use shear for aligning microdomains and inducing order over long ranges, investigate mass transport in ordered systems in the context of structure formation and dissolution, and explore the synthesis of ordered materials via the crosslinking of the amphiphiles participating in the structure or via polymerization in the  solvent domains.\n\n\n\nIn the education front, having recognized the fact that the pharmaceutical, personal care products, and food industries, where amphiphiles are primarily used, are emerging fields for employment of chemical engineers, it is proposed to develop a curriculum wit courses on colloids, polymers, surfaces, and advanced materials, and incorporate research term-projects into these courses and involve undergraduate students at various steps of the proposed research.  On a more general level, cooperative learning and learning by objective will be introduced to all courses, with a specific interest in the Introduction to Chemical Engineering sophomore course. Outreach activities to high schools and to community colleges will aim in introducing chemical engineering as well as colloids and polymers to abroader audience. Overall, the educational plan aims in promoting creativity, providing an enriching environment for graduate and undergraduate research, and fully integrating research and educational activities."]
["CAREER: Protein Unfolding by Energy Dependent Proteases","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Matouschek, Andreas","IL","Northwestern University","matouschek@northwestern.edu","BIO","9875857\n\nThe goal of this project is to determine the mechanism of unfolding of substrate proteins during degradation by ATP-dependent proteases.  Most protein degradation in cells outside the vacuole or the lysosome is catalyzed by ATP-dependent proteases.  Unfolding of the substrate protein is a critical early step in the degradation process.  Degradation of short-lived proteins is essential for a wide range of cellular functions including cell cycle control, signal transduction and antigen presentation.  Proteolysis of misfolded proteins is part of the cellular response to stress.  Barnase, whose folding is well characterized in vitro, was chosen as an artificial substrate protein for the ATP-dependent proteases lon-protease, Clp-protease, mitochondrial AAA-protease and the proteasome. Barnase unfolding during degradation will be compared to spontaneous unfolding to determine whether protein unfolding is catalyzed by the proteases.  Destabilized barnase mutants will be used as models for misfolded proteins and barnase mutants with C-terminal degradation tags will be used as models for short-lived regulatory proteins.  If unfolding is catalyzed, the mechanism of catalysis will be determined.  The educational aim of this award is to teach undergraduate students the prerequisites for a biochemical and biophysical understanding of cell biological processes.  For this purpose a laboratory course on quantitative biophysical techniques will be developed.\n\n\n\nLay summary\n\n\n\nProteins are chains made from subunits called amino acids.  To perform their biological function, proteins fold into a specific three-dimensional shape.  However, there are essential processes in the cell for which proteins must unfold again, such as when damaged or regulatory proteins are degraded by proteases. Failure to degrade regulatory proteins and misfolded proteins leads to abnormal cellular function.  This proposal investigates how proteases unfold proteins.\n\nBiology has reached a stage where it is possible to determine the\n\ndetailed mechanisms of processes in the cell.  To prepare students for this new era in experimental biology, a laboratory course on quantitative methods in cell biology will be developed."]
["CAREER: A Study of Temperature in Rapid Thermal Engineering of Glass Films","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Bennett, Ted","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","bennett@engineering.ucsb.edu","ENG","The principal investigator proposes to study pulsed laser deposition and thermal processing of glass films for micro-technologies.  Thermal engineering is the single most powerful technique for controlling the thermo- physical, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of films.  In pulsed laser deposition and processing of glass films, the time-scale and the energy cascade process prevent notions of classical equilibrium transport from providing even a first order accurate description of some aspects of processes.  This program will explore the plurality of \"temperature\" in microscale systems, and establish interrelationships between characteristic values.  Typical questions such as what is the relationship between the microstructural temperature of a glass and the translational temperature of the vapor used to deposit the film and how is the translational temperature of a vapor plume related to the temperature of the sputttering target will be examined.  Facets by which the processing temperatures can control film properties will be studied.\n\n\n\nCoupled with the research is a program to expand the core competencies of mechanical engineers to include microscale thermal engineering.  The course \"Thermal Nature of Matter\" will be developed to give a nontrivial background into energy storage and transport at the atomic level.  This class will combine new processing techniques with a fundamental understanding of microscale thermal science."]
["Career: A Computer Test-Bed for First-Principle Simulation of Blast-Resistant Structures","CMS","CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|STRUCT SYS & HAZ MIT OF STRUCT|MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER|MECHANICS","Chen, Zhen","MO","University of Missouri-Columbia","chenzh@missouri.edu","ENG","A Computer Test-Bed for First-Principle Simulation of Blast-Resistant Structures\n\n\n\nCombating terrorism and assuring the security of the United States is a national priority. The main objective of this project is to develop a computer test-bed for first-principle simulation of blast-resistant structures, and to improve the education in this area. To predict multi-scale structural failure under blast loads, it is planned that the transition among three basic types of governing differential equations be investigated based on the physics involved, and a moving discretization method in the domain of influence be developed to discretize different scales. A coordinated educational program, integrated with the research program, is to be performed to promote undergraduate, graduate and continuing education in blast-resistant design, to encourage minority students to get involved into advanced topics in science and engineering, and to improve the public awareness of terrorism and threat prevention. This research and educational program is an important part of the newly established National Center for Explosion Resistant Design that represents a strong partnership among government, industry and academia."]
["CAREER: Femtosecond Fluoresence Upconversion Studies of Charge Transfer Reactions in Nanocrystal-Based Photovoltaics","CHE","MATERIALS SYNTHESIS & PROCESSN","Rosenthal, Sandra","TN","Vanderbilt University","sjr@femto.cas.vanderbilt.edu","MPS","This CAREER award to Dr. Sandra Rosenthal at Vanderbilt University is supported by the Advanced Materials Program in the Chemistry Division. The focus of the research is femtosecond fluorescence studies of charge transfer reactions in nanocrystal-based photovoltaic systems with the goal of exploiting quantum confinement in semiconducting nanocrystals to create high speed and efficiency photovoltaics. Specific ojectives are to determine and control the fate of photocreated electron-hole pairs in semiconducting nanocrystals, to determine the rate and mechanism of nanocrystal to C60 electron transfer, to determine the rate and mechanism of nanocrystal to polymer hole transfer, and to determine the ideal nanocrystal size for nanocrystal/C60/polymer-based photovoltaics. Fundamental issues to be addressed will be characterization of semiconductor nanocrystal surfaces at the atomic level and the role surface density of states plays in carrier relaxation and charge-transfer, ultrafast spectroscopy of charge-transfer  in systems where a quantum confined semiconductor serves as a donor, and electron transfer in electroactive polymers. This research could impact and lead to commercially viable photovoltaic and  optoelectronic devices.\n\n\n\nApart from involving undergraduates in the above research, the teaching component of the CAREER award will facilitate involvement of undergraduates in the Chemistry Department broadly through the establishment of integrated Analytical-Physical Chemistry labs and courses emphasizing use of advanced spectroscopic and surface microscopy instrumentation ."]
["Career:  The Use of the Geotechnical Centrifuge for Physical Modelling of Geo-Environmental and Geotechnical Problems","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI|GEOTECHNICAL I","Culligan, Patricia","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","culligan@civil.columbia.edu","ENG","9875883 \n\nPatricia J. Culligan \n\nMIT \n\n\n\n\n\nCAREER:  The use of the geotechnical centrifuge for physical modeling of geo-environmental and geotechnical problems \n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract \n\n\n\nThis project will use the geotechnical centrifuge as (a) a research tool to investigate the behavior and remediation of organic contaminants in aquifer systems, and (b) an educational tool to integrate physical modeling studies into civil and environmental engineering curricula.  Geotechnical centrifuge modeling is an experimental method that allows the small-scale physical modeling of complicated problems affected by gravitational forces under realistic, but well controlled, boundary conditions.  By using this method, both soil stress distributions and gravity (or buoyancy)-driven fluid displacements can be replicated at a reduced scale in a laboratory environment.  Correct (scaleable) replication of these effects is not possible outside a centrifugal field unless a full-scale field experiment is carried out.  For this reason, the geotechnical centrifuge offers an ideal tool for the physical modeling of many geo-environmental and geotechnical engineering problems. \n\n\n\nThe research component of this project proposes to use the geotechnical centrifuge to investigate (i) the effects of unstable nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) flow and soil heterogeneity on NAPL movement through the vadose zone; (ii) the mechanisms determining NAPL entrapment in saturated soils under a range of flow conditions, and (iii) factors affecting the performance of two recent NAPL remediation technologies, air sparging and surfactant-enhanced hydraulic flushing.  The results of this program will produce experimental results representative of field behavior that can be used to (i) quantify the timing and rate of aquifer contaminant loading due, for example, to a surface NAPL spill; (ii) provide estimates of NAPL volume in aquifers under given hydraulic conditions; and (iii) develop quantitative guidelines for the deployment of two emerging remediation technologies.  Data from the study will also be invaluable for the parameterization, testing and validation of conceptual transport models and numerical codes.  \n\n\n\nThe educational plan will use the geotechnical centrifuge as a vehicle for introducing hands-on-experience and problem based learning into the civil and environmental engineering (CEE) undergraduate curricula.  The objectives of the educational plan are to (i) develop a means of allowing CEE students to see the effects of their engineering design, and (ii) to explore whether the fundamentals of engineering mechanics can be better taught by exposing students to principles of physical modeling and scaling. \n\n\n\nThe project will make use of the geotechnical centrifuge facility in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at MIT.  This facility consists of a 1.0 m radius balanced arm centrifuge, which is capable of spinning a 90 kg package of soil around a central axis at 400 rpm, and a new 1.0 m diameter mini-drum centrifuge, which is capable of spinning a 1000 kg annulus of soil around a central axis at 1000 rpm. Both centrifuges will be used in the execution of this work."]
["CAREER: Probing and Controlling the Magnetic Properties of Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles through Crystal Chemistry","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY","Zhang, Zhongju John","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","john.zhang@chemistry.gatech.edu","MPS","9875892\n\n Zhang \n\n\n\nThis goal of this project is to design and prepare nanol articles with specific magnetic properties, and to understand at the atomic level the factors determining potentially novel properties of magnetic nanoparticles, especially superparamagnetic properties. To achieve this understanding, an interdisciplinary approach that combines chemical synthesis, high-resolution electron microscopy characterization, neutron diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic measurements will be used to systematically elucidate the relationships between magnetic properties, chemical composition and structure. Nanoparticles of spinel ferrites will be systematically studied. The crystal chemistry, such as the cation distribution and the oxidation states nanoparticles of various sizes will be studied, and the relationship to magnetic properties, such as the Curie temperature, magnetization hysteresis, superparamagnetic relaxation will be systematically investigated. Using nanoparticles with well-defined crystal chemistry, relationships between particle size and magnetic properties will be unambiguously determined. SQUID magnetometry, neutron diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and Mossbauer spectroscopy will be used in these studies of crystal chemistry and magnetic properties. We will systematically study the effect of magnetic couplings on the superparamagnetic properties of these spinel ferrite nanoparticles. Being an excellent teacher is a major part of a successful career in academia. This includes vigorously enhancing teaching skills through participating in faculty teaching enhancement programs and in activities for the innovation of classroom teaching. The proposed research project will be well integrated with teaching activities including developing experiments for the undergraduate teaching laboratory and broadly training students in research.\n\n\n\n%%%\n\n\n\nThese proposed studies will have a significant impact on applications of magnetic nano-scale materials such as superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Understanding and controlling the superparamagnetic properties of nanoparticles is of great interest in information technology as it relates to the thermal stability of magnetic data bits for high density information storage. It is also crucial in biomedical applications such as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic carriers for magnetically guided drug delivery."]
["CAREER: Astrophysics and Radio Pulsars: From the Forefront to the Classroom","AST","EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC PROGRAM|SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Kaspi, Victoria","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","vicky@space.mit.edu","MPS","Abstract - Victoria M. Kaspi   AST  9875897\n\n\n\nIn 1054 AD, Asian astronomers witnessed a spectacular cosmic explosion whose afterglow was visible to the naked eye for months.  This \"Guest Star\" is known to have been the supernova explosion of a massive star. Left in its place is a glowing cloud, a supernova remnant commonly known as the Crab Nebula. At its heart is the compact, rapidly rotating, and degenerate stellar remnant of its progenitor core, a neutron star. The neutron star in the Crab Nebula is a radio pulsar. It is so called because of its bright beamed bursts of radiation in the radio regime, observable once per rotation period, like a lighthouse beacon.\n\n\n\nThe fundamental properties of the young neutron star population are yet to be determined.   It is not known whether the formation of objects like the Crab pulsar is common or unusual, what fraction of all young neutron stars is observable as pulsars, and what fraction of pulsars are born in supernova explosions.  It is not known what are the birth properties of neutron stars, namely how fast they typically rotate, the magnitude of their magnetic fields and the strength and composition of their winds. These issues are basic to an understanding of the fate and physics of massive stars, the supernova mechanism, and the Galactic population of neutron stars and supernova remnants. Pulsars are observed to be the fastest-moving stellar objects in the Milky Way, with some objects plowing through the interstellar medium at upwards of 1000 km/sec. The origin of these speeds is very likely tied to the physics of their birth events, although exactly how is not known.\n\nThese questions and others will investigated by using leading radio and optical telescopes worldwide to make observations of the pulsars.  Among specific observational projects to be carried our are major searches for new pulsars and detailed follow-up of newly discovered sources, using radio and optical timing and imaging. This research is well suited to the training of students at both the graduate and undergraduate levels, and there will be major student involvement in the research projects.\n\n\n\nTraditional university lecture techniques have a venerable history; they evolved long before many of today's modern technological advances became available. It should surprise no one if innovative teaching techniques, especially incorporating computer graphics in the classroom, improve the quality of physics education.  This improvement is needed to alter the prevailing culture that physics is out of the grasp of all but the cream of the crop. Pulsars, the topic of research, are also ideally suited for illustrating many of the salient points in the MIT course Physics III, \"Waves and Vibrations.\"  Computer and scientific illustration enhancements, as well as a decidedly interactive lecturing technique, will be incorporated into Physics III lectures.  Overall, astronomy has the virtue that it is easily accessible to the general public, including children. It is a valuable \"hook\" with which to foster an appreciation for science early in life. An outreach program targeting elementary school children thus lays the foundation for science literacy later in life. Furthermore, the involvement of undergraduate and graduate students in such programs fosters a tradition of outreach among tomorrow's scientists, while simultaneously developing their presentation skills and confidence. Specific outreach ideas that will be implemented as part of this project will include a Virtual Pen Pal program in which Physics graduate students respond to elementary school children's science queries using personalized World Wide Web page responses, slide shows at local elementary schools, and Astronomy Night at local summer camps."]
["CAREER: Nonlinear Dynamics and Control from Microscale to   Macroscale","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Mezic, Igor","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","mezic@engineering.ucsb.edu","ENG","PI's Name, Institution:  Igor Mezic, University of California at Santa Barbara Proposal Number: 9875933 Proposal Title: \"Nonlinear Dynamics  and Control from Microscale to  Macroscale to Classroom\" Project Abstract:\n\nWe propose to  develop mathematical  methods to  study  problems related to engineering of devices at the microscale, such as microscale mixers, and dynamics and control of macroscale devices such as compression systems.  The new methods that we will  develop are built on an interdisciplinary mix of ideas from dynamical systems and ergodic theory, control theory and microscale physics.\n\nWe will study mixing of fluids   in geometries  of the scale of 1 micron.  The work proposed here  includes the study of active control of mixing as well as treatment of new physical effects such as rarefaction and electric double layer, introduced by the small scale of the devices.   We will provide a fundamental theory for control of mixing in this context using methods of robust control theory and ergodic theory. This study will provide theoretical backbone for the rapidly evolving field of control in microfluid systems.\n\nWe also propose to  study the dynamics and control of macroscopic and microscopic compression systems. We have recently developed  a mathematical model for axial compression system dynamics by averaging and scaling of the Navier-Stokes equations.  A rigorous study of the solutions will be pursued and the relevant applied mathematics methods developed.    Possibilities of active control of boundary layer instabilities using the so-called microflaps will be studied.  Microcompressors for the use in micro jet engines are currently being developed. Modelling and control issues in microcompressors will be studied.\n\nWe will familiarize  students  with the current developments on the interface between applied mathematics and  engineering. We propose to teach a Nonlinear Phenomena class that uses examples from the research described above as the background motivation and problem generator. The students in our research group will be exposed to a truly interdisciplinary set of topics from dynamical systems, control theory, mathematics, microscale physics and engineering."]
["CAREER: Search Mechanisms for Combinatorial Optimization in CAD for VLSI","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Lillis, John","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","jlillis@cs.uic.edu","CSE","9875945, Lillis, John\n\nThis project studies techniques for solving combinatorial optimization problems with an emphasis on problems from CAD/VLSI. The approach is through developing a local search paradigm. In a local search algorithm a solution (for instance a standard cell placement) is iteratively improved by a sequence of moves or perturbations; the set of allowable moves defines the neighborhood structure of the algorithm (for example, pair-wise swapping in cell placement). This research studies classes of neighborhood operators with more expansive solution space coverage than traditional techniques. One such class is based on constraint relaxation. Operators with exponentially large neighborhoods are of particular interest. An orthogonal topic is the use of \"meta-heuristics\" in which a local-search engine can be viewed as a subroutine. Here we explore and evaluate experimentally more sophisticated techniques which attempt to focus on promising portions of the solution space. The research includes the archiving and analysis of known solutions to various optimization problems. Such known solutions are being studied via statistical and visualization techniques toward the end of finding superior optimization algorithms by better understanding of the nature of local optima of a particular problem. An in-depth study of the cell placement problem is being used as a testbed for these techniques."]
["CAREER: Developing an Initiative in Biogeochemistry at the University of Missouri-Columbia: The Doctoral Program and Related Research","EAR","INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES|GEOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY","Lyons, Timothy","MO","University of Missouri-Columbia","timothy.lyons@ucr.edu","GEO","9875961\n\nLyons\n\n\n\nNew research frontiers bridging the gap between organic and inorganic activity at scales ranging from molecular to global and societal issues such as environmental geochemistry and global change have inspired the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Missouri-Columbia to target biogeochemistry as its path to a nationally recognized program.  Recent hires in organic geochemistry, geomicrobiology, and paleoceanography were chosen to complement existing expertise in aqueous and stable isotope geochemistry, hydrogeology, sedimentology, oceanography, and paleontology.  As a leader in the biogeochemistry group, I intend to address our most tangible need, more and better doctoral students, in the context of a multifaceted strategy to develop and promote our new agenda.  I have defined a research program to support students in efforts to extrapolate exciting results from ongoing studies of modern anoxic marine basins to address fundamental questions in a classic ancient shale sequence, the Pennsylvanian cyclothems of mid-continent North America.  Highlighting innovative approaches to isotope chemostratigraphy and the controls on carbon cycling, iron sulfide formation, and trace-metal partitioning across well-defined gradients in paleoredox will extend the implications of this study far beyond regional significance."]
["CAREER:   Superconductivity in Anisotropic Intermetallic Compounds","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Basov, Dimitri","CA","University of California-San Diego","dbasov@physics.ucsd.edu","MPS","9875980\n\nBasov\n\n\n\nThis CAREER project  aims to explore the electronic transport and superconductivity in anisotropic intermetallic compounds, such as high-Tc cuprates and organic conductors.  Infrared spectroscopy  will be used as the primary experimental tool. Instrumental innovations which the PI has recently implemented allow for a series of ambitious experiments which the technical limitations of standard infrared equipment had previously rendered impossible. Specific goals of the proposed research include:  i) a detailed survey of the phase diagrams of cuprate  high-Tc superconductors and of  two-dimensional (2D) organic compounds; ii) an investigation of possible fundamental differences between electron-doped and hole-doped cuprates;  iii) a survey of the interlayer electrodynamics in cuprates and organic compounds. Experimental work is closely linked to educational activities focused on the development of an undergraduate  program in Materials Physics at UCSD. \n\n%%%\n\nThis CAREER program combines research and educational activities in Materials Physics. The research component is focused on the systematic investigations of the exotic electronic  properties of several classes of intermetallic superconductors by means of infrared spectroscopy. A series of ambitious  experiments will help to resolve the key issues related to new physics of unconventional superconductivity. The educational part supports the development of a new undergraduate program aimed to  prepare students for a career  in industry. An analysis of the job market indicates that there is a demand for  graduates with specialization in Materials Physics and with  a solid science background.  The new program seeks to facilitate a tight  link between local industry and the educational process. \n\n ***"]
["CAREER: Revisiting Two Basic Processes in Hydrogeology -- Solute Transport in Heterogeneous Formations and Chemical Mixing in Porous Media","EAR","INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES|HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES","Harvey, Charles","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","charvey@mit.edu","GEO","9875995\n\nHarvey\n\n\n\n\n\nThe proposed research will reconsider two basic processes in hydrogeology:  Solute transport through formations with heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity, and chemical mixing and reaction in porous media.  The educational initiative will consist of building new classroom tools that combine physical models with numerical simulation, and developing projects that integrate graduate education with local hydrogeologic issues.\n\n\n\nWhen does spatially variable hydraulic conductivty cause dispersion and when does it cause nonequilibrium mass transfer?  Hydrogeologists and soil scientists have found that spatial heterogeneity in permeability strongly influences the transport of solutes in groundwater.  Researchers are divided between two principal schools of thought.  The first models the effects of heterogeneity as a mass-transfer (or dual-porosity) process, and parameterizes the size of immobile zones.  The second models the effects  based on heterogeneity on transport as a dispersive, usually Fickian, process and relates an effective (or macro) dispersion coefficient to the spatial statistics of the permeability field.  We will conduct experimental and theoretical research to determine the conditions under which each model is appropriate.  In particular, we will investigate the type of spatial structures that give rise to diffusive mass transfer.\n\n\n\nHow do chemicals mix and react to porous media?  Developing accurate models of reaction in porous media hinges on accounting for the way molecules meet each other before they can react, and mechanical dispersion and chemical mixing (or pore-scale mixing) may not be synonymous.  For example, mechanical dispersion may result, in part, from solute movement through some pores, but not through adjacent pores.\n\n\n\nCombining physical demonstrations and numerical modeling.  Students gain understanding of the connection (and differences) between natural processes and mathematical models by using physical models simultaneously with numerical models in the classroom.  The combination gives students insight into the relation of conceptual/mathematical models and physical reality.  The two will be joined by using an LCD projector to display the visual output of a numerical transport simulation directly onto a demonstration tank, superimposing the simulated and real dye plumes. \n\n\n\nIntegrating hydrogeology and policy.  Students will be engaged in local hydrologic issues by involvement in a nonprofit organization that provides environmental and hydrologic expertise for local communities."]
["CAREER: Rational Manipulation of Fungal Cell Wall Composition to Control Hyphal Fragmentation","BES","BIOCHEMICAL & BIOMASS ENG","Marten, Mark","MD","University of Maryland Baltimore County","marten@umbc.edu","ENG","The goal of this proposal is to obtain a better understanding of how fungal cell wall composition and structure affect cellular physical properties. The results could lead to new and/or improved antibiotic fermentations and a better understanding of fungus/plant interactions. A model system using Aspergillus nidulans will be studied observing cell wall compositions (chitin, B-glucan, protein content, protein expression pattern) and physical properties (tensile strength, wall thickness, hyphal diameter) and correlating these properties with composition. A fungal strain with minimal hyphal fragmentation will be genetically engineered using the above relationships. The educational plan centers on the use of an engineer/life-scientist/industry collaboration to promote active, hands-on learning in the bioengineering field."]
["CAREER: Multiresolution-Based Continuous Phase Retrieval: Theory and Applications","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|CISE RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE","Bell, Amy","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","abell@vt.edu","CSE","This research involves a heretofore unsolved signal reconstruction problem called phase retrieval. A signal--such as an electrocardiogram, an image, or video--can be represented in terms of magnitude and phase information. However if the phase information is unavailable, the difficult problem of reconstructing the signal from only its magnitude information arises. The objective of this research is to further develop new multiresolution-based phase retrieval methods and to transfer them directly into practice and into the engineering classroom.  The principal investigator is also applying these multiresolution-based techniques to image compression--an essential technology for wireless communications, digital image libraries, multimedia over the Internet, etc. Furthermore, the educational initiatives of this research include: incorporating research-based projects into undergraduate and graduate courses; utilizing collaborative learning and web-based teaching tools; and, conducting activities designed to recruit and retain women in engineering. \n\n\n\nPhase retrieval has important applications in several areas of engineering and applied physics, such as: antenna design, astronomy, instrumentation design, electron microscopy, and x-ray crystallography. For instance in antenna design, the measurement of phase information in the far field of an antenna can be prohibitively expensive at very high frequencies (e.g. in the terahertz regime). However, the phase information is necessary for reconstructing the transmitting antenna's aperture field distribution. Thus, the reconstruction of phase from only the measured magnitude information enables potentially low cost antenna measurements. This research extends the investigator's new phase retrieval methods that provide solutions to previously unsolvable problems through their novel multiresolution approach. The principal investigator's on-going research has also led to new results in multiresolution-based image compression--a synergistic relationship that will continue to develop throughout this research project."]
["Neuronal Specialization and Diversity","IOB","COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE","Spruston, Nelson","IL","Northwestern University","spruston@northwestern.edu","BIO","Nelson Spruston\n\nIBN-9876032\n\n\n\nThe central nervous system (CNS) is made up of approximately 100 billion nerve cells. Most of these neurons communicate with one another at contact points called synapses. On one side of the synapse, the speaker (the presynaptic neuron) communicates via action potentials - electrical signals about 100 mV in amplitude and 1-2 ms in duration. On the other side, the listener (the postsynaptic neuron) interprets these signals arriving simultaneously from thousands of presynaptic neurons. This conversation is complicated by the fact that not all neurons speak the same language. Some neurons fire as few as a few action potentials per second; others fire as many as a thousand action potentials per second.  Differences are also observed in the patterns of action potential firing.  The biological underpinnings of action potential firing patterns are largely determined by pore-forming molecules called ion channels. A new avenue of research into the mechanisms responsible for variations in action potential firing patterns is to study the properties of ion channels located in different parts of the neuron. For example the axon, which generally forms the presynaptic side of the synapse, expresses different ion channels than the dendrites, which forms the postsynaptic side of the synapse. Here I propose to use new technology to study the properties of ion channels in the dendrites of neurons in an area of the brain called subiculum. This area is part of the hippocampus, which is involved in learning and memory. Neurons in the subiculum are known to generate clusters of action potentials called bursts. This pattern is very different than that of their nearest neighbors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, which are morphologically similar, but cannot generate bursts of action potentials.  I propose to perform experiments that will test the hypothesis that the bursting observed in subicular neurons is caused by specialized properties of sodium and/or potassium channels in the dendrites of these neurons. Using recently developed technology, the properties of channels in the dendrites of subicular neurons will be compared to those in CA1 neurons determined in previous and ongoing studies in my lab. Together with action potential recordings from dendrites, pharmacological manipulations, and computer modeling studies, I aim to elucidate the differences between subicular and CA1 neurons that are responsible for the very different action potential firing patterns in these two cell types. The proposal also contains an educational component designed to teach undergraduate students about the importance of neuronal specialization in the central nervous system, and the\n\nbiological mechanisms underlying neuronal diversity."]
["CAREER: Integration of Planning and Control for Nonlinear   Systems","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|DYNAMICS & CONTROL","Tilbury, Dawn","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","tilbury@umich.edu","ENG","Dawn Tilbury, University of Michigan\n\n9876039\n\nCAREER:  Integration of Planning and Control for Nonlinear Systems\n\n\n\nThe classical approach to motion control for nonlinear systems can  be broken down into two independent steps.  Path planning is done first, and then a tracking control law is found which guarantees that the system converges to the desired path.  The goal of this research is to develop a unified framework in which to address the both the planning and the tracking problems for nonlinear systems.  The strategy for accomplishing this research goal is to first quantify several characteristics of trajectories for nonlinear systems.  Trajectory planning algorithms will then be developed for a broad class of nonlinear systems.  Finally, the integration of feedback control with the planned trajectories will be examined, and algorithms will be developed for generating both the planning and tracking control laws.  The results of this research will have a broad impact on the growing area of autonomous systems, allowing for better reactions to changing conditions such sensed obstacles or large disturbances.  By considering the planning and tracking problems in an integrated fashion, paths can be generated that are \"easy\" for the system to follow: fast, robust, stable, and requiring minimum energy.\n\nThe education plan for this project includes developing a set of web-based tutorials to teach students the importance and utility of system modeling concepts.  By using powerful simulation software, nonlinear system models can be treated quite easily, and more realistic examples can be incorporated into system modeling courses."]
["CAREER:Population Biology of Snowshoe Hares and Lynx in a Fragmented Landscape.","DEB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|POPULATION DYNAMICS","Mills, L. Scott","MT","University of Montana","smills@forestry.umt.edu","BIO","Many predator-prey populations follow predictable cycles, with the 10-year\n\ncycles of snowshoe hares and lynx among the most remarkable.  However, in\n\nthe southern part of their range (including Montana), the hare/lynx cycle is\n\napparently dampened, perhaps due to forest fragmentation causing hares to\n\ndie in open-canopy areas before numbers can increase.  As a specialized\n\npredator, lynx in turn are thought to be noncyclic at low-densities in these\n\nareas. I will use mark-recapture sampling and telemetry to test this\n\npossible consequence of fragmentation, and will estimate, for the first\n\ntime, population densities using DNA profiles of lynx hairs.\n\n Although effects of forest fragmentation have been investigated for a\n\nnumber of species, this will be the first major effort to look at\n\nconsequences on both prey (hare) and predator (lynx).  In this 4-year study\n\nI will seek basic principles driving population biology of cyclic,\n\ninterdependent species in a human-modified landscape.  Benefits of such\n\nknowledge are amplified by the fact that U.S. lynx are considered to be\n\ndeclining and possibly endangered.  A key part of this proposal includes\n\ndeveloping a long-term and self-sustaining intern program, whereby\n\nundergraduates (particularly Native Americans) gain field experience and\n\nformal educational training allowing them to translate scientific research\n\ninto educational outreach."]
["CAREER: First Principles Studies of Interfacial Phenomena:  Applications to Catalysis and Electrochemistry","CTS","CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Balbuena, Perla","SC","University of South Carolina at Columbia","balbuena@tamu.edu","ENG","Professor Perla Balbuena will develop molecular modeling methods to study the crystalline and interfacial structure and properties of metals, carbon-metal, alloys and electrolytes. The properties of particular interest are ionic diffusion coefficients, ionic conductivities, solvation structures, heats of adsorption and reaction. The outcome will impact chemical and electrochemical principles and applications. It will pertain mostly to industrial products such as adsorbents, catalysts, batteries, and fuel cells; the fundamental physicochemical phenomena involved in their utilization; and the applied processes derived from them. \n\nThe first objective of the research is the modeling of Li intercalation in graphite. The expected result is prediction and validation of the dependence of open-circuit voltage and differential capacity with respect to composition, and the conditions for the transition from the super dense phase LiC2 to LiC6. The second objective is the determination of diffusion dynamics of Li and perchlorate ions, and of ion-pair association of Li perchlorate, in ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate electrolytes. Following that objective, the PI will investigate the mechanism of degradation of graphite electrodes, in particular the formation of a presumed Li2CO3 passivation layer. She will also model the intercalation of solvated species into graphite. The third objective is the study of methane cracking over Ni and Ni/Cu to produce hydrogen and carbon, and the related phenomenon of hydrogen storage in carbon. These investigations will involve the development of structural models, ab initio and semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations, for chemical and electrochemical systems of practical importance. The methodology to be developed will likely have impact in the training of chemical engineering students as well as the practice of process and product design. The PI is developing new introductory courses and modifying the existing ones to raise the engineering students' capability to predict microscopic properties from first principles."]
["Career Award: Phylogeny and Floral Evolution of the Core Malvales","DEB","PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","Baum, David","MA","Harvard University","dbaum@facstaff.wisc.edu","BIO","9876070 Baum This career development plan focuses on phylogenetics, the reconstruction and interpretation of the historical record of organisms.  The research component is a study of historical relationships among the core Malvales, a group of approximately 3000 plants including such economically important species as cotton, chocolate, okra, durian, balsa, and jute.  The teaching component involves courses at the college level and a workshop for high school teachers on phylogeny as a framework for teaching biological diversity.\n\n\tThe DNA sequence of five genes for representatives of Malvales will be determined.  By comparing and analyzing these sequences and integrating information from plant morphology and paleontology, it will be possible to estimate historical relationships within the group.  This will help clarify the timing and geographic context for the origin and radiation of core Malvales, as well as the historical mechanisms underlying floral diversity and pollination mechanisms in the group.\n\n\tCourses taught will include one undergraduate course (Biological Diversity) and two graduate courses.  An intensive workshop for teachers will be taught through the Center for Innovation in Urban Education, Northeastern University: The Tree of Life: Phylogeny as a Foundation for the Teaching of Organismic Biology.  This will introduce teachers to phylogenetic trees using case studies (e.g., origin of whales, HIV phylogeny, origin of birds), debates (e.g., \"life, by definition, exists only on earth\"; \"conservation is a phylogenetic problem\"), and a hands-on project using skull characters to reconstruct history of the carnivores.  We will also discuss how to bring these ideas into classrooms so as to improve biological literacy at the high school level."]
["CAREER: Nested 3-D Micromechanical and Damage Models for    Analysis of Pultruded and Laminated Composite Structures","CMS","MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER|MECHANICS","Haj-Ali, Rami","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","rami.haj-ali@ce.gatech.edu","ENG","A nested three-dimensional (3D) material and structural modeling framework is proposed for nonlinear damage analysis of fiber-reinforced composite structures.  Micromechancial and damage models for different composite material systems, such as unidirectional fiber reinforced polymeric (FRP) composites, woven and braided fabrics, can be directly integrated within the components:  elastic-degrading continuum damage models for each of the matrix and fiber periodic medium, and a 3D sublaminate model for a repeating ply stacking sequence.  The beyond initial failure.  The framework is implemented within a displaced-based 3D nonlinear finite-element code.  As a result, progressive damage modeling of composite structures is achieved.  This approach allows nonlinear anisotropic response, including strain-softening and damaged elastic unloading behavior.  Fiber modes of failure are also recognized, including fiber microbuckling.  The overall objective of the proposed research is to enhance understanding of the microstructural properties of heterogeneous materials that strongly influence the global damage response of composite structures."]
["CAREER: Compiler Optimizations for Instruction Bandwidth","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Hsieh, Wilson","UT","University of Utah","wilson@cs.utah.edu","CSE","9876117\n\n\n\nCAREER: Compiler Optimizations for Instruction Bandwidth\n\n\n\nWilson C. Hsieh\n\n\n\n\n\nThis project reexamines how compiler optimization affects one of the\n\nbottlenecks in commercial applications: the cost of fetching\n\ninstructions.  Standard compiler optimizations trade instruction\n\nbandwidth for faster instruction sequences, which works well for\n\napplications that have good instruction locality.  Unfortunately,\n\nrecent studies have shown that instruction bandwidth is a\n\nperformance-limiting factor in many commercial applications, such as\n\ndatabases, circuit simulators, and multimedia programs.  In addition,\n\ntechnology trends in processor architectures will also increase\n\napplications' demands for instruction bandwidth.  The proposed\n\nresearch will explore several solutions to these problems.  First, two\n\nnew compiler optimizations to improve utilization of the instruction\n\ncache, instruction cache scheduling and code factoring, will be\n\ninvestigated.  Trace analysis of commercial applications will be used\n\nto quantify their benefits.  Second, traditional compiler\n\noptimizations will be reexamined and redesigned as necessary, with the\n\ngoal of making them sensitive to instruction cache utilization.\n\nFinally, architectural changes to support explicit cooperation between\n\nthe compiler and processor to make more efficient use of the\n\ninstruction cache will be explored.  This research will provide a\n\nbetter understanding of how compilers should optimize large,\n\ncommercial applications, which is a field that has remained relatively\n\nunexamined in the research community."]
["CAREER: Hydraulic Fractures at Shallow Depths","EAR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES|HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES|GEOPHYSICS","Murdoch, Lawrence","SC","Clemson University","lmurdoch@clemson.edu","GEO","9876124\n\nMurdoch\n\n\n\nHydraulic fractures provide an opportunity to reduce the great expense of remediating fine-grained deposits.  The purpose of this proposal is to use the mechanics and effects of induced fractures on hydrological systems as a basis for teaching and research in hydrogeology.  The program will consist of a series of courses and a research effort into the application of hydraulic fractures.  An important theme will be to improve the basic math skills and the ability of students to use those skills to solve problems related to mechanics and hydrogeology.  The course sequence will begin with an introduction to the mathematical methods for analyzing geological processes in an approach intended to motivate students to learn mathematical methods as a means to improve their understanding of geology.  A second course will cover the mechanics of fracturing and the hydrology of natural and induced fractures in sediment or rock based on finding from the research outlined below, and related material.\n\n\n\nThe research will have two primary goals; one is to understand processes that control the form of a hydraulic fracture, the other is to understand how the flow of fluid is affected by creating sand-filled hydraulic fractures in low permeability materials.  Both issues will be investigated by controlled field experiments and using theoretical models.  Methods for measuring state-of-stress and fracture toughness (parameters critical to understanding fracture propagation) in shallow soils are limited, so the early stages of this research will identify and, if necessary, develop field methods for site characterization.  Field observations will be analyzed by adapting a 3-D simulator of hydraulic fracture growth (HYFRANC-3D).  The ultimate objective is to develop the capability to predict fracture form based on in-situ conditions.  Conclusions derived from the detailed field and modeling studies will be tested by comparing predictions to observations from more than a dozen sites where hydraulic fractures were created during previous investigations. The program will advance our understanding of the formation and subsurface effects of induced fractures while training students to combine field investigations with mathematical analysis to investigate fractured hydrological systems."]
["CAREER: A Model for Describing Students","REC",null,"Carlson, Marilyn","AZ","Arizona State University","carlson@math.la.asu.edu","EHR","This research will extend current theories describing how students'\n\nacquire an understanding of the function concept, the central concept of\n\nthe undergraduate mathematics curriculum. The model that emerges will\n\nprovide a framework for the development of two research instruments to\n\nbroadly assess students' function knowledge. The Precalculus Concept\n\nAssessment Instrument (PCA) and the Calculus Concept Assessment Instrument\n\n(CCA) will provide a consistent means of quantifying students' concept\n\ndevelopment for two large-enrollment undergraduate courses.\n\n     Investigations of students' problem solving behavior, using\n\ninterviews, case studies and observations will attempt to identify major\n\nbeliefs and behaviors that both promote and present obstacles to students'\n\nmathematical success and continued mathematical study.  The results of\n\nthese studies will form the basis for the development of a framework and\n\ninstrument to broadly define and assess undergraduate students' beliefs\n\nabout knowing and learning mathematics.\n\n     The emergent instruments will provide objective means for examining\n\npatterns in students' function understandings and mathematical beliefs.\n\nThe resultant investigations will provide insights for guiding the\n\ndevelopment of precalclulus and calculus level curriculum modules.  During\n\nthe course of this project model workshops will also be offered to\n\ndisseminate the newly developed instruments and curricular materials."]
["CAREER:  Yield Behavior of Particulate Aggregates and Gels","DMR","CERAMICS","Miller, Kelly","CO","Colorado School of Mines","ktmiller@mines.edu","MPS","9876135\n\nMiller\n\n\n\nThe yield properties of gels of aggregated particles are of great economic significance in the ceramics manufacturing, chemical processing, and mining industries, yet remain very poorly understood.  Progress has been hampered by the lack of experimental techniques to directly examine the deformation properties of particle aggregates and gels.  This Faculty Early CAREER Development project utilizes newly developed digital video microscopy and micromechanical testing techniques to gain a quantitative understanding of the mechanisms, frequencies, and forces required for particles to rearrange during shear and compression.  Particulate gel deformation will be observed in-situ to determine the different rearrangement modes which occur, as well as their frequency.  Micromechanical testing will directly measure the forces required for particle rearrangement.  The micromechanical testing methods have great potential in the study of colloids - with further development, these methods may be able to rival the force resolution of colloidal probe atomic force microscopy.  The experiments will be conducted using a variety of model and technically relevant colloids, systematically varying particle size, particle volume fraction, and interparticle potential.  It is anticipated that this work will serve as the experimental basis needed to guide the theoretical modeling of particulate gel rheological behavior.  Continuing development of undergraduate and graduate level courses will be a major educational goal.  Specific projects include the implementation of web-based three dimensional crystal structure models for a structure of materials class, development of a graduate lecture/-laboratory class in ceramics processing, and implementation of new course assessment techniques.  Outreach activities will focus upon development of a professional enhancement course for high school science teachers, emphasizing the use of examples from materials science and engineering in standards-based education.  The course will be offered in two forms: a lecture/-discussion format to be taught at the Colorado School of Mines, and a web-based distance learning format. It is anticipated that the latter effort will be especially attractive to teachers in rural and disadvantaged areas.\n\n\n\nThe proposed research utilizes new developed digital video microscopy and micromechanical testing techniques to quantitatively examine the deformation modes of particulate gels.  The educational component of the plan includes mentoring of freshmen and undergraduate researchers, teaching at all student levels, and course development. The outreach activities are focused upon developing and teaching professional development courses for high school science teachers.  The use of visualization techniques to enhance understanding is a theme running throughout the proposed activities."]
["CAREER: Allosteric Tuning of Transition Metal Photophysics","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Perkovic, Marc","MI","Western Michigan University","perkovic@wmich.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry Program supports research and education on allosterism in transition metal complexes by Dr. Marc W. Perkovic of the Chemistry Department, Western Michigan University.  Allosterism is a phenomenon in which structural change in one molecule is induced by introduction of another molecule, ion, or molecular fragment.  Novel ligands that simultaneously induce a structural change in the primary coordination site and coordinate a photophysically active transition metal and a photophysically benign metal ion will be synthesized.  The effect of the allosteric interaction on the d-orbital energies of the photophysically active transition metal will be determined using luminescence and transient absorbance methods. The project will determine if metal complexes can function as luminescent indicators for other photophysically quiet ions. \n\n\n\nSystems using these allosteric interactions will be useful as molecular-level chemical sensors to detect environmentally-unfriendly traces of toxic and heavy metal ions or otherwise unfriendly molecules. The method involves changes in the luminescence of the sensor as these metal ions interact with the sensor. The educational component  of this CAREER Award presents innovative ideas on how to bring laser-based experiments into several existing laboratory courses in order to introduce undergraduate students to laser technology. Of particular interest, undergraduates will build parts of the laser equipment in one laboratory course to be subsequently used in another course. In so doing, students will have a better comprehension of lasers."]
["Career: Structural Dependence in Graphical-Temporal Data with Applications to Neuroscience and Finance","SES","METHOD, MEASURE & STATS","Genovese, Christopher","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","genovese@stat.cmu.edu","SBE","The research component of this project will develop new statistical methods for making inferences from a class of data in which measurements over time are associated with several \"experimental units\" that have a complicated dependence in their structural and/or stochastic properties.  Such data arise frequently in diverse applications such as traffic flow, evolutionary biology, growth curve analysis, neuroimaging, and finance.  This research will focus on cases where there is a discrete (and often small) set of units whose relationships are scientifically meaningful.  Specifically, this project will develop models in three primary areas:  (i) spatial models to improve inferences from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data, (ii) models of functional connectivity that allow fMRI data to provide information about how the components of brain systems interact, and (iii) new models for risk assessment and dependence analysis in computational finance.\n\n\n\nThe educational component of this project will focus on teaching statistical methods and reasoning to experimental psychologists.  This project will design a course that builds on case studies and new pedagogical approaches to provide such authentic learning for these students.  The emphasis will be on applying statistics in real scientific problems drawn from the psychological literature, effective communication and writing skills, and integrating the computer into the course at all levels.  The project will produce the following:  (i) A suite of interactive software modules written in Java for exploring the key concepts covered in the class, (ii) A complete set of homework projects and computer laboratory exercises based on issues in the psychological literature, (iii) A set of tools for developing interactive lectures, and (iv) An assessment of student performance both in the class and in downstream courses.  These products will be packaged to be easily distributable to and useable by other instructors."]
["CAREER: Homogeneous Solution Phase Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY","Wagner, Michael","DC","George Washington University","wagnerm@gwu.edu","MPS","9876164\n\nWagner\n\nThe goal of this NSF Career award is to synthesis and characterize novel nanoparticles by Alkalide/Electride reduction.  The nucleation and growth of the particles will be studied by stopped-flow spectroscopy.  Parameters which affect mean size and polydispersity will be investigated.  This data will be essential to extend the method to \"shell-core\" bi-metal particle synthesis and large scale flow synthesis.  The reductions will be extended to higher order phases, specifically binary non-oxide ceramics.  This work will be part of a program of strong integration of research and coursework in materials chemistry for undergraduates.  Additionally, the PI will begin to develop a more unified approach to Physical Chemistry laboratory, in which experiments are strongly linked within the context of the lab and with the lecture to provide continuity of learning.  Senior undergraduates interested in chemical education will help design and implement the course.  Finally, the PI will continue his active role as a Freshman Workshop leader, mentoring students prior to their choice of major, easing the transition to college and putting a \"human\" face on science.\n\n%%%\n\nAlkalide/electride reduction is an uniquely powerful method of synthesizing nanomaterials, general across the entire periodic table.  This homogeneous solution phase method overcomes the slow interdiffusion typical of solid state synthesis at ambient and below, and thus is not limited to high temperature, thermodynamic phases.  The research proposed here promises not only to make technologically important materials in the short term, but the methodology developed may open the door to a vast array of as yet undiscovered novel metastable and low temperature thermodynamically stable materials.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Application-Driven Approach for Building Run-Time Systems for Future Teraflop and Petaflop Architectures","CCF","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM|DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Chrisochoides, Nikos","IN","University of Notre Dame","nikos@cs.wm.edu","CSE","CCR-9876179\n\n\n\n\"CAREER: Application-driven Approach for Prototyping Run-Time\n\n    Systems for Future Teraflops and Petaflops  Architectures\"\n\n\n\nNikos P. Chrisochoides\n\n\n\nRecent feasibility studies for the  next  generation of Teraflops  and\n\nPetaflops parallel architectures  indicate that these machines will be\n\nmulti-layer systems that consist of  many layers of similar components\n\nfor  memory, processors, and   interconnects with different levels  of\n\nperformance.  Such designs will  widen the latency gap  between memory\n\nand CPU access to a point where no form of CPU-initiated data movement\n\nfrom memory will be satisfactory.  To solve this, research needs to be\n\ndirected  towards hardware like  \"smart\"  memories that are pro-active\n\nwith  regard to  memory-transfers, algorithms,   and software.    This\n\nresearch focuses on the development and evaluation of latency tolerant\n\nalgorithms   and run-time   software  support  systems  for   adaptive\n\ncomputations on a multi-layer  parallel platform that  is \"isomorphic\"\n\nto future Teraflops and Petaflops systems.  This  project will have an\n\nimmediate impact on  Petaflops Hybrid Technology Multi-Threaded (HTMT)\n\ndesign by  providing hardware  designers  with feedback  based  on the\n\nbehavioral and structural  analysis of an end-to-end  unstructured and\n\nadaptive application from fracture mechanics.  Also, this project will\n\nprovide a  testbed for training the   next generation of computational\n\nscientist to effectively  use such multi-layer parallel  platforms and\n\nhelp computer  engineers  to understand the  hardware  requirements of\n\nlarge-scale applications."]
["CAREER: Analysis and Construction of Polysaccharide Synthases and Production of Novel Biomaterials","MCB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","DeAngelis, Paul","OK","University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center","paul-deangelis@ouhsc.edu","BIO","9876193\n\nPolysaccharides, large polymers of sugars, serve structural and communication roles in animals, plants, and microbes.  These molecules are also major raw materials for the production of many foodstuffs, industrial\n\nreagents, and consumer products.  The physical and the biological properties of polysaccharides are dependent on their chemical structure.  Many of the molecular details surrounding the polysaccharide synthases, the enzymes that polymerize these carbohydrates, are not known.  The long-term objective of this research project is to develop model systems for the production of biomaterials and biomimetics for use in the food and industrial fields.  The process of polysaccharide biosynthesis will be characterized, modified, and controlled using the tools of molecular biology, biochemistry, chemistry, and genetics.  A combination of basic science characterization and application-driven approaches will be employed to create novel hybrid biomaterials and to construct new polysaccharide synthases. Also, alternative polymer structures not normally found in nature may be created in some cases.  These new biomaterials are expected to be more resistant to biological degradation or possess altered physical properties.  Microbial hosts will also be metabolically engineered to\n\nsupport the production of large quantities of desired polysaccharides.  Overall, these complementary goals promise to illuminate the catalytic mechanism of these intriguing enzymes and to develop sources of new biomaterials.  A series of education initiatives will expose students from the high school through the graduate level to the vistas and the realities of biotechnology with a focus on career development. The courses and workshops should enhance efficient technology transfer and improve human resources.\n\n\n\nThis research will enhance understanding of the enzymes responsible for polysaccharide biosynthesis. The resulting information should also allow the design and the production of new biomaterials with improved or different properties for use in the biotechnology, food, and industrial fields. In the initial phase, enzymes that produce carbohydrates found throughout the human body will be studied with a focus on developing biocompatible polymers.  In the long-term, explorations of other polymers may yield, for example, industrial lubricants that survive longer in the field, or food polymers that are rendered indigestible and calorie-free.  The ultimate goal of the project's multi-level education aspect is to accelerate the conversion of laboratory discoveries into useful applications."]
["CAREER: Symbiotic Interfaces to Enable Cooperative Adaptation","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Steere, David","OR","Oregon Health and Science University","dcs@cse.ogi.edu","CSE","Tomorrow's system software must provide efficient resource management across\n\na range of operating environments, and hence needs to adapt its policies\n\ndynamically to suit its changing environment. Currently such adaptation is\n\nhampered by modular software architectures that prevent informed adaptation\n\nby hiding all implementation details. This proposal advocates a new\n\napproach to building software that enables cooperative adaptation by the use\n\nof symbiotic interfaces. A symbiotic interface extends a system's\n\napplication programming interface (API) to incorporate high-level\n\nabstractions designed to both better support the application's needs while\n\nsimultaneously giving the system the information it needs to adapt its\n\npolicies. A symbiotic interface encapsulates user level semantics to improve\n\nsupport for the application, and thus improves usability of the\n\nsystem. Capturing user-level semantics through the interface discloses\n\ninformation to the system, so it can make informed decisions on how to adapt\n\nto better suit the application's needs. Like symbiotic relationships in\n\nnature, the symbiotic interface allows mutually beneficial cooperation\n\nbetween the application and system. Professor Steere's educational plan\n\ninvolves creating advanced courses in systems architecture that focus on\n\nbuilding adaptive and predictable systems, beginning with a survey course on\n\nmobile computing that concludes with a project in building adaptive software."]
["CAREER:  Multimodal Language Processing for Natural Interfaces","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Johnston, Michael","OR","Oregon Health and Science University","johnston@research.att.com","CSE","By providing a number of channels through which information may pass between user and computer, multimodal interfaces promise to significantly increase the bandwidth and fluidity of the interface between humans and machines.  Natural language processing techniques typically focus on processing strings of words within a single dimension.  This program of research seeks to develop an approach to multimodal language processing which enables parsing and interpretation of natural human input distributed across two or three spatial dimensions, time, and the acoustic dimension of speech.  A declarative unification-based grammar representation is proposed for the description of multimodal integration strategies.  This representation is interpreted by a multidimensional parser yielding an architecture which provides the foundation for next generation natural interfaces supporting human-computer interaction through speech, pen, gesture, and other modes.  Fundamental advances in multimodal interfaces are essential to the successful migration of human-computer interaction from the desktop to small mobile computing devices, public information kiosks, and other platforms for which complex graphical user interfaces are not feasible.  Multimodal interfaces stand to play a critical role both in realizing the vision of universal access to information and in the development of assistive technologies for people with disabilities."]
["CAREER: Photodetachment from Nanometer-Sized Particles","CTS","FLUID DYNAMICS & HYDRAULICS|PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Kortshagen, Uwe","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","uk@me.umn.edu","ENG","This project addresses research on basic properties on nanoparticles and the measurement of current unexplored properties such as photodetachment and photoionization.  It is suggested that photodetachment of electrons due to UV radiation is an important, to date neglected effect which can lead to more positively charged particles and that it could explain the fast coagulation growth of particles observed experimentally.  An experiment to measure the particle photodetachment cross sections is proposed.  Negatively charged particles will be grown in, extracted from a pulsed plasma and sent through a UV photodetachment chamber.  An excimer lamp will be used to generate narrow-band UV radiation over a wide wavelength range.  An electrostatic analyzer will be used to determine the fraction of particles which have experienced photodetachment.  The results may lead to an understanding of particle growth in semiconductor plasmas and possibly may show a way to avoid coagulation growth of \"killer particles.\"\n\n\n\nThe educational plan focuses on creating awareness and transmitting excitement about the research area of plasma processing and nanoparticle research.  High school students will get a first hand impression of research through short lectures and laboratory visits.  High school teachers will be invited to participate in research activities during the summer and be advised in developing exciting \"dusty plasma\" related classroom experiments.  Undergraduate students will be addressed through course development and development of interactive, computer-based teaching materials.  Students will experience the excitement of research by working with a research grade plasma simulation code on \"virtual plasmas\" and by having the opportunity to compare their results to \"real\" plasmas in laboratory demonstrations.  They will also have the opportunity of direct research involvement through research assistantships, and honors thesis projects.  Graduate students will benefit from the program, in particular, through the opportunity of international exchange."]
["CAREER:  Computational and Experimental Design and Engineering of Proteins","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS|MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","Desjarlais, John","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","jrd@xencor.com","MPS","John Desjarlais is supported by a grant from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Program and the Molecular Biophysics program to develop and experimentally evaluate the use of computational methods for the design and engineering of proteins.  Algorithms will be developed using a combination of combinatorial optimization methods and atomistic force fields for the evaluation of protein designs.  The proposed experiments will be used to evaluate the effects of designed changes on the properties of proteins such as stability, dynamics, structure, and most importantly, function.  The protein currently under investigation is the cold shock protein B from Bacillus subtilis, chosen for its small size, ease of production, and readily measurable properties.  Desjarlais' teaching plan involves the development of new courses on Biophysical Chemistry and Computational Biology.  The courses will be developed and taught in conjunction with the Penn State University Life Sciences Consortium.\n\n\n\nThe field of protein design has continued to grow since its inception in the 1980's.  The design, production, and biophysical characterization of novel proteins or variants of natural proteins has provided a wealth of insight into the qualities of amino acid sequences required for the folding of proteins into well defined, stable structures.   Recent developments in the combination of computational and experimental methods for protein design has opened up exciting opportunities for the future of protein design and engineering.  This promise may ultimately lead to the design of novel proteins or modification of the properties of existing proteins, such as increased thermal or chemical stability.  Success in these efforts will also create new avenues for the design of nanotechnological devices and molecules with therapeutic or industrial value."]
["CAREER: Frameworks for RNA Recognition","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY|INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Roberts, Richard","CA","California Institute of Technology","rroberts@cco.caltech.edu","BIO","Roberts\n\n9876246\n\nRNA-protein interactions are of central biological importance as they provide the means to connect genetic information to cellular biochemistry.  Work over the last decade has elucidated a number of protein motifs that are capable of sequence and/or structure specific RNA recognition.  However, it is neither possible to design a protein sequence that will bind a chosen RNA target nor predict which motif would be most appropriate for a given recognition problem.  The investigator has therefore chosen to pursue an in vitro genetic strategy to isolate RNA binding proteins.  The in vitro strategy will be pursued using RNA-protein fusions, protein molecules covalently attached to the mRNA which encodes them.  The investigator proposes to explore and compare random sequence protein libraries to two protein motifs that have the potential to act as general frameworks for RNA recognition:  1) the arginine rich (ARM) motif, and 2) a structural analog of the RNP domain, the B1 domain of protein G.  The selection experiments will provide a wealth of examples that will either support or challenge the current ability to predict protein structure. Biochemical and physical analysis of these examples should provide insight into which scaffolds are the most general.  In addition, the information from the selection experiments will be fed back into the design process in an iterative fashion to improve the overall design of the frameworks and selections.\n\n\n\nThe design of new proteins is one of the fundamental challenges facing biochemists.  This is because it is not currently possible to design a protein with a set of rational steps analogous to the construction of a building.  An alternative approach is to construct many different proteins (millions to trillions) and select the few that have desired functional properties.  The immune system uses precisely this strategy for our defense, making billions of proteins based on a common framework--an antibody.  The investigator proposes to examine new frameworks for their ability to recognize RNA molecules.  Using newly developed techniques, the investigator's lab will examine trillions of sequences in an effort to develop general reagents to improve our understanding of protein function."]
["CAREER: Architectures and Compilers for Tiger Machines","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Goldstein, Seth Copen","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","seth@cs.cmu.edu","CSE","CCR-9876248\n\nCAREER: Architectures and Compilers for Tiger Machines\n\nSeth Copen Goldstein\n\n\n\nThis proposal investigates a new class of processors and their\n\nassociated compilers, Tiger processors, which TIghtly couple a\n\nGEneral-purpose processor with a Reconfigurable function unit (RFU).\n\nThe RFU can be configured, at run-time, to implement a function as a\n\nhardware circuit.  Tiger processors offer the flexibility of a\n\ngeneral-purpose microprocessor with the performance of a custom\n\ncircuit.\n\n\n\nTiger processors offer high performance and efficiency because they\n\ncontain an RFU, which, when needed, can be configured to implement\n\nhardware matched to any individual application.  Tiger processors can\n\nrealize an application's parallelism on all levels: MIMD, SIMD,\n\ninstruction-level, pipeline, and bit-level.\n\n\n\nThe two requirements to realizing the potential of these processors,\n\ninvestigated in this proposal, are (1) developing robust compilers\n\nwhich quickly produce efficient executables from any high-level\n\nprogramming language, and (2) investigating the proper interface\n\nbetween the RFU and the general-purpose processor.\n\n\n\nThe objective of this research is to allow programs to obtain\n\nperformance approaching that of custom hardware from a general-purpose\n\ndevice.  Tiger processors will both increase performance and reduce\n\nthe cost of systems because there will be no need to augment systems\n\nwith custom hardware and its associated design overhead."]
["CAREER: Nucleation and Growth of Covalent Solids","CTS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Sunkara, Mahendra","KY","University of Louisville Research Foundation Inc","mahendra@louisville.edu","ENG","Proposal Title: \tCAREER: Nucleation and Growth of Covalent Solids\n\nProposal Number:\t\tCTS-9876251\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\tMahendra Sunkara\n\nInstitution:\t\t\tUniversity of Louisville\n\n\n\nThis CAREER plan addresses research in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and student training in CVD.  The main objective of the research program is to obtain molecular understanding of the controlling factors for growing large, single crystals during chemical vapor processing.  A set of selective nucleation and growth experiments, using a microwave CVD reactor, will be carried out.  Atomic force microscopy will be used to characterize the early stages of individual crystal growth during CVD.  This experimental program will be complemented with Monte Carlo simulations focused on calculating the growth rates and morphologies of individual crystals.  The morphologies of simulated crystals will be compared with those observed experimentally to determine the effects of gas-surface reactions, dislocations, and impurities on growth faceting.  These studies along with proposed experiments on controlled nucleation of platelet shaped crystals will be used to develop substrate independent methods for growing large single crystals of diamond from the vapor phase and gallium nitride from the liquid phase.  The education plan is to develop courses in the areas of CVD and thin film characterization.  The development of interactive World Wide Web educational materials for delivery of both lecture and laboratory courses is also planned."]
["CAREER: Cyclic Plasticity and Fatigue Life of Small-Scale   Metal Structures","DMR","METALS","Vinci, Richard","PA","Lehigh University","vinci@lehigh.edu","MPS","9876261\n\nVinci\n\n\n\nTwo objectives of this program on small-scale metallic structures are to understand plastic behavior related to cyclic loading and to identify mechanisms that determine fatigue lifetimes for low-and high-cycle regimes.  Both cyclic plasticity and fatigue are evaluated in terms of sample state, particularly thickness and microstructure.  The effects of testing conditions, including strain rate, ambient atmosphere and temperature, are evaluated.  Emphasis is placed on identifying the key parameters that differentiate the behavior of freestanding metal thin films from that of bulk metals and that of thin metal films adhered to substrates.  Unique apparatus under development fits into the specimen chamber of an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an Orientation Imaging Microscopy unit.  This arrangement allows in-situ monitoring of surface morphology and microstructure during testing.  Uniaxial tensile samples are used for simplicity of testing and analysis.  Metal specimens are patterned at the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility using fabrication techniques developed in a preliminary study.  Materials systems include aluminum (a FCC low melting point metal), iridium (a high melting point FCC metal), and molybdenum (a high melting point BCC metal).  Improved understanding of thin film mechanical behavior will be transmitted to students through three paths: training of graduate and undergraduate research assistants, development of a specialized graduate mechanical behavior course, and integration of thin film mechanical behavior into the undergraduate curriculum.\n\n%%%\n\nPhysics-based mechanical behavior models will allow dynamic modeling of device behavior and reliability for performance optimization.  Technologies that will benefit include MEMS products such as high frequency RF switches and resonators for precision electronics.  Relevant mesoscale applications include devices such as miniature aircraft and gas turbines for power generation.  The target audience for this work includes university researchers, developers of design software, small-scale device manufacturers, and endusers of this technology.\n\n***"]
["Career:  New Materials for Photonics","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MATERIALS SYNTHESIS & PROCESSN","Kotov, Nicholas","OK","Oklahoma State University","kotov@umich.edu","MPS","This CAREER award to Nicholas A. Kotov at Oklahoma State University is supported by the Advanced Materials Program in the Chemistry Division.  The focus of the research is the synthesis and characterization of chemically modified semiconductor nanoclusters where the modification consists of coordinatively binding transition metal complexes to the chalcogenide atoms on the nanocluster surface. Specifically, stabilized cadmium chalcogenide nanoclusters will be prepared and surface modified by reaction with copper and ruthenium amine complexes. The chemically modified nanoclusters will be characterized by TEM, XRD, ESR, NMR, MS, and emission and absorption spectroscopy. Optical properties will be studied by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, pump-probe spectroscopy and Stark spectroscopy. Electronic interactions between the semiconductor nanocluster and the surface bound transition metal complex markedly effect the nonlinear optical properties of the nanoclusters including second and third harmonic generation. By adapting optical properties of nanoparticles to a particular application, chalcogenide modified systems will provide a new pathway for the preparation of novel light-emitting and nonlinear optical materials.\n\n\n\nThe CAREER educational plan will integrate research and education in the area of photonics. Specifically, a curriculum will be developed in support of the new interdisciplinary Photonics Ph. D. program at Oklahoma State. Laboratory courses in optics, spectroscopy, microscopy and semiconductor synthesis will be formulated. These courses, in concert with industrial internships and a photonics business lecture series will prepare Ph.D. students with the necessary skills for meaningful careers either in the business or academic sectors."]
["CAREER: Neural Representations Based on Temporal Structure: A Computational Neuroscience Approach","IOB","COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE","Niebur, Ernst","MD","Johns Hopkins University","niebur@jhu.edu","BIO","Niebur\n\n9876721\n\nAbstract\n\n\n\nHow is the external world represented in the brain? At the lowest level, we know that the basic computational units of the brain are nerve cells, or neurons. We also know that neurons use electrical impulses called \"action potentials\" to communicate with each other. What we do not know is how these impulses code information, for instance, the representation of the organism's environment.  A common view is that properties of perceived objects are coded as the average firing rates of neurons (\"rate code\") but this is not only an inefficient procedure, it also creates problems when the brain has to deal with more than one object simultaneously, as is usually the case. One of the problems is that, if a certain property is coded by a corresponding spike rate, and if several objects have this property, how does one decide to which of those objects the property belongs?\n\n\n\nThe brain does more than just map out the external world; the behavior of an organism also depends on its internal states. One of the problems the brain has to solve is information overload, resulting from the multitude of stimuli impinging on the sensors at all times. Therefore, one of the brain's most important functions is to carefully select those stimuli that are important, and to consider only these in detail. For instance, while you are reading this text, you are focusing on the written words and you are probably not thinking about how your left foot feels in your left shoe. However, now that you try to \"feel\" it, you can \"pay attention\" to it. We know that the tactile sensors in your foot behave the same way whether you are paying attention to it or not, but for the brain the two situations are clearly different. What, precisely, changes in the activity of the brain when you direct your attention from one stimulus to another?\n\n\n\nTheoretical models have predicted that the code used by the brain not only uses the average rate but also more fine-grained temporal structures of the sequences of action impulses. For instance, it has been predicted that paying attention does not necessarily change the average firing rate, but the relations between the firing in different neurons, for instance, make it more likely that neurons fire together. Dr. Niebur and his students will compare the activity of neurons in monkeys performing a task that requires them to attend to a stimulus with the activity when they receive the same stimulation but are NOT attending to it. Preliminary results, as well as mathematical modeling, have indicated that there is indeed, such a difference in the relative firing of neurons. In addition to analyzing the neural activity of the monkey working on the task, they will also develop mathematical models of attentional processing."]
["CAREER:  Hybrid Locomotion Systems for Varying Terrains and Environments","IIS","ROBOTICS","Ostrowski, James","PA","University of Pennsylvania","jpo@grip.cis.upenn.edu","CSE","This award addresses issues of hybrid robotic locomotion systems --- robotic systems that utilize multiple\n\nlocomotion modalities in order to achieve greater mobility. Examples of these systems include the use of arms or legs by a wheeled robot to walk or climb stairs, or the use of a tail by a legge&robot to provide swimming thrust or bracing forces in underground tunnels or pipes. Such systems can provide robotic platforms capable of operating in multiple environments, such as underwater, in pipes, or overland. Central to this research\n\nis how to generate appropriate input patterns, or gaits, for hybrid robotic locomotion systems, and how to modify these gaits when moving between environments, such as land to water. Other issues include the development of measures of terrain difficulty and mobility for robotic systems. These would provide a characterization of the mobility of a given robot configuration in relation to the difficulty of the path it must follow through the environment. Issues of sensing, both of the environment and of contact forces acting\n\non the robot, will be addressed. The use of modular components will also be emphasized, in order to provide basic modules, such as legs, tails, and wheels, that can be rapidly configured into a complete robotic system. Using modular components, the experimental side of this research will, focus on the development of three basic robotic platforms: a salamander, a wheel-legged system, and an eel robot. Each of these systems will\n\npotentially possess advanced locomotion and manipulation capabilities that greatly exceed those found in existing robotic systems.\n\n\n\nThe education plan includes building visualization tools and graphics animation to help graduate students understanding difficult concepts by illustration. A website will be established for sharing such tools with educators around the world. At the undergraduate level, research will be integrated into education through senior design projects and the newly formed Penn Robotics Club. At the middle and high school level, an existing robotics mentoring program will be strengthened by introducing an internet-based mobile robot, with associated short-course modules."]
["CAREER:  A Relational Database Interface to the World-Wide Web","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE|DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES|HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Spertus, Ellen","CA","Mills College","spertus@mills.edu","CSE","The World-Wide Web has the potential of being the world's largest knowledge base if its unique characteristics are properly utilized. While superficially similar to early hypertext and other information retrieval domains, the Web has important quantitative and qualitative differences that necessitate new tools and techniques. The quantitative differences are obvious: The tremendous size of the Web precludes storing a complete and up-to-date copy in a conventional database. The qualitative differences between the Web and earlier information retrieval domains are more subtle but no less important, including the various types of semi-structured information on the Web. Unifying the Web with relational databases, so it can be accessed through Structured Query Language (SQL) and other database tools, would apply one of the most popular data management tools to this challenging and important domain. A prototype implementation of just-in-time databases and the Squeal query environrnent appeared in the investigator's dissertation, proving that the Web could be queried as though it were in a local relational database. This was achieved by automatically retrieving information from the Web only when needed, allowing the construction of several simple but powerful structure-based information retrieval applications.\n\n\n\nThis proposal is to build a powerful and efficient relational database interface to the Web that will be a valuable tool for the information retrieval community, supporting uniform access to many types of structural and other information on the Web, including inter-document structure, intra-document structure, forms, cookies, and new features as they arise. Efficient performance will require developing query optimization techniques, pre-fetch and refresh strategies, and techniques for sharing data among multiple users. As the system progresses, novel information retrieval applications will be developed and evaluated, to gain a better understanding of the benefits and limitations of using different types of available information toward various information retrieval problems. Throughout the process, the system itself will be evaluated, to better understand the powers and limits of providing a relational database interface to the Web.\n\n\n\nThe primary educational goal is to increase computer science opportunities for women, an area in which the investigator has extensive experience and is well-positioned as a faculty member at a women's college with a strong undergraduate program and two graduate programs: a certificate program for people with college degrees who wish to change fields and an interdisciplinary master's program for combining computing with another area of experience. The investigator's plans (already in progress) include:\n\n\n\n Supervising undergraduate research, with the goal of preparing and motivating students for graduate education.\n\n\n\n Completely revising the architecture and operating systems sequence, including the creation of a hardware laboratory.\n\n\n\n Taking advantage of the school. Bay Area location to forge ties with industry leading to speakers, internships, permanent employment, and possible donations.\n\n\n\n Running a mentoring program for Mills students to prepare them for graduate school and employment. \n\n\n\n Recruiting transfer students from nearby community colleges, which has the added benefit of reaching economically underprivileged women.\n\n\n\n Improving the interdisciplinary master's program to more fully integrate students' other areas of interest with computer science."]
["PECASE:  Adhesion and Mechanics of Normal and Dystrophic Muscle Cells - A Cellular Engineering Basis for Gene Therapy","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|BIOTECHNOLOGY","Discher, Dennis","PA","University of Pennsylvania","discher@seas.upenn.edu","ENG","9876328\n\nDischer\n\nTo achieve tissue integrity and resilience, cells must have sufficient ability to adhere and deform with tissue structures or matrices.  One overall goal of this NSF-CAREER proposal is to develop novel approaches to cell adhesion, with a particular focus on muscular dystrophy (MD).  A second goal is to create new educational opportunities and resources in the broader, emerging area of cell and molecular engineering.  Integration of these research and education plans is expected to promote partnerships for the transfer of engineering research to both the clinical and industrial sectors, to prepare an increased number of underrepresented minorities and women for achievement in engineering science, and to expose a broad-based audience to the excitement of discovery.\n\n\n\nMotivation for detailed study of muscle cell adhesion is provided by burgeoning treatments of gene therapy for MD, a collection of common, debilitating, and often fatal genetic disorders.  Though adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins at the cell membrane are loosely implicated in these disorders, very little is known in terms of quantitative aspects of function.  Novel, patterned protein substrates -- of potential interest to industry and tissue engineers -- will first be engineered to geometrically control the growth and differentiation of muscle cells.  Individual cells grown on these defined substrates will then be forcibly peeled from the substrates.  Various optical microscopies will allow quantitative analysis at the nano- to micro- scales.  The responses of several dystrophic-type muscle cells will be compared to normal cells with the intent of complementing and motivating gene therapy efforts which are emerging.  Theoretical models at multiple scales, including an inextensible tape-peeling model and \"molecular\" element models rooted in molecular mechanics, will be pursued to advance structure-function hypotheses on cell membrane mechanics and adhesion.\n\n\n\nA complementary educational plan in the broader area of cell and molecular engineering is proposed for various academic levels as well as for the general public.  An in-lab internship program will enable the mentoring of undergraduates from diverse backgrounds.  New hands-on cell and molecular engineering laboratory exercises for diverse audiences will supplement focused course offerings at undergraduate and graduate levels of the engineering curriculum, and a public-access internet site will be dedicated to Education in Cell and Molecular Engineering (http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ ~discher/ cme.html)."]
["CAREER:  Ecology and Genetics of Male/Female-Ratio Polymorphism in Natural Populations of the Silene Latifolia Plant","DEB","POPULATION DYNAMICS","Taylor, Douglas","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","drt3b@virginia.edu","BIO","9876397 \n\nTaylor\n\n\n\nSo-called 'selfish genetic elements' are genes that enhance their own transmission across generations at the expense of the organism in which they reside.  Often, there are other genes that suppress the effects of the selfish element.  This antagonistic interaction between genes is known as 'intragenomic conflict'.  Intragenomic conflict is thought to be of fundamental importance, perhaps influencing the origin of reproductive isolation, sex chromosomes, sex-ratio bias, repetitive DNA, and sex-determination mechanisms, among others.  The perceived importance of these phenomena has grown recently as experimental studies have established their existence in a wide variety of taxa.  Nevertheless, very few studies have examined the dynamics of intragenomic conflict or its historical importance in natural populations.\n\n\n\nSilene latifolia is a dioecious plant with a sex-ratio polymorphism that closely resembles classic examples of intragenomic conflict in animals, but is more amenable to research in natural populations.  This research focuses on two aspects of the sex-ratio polymorphism in Silene latifolia that are of general importance for understanding intragenomic conflict.  First, the rates of genetic transmission of alleles that control the sex ratio will be measured in experimental populations set up in the field.  Second, a phylogenetic analysis will evaluate the historical importance of intragenomic conflict in this system and the diversity of genetic mechanisms controlling the sex ratio.  \n\n\n\nThe proposed experiments will make important contributions to our understanding of sex-ratio variation in nature, and the biological significance of intragenomic conflict.  How often such conflicts arise and are resolved in nature is critical to our understanding of the origins of sex-determining mechanisms and the stability of Mendelian segregation itself.  The educational component of this project focuses on expanding the role of laboratory research in undergraduate course curricula, and outreach programs to introduce the experience of research in university labs to secondary school students with career ambitions in science."]
["Visual Query Languages for Database Systems","IIS","DIGITAL LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES|INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE","Cruz, Maria","MA","Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ifc@cs.uic.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER: Resource Management in Distributed Multimedia       Systems","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Liebeherr, Jorg","NY","Polytechnic University of New York","jl3k@virginia.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  New Methods of Creating Artifical Receptors        for Proteins","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Mallik, Sanku","ND","North Dakota State University Fargo","sanku.mallik@ndsu.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER: Operating System Support and Programming Environment for Evolutionary Parallel and Distributed Applications","CCF","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Lim, Alvin","AL","Auburn University","lim@eng.auburn.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  Gas Phase Cleaning of Semiconductor Surfaces","DMR","ELECTRONIC MATERIALS|METALS, CERAMICS, & ELEC MATRS|MATERIALS RESEARCH PROJECT SUP","Muscat, Anthony","AZ","University of Arizona","muscat@erc.arizona.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER: Fundamental Electrical and Thermal Limitations of   Patterned Thin Film Multilayer Magnetic Field Sensors","ECS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Burkett, Susan","ID","Boise State University","SBURKETT@uark.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  All-Optical SCM and WDM-SCM Multi-Access Networks  Based on Optical Current-Controlled Oscillators","ECS","INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC|OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS","Li, Guifang","FL","University of Central Florida","li@creol.ucf.edu","ENG"]
["Architecture and Synthesis Techniques for Embedded Systems","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE|DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Gupta, Rajesh","CA","University of California-Irvine","gupta@cs.ucsd.edu","CSE"]
["RUI: An Ultrastructural Analysis of the Development of      Pigment Pattern in Zebrafish","IOB","ANIMAL DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANSMS","Morrison, Randall","MD","McDaniel College","rmorriso@mcdaniel.edu","BIO"]
["Neurosteriod Effects on Behavior","IOB","NEUROSCIENCE|NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY","Frye, Cheryl","NY","SUNY at Albany","cafrye@cnsunix.albany.edu","BIO"]
["Gravitational Lensing Geometry and Optics","DMS","GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS|SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Petters, Arlie","NC","Duke University","petters@math.duke.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER:  Dynamics of Gas-Phase Persistent Organic Chemicals:  An Investigation of the Effect of Climate Using a         Controlled Chamber","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Hornbuckle, Keri","IA","University of Iowa","keri-hornbuckle@uiowa.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  A Concept Exploration System for Configuring       Complex Systems with Quality Considerations","DMI","ENGINEERING DESIGN","Chen, Wei","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","weichen@northwestern.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  Hybrid Columns of Concrete and FRP","CMS","INFRASTRUCT MAT & STRUCT MECHA|STRUCTURES I|CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTUR","Mirmiran, Amir","OH","University of Cincinnati Main Campus","mirmiran@fiu.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  A Partial Evaluation Tool Set for Automatically    Customizing Adaptable Software","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Hatcliff, John","KS","Kansas State University","hatcliff@cis.ksu.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER: CAREER Development Plan","CTS","INTERFAC TRANS,& THERMODYN PRO","Abbott, Nicholas","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","abbott@engr.wisc.edu","ENG"]
["Time Resolved Friction During Sliding of Metal on Metal at Near Melt Interfacial Temperatures","CMS","|MATERIALS DESIGN & SURFACE ENG|SURFACE ENGINEERING","Prakash, Vikas","OH","Case Western Reserve University","Vikas.Prakash@case.edu","ENG","9908189\n\nPrakash\n\nA study of friction under extreme conditions of load and sliding velocity will be undertaken.  This is relevant to a number of technologically important situations, such as at tool-workpiece interfaces during ultra-high speed machining, friction and explosive welding processes, rotating band of an accelerating shell in a gun barrel, interfaces of bodies during high velocity impact, rocket driven vehicles on rails, and high performance brake liners employed in automobiles and aircrafts.  The conditions are such that the temperature at the interface approaches the melt regime of the lower melting point material in the tribo-pair. Recent developments in experimental methods to investigate high speed friction have enabled measurement in this region, at applied normal pressures ranging from 3 to 5 GPa and slip speeds of over 150 m/s. \n\n\t\n\nThe proposed study will involve, (i) high impact velocity pressure-shear plate-impact friction experiments on relatively low melting point metals such as aluminum, (ii) detailed transient finite deformation elastic-visco-plastic finite element modeling of the impact friction process-in order to understand the continuum level predictions of the extent of elastic-plastic interactions of the tribo-pair materials, and (iii) detailed optical, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and flourescence (EDS) studies to understand the tribo-mechanical and tribo-chemical interactions during the sliding process.\n\n***"]
["MLIAM: ISLE-International Standards for Language Engineering","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Palmer, Martha","PA","University of Pennsylvania","mpalmer@colorado.edu","CSE","This is the first year of funding of a 2 year continuing award. The increased interest in multilingual information processing, which requires detailed mappings between languages, has highlighted the need for international standards, and agreed upon evaluation/validation procedures. We can no longer afford to (re)develop language resources for each new application; a shared broad scale platform of basic components is an absolute necessity as a common infrastructure to ensure the interoperability of systems through compatible interfaces and components that can be readily integrated and reused (plug and play). This project provides a framework for achieving international consensus on essential standards that would enable the sharing of resources and components on a global scale. The PI's approach builds on an already existing methodology for achieving consensus that has been developedvithin the EAGLES standardization initiative in Europe (http://www.ilc.pi.cnr.it/EAGLES96/rep2.html). The PI will spearhead the formation of an equivalent American group, AIGLES, the American Interest Group on Language Engineering Standards (also French for eagles), that will join forces with the Europeans in the development of International Standardization for Language Engineering (ISLE). The underlying philosophy of the effort will be not to prove the truth or correctness of a particular theoretical approach, but rather to agree on a common format that can allow the merger of multiple sources of information. In order to move forward rapidly, coarse distinctions will be made initially and the results laterrefiner. (an approach that was anathema some years ago). The work will focus on three distinct areas the P1 considers the most critical for continued progress in multilingual information processing: standardization of multilingual lexicons, with lexical semantics; standardization of paradigms fornatural interaction inmultimodal systems; evaluation of machine translation systems and spoken language systems."]
["CAREER:  Function and Regulation of Na-K-2Cl Cotransporter in Neurons","IOB","NEUROSCIENCE|NEURONAL AND GLIAL MECHANISMS","Sun, Dandan","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","sun@neurosurg.wisc.edu","BIO","9981826\n\nSUN\n\nNa-K-Cl ion transporters represent a family of cell membrane proteins that transport sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) ions in or out of cells.  The ion transporter protein plays an important role in salt reabsorption and secretion in kidney.  It also functions in control of cell volume in many types of cells.  Brain cells, particularly neurons (nerve cells), express an abundant level of the ion transporter protein.  However, little is known why nerve cells express the ion transporter protein and what its function is.  The objectives of this project are to study whether the ion transporter protein regulates nerve cell Cl- concentration, and whether the ion transporter is involved in control of nerve cell volume.  Moreover, we want to understand how the ion transporter activity is controlled in nerve cells. \n\nThe cellular ion homeostasis (balance) in the brain is a general prerequisite for adequate neuronal function.  Disturbance of ion homeostasis would lead to cessation of functional activity of nerve cells.  In addition, nerve cell volume needs to be tightly regulated because of a restrict volume of the skull. Therefore, it is important to understand whether the ion transporter contributes to control ion homeostasis and cell volume in brain.  The results of this project will significantly enhance our knowledge about the role of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter in nerve cells and may provide insights to understand causes of the breakdown of ion homeostasis under pathological conditions, such as epilepsy (brain seizure) and brain edema (swelling)."]
["CAREER: Ultrathin Films of Molecularly Assembled Oligothiophenes - An Integrated Approach to Research and Education in Organic Solid State Materials","DMR","POLYMERS","Advincula, Rigoberto","AL","University of Alabama at Birmingham","radvincula@uh.edu","MPS","9982010\n\nAdvincula\n\n\n\nThe overall goal of the program is to integrate research on molecularly assembled organic ultrathin film materials with training of future materials scientists on a combined 1) organic synthesis, 2) film fabrication, 3) surface analysis, and 4) device application approach.  The research goal is to develop molecularly organized electro-and optically-active oligothiophene (conjugated) ultrathin films suitable for \"wet processing\" and applications as solid state materials.  This is in contrast to current methods involving vacuum evaporation and solution crystallization techniques.  New oligomer structures, telechelic oligomers, and \"precursor\" polymers with oligothiophene derivatives ( than 5-6 units) will  be synthesized.  The ultrathin films will be fabricated using molecular and supramolecular assembly techniques to form multilayers on various solid-support substrates.  Orientation, aggregation, layer ordering and morphological control is essential during film fabrication.  This will be analyzed by combining surface sensitive spectroscopic and microscopic analysis methods.  By determining structure-property correlations, the intention is to \"tailor\" the preferred order towards several solid state materials applications.  Electropolymerization and doping techniques on well ordered ultrathin film systems would be used to induce coupling reactions and conductivity for incorporation in various electrical and optical device applications.  Ultimately, the goal is to establish a research protocol for discovery of new organic ultrathin film materials and bridge research and training for a new breed of materials scientists.\n\n\n\nThe exponential growth in handheld devices, portable computers, displays, sensors, miniaturized components, requires new materials and processes that allow rapid prototyping and manufacturing even approaching that of the nanoscale.  Thus, there is a need to direct molecular organization in ultrathin films during processing with a rational design of polymer materials.  This research program combines these aspects and at the same time focuses on training  new breed of materials scientists, capable of parallel thinking and skills progression for developing organic solid state materials.  While new materials and methodologies can be discovered, the most important contribution to society is through a sustained approach in educating new scientists and technologists.  To meet this challenge, a number of education initiatives are proposed which includes high school students and teacher mentoring (K-12), combined with graduate students participation.  Opportunities for participation in interdisciplinary institutions and projects both here and abroad are also proposed."]
["CAREER: Intralayer Contact Between Two Dissimilar Inhomogeneous Orthotropic Materials","CMS","MATERIALS DESIGN & SURFACE ENG","Pelegri, Assimina","NJ","Rutgers University New Brunswick","pelegri@jove.rutgers.edu","ENG","The goal of the research under this CAREER award is to develop a robust methodology to predict dynamic damage evolution in the interfaces of laminated composites of dissimilar inhomogeneous orthotropic materials.  The approach is to integrate the synergistic effects of contact zone and intralayer kinking in an interfacial damage predictive model for inhomogeneous bimaterials.  In particular, the objectives are to: 1) investigate the parameters of contact zone formation, 2) study the effect of contact zones in the kinking of delaminations, 3) assess the connection (if any) and the effect of damage accumulation in (1) and (2), and 4) to predict deviation, propagation, or arrest of delaminations based on the findings from (1) and (3).  The results are expected to lead to a significantly improved quantitative assessment of the energy release rate and fracture toughness of a damaged composite structure and to better design methods to avoid specific modes of damage.\n\n\n\nThe educational plan has three specific goals: 1) to increase the involvement of women in engineering, 2) to increase awareness of opportunities in science and engineering of high-school students (Technical Youth Program), and 3) to modernize the mechanical engineering laboratory and course curriculum.  In an effort to increase the gender diversity, the PI will collaborate with Douglass College of Women in initiating high school outreach programs.  During these programs students will have the opportunity to visit the Rutgers University School of Engineering for hands on demonstrations, small group sessions with female scientists and engineers, and interaction with female guest visitors from industry.  In the curriculum development plan, the learning process is promoted via visualization of concepts and hands-on practice.  A unified educational/research approach will be utilized in order to infiltrate the knowledge and expertise gained from the conducted research to the classroom."]
["CAREER: Genetic Engineering Approaches for the in Vivo Study of Plant Metabolism of Selenium and Other Oxyanions","MCB","EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC PROGRAM|METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY|BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS|INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Pilon-Smits, Elizabeth","CO","Colorado State University","epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu","BIO","Selenium (Se) and sulfur metabolism in plants are thought to make use of the same enzymes. Previous studies by this investigator have shown that overexpression of ATP sulfurylase (involved in sulfate reduction) promotes selenate reduction and leads to accumulation of organic selenium. The goals of this project are to pinpoint more enzymes that are rate-controlling for Se fluxes in plants, and to clarify any involvement of the sulfate assimilation enzymes in uptake and reduction of the related elements tellurium, molybdenum, and tungsten.\n\n\tSelenocysteine appears to be a control point for Se allocation into proteins (toxic), into volatile forms, or into various accumulated forms.  By overexpression of two enzymes, two different Se \"sinks\" will be created: one as low-toxic, insoluble elemental Se, the other as low-toxic volatile Se. The effects of these new Se sinks on the Se fluxes in the plant will be tested by measuring the forms of Se accumulated by the transgenic plants, and by measuring their Se tolerance, accumulation and volatilization. To study the effect of simultaneous overexpression of two enzymes in the pathway, different transgenics will be crossed and the Se fluxes in the double-transgenics studied.\n\n\tThe other objective of this project is to test the hypothesis that the sulfate assimilation pathway is also involved in uptake and reduction of tellurate, molybdate, and tungstate. To this end, available transgenic Indian mustard plants (Brassica juncea) that overexpress enzymes involved in uptake and reduction of sulfate/selenate will be analyzed for tolerance and accumulation of tellurium, molybdenum and tungsten, and for the accumulated forms of these elements.\n\n\tThe new information generated by these studies may be employed for the genetic manipulation of plants with altered metabolic properties, e.g. with enhanced or reduced trace element accumulation. This is of significance since these elements are of environmental and/or medical importance, as pollutants, micronutrients, etc.\n\n\tAn essential part of this CAREER project will be the development of a graduate course on environmental cleanup using plants (phytoremediation) and a senior-level plant physiology course. These courses will be designed to make optimal use of multimedia and on-line resources."]
["CAREER: Phylogeny of the Siphonaptera of the World","DEB","SYST BIOLOGY & BIODIVERSITY IN|CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","Whiting, Michael","UT","Brigham Young University","michael_whiting@byu.edu","BIO","9983195\n\nWhiting\n\n\n\n\tFleas comprise a relatively small holometabolous insect order (Siphonaptera) of about 2380 species which are associated with bird and mammal hosts.  The phylogenetic relationships among flea families are virtually unknown and have remained perplexing.  The purpose of the research component of this proposal is to determine phylogenetic relationships of Siphonaptera at the familial and generic levels. This will be accomplished by compiling morphological and DNA sequence data for a large representation of fleas and related taxa, then subjecting these data to rigorous phylogenetic analysis.  Once the phylogeny is in place, the current classification of fleas will be evaluated and the pattern of mammal-bird host shifts during flea evolution will be investigated.\n\n\n\n\tThe purpose of the education component of this proposal is to provide a basic systematics education to a wide range of undergraduate students, and to furnish significant research experiences to those most interested in systematics and evolutionary biology.  Students will be given opportunities for field work, collection-based research (e.g., documenting flea morphology), lab-based research (e.g., DNA sequencing), and computation based-research (e.g., phylogenetic analysis).  The focus will be on developing research and analytical skills in undergraduate students, which are necessary for successful careers in evolutionary biology.  The education experience culminates in a Utah State Systematics symposium where the students present their research and have the opportunity to interact with peers from other institutions and concludes with students preparing a manuscript for publication.  This project will provide much needed information on flea phylogeny, facilitate the training of students in systematics, and help spawn interest in flea systematics, an field sorely in need of young specialists."]
["CAREER: Pricing and Resource Allocation in Multiservice Broadband Communication Networks","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Paschalidis, Ioannis","MA","Boston University","yannisp@bu.edu","CSE","New technological advances and recent developments in research are leading the way towards an enhanced next-generation Internet. This new medium will surpass the current best effort only\" capability and evolve into a multiservice network able to accommodate differentiated classes of service to support various types of applications and business requirements. Now that the technology has dramatically evolved and computer networks have become ubiquitous, the proposed work aims at addressing some of the important remaining\n\nchallenges: (i) to use the network resources efficiently, and (ii) to facilitate the creation of a healthy market environment, where new network services can be introduced and sustained.  To this end, it is proposed (1) to devise mechanisms and tools that will enable network service providers to optimize their operations and make them economically viable, and (2) to provide, through pricing, sufficient incentives to users of network services that will help smooth spikes in demand and lead to a more efficient utilization of the available resources.\n\n     The Internet, and computer networking in general, are evolving into a real industry. The developments in other more mature industries (e.g., airlines, car rentals) are indicative of its future. Such industries implement sophisticated revenue management practices including pricing and efficient resource allocation. In networking, these actions can also be instrumental in alleviating congestion which is not only caused by the lack of bandwidth but, increasingly, due to overloading of Web servers.\n\n     The proposed research contains specific plans on (1) models for pricing multiple network services that incorporate users' reaction to prices (demand functions), service characteristics, network effects, and the inherent uncertainty in the problem; (2) estimating from measurements the amount of network resources consumed by various services, which can be instrumental in pricing and other resource allocation mechanisms; (3) optimizing the operation Web of servers, i.e., implementing sophisticated scheduling and routing of tasks in clusters of servers; and on (4) making strategic service provisioning decisions, which\n\nare affected by competition and consumer choice and include capacity planning, buying or selling in bandwidth markets, and deciding the optimal menu of offered services.\n\n     The proposed work will draw upon methodologies and techniques that the PI has considerable expertise and, in some instances, has helped in developing. These include: (i) large deviations, (ii) dynamic (and approximate-dynamic) programming, and (iii) potential function methods.\n\n     On the educational front, the proposed plan aims at promoting a synergy between optimization and stochastic techniques, and at preparing graduate students well versed in both areas who can contribute to this research agenda. It consists of specific (graduate and undergraduate) curriculum development ideas, the organization of an invited seminar series, and the creation of an instructional software laboratory that will enhance undergraduate recruitment and teaching. Graduate students in the PI's group typically have strong background in stochastic processes, control, and optimization. Two proposed graduate courses in computer networking aim at helping them focusing their research in this area by providing a sufficiently deep survey of advances and outstanding issues."]
["CAREER: Building a Theory of Teacher Learning With and About Mathematics Curriculum: The Role of Innovative K-12 Materials in Elementary Teacher Education","REC",null,"Lloyd, Gwendolyn","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","lloyd@vt.edu","EHR","This project focuses on the professional development of prospective elementary teachers in the context of current mathematics education reform efforts in the United States. Challenging conventional views of mathematics teaching and learning, reform visions posit the processes of investigation, sense-making, and communication as central mathematics classroom activities. Numerous empirical studies over the past decade have indicated that teachers' attempts to enact reform visions in their classrooms are fraught with conceptual and practical challenges, many of which relate to teachers' lack of personal familiarity with reform-oriented instructional practices and representations of mathematics. In light of this situation, this project creates opportunities for prospective teachers to learn about mathematics and pedagogy by working with reform-oriented K-12 curriculum materials, and examines how such experiences can promote meaningful, long-term changes in prospective teachers' conceptions and classroom practices. In the mathematics and methods courses required of prospective elementary teachers, strategies will be developed for using reform-oriented curriculum materials to support the transformation of prospective teachers' conceptions of mathematics, teaching, and learning. The specific challenges that teachers encounter through engagement with curriculum materials, and the impact of these challenges on teachers' conceptions and early classroom practices, will be investigated using interpretive case study methods. Through examination of prospective and beginning teachers' learning with and about curriculum, this project will produce vital findings about the role that innovative curriculum materials can play in the educational reform process. Such results have potential to impact the content and processes of teacher preparation and professional development programs in mathematics education."]
["CAREER:  Improved Measurement of Dayside Magnetospheric Reconnection","ATM","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS|UPPER ATMOSPHERIC FACILITIES","Blanchard, Gerard","LA","Southeastern Louisiana University","gblanchard@selu.edu","GEO","This is a CAREER award to create a space physics research program for undergraduate physics and physics education majors at Southeastern Louisiana University.  The educational objective is to use the proposed research project as a vehicle to have the PI mentor undergraduate students as an adjunct to their regular course work.  The scientific objective is to combine data from the Sondrestrom Incoherent Scatter Radar and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) to measure the rate of magnetic reconnection between the interplanetary magnetic field and Earth's magnetosphere more accurately and over a larger magnetic local time than is possible using either instrument independently.  Through statistical analysis of the reconnection rate measurements before and after the onset of a large number of geomagnetic substorms, the investigators will test the hypothesis that substorms are often triggered by reductions in magnetospheric convection, which is driven by reconnection.  If the hypothesis is true, the project will develop criteria that will allow actual prediction of substorms. The funds will provide student stipends, both during the academic year and summer, so that students can travel to conduct research and attend scientific conferences to present results."]
["CAREER: Structural and Mechanistic Studies of Phosphoryl Group Transfer Reactions","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Lavie, Arnon","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","Lavie@uic.edu","BIO","9983447\n\nLavie\n\nPhosphorylated nucleotides play a critical role in many biological processes, such as signal transduction, energy storage and metabolism, and the maintenance of the genetic code, to name only a few. The enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of these important molecules are called nucleoside kinases (NKs) or nucleoside monophosphate kinases (NMPKs) depending if they catalyze the addition of the first or the second phosphoryl group to a nucleoside (a nucleoside is the unphosphorylated form of a nucleotide that can have one, two, or three phosphoryl groups attached to it through the 5'-hydroxyl sugar moiety). In such a phosphoryl transfer reaction, a phosphoryl donor, usually adenosine triphosphate (ATP) transfers its phosphoryl moiety to an acceptor nucleoside or nucleotide. Despite the great importance of this reaction, the enzymatic mechanism is still disputed. Additionally, significant information is lacking about the enzymes that are responsible for this reaction. It is the aim of this project to increase our understanding at the molecular level about how NKs and NMPKs function and the reaction they catalyze.To this aim, we will focus on a representative from each class: the NK herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk), and the NMPK thymidylate kinase (TMPK). Our strategy is to visualize, through the technique of X-ray crystallography, the various states that occur along the reaction pathway. That means being able to form stable protein crystals of the ground states of both the forward and backward directions (i.e. in the presence of both substrates or both products), and of the transition state. This will be achieved by the utilization of substrate analogs that trap the enzyme in the desired state, and by using the inorganic molecule aluminum fluoride to mimic a transferred phosphoryl group.\n\nThe above enzymes have been chosen for this study due to the following two main reasons. One, there are two types of TMPKs, with catalytic residues originating from different regions of the enzyme. The comparison between the two types will help to reveal the exact function of these residues, and aid in differentiating between the associative and dissociative mechanisms of phosphoryl transfer. Two, HSV1-tk has both NK and NMPK activity. Understanding how this enzyme achieves this dual function is very important and will also shed light on the catalytic mechanism."]
["CAREER: Intelligent Portable Antenna Systems for High-Speed Wireless Communication","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Bernhard, Jennifer","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","jbernhar@uiuc.edu","ENG","9983460\n\nBernhard\n\n\n\nIntelligent Portable Antenna Systems for High-Speed Wireless Communication:\n\nThe wireless research and industrial communities agree that the\n\ncapabilities of portable units will constrain future high-speed wireless\n\nsystem performance. In response to this challenge, Jennifer Bernhard's\n\nresearch will develop intelligent portable antenna systems to improve the\n\nreliability, throughput, and noise immunity of these networks.\n\nSpecifically, this project will implement new compact radiation-tunable\n\nantenna with a performance-driven fuzzy controller on a portable unit.\n\nThis novel approach views portable antennas as dynamic components of the\n\ncommunication system and will create an innovative paradigm for antenna\n\ndesign and control.  A team-based research framework will require\n\nundergraduate and graduate students to cooperate to achieve common research\n\ngoals.  Dissemination of research results will be coupled with outreach\n\nactivities to attract more women to electrical engineering.  The education\n\nactivities will focus on \"active\" teaching techniques for electromagnetics\n\ncurricula that use real-world problems to develop students' teamwork,\n\nproblem-solving, and technical communication skills. \n\n***"]
["CAREER: Integrated Teaching and Research Activities on Computational Thermodynamics and Systems Materials Design of Magnesium Alloys","DMR","METALS|MATERIALS RESEARCH PROJECT SUP","Liu, Zi-Kui","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","zikui@psu.edu","MPS","9983532\n\nLiu\n\n\n\nThe objective of this CAREER grant is to create a completely new methodology for magnesium alloy design through a fundamental understanding of process/structure/property relationships in metal alloys. This work develops (a) a novel system materials design approach based on a combination of computational thermodynamics calculation, phase transformation simulation, and experimental prototype evaluation, (b) an efficient methodology of multi-component thermodynamic modeling by integrating thermodynamic predictions and critically designed experiments, and (c) thermodynamic models of phase interfaces.  Computational thermodynamics is the important part of the program and is essential for understanding the fundamental mechanisms, morphology, and kinetics of microstructure development. The CAREER teaching program focuses on computational thermodynamics and system materials design, involving both undergraduate and graduate students. The planned effort will improve the core curriculum in materials science and engineering by applying fundamental principles in conjunction with state-of-the-art computer software to efficiently develop solutions to technological problems. It will enable students to visualize the abstract concepts in thermodynamics through phase diagram calculations and phase transformation simulations, strengthen their computational skills through computer experiments, and improve their communication skills through team projects and presentations.  \n\n%%%\n\nThe proposed program will aid the development of magnesium alloys for automotive and aerospace applications and for hydrogen storage.  The program is timely due to increasing industrial interest in magnesium alloys, and it is especially desirable in the U.S. as research activities on magnesium alloys are limited in comparison with Europe.   New structural materials technologies are a determining factor in the global competitiveness of U.S. manufacturing industries.  As one of the lightest structural materials, magnesium alloys have high potential for considerably reducing the weight of transportation vehicles and improving fuel efficiency.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: A Faculty Early Career Program in Development of Superhard Coatings for Improved Performances","CMS","MATERIALS DESIGN & SURFACE ENG","Kumar, Ashok","FL","University of South Florida","akumar@eng.usf.edu","ENG","Superhard coating systems for next generation materials applications must exhibit a combination of physical properties which include excellent thermal and chemical stability, wear resistance, high hardness, toughness, and good adhesion. The goal of this CAREER program is to develop a means by which application specific coatings can be efficiently designed, using an integrated approach tailored towards rapid scale-up and industrial production. The specific objective of this study is to understand structure-property relationships in advanced engineering superhard coating materials prepared by pulsed laser assisted physical vapor deposition (PVD) and by filament assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for multifunctional applications. The pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process promises a new generation of exotic coatings which have superior adhesion, near theoretical densities, and very high hardness, and which, at the same time can be deposited at low temperature. Superhard coatings of carbon nitride (CNx), cubic boron nitride (c-BN), diamond-like carbon (DLC) and microlaminate coatings of metal/ceramic materials will be fabricated by the PLD method. Very-high density CVD plasma will be explored for rapid growth of transparent diamond films at low substrate temperature with desirable microstructure that provides better mechanical properties for manufacturing applications. Evaluation of mechanical properties will include nanoindentation, adhesion and wear tests. Microstructural analyses will include X-ray diffraction analysis for lattice structure, and  SEM, TEM and AFM for grain structure and lattice microstructural information. Efforts will be made to work with the industrial partners in developing potential commercial products.  An important feature of the project is the training of graduate and undergraduate students in a fundamentally and technologically significant area of Materials Science research related to synthesis, structure, properties and performance. The education plan involves the development of a module on 'Thin Film Technology' that illustrates key aspects of materials processing with appropriate emphasis on synthesis, selection of materials for substrate and film, deposition processes, microstructural development, mechanical properties, kinetics and thermodynamics, and applications in industrial sectors,  for instruction in cross-disciplinary fields. The module will include multimedia teaching resources and in-class demonstration. Special attempts will be made to attract students from under represented groups and to train them in multidisciplinary research."]
["CAREER: Defining a Sexually Selected Signal in Swordtail Fishes in Relation to Female Preferences","IOB","ANIMAL BEHAVIOR","Morris, Molly","OH","Ohio University","morrism@ohio.edu","BIO","The research project  examines how female swordtail fishes assess multiple male traits when choosing a mate.  Female swordtail fish prefer vertical-bar pigment patterns that are symmetrical with many dark bars.  The various components of this pigment pattern on males can be manipulated to determine if females from different species (1) have different preferences for the bars that could explain differences in the bar pattern across species, (2) prefer males with symmetrical bars because they are in better condition, and (3) have stronger preferences for components that provide better information about male condition.  The educational plan is to develop an interactive Web page for Introduction to Zoology, increase opportunities for students to gain hands-on research experience, and expand collaborative interactions with Mexican colleagues where these fish are found.\n\n\n\nOne of the more important decisions any animal makes is deciding with whom it will mate.  Researchers are finding that, for a diverse group of organisms including humans, mate-choice decisions are based on multiple male traits, and yet we currently know very little about how multiple preferences interact.  This research project will provide a more realistic view of the process of mate choice, while the educational plan will increase the interest of students from Ohio and Mexico in research."]
["CAREER: Molecular Interactions and Nucleotide Exchange Mechanism of Translation Factor EF1B Alpha","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY|BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS|GENES AND GENOME SYSTEMS","Kinzy, Terri","NJ","Robert Wood Johnson Medical School","kinzytg@umdnj.edu","BIO","9983565\n\nKinzy\n\nG-proteins are a broad class of proteins whose activity is regulated by the phosphorylation state of their bound nucleotide.  When bound to the tri-phosphate form of guanosine (GTP), they are active in a multitude of biological processes such as protein synthesis.  Stimulation of the G-protein's hydrolytic activity by another factor, a GTPase activating protein or GAP, converts the G-protein to the inactive diphosphate (GDP)-bound form.  Another set of regulatory proteins termed guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) control the nucleotide bound state of G-proteins by facilitating the conversion back to the \n\nactive GTP bound form.  The translation Elongation Factor 1Balpha (eEF1Balpha, formerly EF-1beta) of the Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a GEF for the elongation step of protein synthesis.  As a small, essential protein, it serves as an excellent system to utilize biochemical and genetic approaches to the study of the mechanism of guanine nucleotide exchange and the regulation of the elongation phase of protein synthesis.  eEF1Balpha functions on the G-protein eEF1A (formerly EF-1alpha) which is the homolog of the first G-protein for which the crystal structure was know, bacterial EF-Tu.  eEF1A is active to bind and deliver activated amino acids attached to transfer RNAs to the ribosome only when in the GTP-bound form.  The GDP to GTP exchange catalyzed by eEF1Balpha is essential to maintain a pool of active eEF1A and is likely the rate-limiting step of translation elongation. The PI's large bank of mutant forms of yeast eEF1Balpha has demonstrated the critical role of this protein in efficient and accurate protein synthesis in cells.  The mechanism and regulation of the guanine nucleotide exchange process will be determined utilizing our available as well as new structurally based point mutations.  Purified factors and in vitro assays for protein synthesis will identify the critical functional motifs of eEF1Balpha and dissect the interaction between this GEF and its G-protein eEF1A.  The cellular growth and translation defects of yeast strain with a mutant form of eEF1Balpha allow us to utilize genetic approaches to identify factors that may regulate the GEF activity of this protein as well as the translation elongation process in general.  Thus, the yeast S. cerevisiae is an eukaryotic system that permits simultaneous analysis of the role of eEF1Balpha in the translation elongation cycle in vivo and in vitro.  The educational goals of this proposal utilize both existing minority enhancement programs and the work study program for undergraduates at Rutgers University in our research program to understand the role of eEF1Balpha in gene expression.  The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (formerly Rutgers Medical School) has a tradition of supporting undergraduate research and minority enhancement programs.  The work study placement program augments established programs with a system to identify economically disadvantaged students for laboratory research.  The P.I., as the director of the UMDNJ RWJMS DNA Sequencing core facility, is also involved in the integration of state of the art molecular biology techniques into high school student and teacher programs and undergraduate courses at Rutgers University."]
["CAREER: Design and Implementation of Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computing Systems","CNS","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Manivannan, Dakshnamoorthy","KY","University of Kentucky Research Foundation","mani@cs.uky.edu","CSE","This project focuses on developing efficient techniques for implementing\n\nfault-tolerant distributed systems.  Even though checkpointing and\n\nrollback recovery have been known  techniques for achieving fault-tolerance\n\nin distributed systems, the intricacies involved in designing efficient\n\ncheckpointing and recovery protocols has been thoroughly addressed  and\n\nunderstood only recently.  Based on this theoretical foundation,\n\n(i) it is proposed to develop efficient checkpointing and\n\nrecovery techniques; (ii) implement  a simulation testbed for evaluating\n\nthe performance of the newly developed as well as existing checkpointing\n\nand recovery techniques; (iii) integrate the findings\n\nof our research as well as the existing research work on fault-tolerance in the\n\ngraduate curriculum. The important expected outcomes from this work are:\n\n(i) an improved understanding of the issues involved   in building reliable\n\ndistributed systems; (ii) improved techniques for fault-tolerance in\n\ndistributed systems based on the hard experimental data as well as strong\n\ntheoretical foundation; (iii)  integration of the results of our research\n\nin an advanced course in distributed systems which would  facilitate\n\nthe students not only  understand  the intricacies involved in building\n\nreliable distributed systems but also help them acquire  the necessary\n\ntools and techniques for building such systems."]
["CAREER: Statistical Learning in Language Acquisition","BCS","CROSS-DIRECTORATE  ACTIV PROGR|CHILD LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT|LINGUISTICS","Saffran, Jenny","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","jsaffran@facstaff.wisc.edu","SBE","Statistical learning is a promising addition to the language learning arsenal, given the massive amount of statistical information in linguistic input. However, the fact that such mechanisms exist raises several pressing problems. In particular, different types of statistical learning mechanisms are required for the acquisition of different aspects of language. What remains unknown is how these mechanisms interact to derive linguistic structure, given multiple possible levels of analysis. A related issue concerns the domain-specificity of statistical language learning processes. \n\n\n\nThe following objectives will be addressed, using previously developed laboratory learning paradigms which permit careful manipulation of the input and detailed assessment of what participants are able to learn: (1) to determine whether learners can track the multiple levels of statistical regularity present in linguistic input, (2) to reveal constraints on the particular types of computations performed by infant, child, and adult language learners, (3) to determine whether the same types of regularities are detected in linguistic and non-linguistic learning tasks. The answers to these questions will inform an emerging theoretical framework, constrained statistical learning, intended to elucidate the study of language acquisition and other pressing issues in human learning and development. The proposed teaching objectives will serve to extend the excitement of the psychology laboratory to the classroom by training undergraduate Research and Teaching Fellows to bridge the gap between research and teaching by leading discussion sections, by facilitating the participation of students in a large lecture class in running small-scale research projects, and by encouraging scientific writing in the psychology classroom."]
["PECASE:  Parallel Visualization and Interaction Techniques for Exploring Large Scale Volume Data","CCF","ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM|ITR SMALL GRANTS","Ma, Kwan-Liu","CA","University of California-Davis","ma@cs.ucdavis.edu","CSE","One of the best methods of presenting large scientific data sets to users is visualization. Over the past ten years, our ability to create useful visualizations has undergone a revolution due to advances in 3D graphics hardware and software technology. However, we still face endless challenges as the complexity and scale of the data, whether from physical experiments or computer simulation, continue to grow. In many cases, visualization of large-scale data sets is very expensive, sometimes even more expensive than the supercomputer simulation that produced the data in the first place. This project will perform a comprehensive study aimed at two questions that arise from this situation. First, can we use parallel supercomputers to generate data and for visualization calculations in an optimal fashion? Second, are there mechanisms and methodologies to enhance the productivity of scientists doing exploratory and production visualization? \n\n\n\nThe project will develop a fully parallel visualization system to maximize the overall throughput of the system. This system will emphasize computing on clusters of PCs. Four major sub-themes of this part of the project will be parallel preprocessing algorithms to prepare data for visualization, parallel rendering algorithms to produce the graphics, parallel image compression and transport to efficiently manage the graphics, and application-controlled parallel I/O to store the data for visualization. The project will particularly focus on parallel feature-enhanced visualization algorithms and parallel subsetting of the visualized data. Complementing the research component of this project is an educational component, directed at undergraduate and graduate students, aimed at inspiring interest and fostering creativity through hands-on experiences. One aspect of this education is an applied visualization course to non-CS graduate students, which should foster greater interaction and cross-fertilization of ideas from the students' home departments."]
["CAREER: Atomically Detailed Modeling of Transport through Zeolite","CTS","SEPAR & PURIFICATION PROCESSES","Sholl, David","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","sholl@andrew.cmu.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT\n\n\n\nProposal Number:  CTS-9983647\n\nPrincipal Investigator:  David S. Sholl\n\nInstitution:\tCarnegie Mellon University\n\nTitle:  CAREER: Atomically Detailed Modeling of Transport through Zeolite Membranes\n\n\n\n\n\nZeolites are solid, crystalline materials that are permeated by networks of ordered nanometer-scale pores. These pores are approximately the same size as many small molecules. Because molecules adsorbed inside zeolite pores are always in intimate contact with the walls of the pore, the diffusion rates, and adsorption energies of various chemical species can depend strongly on the size, shape, and functionality of the species. These facts have long been exploited in the applications of zeolites to shape-selective catalysis and adsorption-based separations. Recent years have seen dramatic advances in the reliable synthesis of ultra-thin membranes made from zeolite crystals. An important challenge in the continuing development of these membranes is the need for accurate theoretical models of their performance. This project will focus on developing hierarchical models of molecular transport through zeolite membranes that combine detailed atomic-scale simulations with macroscopic nonequilibrium thermodynamic theories. A vital part of this process will be a series of direct comparisons between theoretical predictions from this research and experimental results obtained by experimental collaborators. \n\n\n\nZeolite membranes have a number of attractive properties. From a macroscopic point of view, they have excellent thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability. These properties allow zeolite membranes to be used under conditions that are too harsh for traditional membrane materials such as polymers. Microscopically, the atomically ordered pore structure of zeolites means that zeolite membranes can, in principle, be extremely selective even for mixtures of molecules with very similar shapes and sizes. By developing theoretical models that explicitly account for the atomic-scale structure of zeolite pores, this project will develop a framework for computationally screening libraries of zeolite structures to choose membrane materials that optimize throughput and selectivity for a desired chemical separation. In the shorter term, this work will clarify the fundamental microscopic processes that control molecular transport through zeolite membranes and provide insight into selecting efficient operating procedures for existing membranes."]
["CAREER: Open-Loop Discrete-Event Control in Electric Power Systems","ECS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Rovnyak, Steven","LA","Louisiana Tech University","rovnyak@ieee.org","ENG","9983653\n\nRovnyak\n\n\n\nThe goal of this research is to develop and validate pattern\n\nrecognition methods such as Decision Trees (DTs) and Neural Networks (NNs)\n\nfor electric power system wide-area open-loop discrete-event control.  The\n\nproposed controls will provide Independent Service Operators (ISOs) and\n\npresent-day utilities with tools necessary to achieve the cost reduction\n\ngoals of deregulation without sacrificing reliability.  The proposed\n\nresearch will investigate the selection of contingencies to simulate for\n\nthe training data, algorithms for converting simulation data into input-\n\noutput pairs that make up the training sets, and measures of performance\n\nused to evaluate the classifier operation.  The PI and graduate students\n\nwill collaborate with researchers at Cornell University and the Bonneville\n\nPower Administration and will test the proposed methods against other\n\nschemes reported in the literature for out-of-step relaying, generator\n\ntripping, active load modulation, HVDC fast power changes, and reactive\n\npower switching.  Students in EE 588, Advanced Topics in Power Systems,\n\nwill train and test NNs on data from the research.  Undergraduate students\n\nin EE 479, Automatic Control Systems Laboratory, will design feedback\n\ncontrols for the simple power system model that is analyzed in this\n\nproposal.  The PI will engage all students in active learning through\n\nfrequent and extensive exercises that lead students through the discovery\n\nprocess of problem solving instead of just rewarding the memorization of\n\ntechniques.  The PI will distribute detailed, annotated solutions to all\n\nhomework problems on the due date.  These teaching methods have been found\n\nby the PI to be successful with a broad spectrum of students, including\n\nwomen, minorities and people with disabilities.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Towards a Deep Microscopic Understanding of Ferroelectric Alloys","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Bellaiche, Laurent","AR","University of Arkansas","laurent@uark.edu","MPS","The research supported under this CAREER award to this young PI consists of a study of structural, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of ferroelectric alloys.  The study will be conducted using three different although complementary approaches: (1) A very accurate first principles technique for electronic structure calculations, (2) an effective Hamiltonian approach which will extend the reach of first-principles calculations to realistic systems at finite temperatures and (3) simple models which will provide a microscopic understanding of some complex alloy phenomena.  In education, the PI is planning to integrate computational condensed matter physics in undergraduate and graduate courses at the University of Arkansas.\n\n%%%\n\nMaterials with large dielectric constants are technologically very important, most prominently in the hand-held communications (for example in reducing the size of cell phones) industry.  There are other applications such as piezoelectric transducers and actuators, non-volatile ferroelectric memories, pyroelectric arrays and non-linear optical applications.  This CAREER grant will help this PI study the properties of ferroelectric alloys and other materials with notable dielectric properties.  Beginning with the properties of electrons in atoms making up the solid, using sophisticated computational techniques and computers, this PI will set up a program of research to study these materials.  He also plans to integrate this combined (mathematical-computational) approach in courses at the undergraduate and graduate level.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Reactivity of Green Rust Compounds in Natural and Engineered Systems","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Scherer, Michelle","IA","University of Iowa","michelle-scherer@uiowa.edu","ENG","9983719  Scherer  It is estimated that there are between 300,000 and 400,000 sites in the USA highly contaminated with a wide variety of toxic chemicals.  Conventional cleanup practices have proved relatively ineffective and prohibitively costly, spurring a paradigm shift towards in situ cleanup technologies that rely on natural processes that act with little or no human intervention to reduce the mass, toxicity or mobility of contaminants in soil or groundwater.  Recently the potential role of iron mineral surfaces in these systems has been recognized.  Specifically, green rusts (a group of reduced iron compounds) has been shown to degrade a wide variety of priority pollutants and may be contributing to the degradation of pollutants in natural and engineered systems.  The goal of this research project is to improve the assessment and performance of in situ remediation technologies by evaluating the potential role of green rusts.  This will be accomplished by: (1) quantifying the reactivity of green rusts with a series of environmental contaminants, (2) investigating the mechanism by which green rusts transform contaminants and (3) determining the prevalence of green rusts in soil and groundwater.  The prevalence and reactivity of green rusts will be evaluated using a combination of indirect (batch and column reactors) and direct (electrochemical and spectroscopic) methods.  The kinetic data derived from this work will provide the first set of rate coefficients for reduction of these contaminants by green rusts.  A number of subsurface environments will be sampled and analyzed and the oxides that form in column experiments will be characterized.  The insights derived from these investigations will provide an improved basis for predicting the natural attenuation of contaminants and assessing the significance of green rusts in the performance of iron-based remediation technologies.\n\nThe multifaceted nature of this research provides an excellent environment to introduce undergraduate students to the field of Environmental Engineering.  A pilot program involving Undergraduate Women in Environmental Engineering Research will be launched to improve the retention, recruitment and advancement of women in engineering.  By exposing women undergraduates to an active research environment and providing female graduate student and faculty role models, the PI hopes to retain and recruit bright, intellectually capable women in a field in which they are currently under-represented. ***"]
["CAREER:  Novel Excitations in Unconventional Ordered Phases of Correlated Electron Systems","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Ho, Tin-Lun (Jason)","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","Ho@mps.ohio-state.edu","MPS","This CAREER grant goes to young member of the faculty at the Ohio State University. The PI will integrate theoretical research in the properties of strongly correlated materials with innovative education activities at all levels.  He is planning to develop a new course on recent developments in condensed matter physics.  There are also plans to consider an interactive web site as a bulletin board for current problems to facilitate information exchange between students and more experienced researchers.  In research, he plans to study in detail two classes of materials, the doped Lanthanum Manganates also known as the CMR (colossal magnetoresistance) compounds and Strontium Ruthenates, a compound which is a superconductor with several unusual characteristics.  There are reasons to believe that the electron pairing state in the latter compound is with a finite angular momentum.  The PI, in a collaboration involving both theory and experiments, plans to search for a definitive answer to the various puzzles.\n\n%%%\n\nThis CAREER grant to a young faculty member at the Ohio State University is awarded to support cutting-edge frontier research and innovation in education at several levels.  In the search for better materials suitable for magnetic recording or magnetic-memory industry, a promising avenue is believed to be the materials widely known as CMR (colossal magnetoresistance) materials.  The PI plans to carry out a theoretical study of doped Lanthanum Manganates to better understand their CMR properties.  He also has plans to conduct a theoretical study of a superconductor (Strontium Ruthenate) which has several anomalous characteristics.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: GTPase Switches: Biological Function and Chemical Mechanism","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Li, Guangpu","OK","University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center","guangpu-li@ouhsc.edu","BIO","9983736\n\nLi\n\nGTPases are molecular switches that regulate diverse cellular functions via binding and hydrolyzing GTP.  In many cases, however, the mechanism by which the GTPase cycle is coupled to biological function is unknown.  The long-term goal of this project is to employ a multidisciplinary approach to obtain a thorough understanding of the chemical principle and the biological function of GTPases.  This goal will be accomplished through a series of research and education initiatives.  The research project focuses on the Rab5 GTPase.  The Rab family of GTPases regulates specific intracellular trafficking events.  Rab5 in particular is localized to the cytoplasmic side of early endosomes and is important for early endosome fusion, an essential step of endocytosis.  In this project, the mechanism of Rab5 GTPase activity, its regulation by a newly identified GTPase-activating protein (GAP), and its specific function in endosome fusion will be investigated by using experimental techniques of cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics.  The structural determinants of Rab5 that are important for the specific interaction with the GAP will be determined, as well \n\nas the structural determinants of Rab5 that are important for its unique intrinsic GTPase activity. The large number of Rab GTPases not only share common properties but also show individual differences, including the quantitative difference in GTPase activity and the qualitative difference in functional specificity.  The molecular basis of these differences is unclear.  This project should help clarify these issues and will have a significant impact on the fundamental mechanism of GTPase activity as well as the specific Rab5 function in regulating endosome fusion.  \n\n\n\nIn this Career award, the current knowledge and cutting-edge research on GTPases and GTPase-mediated biological functions will be integrated into an education initiative, which focuses on the development of a graduate course entitled \"multidisciplinary approach to biological problems\" to explore new ways of teaching. This course will encourage students to think and solve biological problems from the perspectives of not only biology but also chemistry, physics, and mathematics.  An effective way to teach this course is to use specific examples.  In this regard, the GTPase superfamily of proteins provides a rich resource for understanding the principles of physical structure, chemical kinetics, and biological function.  This course will help overcome the barrier and cultivate a collaborative spirit across disciplines and better prepare biology students for careers in academia and industry."]
["CAREER: Markets, Institutions, and Households in Historical Perspective","SES","ECONOMICS","Botticini, Maristella","MA","Boston University","maristel@bu.edu","SBE","This project is designed to develop a research and education plan whose main objective is the integration of economic models and economic history.  The research plan strictly consists of extensive data collection effort combined with a theoretical framework and quantitative analysis. Although in the pre-modern context of medieval and Renaissance Florence, Genoa, and Venice, this research project intends to analyze important issues for contemporary developing economies that share features of a pre-modern economy. Four integrated projects will be implemented. These projects build on the investigator's previous work on medieval and Renaissance Tuscan marriage markets, but greatly expand this work in terms of both the theoretical framework and the historical and contemporary evidence used to test the models.\n\n\n\nThe first issue is explaining why in some societies parents transfer wealth to their daughters through dowries and to their sons through bequests. The custom of dowries is costly to the family. If it is efficient for parents to transfer resources to their children at the time of marriage, they should do so. If it is not efficient for them to transfer resources to their children at the time of marriage, they should be able to choose otherwise. What is the benefit of this custom?  A theoretical framework is built in which dowries are the optimal solution to the tradeoff between family wealth creation and distribution faced by altruistic parents. Second, some historians have argued that dowries disinherit women; when receiving dowries, daughters would receive a smaller share of their family's wealth with respect to their male siblings. However, the evidence presented to support this claim is thin. Given the adverse effects of dowries on women in places such as contemporary India, this question is brought out in sharp relief. Preliminary evidence on early Renaissance Tuscany indicates that dowries did not disinherit women. Parents used dowries to solve a free riding problem between their married daughters and sons, but at the same time they transferred fair shares of wealth to their daughters and sons.  Another important issue is the intertemporal variation in dowry prices. The median dowry value in Florence from 1260 to 1435 increased ten times and a dowry inflation also occurred in contemporary India. It remains an open question whether population growth and the marriage squeeze determined this increase, or whether economic growth and a greater wealth can explain it. The study of the intertemporal variation of dowries in medieval and Renaissance Florence, Genoa, and Venice will also offer the opportunity to analyze the effects of public finance and capital markets on parents' bequest behavior. This can provide interesting insights for contemporary developing countries in which the dowry system is alive and capital markets are imperfect or sometimes missing. Preliminary evidence shows that investments in shares of the public-funded debt played a major role in dowry funding in medieval and early Renaissance Florence.  A significant part of this research will involve the extensive collection of data from Italian archives. The wealth of data partly justifies the focus on the three Italian city-states that were vibrant and leading economies in medieval and Renaissance Europe. More important, the Florentine, Genoese, and Venetian economies are great case studies because by sharing features of both contemporary developing and developed countries they can shed new light on the transition from the former to the latter type of economies.\n\n\n\nThe main goal of the education plan is to establish economic history as a major component of both the undergraduate and graduate curricula at Boston University. Given the strong interest by the Department of Economics in research focusing on development economics, the study of past economies, whether they failed or succeeded in developing and growing, is particularly enticing for students. The expected outcome of this education plan is the expansion and improvement of the two economic history courses offered for the first time this past year by Boston University's economics department.  To enrich the courses in economic history, the investigator will also organize each year a lecture series similar to the one realized this past year-made possible by a grant from the Humanities Foundation of Boston University-in which economists and historians working on similar topics presented their work."]
["CAREER: Simulation and Modeling of Turbulent Air-Hydrocarbon Mixing and Combustion","CTS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|FLUID DYNAMICS & HYDRAULICS","Miller, Richard","SC","Clemson University","rm@clemson.edu","ENG","Abstract\n\nCTS-9983762\n\nR. Miller, Clemson University\n\n\n\n\n\nCombustion processes, which involve liquid fuel droplets in a carrier gas, are present in many technological applications.  They also involve complex phenomena whose accurate modeling, as is sought in this research, will have important beneficial effects for these and other applications.  The PI is well positioned to make the contributions that are promised in the proposal.  His proposal is praised for his educational program that is expected to bring benefits to the identified student population."]
["CAREER: Quantum Critical Dynamics in Magnetic Systems","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Crowell, Paul","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","crowell@physics.umn.edu","MPS","This CAREER award to a young faculty member at the  University of Minnesota will establish a research program to study the spin dynamics of magnetic systems near quantum critical points.  This project will develop and implement a hybrid magneto-optical technique for probing real-time spin dynamics near magnetic phase transitions.  Relaxation on time scales of order 10 - 1000 picoseconds will be probed, providing information about spin dynamics that complements traditional techniques such as neutron scattering.  The project is interdisciplinary, drawing on ideas from magnetism and semiconductor physics.  Integrated with this research is an educational plan to enhance interdisciplinary approaches such as that used in this work, a new program in scientific communication will be established as part of an upper-level experimental methods course at the University of Minnesota.  A set of resources for improving both written and oral communication will be developed, allowing physics students to receive feedback from their instructors, peers, and teaching support personnel in the University's Online Writing Center.\n\n\n\nThis CAREER award to a young faculty member at the University of Minnesota will establish a research program to study very fast processes in magnetic materials.  Such processes are used for reading and writing information to computer hard disks.  A new probe will be developed that will be capable of examining processes that occur on time scales up to 200 times faster than the 500 MHz operating speed of a desktop PC microprocessor.  The project will employ a pulsed laser technique that is adapted from experiments on semiconductors.  This is an example of how scientists benefit from communication across different disciplines.  The educational plan of this project is to improve the way that scientists communicate with each other as well as with the general public.  New techniques for teaching written and oral communication will be implemented in physics major courses at the University of Minnesota.  A new framework for feedback from instructors and peers will be developed with the ultimate goal of transferring these techniques to the larger forum of introductory laboratory courses."]
["PECASE:  Combinatorial Structures in Algebra and Geometry","DMS","ALGEBRA,NUMBER THEORY,AND COM","Billey, Sara","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","billey@math.washington.edu","MPS","Abstract:\n\n\n\nThis CAREER award supports research on the combinatorial structures of Schubert varieties, primarily by studying their singularities. Schubert varieties are fascinating geometrical objects which lie at the intersection of several fields of mathematics; their study began with the classical works in projective geometry of the nineteen century.  Better understanding of these structures would have impact in algebraic geometry, combinatorics and representation theory. Outside of mathematics, these results may have applications in theoretical physics, computer graphics, and the study of Bucky balls (Carbon-60 molecules).  A further goal of this proposal is to explore the changing roll of computers in mathematics.  Computer verification and computer proofs play a central role in characterizing properties of Schubert varieties by pattern avoidance.\n\n\n\nAn important aspect of this proposal is its educational component. Mathematics education and research are intrinsically linked - research brings out the creativity and drive needed to learn new mathematical concepts.  In particular, undergraduate students enjoy the challenge of facing unsolved problems.  However, due to the nature of mathematics research, finding \"good\" undergraduate research problems is difficult.  Computer verified proofs and computer experimentation are particularly well suited to the skills and knowledge of undergraduates while also of interest to graduate students and more senior researchers.  Therefore, this line of research has been incorporated into the education portion of the proposal through a new course and undergraduate research projects."]
["CAREER:  Ground State Magnetic Moments of Short-lived Nuclei Using Beta-NMR Spectroscopy","PHY","HEAVY ION NUCLEAR SCIENCE","Mantica, Paul","MI","Michigan State University","Mantica@MSU.EDU","MPS","The magnetic dipole moments of short-lived radioisotopes near the proton drip-line will be measured to explore the limit at which protons and neutrons can be treated as identical particles in the bound nucleus.  The experiments\n\nwill be performed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at\n\nMichigan State University.  The desired radioactive nuclei will be produced\n\nusing the fragmentation of intermediate-energy heavy-ion beams provided by the Coupled K500-K1200 Cyclotron Facility and selected from other species using the new A1900 fragment separator.  The method of nuclear magnetic resonance on beta-emitting nuclei will be employed to deduce the ground state magnetic moments of very light magnesium and silicon isotopes.  A method to directly measure the spin of the nuclear ground state will also be developed using\n\nnuclear magnetic resonance and overtone spectroscopy.\n\n\tThe state-of-the-art research facilities at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory provide a unique arena to advance the nuclear chemistry education of undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral students.  The environment at the university-based cyclotron facility allows for a hands-on training experience for students at all levels.  To bring practical nuclear\n\nscience experience to the classroon, a new junior/senior level chemistry class will be developed at Michigan State University.  This course will provide students with a background in fundamental nuclear process and radiation detection\n\ntechniques.  Students will then apply this new knowledge to understand both cutting edge nuclear science research as well as current events having ties\n\nto nuclear science."]
["CAREER: 3D Optical Engineering","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Barbastathis, George","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","gbarb@mit.edu","ENG","The program focuses on the investigation of 3-dimensional optical imaging to capture, store, represent and communicate visual information. The technical approach is based on a novel interferometric and volume holographic architectures for high performance imaging of three or higher dimensional objects. The research effort includes the development of shear interferometers based on light splitting due to double refraction on curved surfaces of varying shapes, volume holographic modal design for imaging modalities aimed at maximizing performance in information extraction, and a novel correlator design for three dimensional objects.\n\n\n\nThis CAREER award program will provide the foundation for the advancement and uti-\n\nlization of  Hybrid Optical-Electronic Imaging (HopEI) systems focusing on visual sensing applications such as 3D imaging and microscopy. The research and education parts of the program will be combined to enhance the analysis and design of optical fields and elements, and their harmonious integration with cooperative technologies. Since 3D native spaces are ubiquitous in areas as diverse as biology, medicine, multimedia, entertainment, and advertisement, the effort will focus on making the most of state-of-the-art technologies in providing novel visual tools for these application areas, while answering fundamental questions about the information properties of imaging operations. Through the collection of optical tools and design methods the program attempts to advocate the  concept  of  \"3D optical engineering\". The program will examine the convergence of several technologies, optical, mechanical, electronic, and algorithmic, for exploiting the 3D nature of optical fields which should  lead to new insights reaching far beyond the intersection of these disciplines."]
["CAREER: Gamma-ray Astrophysics with STACEE","PHY","PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS|ELEMENTARY PARTICLE ACCEL USER","Mukherjee, Reshmi","NY","Barnard College","muk@astro.columbia.edu","MPS","The PI proposes to carry out observations at the STACEE Observatory.  With student participation, she proposes to develop computer software with which to analysis STACEE data.  She will also develop a calibration system for STACEE."]
["CAREER:  Biomimetic Interfaces for Implantable BioMEMS","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Desai, Tejal","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","tejal.desai@ucsf.edu","ENG","9983840\n\nDesai\n\nA great deal of consideration has been given in recent years to the biological uses of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS).  However, such devices are not yet found in many clinical settings due to the lack of appropriate interfacing between these devices and the biological world. The capability of surfaces to interact intelligently with their environment is essential for any diagnostic or therapeutic device to be placed in contact with biologic cells and tissues. The overall thrust of this research, therefore, is to develop, characterize, and integrate functional biomolecular surfaces with implantable MEMS, in a manner that is both reproducible and fully integrated with existing technologies.\n\n\n\nA strategy will be explored based on the covalently coupling of small bioactive peptides to microdevices.  Such peptides will be incorporated onto silicon substrates to modulate the interfacial response, while at the same time ensuring compatibility with microfabrication and micromachining processing. A central goal will be able to create stable multifunctional surfaces by attaching peptide/cell recognition sequences or multifunctional biopolymers to surfaces in order to modulate cellular response at various locations.  By integrating surface modification with MEMS processing, we can create device surfaces that interact appropriately with multiple populations of cells and the surrounding tissue. Besides identifying principles for engineering surfaces that are biofunctional, this research will foster advances in developing therapeutic bioMEMS, lab on a chip platforms, and drug delivery systems that can more effectively interface with the biological world.\n\n\n\nThe proposed educational plan aims to enhance the educational experience of students at both undergraduate and graduate levels.  In addition to substantial curriculum development for a new focus area in bioengineering called Interfacial Tissue Engineering, there will be new initiatives in industrial and educational outreach.  Specifically, an industrial advisory committee will be formed to help foster industrially relevant bioengineering activities and opportunities for students including internship and cooperative research experiences in the Chicago area. The PI will promote greater interest in bioengineering by increasing student and teacher exposure at the high school level.  Working with the Chicago Public School System, bioengineering career/educational materials will be developed, including an informational website.  We hope to use these tools to attract students not traditionally represented in bioengineering and raise awareness in the community."]
["CAREER: Alkenyl(aryl)iodanes: Investigations of Reactivity and New Syntheses","CHE","SYNTHESIS","Hinkle, Robert","VA","College of William and Mary","rjhink@wm.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of alkenyl(aryl)iodanes as synthetic reagents.  The generation of high-energy primary vinyl cations and the use of alkenyl(aryl)iodonium and alkynyl(aryl)iodonium salts in nucleophilic substitution reactions will be explored.  New cyclic (benziodoxole or benziodoxolone) alkenyliodanes will also be prepared and the scope of utility for the reagents will be examined.  Revamping of the undergraduate laboratories and introduction of computer-based molecular modeling are two areas that will be enhanced by the award.\n\n\n\nWith this CAREER award,the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program is supporting the research and educational activities of Dr. Robert J. Hinkle of the Department of Chemistry at the College of William & Mary.   Professor Hinkle will focus his research on various aspects of hypervalent iodine chemistry with the goal of developing new synthetic reagents.  The educational foci of the project involve course development and undergraduate research."]
["CAREER: Robust Optimization and Applications","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","El Ghaoui, Laurent","CA","University of California-Berkeley","elghaoui@eecs.berkeley.edu","ENG","Most models used in engineering are prone to errors: poor measurement of physical\n\nparameters, complexity of phenomena at hand making \"exact\" models too hard to handle,\n\netc. These uncertainties are now an important limiting factor in the use of optimization,\n\nwhich by nature tends to finely tune solutions to problem data.\n\nI propose a general framework for decision problems with uncertainty, based on a robust\n\noptimization approach. In this framework, uncertainty on problem data is treated as \n\ndeterministic, unknown-but-bounded. A robust solution is one which tolerates changes in the\n\nproblem data, up to the given bound. Such a solution is too hard to compute in general, but\n\nrelaxation techniques based on convex optimization can be devised to approximate the \n\nproblem in an exhaustive manner. An efficient trade-off between computer effort and accuracy\n\nis obtained by finely exploiting the uncertainty structure in the relaxation process.\n\nThe idea of robustness is well-known in the area of feedback control systems analysis\n\nand design, where I and others have developed very effective relaxation methods based on\n\nLinear Matrix Inequalities and related convex optimization. Obviously, robust optimization \n\nis relevant far beyond feedback control, for example to the combinatorial optimization\n\nproblems with uncertain data arising in communications network design. This opens new\n\navenues of research where seemingly very different problems are analyzed and solved in a\n\nunified framework.\n\nMy proposal centers around theory and algorithms for robust optimization: convex \n\noptmization relaxations, large-scale problems, accuracy/complexity trade-offs, software. A\n\nspecific target of this research is the development ofvarious ellipsoidal approximation tools,\n\nwith applications to data fitting and estimation, simulation, and control of systems with\n\nstructured uncertainty. In addition, I seek to apply these techniques to several important\n\ndesign problems in engineering, including timing analysis of RC circuits,  filter and antenna\n\narray design, communications network design, and others.\n\nIn addition to robust optimization tools and engineering applications, I plan to study sev-\n\neral important problems in finance and management under the viewpoint of robustness and\n\nworst-case risk-notions that begin to stir great interest in the community. I intend to develop fast and efficient robust optimization tools that are specific to finance and management\n\nissues, based on ellipsoidal techniques for worst-case simulation and control.\n\nMy education plans aims at providing a solid theoretical and practical basis for our\n\nstudents in the area of optimization, emphasizing the crucial issues of uncertainty and \n\nrobustness. This goal will be implemented by course development intwo subjects: an advanced\n\ncourse in robust optimization, and a basic graduate course in convex optimization. An \n\nimportant aspect of this plan is the development of user-friendly robust optimization software\n\ntools that complement those I have developed in the past for convex optimization."]
["CAREER: The Geography of Biocomplexity: Cultivar Diversity and Agricultural Plasticity in Fungus-Growing Ants","DEB","ECOLOGY|POPULATION DYNAMICS|POP & EVOLUTIONARY PR CLUSTER","Mueller, Ulrich","TX","University of Texas at Austin","umueller@mail.utexas.edu","BIO","9983879 \n\nMueller\n\n\n\nFungus-growing ants comprise a group of about 200 species, all obligately dependent on the cultivation of fungus for food.  Fungal cultivation by ants involves complex manuring regimes and use of antibiotic \"herbicides\" to control alien fungi and garden parasites.  Recent genetic analyses indicate that fungus-growing ants domesticated fungal cultivars multiple times during their evolutionary history and frequently exchange these cultivars between ant species.  The evolutionary ecology of cultivar exchange between ants will be investigated by testing a series of hypotheses on the ecological factors that govern exchanges.  Field experiments will be conducted in Panama and the southwestern US, complemented by genetic analyses of the diversity of ants, their cultivars, and associated pathogens. Model ant-fungus systems will be developed to test specific hypotheses on the evolutionary and ecological relationships between ant farmers, their cultivars, associated garden parasites, and the ecological conditions modulating these relationships.  \n\n\n\nThe attine ant-fungus symbiosis represents a unique case of evolutionary and ecological complexity.  This complexity derives from the interaction of pathogenic and mutualistic microbes that evolved to form integrated parts of the ecological fabric of a social animal, the ant farmers.  The research will yield a synthetic understanding of this 50-million-year antfarmer-cultivar association."]
["CAREER:  Development of Seismic Isolation Systems for Nonstructural Walls in Buildings","CMS","STRUCT SYS & HAZ MIT OF STRUCT|INFO TECH & INFRASTRUCT SYSTEM","Memari, Ali","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","amm7@psu.edu","ENG","PI: Ali M. Memari, The Pennsylvania State University\n\nProposal Number: 9983896\n\nProposal Title: Development of Seismic Isolation Systems for Nonstructural Walls in                                 Buildings\n\n\n\nProject Abstract\n\n\n\nSeismic isolation systems are researched and developed for a select group of \"nonstructural\" walls in buildings, and integrated educational activities that address the issue are created.  Innovative alternative designs for curtain walls with architectural glass, veneer walls, cladding panels, and infill walls based on seismic isolation philosophy are developed in the research component of this project.  In the teaching component, Architectural Engineering students are educated and trained in earthquake design of buildings with emphasis on nonstructural elements. \n\n\n\nThe seismic isolation approach for design of nonstructural wall systems is based on developing mechanisms that will minimize the unwanted interaction between the nonstructural component and the structural component in buildings to prevent damage to the vulnerable element.  Full-scale specimens of alternative designs are tested under dynamic racking motion for concept verification. The findings of this project are integrated in a compact series of graduate level courses on earthquake design of buildings and building enclosures. In addition, experiments on instructional shaking tables are included in several courses as primary teaching component activities. \n\n\n\nSeveral innovative seismic isolation concepts that can save millions of dollars by minimizing damage to nonstructural elements in future earthquakes are introduced to the building industry as a result of the research in this project. Moreover, as part of the outcome of the project's educational activities, Architectural Engineering students are trained with an in-depth capability for seismic design of nonstructural walls in an effort to fill the current void of professionals with sufficient knowledge to undertake the structural design of these systems."]
["CAREER: Controlling Cell-Biomaterial Interactions","BES","BIOTECHNOLOGY","Dee, Kay C","LA","Tulane University","dee@rose-hulman.edu","ENG","The objective of this project is to study and control bone cell-biomaterial interactions.  The specific objectives of this project are to: (1) optimize and characterize methods to chemically modify biomaterial surfaces with bioactive ligands, (2) investigate protein interactions with chemically modified biomaterials, (3) examine focal adhesion formation and subsequent functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts cultured on chemically-modified biomaterials, and (4) incorporate mentored student-teaching and active learning opportunities into biomedical engineering courses on cell-biomaterial interactions."]
["CAREER: A Physical Modeling Approach to Wall Turbulence and Enhancing the Educational Experience Through the Beauty of Fluid Motion","CTS","FLUID DYNAMICS & HYDRAULICS|PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Marusic, Ivan","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","marusic@aem.umn.edu","ENG","The zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer, the subject of this study, is the prototype flow for a vast number of technologically important devices (aircraft/ship/vehicle drag, industrial processes, etc.).  It will receive a \"fresh look' in this research as the PI brings focus to a plausible and an evolving theoretical construct of the of the basic mechanics which are responsible for the important attributes of this ubiquitous flow field.  The experiments to be executed will also involve a significant perturbation: a moving belt as the wall boundary, that will dramatically alter the hypothesized source effect for the coherent motions in the flow.  \n\n\n\nIt is expected that this research will provide quite significant data and insight for this very important flow field."]
["CAREER:  Understanding and Improving Corrosion Minimization Using Surfactants and Education","DMR","METALS","Free, Michael","UT","University of Utah","mfree@mines.utah.edu","MPS","9983945\n\nFree\n\n\n\nThis CAREER effort involves research and education in the area of corrosion mitigation through corrosion education and surfactant corrosion inhibitor research.  The approach is to: (1) Understand and improve the use of surfactants as corrosion inhibitors; (2) Quantitatively describe the role of adsorption density in corrosion inhibition by surfactants; (3) Determine the relationship between the nature of surface bonding and its role in corrosion inhibition; (4) Improve surfactant selection criteria for corrosion inhibitors on the basis of surfactant type, hydrocarbon chain length, functional group, and the application environment; and (5) Maximize corrosion mitigation training and learning opportunities for students through labs, demonstrations, science projects, and distance learning. The project research goals are achieved using a variety of state-of-the-art instruments to analyze mild steel corrosion in the presence of surfactant corrosion inhibitors. Adsorption density measurements are made using Fourier-Transform infrared spectrometer and quartz crystal microbalance tools. The effects of surfactant adsorption on corrosion inhibition are evaluated using potentiodynamic scanning, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Light microscopy and scanning probe microscopy examine the role of surfactants in pitting corrosion inhibition. Important learning experiences are provided to students through laboratory exercises that are designed around identifying, understanding, and mitigating corrosion through group projects. Students learn about corrosion minimization through a new introductory web-based corrosion course that will be offered with interactive tutorials as part of this project. High school students are involved through corrosion monitoring projects and through presentations made at local schools with large minority populations and low educational advancement success. \n\n%%%\n\nIn the United States it is estimated that $30 billion could be saved on an annual basis through the use of economically viable corrosion mitigation technology. However, proper application of such technology is contingent upon education, training, and research. This project addresses corrosion minimization through integrated research and education.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Microscale Direct Energy Conversion by Field Emission and Microscale Technology in Thermo-Fluids Engineering Education","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Fisher, Timothy","TN","Vanderbilt University","tsfisher@purdue.edu","ENG","CTS-9983961\n\nAbstract\n\nThis research program will investigate thermal-electrical energy conversion phenomena in vacuum electron field emission microstructures with synthetic diamond and diamond-like cathodes. An improved thermodynamic performance is expected due to diamond's semiconductor band structure, which produces a selective emission of high-energy electrons, and microstructural features, such as micron-scale pyramidal tips that enhance electrical fields. Guided by new theoretical and computational analyses, new experiments will be conducted to characterize thermodynamic performance for low-temperature refrigeration and high-temperature electrical power generation. \n\nIn this program, arrays of micron-scale pyramidal diamond tips will be fabricated, and their ability to act as refrigeration and power generation devices will be studied. A working device could include more than ten million tips per square centimeter and could provide new solutions to emerging needs in portable cooling technology and mobile electrical power generation. Further, the efficiency and simplicity promised by this concept could improve large-scale energy systems, such as renewable solar energy converters."]
["CAREER:  Nuclear History as History of Science","SES","Hist & Philosophy of SET","Carson, Cathryn","CA","University of California-Berkeley","clcarson@berkeley.edu","SBE","SES 99-83981 - Cathryn L. Carson (University of California, Berkeley)\n\n\"CAREER:  Nuclear History as History of Science\"\n\n\n\nThis CAREER project carries out an integrated program of work with the title \"Nuclear history as history of science.\"  In research and teaching it explores the interweaving of technical and sociopolitical matters characteristic of the nuclear age. For the research component Professor Carson is framing a technically informed history of the conceptualizations of nuclear waste. Nuclear waste is a problem whose perceived nature has changed dramatically from the 1940s to the present: what was once thought to be a small technical difficulty, soluble with modest effort on the basis of readily obtainable knowledge, has become a major international field of research with intensely complex demands of modeling and experimentation. Professor Carson's study examines the changing conception of the very nature of the challenge -- what sort of scientific problem nuclear waste has been understood to be -- and so brings technical matters back into our histories of policy and politics. Focusing on the U.S., Germany, and either France or Switzerland, it takes a comparative approach as a way of opening up points of controversy. The resulting account will be of value to broader communities with practical interests, since past attitudes towards nuclear waste stand in the background of many of its present problems. At the same time the project addresses itself to historians thinking about theoretical questions, using the exemplary site of nuclear waste management to investigate the interface between the sociopolitical and the technical.\n\n\n\nThe education component then pursues the project's theme in a new undergraduate course that Professor Carson is devising at the University of California, Berkeley. As a history of science course on the nuclear age, the class brings together students from the sciences, engineering, humanities, and social sciences. In their encounters with this complex period, with its interweaving of technical and sociopolitical problems, the students will explore models of historical explanation that will serve them past the semester's end. The course title, \"Nuclear Berkeley, Nuclear World,\" indicates its double focus: the local history of the university, the community, and the region, and the global context framing the developments at home. Along with standard pedagogical strategies of reading, lecture, and discussion, Professor Carson's course makes considered use of a web infrastructure for information and interaction. Moreover, as the culmination of the class experience it engages students in hands-on historical research, teaching them what goes into creating histories through the experience of practicing it themselves. The local focus of many student projects -- given the area's unparalleled resources -- will then return their work to the community, as their reports will be made available on the website as a gateway beyond the university.\n\n\n\nThe two components of the project are mutually supportive. They explore technical optimism and historical inevitability at scales large and small:  thus nuclear waste takes its place in the educational framework, while the course's overarching narrative provides the backdrop for the research. And the student projects, for their part, make connections back to Professor Carson's research, establishing contacts, unearthing sources, and opening up new fields to study."]
["CAREER: Probing the High-Redshift Universe with Quasar Element Abundances","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Hamann, Frederick","FL","University of Florida","hamann@astro.ufl.edu","MPS","AST-9984040\n\nHAMANN\n\n\n\nQuasars (or QSOs) are bright beacons at the fringes of the observable universe.  The light we measure today from the most distant of these objects was emitted when the universe was about 17% of its present age - roughly 1-2 billion years old.  Spectroscopic studies show that even at these early times quasars contain heavy elements (or \"metals\"'), presumably a synthesized by local stars. This project is a five-year program to use quasar elemental abundances as tracers of star formation and galaxy evolution at early cosmological epochs. The enrichment time scales and physical conditions inferred from the abundances (such as the ages, gravitational binding energies, and perhaps total masses of the star-forming environments) should also help constrain models of the cosmology itself. Early-epoch star formation and galaxy evolution are among the most active research topics in astronomy today. This program's emphasis on the abundances near QSOs will provide a vital complement to other studies that probe more extended structures or use very different data and analysis techniques. The results will be particularly valuable for their unique constraints on galactic nuclear evolution. It has been shown that reliable abundances and important star-formation properties can be derived from the intrinsic emission and absorption lines in quasar spectra. This program will test and expand upon those results by 1) including larger QSO data samples - with an emphasis on the earliest epochs, 2) developing and comparing more independent abundance diagnostics, 3) targeting specifically the relative iron abundances to constrain the enrichment time scales, and 4) comparing the QSO results directly to other studies of high-redshift star formation and galaxy evolution. The same data and analyses will also necessarily address a variety of problems concerning the QSOs themselves.  The results of the investigations will allow one to address fundamental issues, such as the formation and evolution of QSOs, and the origin, location, dynamics and physical nature of their environments.\n\n\n\nAn integral part of the program is a long-range plan for education and public outreach. This plan includes 1) strategies for bringing science to K-12 students and the general public, 2) new interactive and \"hands-on\"' programs for undergraduates, and 3) a mentoring plan for graduate students that will prepare them for a range of career options, including education, industry and academic research.  The goal is to design projects for graduate student classes that will enhance their skills in \"practical\" applications, team management, communication and organization. Meetings with industry representatives will be arranged and the students will be sent out to local industry centers and industry representatives will be invited to visit the astronomy department.  A weekly series of journal club talks (for students and faculty) will be organized and the graduate students will go out into local K--12 schools to participate in a program of public outreach. This outreach program will benefit the K-12 students by stirring their enthusiasm for science and by having the graduate students be examples of positive role models. The undergraduate education plan includes innovative classroom techniques such as \"concept testing,\" exposure to current research as part of the normal curriculum, and summer research projects for motivated juniors and seniors.\n\n\n\nThe Division of Astronomical Sciences provides support for this project.\n\n\n\n***"]
["CAREER:   Topics in Electronic and Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Lew Yan Voon, Lok","MA","Worcester Polytechnic Institute","lok.lewyanvoon@wright.edu","MPS","9984059\n\nLew Yan Voon\n\nThis CAREER award establishes a semiconductor research program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute which also incorporates a number of education activities.  The research objective of this grant is to carry out new evelopments in the fundamentals of empirical band-structure theory and implement them on the computer.  An example is an exact envelope-function theory of quantum wells and laterally composition-modulated structures.  The methodology will involve the study of a number of  electronic and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures which are either still controversial or which cannot be fully explained by all currently available empirical band-structure models.  Examples include birefringence and selection rules for light absorption in semiconductor quantum wells, and quantum dot and short period superlattice band structures.  The solutions lie in the development and implementation of fundamentally, as opposed to numerically, improved band-structure models.  A key aspect of the proposed research is to compare and contrast a number of different empirical techniques (tight binding, effective mass, empirical pseudopotential) and identify and develop extensions relevant to the physical properties to be explored.  Most of the studies will benefit from direct collaborations with various experimental groups at universities and national laboratories in the USA and abroad.\n\n\n\nIntegrated with this research is an educational plan which will serve as a model for a new approach to solid state physics pedagogy.  This involves applying research philosophy to both undergraduate and graduate classrooms, where case studies and, for undergraduates, peer instruction will be used.  In addition, a new interdisciplinary course, Quantum Engineering, will be developed with a focus on nanostructured devices.  One objective is to train \"classical\" engineers to think \"quantum.\"  Finally, there will be an education outreach program for high school students.\n\n%%%\n\nThis CAREER award establishes a semiconductor research program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute which also incorporates a number of education activities.  The research objective of this grant is to carry out new evelopments in the fundamentals of empirical band-structure theory and implement them on the computer.  An example is an exact envelope-function theory of quantum wells and laterally composition-modulated structures.  The methodology will involve the study of a number of  electronic and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures which are either still controversial or which cannot be fully explained by all currently available empirical band-structure models.  Examples include birefringence and selection rules for light absorption in semiconductor quantum wells, and quantum dot and short period superlattice band structures.  The solutions lie in the development and implementation of fundamentally, as opposed to numerically, improved band-structure models.  A key aspect of the proposed research is to compare and contrast a number of different empirical techniques (tight binding, effective mass, empirical pseudopotential) and identify and develop extensions relevant to the physical properties to be explored.  Most of the studies will benefit from direct collaborations with various experimental groups at universities and national laboratories in the USA and abroad.\n\n\n\nIntegrated with this research is an educational plan which will serve as a model for a new approach to solid state physics pedagogy.  This involves applying research philosophy to both undergraduate and graduate classrooms, where case studies and, for undergraduates, peer instruction will be used.  In addition, a new interdisciplinary course, Quantum Engineering, will be developed with a focus on nanostructured devices.  One objective is to train \"classical\" engineers to think \"quantum.\"  Finally, there will be an education outreach program for high school students.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Developing the Chemistry of Metallobisbenzimidazoles","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Chan, Michael","OH","Ohio State University Research Foundation","chan@chemistry.ohio-state.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Chemistry program supports research on the synthesis, characterization and examination of metallobisbenzimidazole (BBZ) complexes which are functional analogs of traditional tetrapyrrole systems, by Professor Michael Chan of the Department of Chemistry at Ohio State University. Metalloporphyrins and other metallotetrapyrroles are important cofactors in biology, and synthetic porphyrins and related phthalocyanines have found use for a variety of applications. The BBZ ligands are similar but possess differences which will be exploited for the design of new compounds. In particular, control of the degree of non-planarity of the benzimidazole ring will be used to enhance chiral recognition and catalysis. A number of complexes will be synthesized employing BBZ ligands in which the framework has been substituted with electron donating and withdrawing groups and a controlled degree of \"ruffling\" of the ring. Following synthesis and characterization, the chiral properties and selected catalytic activities of these compounds will be examined.\n\n\n\nThe goal of this research is to prepare metal complexes of bisbenzimidazoles, which are related to substances that have a number of biological functions. These compounds will be designed to emulate but alter the biological properties in order to be useful for a number of applications, including optical sensors and catalysts for the production of pharmaceuticals, commercial epoxides and related materials. An integrated graduate-upper division undergraduate course and an associated laboratory course on the structure and properties of macromolecules will be developed, and available computational facilities enhanced. This component of the educational plan will introduce the students to current concepts and methods in the structural study of proteins, including protein crystallography."]
["CAREER:Studies of Decision Making in Complex, Dynamic Environments","IIS","DIGITAL SOCIETY&TECHNOLOGIES","Bisantz, Ann","NY","SUNY at Buffalo","bisantz@eng.buffalo.edu","CSE","This research focuses on understanding, modeling, and supporting human decision making in complex\n\nsituations such as manufacturing, aviation, process control, military and non-military command and\n\ncontrol and transportation. These situations are challenging, and can lead to potential problems and\n\nhuman errors, because they are often rapidly changing, have uncertain and risky elements, and require\n\nquick responses. To study these,issues, the project includes the development of interactive computer\n\nsimulations to allow experiments in which participants will make decisions in complex environments\n\nsuch as process control or transportation. Planned experiments include investigating how people cope\n\nwith uncertain information when making decisions, identifying appropriate types of performance\n\ninformation which may help people learn to make better decisions, and developing display formats and\n\nvisualizations to help people better understand uncertainty and how it may affect their decisions.\n\nResearch results will be relevant for the development of computer displays, decision-aids, and\n\ntraining recommendations which can lead to improved decision-making performance. The project includes\n\neducational components which are integrated with the research plan through the utilization of the\n\nexperimental simulations in course exercises and projects, through undergraduate and graduate student\n\ninvolvement in the ongoing research, and through the incorporation of research results into course\n\nmaterials."]
["CAREER: Parametric Synthesis and Control of Sound for the Computer Mediated Experience","IIS","HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Cook, Perry","NJ","Princeton University","prc@cs.princeton.edu","CSE","This is the first year of funding of a 4 year continuing award. This project will investigate new approaches to the classification, analysis, and resynthesis of sound. The research plan is composed of three elements: The majority of the effort will focus on the development of algorithms and techniques for sound parameterization and synthesis. The PI will explore ways to sort and match sounds with algorithms, voice algorithm parameters, and test human subjects to determine success of synthesis. He will develop classification and analysis software to automate existing algorithms, eliminating the human guidance andjudgment currently required. He will develop new algorithms for classes of sounds that do not yield to existing parametric synthesis algorithms. He will also work on novel interfaces for controlling sound, and create systems that can take advantage of flexible sound synthesis and control. By the end of the project, machine algorithms will have been developed that can take certain (large) classes of sounds as input, select the appropriate synthesis algorithm, extract parameters for resynthesis, and predict human responses as to the quality of the synthesized sound; simple systems will have been constructed which demonstrate the utility of the synthesis algorithms. This research will yield new tools at both the input and output ends of the interactive sound chain to benefit diverse applications such as portable computers, virtual reality, augmented reality, awareness systems, teleconferencing and remote collaboration applications."]
["CAREER: Robust Control of Large-Scale Constrained Nonlinear Systems","CTS","PROCESS & REACTION ENGINEERING","Zheng, Zhi (Alex)","MA","University of Massachusetts Amherst","zzheng@spock.ecs.umass.edu","ENG","Abstract - Zheng - 9984104\n\n\n\nMost chemical process are nonlinear.  In the past, process control techniques based on linear models had been adequate largely due to relatively loose environmental regulations and industry's ability (e.g., via process over-design) to design processes to operate in regions where assumptions of linearity are valid.  However, a combination of stiff global economic competition and strict environmental regulations is pushing process operational windows into regions where assumptions of linearity break down and where operating constraints (e.g., equipment, environmental, safety, etc.) must be satisfied.\tFurthermore, today's processes are large-scale in nature as they are becoming more integrated to improve capital productivity.  Consequently, these trends have driven the process industry's need for improved control technologies, which can deal effectively with large-scale nonlinear processes subject to operating constraints.  The rapid development in computational hardware and software has provided the opportunity for developing advanced control techniques, which optimize process profitability in real time.\n\n\n\nThe goal of the planned research is to develop a novel nonlinear model predictive control (NLMPC) technology which addresses practical concerns (e.g., low on-line computational demand) and is theoretically sound (e.g., robust stability and performance guarantees) for control of large-scale constrained non-linear systems.  The research involves a combination of theory, simulation studies, and industrial applications and, specifically, consists of the following projects: \n\n(1) Develop a computationally efficient MPC algorithm which can be implemented on nonlinear systems with tens of inputs and outputs.\n\n(2) (2) Prove that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable in the presence of both model uncertainty and constraints\n\n(3) (3) Derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the robust stabilization of constrained nonlinear systems.\n\n(4) Develop a first-principles based model for a terephthalonitrile (TPN) plant, a large-scale chemical process, and carry out simulation studies on it.\n\n(5) Implement the algorithm on a methyl acetate reactive distillation column where it is known that linear controllers would fail in some operating regions.\n\n(6) Develop educational software based on the theoretical results and disseminate via CACHE.\n\n\n\nSeveral educational innovations are planned:\n\n(1) Develop interactive-learning modules, which allow the instructor to focus more on the \"discovery-based\" teaching method than the traditional \"I-talk-you-listen\" teaching method.  The modules would transform the students from passive listeners to active participants.\n\n(2) Develop open-ended problems which require not only engineering know-how, but also other aspects of the decision-making process.\n\n(3) Develop projects to get selected undergraduate students more involved with frontier engineering research.\n\n(4) Have the PI's students take industrial assignments."]
["CAREER: Stratified Motion Planning with Application to Robotic Manipulation","IIS","ROBOTICS","Goodwine, John","IN","University of Notre Dame","jgoodwin@nd.edu","CSE","This is the first year funding of a four year continuing award.  The research plan of this CAREER award concerns basic theoretical and experimental research involving so-called stratified systems, which are systems subjected to temporally and spatially intermittent physical constraints.  In particular, this research concerns the development of a new robotic manipulation control method that can analytically accommodate both rolling contact between the object and the manipulators (or fingers) as well as intermittent contact.  For anthropomorphic systems, manipulation via intermittent contact is called \"finger gaiting.\" The approach is to consider the generic differential geometry inherent in stratified systems and to couple this structure with general nonlinear control techniques which also utilize tools from differential geometry. This manipulation method will be general in that it will be formulated in sufficient mathematical generality so that it is independent of any particular surface parameterization of the object, any particular finger tip parameterizations, and the kinematics of the robotic fingers or manipulators. The educational component of this award includes the involvement of graduate as well as undergraduate students in these research efforts. A new multidisciplinary component of the undergraduate engineering curriculum in the PI's department will be developed which will consist of two courses, one devoted to general legal topics which affect engineering and engineering ethics and the other entirely to intellectual property.  Finally, a local outreach program will be developed to enhance the education and enthusiasm of local school children in the area of robotics."]
["PECASE: Visualization of Constitutive Models in Geomechanics: A New Generalized Development and Learning Environment","CMS","GEOMECHANICS & GEOTECHNIC SYST","Hashash, Youssef","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","hashash@uiuc.edu","ENG","9984125\n\n\n\n\n\nThis Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) research and education project addresses a novel interactive visualization development and learning environment for material constitutive relations, referred to as VizCoRe.\n\n\n\nAdvances in computer and information technology permit engineers to use numerical simulations on a routine basis to support their design work.  In geotechnical engineering, numerical simulations are used to study the complex response of soil and rock in urban areas to construction activities.  These simulations depend upon the accurate representation of the load-deformation material response of the ground in the form of constitutive equations; concepts that traditionally have been difficult to understand, develop and use, except by a few specialists.\n\n\n\nThis project initiates a fundamental shift in the current approach by taking advantage of rapid advancements in information technology and computer graphics.  It transforms the representation of constitutive relations, as well as stress and strain quantities, from a series of mathematical equations and matrix quantities into multidimensional geometric/visual objects in a dynamic interactive color-rich display environment.  Complex mathematical formulations are transformed into visual renderings that are easily understood and manipulated.  This environment is being developed as a software workbench that is Internet based, computer platform independent, and easily used on a desktop computer system.  It allows multiple users to view and study models in a collaborative environment.\n\n\n\nIt is an inherently educational project, as it will greatly simplify the use of constitutive relations for both the expert and non-expert user.  It can be used to teach a wide audience of students and practicing engineers about constitutive relations and their significance in numerical simulations, using a simple intuitive approach.  Its availability on the World Wide Web, and its multi-user features, fosters a collaborative learning environment amongst students and engineers.  The project involves collaboration with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."]
["Career:  Molecular Caps for Exposed Base Pairs","CHE","BIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Richert, Clemens","MA","Tufts University","CRICHERT@EMERALD.TUFTS.EDU","MPS","This project comprises a career development plan of integrated educational and research activities.  The research project is aimed at finding ligands or \"caps\" for exposed Watson-Crick-paired bases at the termini of oligonucleotide duplexes.  They are expected to enhance mismatch discrimination by creating a molecular environment that mimics the interior of duplexes.  The project will involve the synthesis of 3'- and 5'-amino terminal nucleotides and their incorporation into duplexes.  Physical characterization of the anticipated effects will be made using spectrometrically monitored selection experiments, mismatch binding studies, and NMR experiments.\n\n\n\nWith this CAREER Award, the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program's Organic Dynamics Program supports the research and educational activities of Professor Clemens Richert of Tufts University.   Professor Richert's research activities are directed toward an understanding of ways to make DNA strand pairs more robust, so that their use in laboratory experiments can be carried out under a greater variety of conditions and with greater efficiency.  The project incorporates educational activities that are designed to bring discussions of scientific ethics into the undergraduate chemistry curriculum and, on the graduate level, to introduce students to the new science of combinatorial chemistry."]
["CAREER: Time-Critical Applications of Nonparametric Regression:  Harnessing the Power of Information Technology for Infrastructure Systems Management","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP|INFO TECH & INFRASTRUCT SYSTEM","Smith, Brian","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","bls2z@virginia.edu","ENG","Brian L. Smith\n\nUniversity of Virginia\n\nDepartment of Civil Engineering\n\n\n\nProposal Number 9984149\n\n\n\n\n\nTime-Critical Applications of Nonparametric Regression:  Harnessing the Power of Information Technology for Infrastructure Management Systems\n\n\n\nAs greater demands are placed on infrastructure systems, civil engineers are being called upon to develop management systems to enable the efficient use of infrastructure capacity.  Advances in information technology allow infrastructure management systems to collect large quantities of data describing the state of the system.  Currently, this data is used to develop management strategies that react to current conditions.  However, it is desirable to develop proactive strategies based on forecasted demand for service. Nonparametric regression models have high potential to support demand forecasting. The premise of nonparametric regression is that by searching a database of past experiences, one can find cases that are similar to the current state of the system.  Then, these past cases can be used to predict the future system state. Unfortunately, the complexity of searching a large database is so great that nonparametric regression may be unable to meet the time requirements of infrastructure management systems.  The purpose of this effort is to address the search complexity of nonparametric regression, making it a viable tool for infrastructure management demand forecasting.\n\n\n\nThe research will focus on data management, data structure, and advanced computing approaches.  Data management will be considered to attempt to intelligently prune records of the database without unacceptably degrading the accuracy of the model. Data structures will be investigated that will reduce search complexity through sorting/storing the data in innovative ways.  Advanced computing technologies, particularly distributed computing, will also be explored. \n\n\n\nThe education effort will focus on preparing civil engineers to effectively apply information technology, a critical infrastructure management requirement. Materials will be developed to strengthen information technology education in the civil engineering curriculum, students will work on interdisciplinary teams, steps will be taken to attract and retain underrepresented groups, and web-based educational materials will be developed."]
["CAREER: Learning Coherent Concepts: Theory and Applications to Natural Language","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI","Roth, Dan","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","danr@cs.uiuc.edu","CSE","This is the first year of funding of a 4-year continuing award. This research investigates learning scenarios in which multiple learners co-exist and may learn different functions on the same input, but there are mutual compatibility constraints on their outcomes. The PI will develop a learning theory for these situations, and will study algorithmic ways to exploit them in natural language inference. The theoretical study will concentrate, on developing a semantics for the coherency conditions and study it from a learning theory point of view with a goal of understanding in what ways learning becomes easier and more robust in these situations. The algorithmic study will concentrate on developing ways to exploit coherency and will have a significant experimental component, using the problem of shallow parsing as a testbed for investigating chaining of coherent classifiers and inferences that rely on the outcomes of several classifiers This research will have a significant impact on theoretical research in learning and on our ability to perform higher level inference in natural language. It will help to resolve the contrast between the predicted hardness of learning and the apparent ease at which cognitive systems learn. Moreover, it will provide an understanding of how to exploit coherency in order to develop better learning and inference methods for these situations, and will result in an integrated learning approach to a variety of shallow parsing tasks, implemented and demonstrated in a large scale manner using the SNoW learning architecture. Incorporating the understanding of interacting classifiers, as well as methods to perform inferences that rely on several classifiers, into SNoW will be directly applicable to a variety of other tasks in this domain.\n\n\n\n http://L2R.cs.uiuc.edu/~danr/Grants/eareerOO.html"]
["CAREER:   Magnetic Domain Imaging in Nanostructured Ferromagnets","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Gavrin, Andrew","IN","Indiana University","agavrin@iupui.edu","MPS","This is a CAREER project is devoted to the development of a technique known as the High Resolution Bitter Method (HRBM), and its application to the study of ferromagnetism in nanostructured materials. The colloidal ferrofluids used classically in the HRBM method will be replaced by sputtering or evaporation of magnetic material into an inert atmosphere to produce nanometer-sized particles. The particles are deposited on magnetic materials and aggregate along domain walls thus allowing a visualization of the domains. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) used to image the colloidially decorated materials. The new technique will be applied to the study of ferromagnetic granular solids which exhibit Giant Magneto Resistance (GMR). The nature of the domains, unexpectedly observed in GMR materials, is poorly understood. the HRBM will also be used to study nonuniformities that occur in the preparation of the commercially important NdFeB hard magnetic materials. A thorough understanding of the process leading to nonuniformities may lead to improvements in the properties of these materials. The educational component of this project involves the development and dissemination of the Just-in-Time Teaching system. This is a novel pedagogical tool that includes the use of the web to deliver preparatory assignments that students answer just before each class. The students' responses are then used by faculty for lecture preparation and as a basis for classroom discussion. This leads to an effective and enhanced interaction between students and teacher.\n\n%%%\n\nThis is a CAREER project devoted to the study of magnetic materials, and to development of new teaching methods. The magnetic research component will develop and refine a new method to spray a coating of nanometer sized magnetic particles on to magnetic materials. The small particles aggregate along grain boundaries in these materials, providing a means to visualize and map these domains. The project will investigate magnetic materials such as the Giant Magneto Resistive (GMR) materials found in the magnetic recording applications, as well as the commercially important high-strength neodymium-iron-boron hard magnets. The educational component involves development of the Just-in-Time Teaching system techniques. This novel pedagogical tool includes the use of the world wide web to deliver preparatory assignments that students answer just before each class. The students' responses are then used by faculty for lecture preparation and as a basis for classroom discussion. This leads to an effective and enhanced interaction between students and teacher."]
["CAREER:  Interfacial Behavior of Microbubbles During Contaminant Stripping in Saturated Soils:  Multiscale Investigations in Research and Education","CMS","GEOENVIRO ENG & GEOHAZARD MITI","Burns, Susan","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","susan.burns@ce.gatech.edu","ENG","9984206- Burns\n\n\n\nThis Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) research and education project addresses the physical factors that govern the formation and movement of discrete air bubbles through otherwise saturated soils.  In geoenvironmental applications, the transport and distribution of injected air bubbles is critical to the effectiveness of the air sparging process -- an in-situ stripping technique designed to mobilize volatile organic compounds to the vapor phase.  The project involves an experimental, multi-scale investigation into the dynamics of air bubble transport through pore, pore network, and continuum scale soil models.\n\n\n\nThe rate and pattern of air transport is quantified as a function of injection pressure/velocity, injection orifice, and interfacial tension in a model soil pore.  Etched glass micromodels are used to simulate air transport through soil pore networks, and the air saturation, bubble volume, and transport heterogeneity are quantified as a function of the controlling parameters identified at the pore scale.  The microscale investigations manipulates the system parameters, such as injection velocity and interfacial tension, in order to identify the conditions that lead to decreased bubble diameter, increased bubble residence time, and increased bubble surface area.  Stripping bubbles with these characteristics significantly enhances the air sparging process at the global scale.  \n\nThe data obtained at the pore and pore network scales is used as inputs for column tests performed at the continuum scale.  The column tests quantifies contaminant removal efficiency, degree of bubble coalescence, and mass transfer effects, based on the enhanced system control parameters identified in the pore and pore network scale investigations.\n\n\n\nThe data obtained in this multiscale investigation will significantly enhance the state of knowledge by developing a rigorous, fundamental understanding of the variables that control bubble movement through otherwise saturated soil systems.  While the objectives proposed are set within the framework of air sparging, the results of the multiscale, fundamental investigation are equally applicable to similar processes, such as petroleum recovery.\n\n\n\nParallel to the developments in the research project, the influence of microscale physical and chemical phenomena is interwoven into undergraduate Civil Engineering courses, undergraduate research, and a workshop targeted to attract middle school girls to pursue the study of science and engineering.  Consideration of multiscale physical and chemical behavior is integrated into classroom lectures and a series of five-minute classroom demonstration experiments.  These \"change-up\" experiments are carefully designed to illustrate the macroscale effects of microscale phenomena in engineering practice.  An undergraduate remediation case studies course that incorporates microscale physical and chemical considerations into remedial design is being developed.   Additionally, an outreach workshop designed to encourage middle school girls in the study of science and engineering is being developed and implemented."]
["Career:  Total Synthesis and Study of the Molecular Recognition Determinants of Amanita Phalloides Toxins","CHE","SYNTHESIS","Guy, Rodney","CA","University of California-San Francisco","rguy@cgl.ucsf.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of synthetic methods for the preparation of amanitin and phalloidin.  The synthetic strategy involves late introduction of problematic functionality and early introduction of the thioether bridges common to the two targets.  The majority of the peptide backbone will be assembled using solid phase peptide synthesis.  Analog studies will be used to allow understanding of the specific binding properties of amanitin to RNA polymerase II and phalloidin to polymerized actin.  The educational focus of the project will be the development of a new graduate training program in Chemical Biology.\n\n\n\nWith this CAREER award, the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program is supporting the research and educational activities of Dr. Rodney K. Guy of the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the University of California-San Francisco.  Dr. Guy will focus his research on the total synthesis and study of the molecular modes of action of two related natural products:amanitin and phalloidin.  The natural products and synthetic analogs will be studied to understand the molecular determinants that drive the selectivity of binding for these compounds.  The educational portion of the project involves curriculum development at the graduate level."]
["CAREER: Improved Continuum Models of Vehicular Traffic Flow","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP","Zhang, Michael","CA","University of California-Davis","hmzhang@ucdavis.edu","ENG","PI: Michael H. Zhang, University of California, Davis \n\nProposal Number: 9984239 \n\nProposal Title:Improved Continuum Models of Vehicular Traffic Flow \n\n\n\nProject Abstract: \n\nThis research seeks to expand the understanding of various critical phenomena in vehicular traffic flow and develops improved theories to model them. Comprising of heterogeneous intelligent \"particles\" -vehicles driven by diverse people, traffic flow exhibits complex dynamic patterns. Although some aspect of traffic flow, such as shock waves, is well understood and supports the well known traffic flow theory of kinematic waves, many other phenomena that are critical to traffic flow applications are not well understood. These include the laminar flow to stop-and-go flow transitions, stop-start waves, and phantom traffic jams. This research proposes to 1) better understand the nature of the aforementioned critical phenomena, 2) develop improved traffic theories to model these phenomena, and 3) apply the developed theories to better manage traffic congestion and reduce vehicle emissions. In the research, experimental evidence is carefully examined and past developments of traffic flow theory are scrutinized to gain insights on driver behavior and possible directions of new theory development. Improved theories are then developed based on a sound understanding of both driver behavior and existing theories, rigorously analyzed and carefully validated with experimental data. The success of this research can lead to a better understanding of traffic flow and greatly increase the ability to monitor, model and control traffic flow. These advances in turn lead to more efficient use of existing road infrastructure and better air quality planning."]
["CAREER:  Managing Product Variety in Production Systems","DMI","PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Swaminathan, Jayashankar","CA","University of California-Berkeley","msj@unc.edu","ENG","This grant provides funding to study new practices in production, design and procurement aspects related to effectively managing product variety. Models related to three important aspects namely, (1) efficient delivery of variety to customers; (2) efficient procurement of equipment's and supplies; and (3) incorporating operational considerations in design of products and assembly systems will be analyzed.  These models will provide an ability to capture product lines as a whole (rather than individual products) and the underlying complexities related to demand characteristics (uncertainty and correlation), product characteristics (commonality and modularity), supply characteristics (uncertainty in supply quantity and lead-time) and production characteristics (build-to-order, make-to-stock, postponement, substitution).  Analytical models will be developed and effective solution methodologies will also be provided for large-scale (industry size) problems that can be implemented easily.  This research is motivated by real problems at a wide variety of firms including IBM, Perkin-Elmer Ford and US Filter. \n\n\n\nIf successful the results of this research will provide new insights on the inter-relationships between demand, supply product and production characteristics in manufacturing systems that can be utilized by firms not only for operating their current product lines but also while adopting new strategies.  Further, the ability to model industry size problems will provide an opportunity to incorporate the results and insights in a decision support tool as well. It is expected that analytical and empirical insights obtained will answer several what if questions that managers of such production systems have today. In the teaching component new curriculum that integrates business and engineering aspects of the topic will be developed. In addition new teaching tools such as cases, short articles and interactive games will be developed to communicate the research of the investigator in a more effective manner to students and to a wider audience across the country."]
["CAREER: Developmental Role of the MADS-Domain Protein AGL15 During Embryogenesis","IOB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS CLUSTER|PLANT & MICRO DEVELOP MECHANSM","Perry, Sharyn","KY","University of Kentucky Research Foundation","sperr2@uky.edu","BIO","Perry\n\n9984274\n\n\n\n\n\nEarly embryo development in higher plants has been difficult to study because the cells involved are small, few in number, and, in zygotic embryogenesis, embedded in several layers of maternal tissues.  Consequently, little is known at a molecular level about this stage of development. The long-term goal of Dr. Perry's research program is to contribute to an understanding of regulatory networks active during embryo development. As an initial step towards this goal, the P.I. proposes to further investigate the role that the embryo-expressed MADS-domain protein, AGL15 (for AGAMOUS-Like 15) plays during this phase of development. MADS-domain proteins are regulatory factors that are involved in critical developmental decisions in fungi, animals and plants. \n\nEvidence to date is consistent with a role for AGL15 as a DNA-binding regulatory factor involved in global aspects of embryo development. To understand AGL15's role in development, genes regulated by AGL15 must be identified. Dr. Perry's laboratory will use a chromatin immunoprecipitation approach to obtain DNA sequences that directly bind AGL15 in vivo. Because AGL15 is divergent from the rest of the MADS-box family, both in sequence and in expression pattern, the optimal DNA sequence that AGL15 recognizes will be determined using a target detection assay. Further experiments will test whether AGL15 is necessary for development in an embryonic mode are also proposed. The experiments will contribute to an understanding of molecular programs active during embryo and seed development, and this type of information will be essential for developing molecular strategies to increase agricultural productivity.\n\nDr. Perry will be involved in developing and teaching a new module on Plant Development and Anatomy in PLS 622, Physiology of Plants I, a required core course for graduate students in the Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology Program. In addition, Dr. Perry will participate in PLS 657, Seed Biology, where she will contribute to a discussion of molecular and genetic approaches to understanding processes during seed development. The P.I. will also serve as a mentor to graduate and undergraduate students and to postdoctoral researchers who will be involved in the research component of this proposal"]
["CAREER: New Research Directions for Parallel Manipulators -- Investigation of Redundant Actuation, Redundant Sensing and Static Balancing","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM|MANUFACTURING MACHINES & EQUIP","Ebert-Uphoff, Imme","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","ebert@me.gatech.edu","ENG","Imme Ebert-Uphoff, Georgia Institute of Technology, 9984279\n\nCAREER: New Research Directions for Parallel Manipulators -\n\nInvestigation of Redundant Actuation, Redundant Sensing and\n\nStatic Balancing\n\nToday's manufacturing industry faces many challenges in terms of accuracy, throughput and flexibility of the production line.  While robots in a manufacturing environment are traditionally of a serial structure, parallel manipulators are emerging in many applications because they excel in the areas of accuracy, speed, rigidity and payload capacity.\n\nThis CAREER proposal adopts an integrated research and education strategy centered on the advancement of parallel manipulators in the areas of accuracy, size of usable workspace, ease of use and energy efficiency. The research component investigates (1) the use of redundant actuation and compliant control schemes to eliminate singular configurations and thus to enlarge the usable region of the workspace, (2) the use of redundant sensing to simplify the real-time computations in the control algorithms and to increase the machine intelligence through continuous re-calibration, (3) the use of static balancing to make parallel manipulators more efficient.  The educational component concentrates on (A) the development of web-based course-ware in form of \"Virtual Parallel Manipulators\", i.e. interactive graphical simulations of parallel manipulators;\n\n(B) the integration of parallel manipulators in the robotics curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate level through development of two new courses.\n\nThe significance and impact of the proposed research and education strategy is three-fold: (1) The educational program is expected to facilitate a higher acceptance of parallel manipulators in industry, leading to better utilization of the high potential of parallel manipulators.  (2) Immediate benefits for the manufacturing industry are expected through creation of robotic manipulators with higher performance characteristics than existing ones. (3) The research contributes to the long-term development of parallel manipulators by advancing the understanding of and theoretical framework for parallel manipulators."]
["CAREER:  Anaerobic Degadation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Harbor Sediments","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING","Pulliam Holoman, Tracey","MD","University of Maryland College Park","tholoman@eng.umd.edu","ENG","9984285  Pulliam Holoman  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) tend to associate strongly with organic matter in sediments, which are normally anaerobic.  The widespread distribution of PAHs in these sediments has led to the need for efficient, cost-effectifve methods for the remediation of PAH-contaminated sediments.  Aerobic degradation of simple aromatic hydrocarbons has been well characterized, and in recent years, a few studies investigating the anaerobic degradation of simple PAHs such as naphthalene and phenanthrene (2 rings and 3 rings, respectively) have been reported.  To date, no studies have demonstrated the anaerobic biodegration of 4- and 5-ring PAHs, such as pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. This research will investigate the anaerobic degradation of PAHs by microorganisms isolated from marine harbor sediments that have been heavily contaminated with PAHs.  The research objectives include isolation and characterization of naturally-occurring microbes with anaerobic PAH-degradative potential, elucidation of the metabolic pathways of PAH biodegradation and its important enzymes, development of unique biosensors for rapid monitoring of PAH degradation potential and activity, both in the laboratory and in situ, the use of bench-scale bioreactors to study anaerobic PAH degradation in complex mixtures and the development of mathematical models to predict the rate and extent of PAH degradation in the bioreactors.. The results of this research will provide guidance for the engineering design of processes to decontaminate harbor sediments containing high molecular weight PAHs.  The educational plan has three components.  First, the research will be integrated into a combined senior-level undergaduate and graduate course that the PI has developed.  The course focuses on the design of innovative solutions to complex environmental problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach.  Second, the PI will design an anaerobic PAH-degradation reactor that will integrate the results of this research as well as allow process safety to be introduced and evaluated in the undergraduate chemical engineering laboratory.  Third, the PI will develop one-day workshop seminars to target female and other underrepresented minority middle and high school students.  The goal of these workshops will be to introduce students from local schools to environmental research applied to the nearby Chesapeake Bay.  ***"]
["CAREER: Nucleic Acid Mutation Detection by 2'-Amine Modification","MCB","BIMOLECULAR PROCESSES|MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY|BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS|INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Weeks, Kevin","NC","University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","weeks@unc.edu","BIO","In this research, the PI will use a new chemical method that has been developed to detect point mutations and other defects in nucleic acid sequences.  The method employs oligonucleotide probes in which one 2'-ribose position (-H or -OH in DNA or RNA, respectively) is substituted with an amine (-NH2) group.  2'-amine substituted nucleotides are specifically acylated by succinimidyl esters to form a 2'-amide product.  The mutation detection method exploits an unanticipated observation by the PI that 2'-amine groups at the site of a mismatch are acylated more rapidly than amine substitutions at base paired nucleotides.  Acylation is specific for mismatched 2'-amine groups due to increased local flexibility.  Both the 2'-amine substituted probe oligonucleotide and the target sequence may be either DNA or RNA.  The method has wide potential usefulness to query mismatches and quantify hybridization with single base specificity in nucleic acid populations.  Moreover, the activated reagent is a bi-functional molecule in which the mutation-sensitive acylation chemistry is linked to an independent visualization moiety.  Objectives of this Career Award are, first, to explore in a fundamental way the applications, mechanism, and limitations of this chemical sensor technology, and, thereafter, to develop a practical approach for visualizing mutations in human genes.   The PI has proposed new experiments for an Advanced Biochemical Laboaratory including research based experiments and a bioinformatics  module,  and has established a literature based course on enzyme mechanisms.\n\n\n\n\n\n9984289\n\nWeeks\n\nIn this proposal, the PI will use a new chemical method that has been developed to detect point mutations and other defects in nucleic acid sequences.  The method employs oligonucleotide probes in which one 2'-ribose position (-H or -OH in DNA or RNA, respectively) is substituted with an amine (-NH2) group.  2'-amine substituted nucleotides are specifically acylated by succinimidyl esters to form a 2'-amide product.  The mutation detection method exploits an unanticipated observation by the PI that 2'-amine groups at the site of a mismatch are acylated more rapidly than amine substitutions at base paired nucleotides.  Acylation is specific for mismatched 2'-amine groups due to increased local flexibility.  Both the 2'-amine substituted probe oligonucleotide and the target sequence may be either DNA or RNA.  The method has wide potential usefulness to query mismatches and quantify hybridization with single base specificity in nucleic acid populations.  Moreover, the activated reagent is a bi-functional molecule in which the mutation-sensitive acylation chemistry is linked to an independent visualization moiety.  Objectives of this Career Award are, first, to explore in a fundamental way the applications, mechanism, and limitations of this chemical sensor technology, and, thereafter, to develop a practical approach for visualizing mutations in human genes. Detailed plans are provided for new courses, and creative ideas are proposed to stimulate and challenge students."]
["CAREER: Timing Recovery in Digital Magnetic Recording Systems","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH","Kavcic, Aleksandar","MA","Harvard University","kavcic@deas.harvard.edu","CSE","As magnetic recording densities increase, powerful signal processing algorithms will need to be utilized to overcome a drop of up to 6dB in the signal-to-noise ratio. Recently, iterative decoding methods (applied to turbo codes and low-density parity-check codes) have shown to approach the channel capacity of additive white Gaussian noise channels. Simulation show that turbo codes routinely achieve coding gains up to 6dB over conventional maximum likelihood detection in magnetic recording partial response channels. A drawback of iterative decoding is a decision delay that is intolerably long for the timing recovery loop. Clearly, robust timing recovery algorithms that can operate at very low signal-to-noise ratios and can tolerate long decision delays are needed. This project is developing timing recovery methods for receivers employing iterative decoding strategies. \n\n\n\nSince iterative decoders introduce a delay of several thousand bits, it is suggested that the waveform be asynchronously oversampled, and that the decoding delay be used to refine the sampling in an iterative schedule that follows closely the schedule of the iterative decoder. This research developing a 'soft' decision-directed timing recovery method. During the decoding iterations of an iterative decoder, soft information is passed between the processing elements. This soft information is the reliability information regarding a specific bit (or a bit-sequence) and could be used to refine the sampling instants of the received waveform. This is precisely the strategy used here. Iterative decoding is well explained by passing conditional probability information on a code-graph. Recently, it has been shown that both equalization and decoding can be performed using the same message-passing strategy on a joint channel/code graph. The goal here is to expand this concept by formulating the entire receiver using a system graph. A suitable message-passing algorithm on the entire graph will then perform the basic receiver functions (synchronization, sampling, equalization, decoding)."]
["CAREER: Modeling and Characterization of Microstructure-Induced Toughening in Ceramic Composites with Multiple Micro and Nano Size Scales","CMS","EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC PROGRAM|MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER","Zhou, Min","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","min.zhou@me.gatech.edu","ENG","9984298\n\nThis research concerns on the computational and experimental characterization of microstructural toughening effects in advanced ceramics. Focusing on a new TiB2/Al2O3 ceramic composite system \n\nwith very promising properties, it will (1) yield a novel micromechanical approach for explicit fracture modeling over multiple size scales, (2) characterize the effects of microstructural morphologies, \n\nphase length scales, constituent properties, and interphase bonding on fracture resistance, (3) elucidate the failure modes and develop failure models for ceramic composites with microstructures of multiple size scales, and (4) identify mechanisms for property enhancement through microstructural revisions.Combined modeling and experiments will focus on the full, time-dependent process of damage initiation, damage progression and failure using time-resolved diagnostics. Experiments will be used to allow direct correlation of applied loading, time-resolved response, and microscopic damage. The education component of this program consists of undergraduate curriculum development at Georgia Tech, outreach to local high school students and teachers for recruitment and engineering awareness, outreach to minority students for recruitment, and outreach to a local minority institution. The curriculum innovation recognizes the drawback of classroom instruction without hands-on experimentation in engineering mechanics education. This effort focuses on strengthening Georgia Tech's undergraduate curriculum in mechanical engineering through proper integration of classroom learning with laboratory experimentation. A novel feature of this effort is the use of an experimental technique developed in the proposed research to facilitate the development of an aptitude for comprehensive engineering analysis. The curriculum innovation and outreach will use the facilities also used for research, offering a natural synergy of graduate research, undergraduate participation, curriculum development, and outreach."]
["CAREER: Characterization, Inhibition, and Reversal of Protein Aggregation","BES","BIOCHEMICAL & BIOMASS ENG","Robinson, Anne","DE","University of Delaware","robinson@che.udel.edu","ENG","The objective of this project is to study protein folding by examining protein folding intermediates that are critical branching points for aggregation side reactions as well as mutagenic and physical means for disfavoring these side reactions.  The specific project aims are to: (1) measure individual rate constants and develop a mechanistic model for formation of tailspike aggregation and assembly intermediates, (2) identify the rate controlling steps and develop strategies to inhibit and reverse tailspike aggregation, and (3) measure secondary structure and supermolecular morphology of aggregates using circular dichroism and atomic force microscopy."]
["CAREER:  Integrated Municipal Sanitation Systems","BES","ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Louis, Garrick","VA","University of Virginia Main Campus","gel7f@virginia.edu","ENG","99854318  Louis  The proposed research has two main goals. The first is to make the performance of municipal sanitation services (water supply, wastewater treatment and solid waste management) accountable to their stakeholders (the public, the service providers and government regulators). The second is to assure the capacity to satisfy demand for these services over the long term in cities of both developed and developing countries. The PI notes the general practice of providing municipal sanitation services independently with little integration across the disciplines of water supply, wastewater treatment and solid waste management and sees this as a key failing.  He proposes to develop a systems approach to the development and delivery of integrated sanitation services and posits that an integrated approach holds out the promise of more cost-effective delivery through identification of economies of scale, waste reduction and increased recycling and re-use of resources. \n\nThis project has three main areas of activity: (1) empirical research, (2) education and (3) outreach.  These activities are centered on a systems approach to evaluating and planning municipal sanitation services.  The approach treats the services as components of an integrated system and analyzes their technical, administrative and institutional parameters as functional requirements of the system.\n\nThe proposed research plan involves the development of an understanding of the functional and operational objectives of the component services. The PI will compare the functional objectives, as set out in relevant laws and regulations, and the views of the main stakeholders with performance measures to assess achievement of objectives and to identify and evaluate options for improvements.  Since the integration of these services requires the seamless sharing of information among them, the PI will also analyze the role, requirements and opportunities for information technology in integrating and improving service.\n\nThe educational program of this project complements the research by offering two new courses, graduate internships and outreach projects.  These will build the human infrastructure necessary for context-driven, integrative approaches to the design and management of municipal sanitation services.  \n\nThe research and education components will be enhanced by an outreach component aimed at recruiting students of color, women and students from developing countries to channel the approaches presented in this project back to their home communities.  In addition, the project will host a web-based forum on municipal sanitation problems and solutions and collaborate with other domestic and foreign academic institutions on related research and development projects. ***"]
["PECASE:  Dynamic Phenomena in Transportation:  A Research and Educational Perspective","DMI","SERVICE ENTERPRISE ENGINEERING|PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Perakis, Georgia","MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","georgiap@mit.edu","ENG","This grant provides funding for the development of a theory for understanding the nature of traffic equilibria as well as various associated phenomena that arise in a variety of systems including transportation, communication and manufacturing.  Studying these problems is important in transportation planning due to the growing congestion of urban and highway transportation systems worldwide as well as the development of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems.  Specifically, this research aims to establish a  more accurate understanding of microscopic and macroscopic phenomena of traffic patterns, provide insight and lead to a testable theory of equilibria in transportation networks.  It will draw upon a broad collection of methodologies including dynamical systems, statistical learning, neural networks, mathematical optimization, and queuing network theory.  To promote the philosophy of the research program a variety of educational activities will also be pursued.\n\n\n\nThe results of this research will develop an alternative theory of equilibrium in transportation problems that will be able to make empirically testable predictions of traffic patterns and delays in the transportation network.  This research will address a variety of questions such as: What is the dynamic nature of traffic equilibrium?  How are delays dynamically changing? What is the role of information to travelers in the formation of traffic patterns?  How can we control what information to release to travelers in order to induce certain desirable behavior?  The results of this research will also provide insights concerning variousimportant issues such as bottleneck phenomena that arise when capacity of a local component in a distributed transportation system decreases substantially and causes congestion in the rest of the network (for example, a traffic accident).  The work will also contribute to the development of dynamic optimization and equilibrium analysis."]
["CAREER: Slice-Processing: Highly-Accurate Prediction for Future High-Performance Processors","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Moshovos, Andreas","IL","Northwestern University","moshovos@ece.nwu.edu","CSE","DATE: April 19, 2000\n\nPROPOSAL NUMBER: C-CR 9984371\n\nINSTITUTION: Northwestern University\n\nPI: Andreas Moshovos\n\nTITLE: CAREER: Slice-Processing: Highly-Accurate Prediction for Future High-Performance Processors\n\nABSTRACT\n\nPrediction-driven speculative techniques are used in virtually all modern, high-\n\nperformance processors. Such techniques offer a promising direction for further\n\nboosting performance. However, the benefits so obtained are only as good as the\n\nunderlying prediction-based methods are at guessing what the program needs.\n\nThis project investigates slice-prediction, a paradigm that aims at providing\n\nhighly accurate prediction beyond what is possible with the existing methods.\n\nExisting methods are primarily outcome-based since they rely on repeating\n\npatterns in a program's outcome stream (e.g., addresses or branch directions).\n\nHowever, such patterns do not always exist. More importantly, as current\n\noutcome-based methods are perfected, irregular patterns increasingly dominate\n\nperformance. Slice-prediction attacks such cases by predicting the computation-\n\nslice that produces such irregular yet performance-critical outcomes. Predicted\n\nslices are then treated as miniature, autonomous programs, which can precompute\n\nperformance critical outcomes. The intuition is that while the outcome of a\n\nprogram can be irregular the method used is typically relatively simple and\n\nfairly stable.\n\nThis project focuses on architecturally invisible, hardware implementations of\n\nslice-prediction, and targets the following applications: (1) Branch Prediction\n\nand (2) Data Prefetching. Performance achieved by slice-prediction is evaluated\n\nthrough a detailed software simulator over a set of widely used benchmarks."]
["CAREER: Rapid Ultrasensitive Protein Mapping and Bioanalytical Extension Activities","CHE","ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.","Cooper, Brian","NC","University of North Carolina at Charlotte","btcooper@email.uncc.edu","MPS","This CAREER award to Professor Brian Cooper of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte is supported by the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program in the Chemistry Division. The primary research objective is to separate  fluorescently labeled proteins using microbore liquid chromatography and to use a novel form of single molecule channel electroproresis to detect the separated proteins. This online detection technique will provide high throughput, excellent sensitivity and when coupled with size exclusion chromatography provides a second potentially othogonal dimension to the separation.  The educational aspect of the effort consists of a series of hands on workshops in the use of bioanalytical instrumentation. These interdisciplinary workshops will be aimed at undergraduate students, graduate students and their advisors from the University's new interdisciplinary Ph.D. program in biotechnology and biomedicine.   \n\n\n\nThe project supported by this program focuses on development of a high throughput method to separate and identify proteins.  Results from this work could lead to improved analysis of proteins and will be very useful for workers in the University of North Carolina at  Charlotte."]
["CAREER: Modularized Silicon-based Neuromorphic Visual Processing Systems Implemented in Analog VLSI","ECS","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Titus, Albert","NY","Rochester Institute of Tech","ahtitus@eng.buffalo.edu","ENG","9984386\n\nTitus\n\n\n\nThe project presented in this proposal combines educational and research activities through exploration and development.\n\n\n\nThe research portion of the work will be formed around the field of analog VLSI systems with an emphasis on neuromorphic processing.  A unique approach will be taken to implement an integrated artificial visual system that is formed from distinct components that are designed to work together seamlessly.  The entire system will be designed to operate as an entire, functional unit, but will be designed as modular pieces with each piece created individually; the complexity of the visual system requires that it be modeled in manageable pieces.  The visual system will consist of the low-level processing functions performed by the retina, mid-level stereopsis processing, and highlevel object recognition.  The retina function has been implemented successfully, but modifications will he made to previous designs to accommodate the connections to other levels of processing.  An analog VLSI stereopsis processor design that has been created will be redesigned to fully take advantage of top-down connections from an object recognition-processing unit.  Finally, a unique object recognition system will be designed based on current psychophysical and biological models of object recognition that is compatible with analog VLSI.  The final system will be a silicon-based system that performs multiple visual functions and implemented on an analog VLSI platform.\n\n\n\nThe proposed research will provide new insights into the development of artificial visual systems through the concept of modularization.  This type of processing-specific analog circuit is compact and has very low power consumption, making it ideally suited for low cost, high volume, and autonomous exploration devices.  Also, this work will generate a set of design standards for analog VLSI, which will aid the mainstreaming of this technology.  Students working on the research in this project will gain exposure to diverse fields of science and develop new insights into how to model and synthesize complex systems.\n\n\n\nThe teaching portion of the work will be formed around increasing the use of technology in the classrooms, by addressing the needs of a diverse student body through varied teaching methods, by increasing the understanding of integration and system-level IC design, and by addressing the retention and recruitment problems at the undergraduate and graduate levels, respectively.  These objectives are closely linked to one common theme: improving education through commitment.  By developing new methods or using the variety of existing methods to transfer knowledge to students, students from all walks of life can find electrical engineering to be exciting and fulfilling.  This will be accomplished by continuing to experiment with group learning techniques and alternative forms of evaluation and assessment.\n\n\n\nThe study of analog VLSI systems requires an understanding of all levels of a system, from transistor physics to amplifier design to IC-level layout issues to board-level interconnections.  Students must also have an understanding of these levels and their relationship in order to be successful designers of the more complex systems of the future.  These concepts will be reinforced by highlighting integration and system constraints in the core electronics class, by introducing a new IC layout elective class and examining the introduction of layout tools at the freshman level.\n\n\n\nThe proposed educational plan is closely tied to the research plan by involving undergraduate students in the research projects and by involving research-oriented graduate students in the educational process through guided supervision.  The results from the proposed research will be brought to undergraduate students in the form of group projects, case studies for reinforcing core knowledge, and through examples in class.  Student portfolios will be explored as means for aiding students in improving their understanding of material through regular assessment by maintaining an up-to-date website intended for elementary and high school students, they will have access to the ongoing research work.  Additionally, student-oriented research-based project demonstrations will be developed that will be brought into classrooms to further engage the students as they are formulating their future interests.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Solid Modeling for Emerging Technologies of the Information Age","DMI","MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT|INTEGRATION ENGINEERING","Sarma, Radha","OH","University of Toledo","radha@umich.edu","ENG","The goal of this CAREER proposal is to augment existing solid modeling representations to facilitate the distributed and collaborative design of mechanical components/assemblies with the inherent ability to parallel process various solid modeling tasks. Specific research objectives are (a)to synthesize segmentable representations that would support encoding, communication, and manipulation of solid models in a distributed and collaborative environment, (b) to enable the encoding, decoding, and streaming of solid models for purposes of communicating segments of solid models in a distributed and collaborative environment, and (c) to synthesize, in an evolutionary manner, complex solid models based on changing segments of solid models and propogating the change to the entire model. Recognizing that design involves both collaborative and individual learning, a collaborative and distributed design studio (CDDS) will be developed to provide a familiar environment for for students throughout their education. Three educational initiatives that will be undertaken as part of the CDDS include (1) three dimensional jigsaw macro-models of multi-material micro-devices, (2) collaborative and distributed design projects, and (3) webfolios (portfolios on the web). The first is designed to attract high-school students and underclassmen to the CDDS and encourage learning in an unfamiliar environment with fun-to-do projects. The next, targetted at upperclassmen, is designed to familiarize students with concepts of collaborative and distributed design. Finally, webfolios are aimed at all students and faculty who are interested in assessing progress (this will specifically be used to evaluate the research and educational impact of this CAREER proposal). \n\n\n\n                     If successful, the integrated research and educational objectives will benefit the numerous industries that use solid modeling by enabling a new generation of applications that can be modeled in a distributed environment enabled by parallel processing. The educational plan will provide industries with uniquely trained engineers in mechanical engineering design who will be capable of further advancing the state-of-art."]
["CAREER:  Multi-Level Multi-Material Problem Solver Environment with Semisolid Material Applications and Education","CCF","NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Sarkis, Marcus","MA","Worcester Polytechnic Institute","msarkis@wpi.edu","CSE","There have been substantial developments in computational methods\n\nand capabilities for material sciences applications. These include\n\nthe theory and practice of material point methods (MPM), multiple\n\ntemporal and spatial scale methods, domain decomposition  methods,\n\ntogether with increases in memory capacities, processing rates, and\n\nsoftware capabilities for distributed computing. We will develop\n\nand combine these methods and capabilities in a Multi-Level\n\nMulti-Material Problem Solver Environment (MLMM PSE).  The MLMM PSE\n\nwill target applications such as crack propagation, granular materials,\n\nimpact problems, fragmentation, damages among others. We will\n\ndemonstrate the PSE for a novel and important engineering application\n\nin semisolid materials.\n\nThe complexity inherent in this combination demands a computational\n\nframework that provides broad-based infrastructure. As a\n\n{\\it computational aim} of this project we will construct this\n\ninfrastructure in the MLMM PSE for material sciences applications.\n\nWe will create effective computational modules  and interfaces that\n\nwill be necessary to build  the MLMM PSE. These modules will be\n\nintegrated with parallel AMR and nonlinear solvers libraries, which\n\nwill facilitate code development, efficiency, load balancing and\n\nportability on a variety of parallel platforms and will support\n\nvisualization capabilities. As a {\\it theoretical aim}, we will design,\n\nanalyze, and develop innovative numerical methods to enhance accuracy,\n\nefficiency, scalability and robustness of the MLMM PSE. We will\n\ninvestigate hierarchical simulation involving explicit and implicit\n\ntime dependent adaptive grid and particle refinement. This important\n\nand novel area presents considerable mathematical and computational\n\nchallenges. As an {\\it educational aim}, we will develop with\n\nundergraduate students web-based MLMM PSE courseware that illustrates\n\nthe computational solution of problems that have arisen in our research."]
["CAREER: Simulating quantum dynamics in condensed phase chemical systems","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Bittner, Eric","TX","University of Houston","bittner@uh.edu","MPS","Eric Bittner of the University of Houston is funded by a CAREER grant from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Program.  Bitter will develop mixed quantum/classical dynamics techniques for simulating charge carrier and excitation dynamics in conjugated polymer systems.  A new quantum trajectory approach based on a hydrodynamic description of quantum mechanics will be developed.  This method treats the wave function as a fluid of Lagrangian particles that move under classical equations of motion that includes a non-local quantum potential that arises from the kinetic energy operator.  He will examine the formation of self-trapped excitons, charge pair recombination dynamics, radiative hopping, and singlet-triplet coupling dynamics as they pertain to available ultra-fast experimental data.  Bittner's teaching plan involves the development of a chemical simulations laboratory course for third and fourth year undergraduates to introduce them to state of the art chemical visualization and modeling tools.\n\n\n\nThe area of quantum simulations of time-dependent processes encompasses electron and proton transfer rates in solution, nonadiabatic processes, and exciton transfer dynamics.  These processes are characterized by both theory and experiment on femtosecond to picosecond time scales.  These phenomena are of importance in understanding photo-excited polymer chains and thin films.   The undergraduate laboratory course will acquaint students with computational chemical simulation tools that will help them explore chemical problems."]
["CAREER: Measuring the CMB Polarization Spectrum","PHY","GRAVITATIONAL EXPERIMENTS","Staggs, Suzanne","NJ","Princeton University","staggs@pupgg.princeton.edu","MPS","Staggs will build a new instrument to measure the as yet undetected polarization of\n\nthe cosmic microwave background (CMB). In the standard paradigm of cosmology, theory\n\npredicts that the CMB will be polarized at the level of a few parts in 106, with an angular spectrum parameterized by ten cosmological parameters, including the cosmological constant, the baryon density, Hubble's constant, and the density of the cold dark matter.  Staggs' experiment will not only detect the polarization, but begin tracing out its angular spectrum.  The CMB polarization is one of the exciting \tfrontiers of modern cosmology that Staggs will introduce to students in a new class called Cosmology As It Happens. Other topics will include whatever breaking stories about cosmology are in the public eye at the time.  Cosmology As It Happens is meant for nonspecialists, and will implement the learn by teaching method of instruction. Students will be placed into small, heterogeneous groups and asked to design web sites for grade-school kids. Local Trenton area fifth graders will be invited into the university to test and critique the websites."]
["CAREER - Maturation of Synaptic Properties During Early Postnatal Development.","IOB","DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE","Alvarez, Francisco","OH","Wright State University","francisco.alvarez@wright.edu","BIO","The brain and spinal cord function through networks of neurons that communicate with each other at specialized sites called synapses. Generally speaking, synaptic inputs are divided into excitatory and inhibitory. Unchecked excitation provokes the breakdown of processing capabilities (as in an epileptic seizure) and frequently drives the postsynaptic neuron to death (i.e. excitotoxicity). Too much inhibition will silence the neuron. The awardee will explore how neurons adjust the strength of their inhibitory synapses to counteract particular patterns of excitatory input. The model system is the Renshaw cell, a spinal cord interneuron that provides feedback recurrent inhibition over motoneuron output. This interneuron receives major excitatory input from motor axon collaterals inside the spinal cord. They also express a specialized complement of inhibitory glycinergic synapses characterized by very large postsynaptic receptor fields that we have hypothesized increase their strength. The awardee will analyze the structural and functional maturation of glycinergic synapses on Renshaw cells during the first postnatal month using anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. These data will then be related to the development of the connection between motor axons and Renshaw cells and the expression of cholinergic receptors that mediate function at these synapses. Finally, a relationship will be sought between the development of the excitatory and inhibitory synapses by attempting to block the former using Botulinum toxin-A at various developmental stages. It is expected that the results will provide insights into mechanisms that could explain the unique characteristics of glycinergic synapses on Renshaw cells. Extension of these results to other neurons in the brain might provide clues on how individual neurons adjust the strength of their inhibitory inputs in conjunction with the excitatory input that they aim to counteract. This research program will be used by the Principal Investigator to introduce research topics and techniques to a variety of undergraduate, Masters level and Ph.D. students. A series of postgraduate lectures in synaptic mechanisms will also be developed to fill a need in postgraduate education at Wright State University."]
["CAREER - Maturation of Synaptic Properties During Early Postnatal Development.","IOB","DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE","Alvarez, Francisco","OH","Wright State University","francisco.alvarez@wright.edu","BIO","The brain and spinal cord function through networks of neurons that communicate with each other at specialized sites called synapses. Generally speaking, synaptic inputs are divided into excitatory and inhibitory. Unchecked excitation provokes the breakdown of processing capabilities (as in an epileptic seizure) and frequently drives the postsynaptic neuron to death (i.e. excitotoxicity). Too much inhibition will silence the neuron. The awardee will explore how neurons adjust the strength of their inhibitory synapses to counteract particular patterns of excitatory input. The model system is the Renshaw cell, a spinal cord interneuron that provides feedback recurrent inhibition over motoneuron output. This interneuron receives major excitatory input from motor axon collaterals inside the spinal cord. They also express a specialized complement of inhibitory glycinergic synapses characterized by very large postsynaptic receptor fields that we have hypothesized increase their strength. The awardee will analyze the structural and functional maturation of glycinergic synapses on Renshaw cells during the first postnatal month using anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. These data will then be related to the development of the connection between motor axons and Renshaw cells and the expression of cholinergic receptors that mediate function at these synapses. Finally, a relationship will be sought between the development of the excitatory and inhibitory synapses by attempting to block the former using Botulinum toxin-A at various developmental stages. It is expected that the results will provide insights into mechanisms that could explain the unique characteristics of glycinergic synapses on Renshaw cells. Extension of these results to other neurons in the brain might provide clues on how individual neurons adjust the strength of their inhibitory inputs in conjunction with the excitatory input that they aim to counteract. This research program will be used by the Principal Investigator to introduce research topics and techniques to a variety of undergraduate, Masters level and Ph.D. students. A series of postgraduate lectures in synaptic mechanisms will also be developed to fill a need in postgraduate education at Wright State University."]
["CAREER:  Measuring the Effect of Nano-Scale Charge Nonuniformity on Colloidal Forces","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Velegol, Darrell","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","velegol@psu.edu","ENG","The current understanding of colloidal forces generally assumes that the charges on particles are uniformly distributed. A nonuniform charge distribution will significantly alter interparticle forces. The research goals are:  the nanoscale charge nonuniformity will be measured on individual colloidal particles of micron size; and the charge nonuniformity on colloidal particles will be related to the measured normal and tangential colloidal forces between the particles. This research was prompted in part by recent data from the PI that shows time-dependent tangential colloidal forces acting between two non-touching particles that could result from a nonuniform charge distribution. Charge nonuniformity could have a major impact on the modeling of bulk suspension stability and rheology.\n\n\n\nThe charge nonuniformity on individual particles will be measured by combining microelectrophoresis experiments, electrokinetic theory, and Monte Carlo simulations.  The charge nonuniformity on particles will be related to the forces between particles. Using the recently-developed technique of \"differential electrophoresis\", the normal forces can be measured between two particles (those forces acting along the line of centers) and the tangential forces between them (those forces acting laterally along adjacent surfaces of the particles) with sub-piconewton resolution. Differential electrophoresis can measure interparticle forces between two Brownian particles at gaps less than 100 nanometers, where van der Waals forces are important."]
["CAREER: Statistical Signal Processing for Wireless Communication Channels","CCF","COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH","Barton, Richard","IA","Iowa State University","rbarton@uh.edu","CSE","Abstract\n\nThis research effort is focused on solving fundamental problems that limit the performance of future broadband digitalwireless communication systems. The emphasis is on problems within the general area of statistical signalprocessing. In recent years, close connections between the fields of statistical signal processing and communication systems have been elucidated, and many significant problems have been solved by exploiting these connections.  With the explosive growth of wireless communication networks and the advent of new broadband wireless technologies, problems that may have been of secondary importance in the past are becoming more fundamentally related to the performance limits of communication systems. The following problems are being studied in this research. Uncertainty Tolerance. Current and future wireless systems will operate in heavily cluttered and mobile environments in which channel characteristics vary rapidly over time. This imposes limits on the accuracy of estimates of important channel parameters and implies that receivers must operate in an environment characterized by a high level of uncertainty. To address this problem, this investigation considers the design and analysis of low-complexity, adaptive wireless receivers that exhibit good performance characteristics in the presence of multiple sources of complex structured interference as well as significant uncertainty regarding the exact structure of that\n\ninterference. Robust adaptive modulation techniques are being studied in parallel with adaptive receiver design.  Adaptive Algorithms for Ultrawideband Systems. Modern radars and newly proposed impulse radio systems rely on transmitted signals of very short duration, correspondingly large bandwidth, and relatively low duty cycle. Such signals possess statistical properties that can be exploited to improve the performance of adaptive channel estimation algorithms. Techniques that exploit these properties are known but have not been studied in the context of such ultrawideband systems, where they can be expected to be of particular importance. In this study, adaptive channel estimation algorithms for system identification on impulse radio channels are being investigated. The emphasis is on higher-order statistics, as opposed to conventional second-order algorithms. Previous work by the investigator clearly indicates that higher-order channel  estimation techniques perform extremely well on impulse radio systems.  Nontraditional Noise Sources. Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) has traditionally been regarded as the dominant noise source in communication system design. Unfortunately, many sources of interference that plague modern communication systems are not well modeled as AWGN. A particular characteristic of many\n\nenvironmentally generated noise sources is strong long-term dependence. Although such interference is additive and often well modeled as Gaussian, it possesses properties such as fractal sample paths and 1/f-type spectra that can cause significant performance degradation on systems that are not appropriately designed. In this work, the problem of signal detection in the presence of an additive, stationary 1/f-type noise process is considered. The class of fractional Gaussian noises (FGN) is adopted as a model of 1/f noise. Most of the known results on signal detection in FGN were derived by the investigator in an earlier study. The current study builds on this earlier work to derive performance results for several classes of transmitted signals and demonstrate that proper signal selection and receiver design are both critical for communication systems operating on additive FGN channels. Multipath Interference. Urban mobile wireless networks are corrupted by significant amounts of multipath interference, the characteristics of which vary rapidly over time. Such channels are ubiquitous and often well characterized as fast, frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels, but good general purpose simulators that can be easily tuned to match particular channel characteristics do not yet exist. The availability of a generic simulator for arbitrary fast Rayleigh fading channels would greatly facilitate the development of practical receivers for such channels. New channel simulators appropriate for arbitrary spread-spectrum waveforms transmitted over arbitrarily time-varying, frequency-selective multipath fading channels are being developed and implemented in this study."]
["CAREER: Advances in Dynamic Scheduling Strategies for Scalable Parallel Scientific Applications","CCF","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM","Banicescu, Ioana","MS","Mississippi State University","ioana@cse.msstate.edu","CSE","This project will strengthen the high performance computing academic program at Mississippi State University by creating a symbiosis between research and education. The research component will ultimately help extend the knowledge of the scientific community towards obtaining accurate theoretical models, so that computer simulations of physical phenomena give correct predictions. The research will do this by studying dynamic scheduling strategies for these computations, which (when properly constructed) provide simple, fast, and effective algorithms for the simulations. The education component will nurture the development of students' fundamental skills in problem solving in both theoretical and practical training. It will do this by improving the curricula by coupling strong foundational courses from different disciplines and providing meaningful interactions between them.\n\n\n\nTechnically, the research will extend the study of dynamic scheduling strategies used in scientific computing with new methods, and evaluate those methods on both analytical and experimental bases. The work here specifically addresses the issues of discovering novel dynamic scheduling strategies that can accommodate highly unpredictable program behavior, providing an integrated dynamic scheduling framework for scientific applications, and analyzing the performance of parallel applications via predictive performance metrics. Doing this will use the expertise and infrastructure of the NSF Engineering Research Center for Computational Field Simulation."]
["CAREER: Air Sampling Characteristics of Insect Antennae","IOB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|SENSORY SYSTEMS","Loudon, Catherine","KS","University of Kansas Center for Research Inc","loudon@ku.edu","BIO","The environment is a potpourri of different kinds of molecules that are released incidentally or deliberately from living and nonliving sources.  Animals detect these chemical signals with great sensitivity and specificity and use this information to locate and evaluate potential mates and food or avoid dangerous predators.  Specialized structures for chemical detection in animals, such as insect antennae, often rival or surpass human-built chemical sensors in many of their performance characteristics. The objective of the proposed research is to characterize how the chemical signal-laden air is sampled by insect antennae using two important and well-known insect species: the silkworm moth and the honey bee.  Air sampling by a chemical sensor is a crucial parameter to understand because it directly controls the rate and quality of chemical perception.  Engineering techniques such as flow visualization, hot-film anemometry, and high-speed videomicroscopy will allow us to characterize the path taken by air in the vicinity of the sensory structures.  The expected outcome of the research is a greater ability to estimate how insects perceive the chemicals in their environment, and how this perception is influenced by the geometry of their antennae and their behavior (such as flying or oscillating their antennae).  These results will increase our ability to make predictions about the behavior of both beneficial and pest insect species under natural or artificial conditions.  An additional application of this research is the development of functional design principles for sampling by microscale sensors, which will differ from large sensors.  There is increasing interest in the effective use of  tiny chemical sensors positioned on small robotic devices or inside chips.  The educational aspect of the proposed research is the development and dissemination of interdisciplinary instructional materials in biological fluid mechanics to both biologists and engineers."]
["CAREER: Image-Based Rendering using Stereo Vision","IIS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|ROBOTICS","Scharstein, Daniel","VT","Middlebury College","schar@middlebury.edu","CSE","The goal of this research is the application of computer vision\n\ntechniques, in particular stereo vision techniques, to the domain of\n\nimage-based rendering (IBR) --- the problem of synthesizing novel\n\nviews of a scene based on existing images.  The long-term goal is to\n\ndevelop a system that builds an image-based scene representation from\n\na stream of input images, while actively selecting new viewpoints.\n\nSpecific topics of investigation will include: the development of new\n\nperformance measures for IBR methods; the development of new IBR\n\ntechniques based on stereo vision; the application of texture\n\nsynthesis techniques to occlusion issues; the utilization of visual\n\nlandmarks for calibration; and the development of on-line and off-line\n\nalgorithms for the selection of reference viewpoints.\n\n    Undergraduate students will be involved significantly in all\n\naspects of the research project, including implementation,\n\nexperimentation, authoring papers, and attending conferences.  Other\n\nstudents will benefit through the integration of current research\n\ntopics into the curriculum, and through use of the lab facilities\n\ncreated in the context of the project.\tThe PI's long-term educational\n\ngoals include developing non-traditional courses aimed at students not\n\nordinarily specializing in the sciences, and establishing contacts to\n\nindustry for a real-world perspective."]
["CAREER:  Amphibians, Reptiles and Small Mammals in the Tsaratanana Massif Complex of Northern Madagascar","DEB","AFRICA, NEAR EAST, & SO ASIA|BIODIVERSITY SURVEYS & INVENT","Raxworthy, Christopher","NY","American Museum Natural History","rax@amnh.org","BIO","The research objectives of this CAREER project are (1) to complete a survey of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals (and their co-evolved parasites) at 15 sites in the Tsaratanana Massif Complex of Madagascar; (2) to describe new species, revise taxonomic groups, and produce species lists, monographs, keys, and field guides; and (3) to establish website accessible database that can be used for future research work and conservation planning.  Survey results are expected to include new biogeographic and systematic data for an estimated 350 species of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals, including the discovery about 50 - 150 undescribed species of vertebrates.  The teaching objectives of the CAREER proposal will be the introduction of a new course, linking via satellite phone, ongoing survey activities in Madagascar to students, and involving undergraduate and graduate students in field-work, curation, and data analysis.  This project will be jointly funded by the Biotic Surveys and Inventories program and the Africa program in the Division of International Programs."]
["CAREER: Motion Transformations for Animation","CCF","NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Gleicher, Michael","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","gleicher@cs.wisc.edu","CSE","Computer Animation is a powerful medium for communication, with potential to explain, educate, or\n\nentertain. However, the potential of animation beyond entertainment is largely untapped because of the\n\ndifficulty and cost in producing it. While the state of the art provides tools for expert animators to craft\n\nworks of art, it offers little help for those without considerable time and talent.\n\nOur vision is that computer animation will be a widely used medium for communication, that a wide range\n\nof users will choose to share their messages in this medium, and that the availability of this medium will\n\nimpact how we educate students. The widespread availability of internet bandwidth offers the mechanism\n\nfor creators to share animation: what is missing are the tools to create it.\n\nOur premise is that:\n\n1. The power of animation can be more broadly used, with particular impact in education, if we can lower\n\nthe barriers to its production with tools that democratize the medium.\n\n2. Techniques for transforming motions can enable such tools by allowing users to leverage the work of\n\nothers if we can devise technologies that retain the desirable properties of the original during\n\ntransformation.\n\n3. The spacetime constraints approach to motion transformation can provide this technology if it is more\n\nfully developed.\n\nThis proposal presents a faculty career development plan committed to the vision of ubiquitous animation.\n\nThe research component will develop technologies that enable a wider range of uses of animation, and the\n\neducation component will use animation for education and better prepare computer scientists to work with\n\nvisual media.\n\nThe overall goal of the research effort is to create enabling technologies for new animation tools that are\n\nmore accessible to those who are not skilled animators. We propose techniques for transforming motions to\n\nnew uses, for example applying an action to a new character or new environment. The challenge is to create\n\ntransformations that both meet the new needs, yet preserve the desirable properties of the original. Our prior work introduced the spacetime constraints approach to motion transformations. Mathematically, the\n\napproach poses motion transformation as a constrained optimization problem: what motion meets the\n\nspecified needs yet best preserves the original motion? Unlike most animation techniques, spacetime\n\nconstraints consider entire motions simultaneously, rather than computing instants in time individually. This requires solving a single, large numerical problem for each motion computation. Our work to date shows the spacetime constraints approach is a viable approach for tackling important problems in computer animation. The research component of the development plan is to leverage our initial results with the spacetime constraints approach towards the broader goal of democratizing animation. Specifically, work is proposed to improve the mathematical foundations of the approach to enhance its reliability and applicability, to develop new types of motion transformations, to implement systems that provide motion transformations to our target users, and to demonstrate how these new types of tools can be used for the production of effective\n\nvisual messages.\n\nThe education component of the development plan consists of three parts. First, the plan addresses the need\n\nto train students at the University of Wisconsin in graphics and animation by developing new courses and\n\nproviding research and project opportunities for students at all levels. Second, the plan proposes to use\n\nanimation to improve pedagogy: by creating materials for classes as well as for outreach. Third, the plan\n\nproposes to help foster the development of animation technology through outreach to the technical\n\ncommunity."]
["CAREER: Biofilm Formation and Biological Control in         Pseudomonas","MCB","MICROBIAL GENETICS|GENES AND GENOME SYSTEMS","O'Toole, George","NH","Dartmouth College","georgeo@dartmouth.edu","BIO","The formation of bacterial biofilms, or surface attached communities, is important in agricultural, industrial, and medical settings.  It has become increasingly clear in the past 2 decades that in most natural environments bacteria are found predominately attached to surfaces, such as soil particles or plant roots.  When found in association with plant roots, certain bacterial strains such as fluorescent Pseudomonads can protect plants from pathogens in the soil in a process known as biological control and do so in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.  Bacteria living in the rhizosphere can occupy three niches: i) as a biofilm on soil (abiotic surfaces), ii) as a biofilm on plants (biotic surfaces), and/or iii) as planktonic (free-swimming) cells.  It is not known how the ability to interact with biotic and abiotic surfaces, and to transition between a planktonic and attached life style, affects protection of plants and survival of the bacteria.  These are important issues for effective biological control strategies.  The role of biofilm formation in bacterial colonization of plant roots (a process thought to contribute to biological control) and biological control is also not well understood.  Surface attachment defective (sad) mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365, a biological control strain, have been isolated which are defective for biofilm formation on an abiotic (plastic) surface.  The goal of this research project is to gain a better understanding of the role of genes required for biofilm formation in biological control, root colonization, attachment to soil, and bacterial survival.  To accomplish this goal,extensive phenotypic characterization of the sad mutants will be carried out.  The mechanistic role that the product of the sad-18 gene plays in biofilm formation, biological control, and survival in the soil will be explored in detail to complement the phenotypic studies.  Finally, the conservation of these sad genes in other fluorescent Pseudomonads will also be addressed.  The long term goal of this research is to better understand how natural isolates of bacteria can protect plants from disease-causing organisms.  This bacterial-based protection of plants is known as biological control.  The traditional methods to protect plants from disease or damage includes the extensive use of pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides.  This is a quite expensive process (costing billion of dollars annually) and presents a very real threat to the environment, drinking water supplies, and the health of farm workers.  Therefore, developing alternative means to protect agriculturally important plants by using more natural or organic approaches, such as biological control, is a very important area of research."]
["CAREER: Towards Behaviorally-Consistent Integrated Transport-Land Use Models, in Support of Infrastructure System Decisions","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP","Kockelman, Kara","TX","University of Texas at Austin","kkockelm@mail.utexas.edu","ENG","9984541\n\nKara M. Kockelman\n\nThe University of Texas at Austin\n\nAbstract\n\nThis research seeks improved methods for assessing the evolution of urban transport and land use systems; such methods are a critical component of transport-infrastructure planning and urban systems engineering. By emphasizing long-term development decisions that are the foundation for travel demand, this project will attempt to identify optimal investments in transport infrastructure and effective, coordinated transport and land use strategies to meet the needs of a region.  This objective will be pursued by advancing the principles of integrated transport system analysis in two ways: (1) development of a systems-explicit model of travel demand and location choice founded on behaviorally rigorous, simultaneously estimated equations; and (2) communication of the tools used and results achieved to students, practitioners, and colleagues across the United States and around the world.\n\n The proposed approach combines surplus maximization theory with behaviorally flexible sub-models, and relies on regression models and system simulation.  Through improvements in the characterization of processes which underlie the dynamics of transport and related urban markets, the model is intended to reliably predict optimal sites and sizes of transport infrastructure; assess the energy-consumption, noxious-emissions, and location-choice impacts of different traffic-management policies; and draw general conclusions about the long-run development and travel-demand effects of various transport design strategies. Identification of advantageous network investments and effective, coordinated transport and land use strategies to meet the needs of regions are the work's ultimate objective."]
["CAREER: Analyzing, Modeling, and Visualizing 3-Dimensional Complexity of Tropical Rainforest Canopies","DEB","ECOSYSTEM STUDIES","Weishampel, John","FL","University of Central Florida","jweisham@mail.ucf.edu","BIO","DEB 99-84574\n\n\n\nJohn Weishampel\n\n\n\n\n\nVisualizing 3-dimensional complexity of tropical rainforest canopies\n\n\n\nThe project will develop a suite of 3-dimensional models (building block-like structures) based on percolation and fractal theory.  This approach will help the researchers understand how simple 3-dimensional structures relate to measures of pattern that will be used to quantify the complex organization of simulated and remotely-sensed tropical rainforests.  In addition to these analyses, a virtual reality tropical rainforest canopy exhibit for the Orlando Science Center will be created.  This exhibit will allow students and other visitors to immerse themselves in a tropical rainforest that undergoes successional processes, like gap dynamics, in just minutes for processes that typically require hundreds of years."]
["CAREER: Decomposition-Based Assembly Synthesis of Bistructural Products","DMI","MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE SYS|ENGINEERING DESIGN","Saitou, Kazuhiro","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","kazu@umich.edu","ENG","This CAREER grant provides funding for the development of an integrated research and education program on discrete modeling and optimization in design and manufacturing.  The research objective is the development of a systematic method for synthesizing feasible assemblies of bistructural products --- products with external enclosure reinforced by internal structural supports such as automotive bodies --- before conducting the detailed component design.  Top-down synthesis of a multi-component assembly will be achieved based on the graph-based decomposition of the internal structural supports and external enclosure geometry, via the transformation and decomposition of a structural topology optimization output.  The educational objective is to provide mechanical engineering students with a unified view of various concurrent engineering problems as decisions among discrete choices and a solid foundation to understand, design, and utilize discrete modeling and optimization methods as applied to these problems.\n\n\n\nIf successful, the proposed research will provide a theoretical base for the assembly synthesis of bistructural products via decomposition, which influences the overall structural stiffness and dimensional errors of the assembled products and the manufacturability and assembleability of the components.  It will positively impact industries where bistructural design is prevalent, such as automotive, aerospace, and ship building.  The educational plan will impact a broad mechanical engineering community by advocating the relevance of discrete modeling and optimization to design and manufacturing.  It will achieve integration with the research plan by the introduction of research results to a graduate course as case studies and by the use of the developed software in a undergraduate course."]
["CAREER:  Geometry and Morphology Effects in Colloidal Adhesion","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Beaudoin, Stephen","AZ","Arizona State University","sbeaudoi@purdue.edu","ENG","This project will develop a first principle method for describing the effects of complex geometry and morphology on the adhesion of micron-scale colloids to substrates. This is of importance in the U.S. semiconductor manufacturing industry.  Traditional approaches to describing particle adhesion rely on Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory or on approaches using the work of adhesion in conjunction with the Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT), Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR), or Maugis-Dugdale (MD) models for colloid deformation.  These approaches are only applicable for idealized systems.\n\n\n\nThe proposed approach will modify traditional van der Waals (vdW) force expressions to describe the adhesion in aqueous solution. It will account for complex geometry and morphology of the substrates and colloids and also will include the deformation and roughness of the colloids and substrates. Descriptions of geometrically and morphologically-complex colloid-substrate systems of interest to the semiconductor community will be included.  Measurement of the contact adhesion force will be performed with an atomic force microscope (AFM).  The colloids are either good model materials or common contaminants in integrated circuit processing (SiO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 ). The substrates are important substrates for integrated circuit processing.\n\n\n\nIn the semiconductor industry, the proposed approach could find immediate application in wafer cleaning protocols during post-etch processing and post-chemical-mechanical-polishing processing. In the biomedical industry, it could be used to improve implant sterilization processes."]
["CAREER: Scalable Reconfigurable Computing","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Schmit, Herman","PA","Carnegie-Mellon University","herman@ece.cmu.edu","CSE","The growing use of both microprocessors and FPGAs to implement digital systems illustrates the trend towards programmable, commodity hardware and product differentiation through software.  Unfortunately, FPGAs lack the abstract model that makes software design practical, and microprocessor architectures lack spatial relationships between operators that are essential to performance in interconnect-dominated technology.  This project is developing abstractions that hardware designers can use to make their designs portable and scalable into deep-submicron processes.  In addition, this project is exploring how these abstractions can be leveraged within a standard processor architecture to exploit the massive parallelism of media-centric computing.  The goals of this project are to: (1) develop hardware virtualization techniques that apply to a broader class of applications than the strict hardware pipelines supported by PipeRench, (2) improve the scalability of these programmable architectures by localizing interconnect without sacrificing \"compile-ability\" or performance, and to (3) understand how these techniques can be leveraged within the context of a standard microprocessor."]
["CAREER:  Kinematics of Stage II Fatigue Crack Propagation","DMR","METALS","Peralta, Pedro","AZ","Arizona State University","pperalta@asu.edu","MPS","9984633\n\nPeralta\n\n\n\nThe main research goal of this experimental program is to find an alternative approach to predict the kinetics of fatigue crack growth in one-phase metallic materials. The plastic blunting process of fatigue crack growth is quantified to relate the kinematics of plastic deformation at the crack tip to the creation of new fracture surface. The evolution of the displacement fields around fatigue crack tips in samples with standard geometries is measured by a combination of techniques: Moire Interferometry for the overall fields and in-situ testing in an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) for the near-tip behavior. The components of the strain field responsible for crack advance are identified and quantified as functions of the applied loads. Single crystals and polycrystals of one-phase metallic materials are used initially to avoid additional damage mechanisms that could mask the effects of plastic deformation on the crack growth kinetics. The effect of slip mode (wavy or planar) is studied by selecting materials with high, medium and low stacking fault energy (Al, Ni and brass). The possible effect of anisotropy produced by local crystallographic texture in polycrystals is studied by Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM) in collaboration with Los Alamos National Laboratory. The investigator has established projects with undergraduate students to assemble the laser interferometer, image acquisition, in-situ testing and other data gathering systems during his first year at ASU. The involvement of undergraduates in the research is a fundamental part of the educational aspect of this program. They will be directed to create tools that can be used to perform research and to demonstrate the principles of fatigue in undergraduate laboratories. In addition, current undergraduate labs and courses in mechanics of materials will be modified and new technical electives created to increase the exposure of the students to fatigue and fracture phenomena as well as to non-destructive techniques for deformation and fracture evaluation. These electives at the undergraduate and graduate levels will offer material derived from the research program as well as practical engineering applications. \n\n%%%\n\nThis information is not yet available in the open literature for ductile materials, despite the acceptance of plastic blunting process as a fundamental mechanism of fatigue crack growth. The data collected will be used to find a connection between the crack advance and the applied loads and correlations with Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) will be sought.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Nitrogen/Sulfur Clusters of Iron: Synthetic Approaches to Nitrogenase Chemistry","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Lee, Sonny","NJ","Princeton University","SCLEE@PRINCETON.EDU","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Chemistry program supports research on the mechanism of action of the iron-sulfur cofactor in nitrogenase enzymes, by Professor Sonny Lee of the Department of Chemistry at Princeton University. This cofactor is believed to carry out the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia, but its mode of action is unknown. Two complementary approaches will be employed to obtain information on the mechanism: (1) the reaction chemistry of imidoiron(II) cubane cluster compounds, in particular nitrogen-nitrogen bond cleavage in cluster formation and disproportionation reactions catalyzed by the clusters, will be investigated and; (2) new iron-nitrogen-sulfur complexes will be synthesized and their reactivities characterized. Clusters containing a new class of sterically-hindered, chelating thiolate/thioether ligands will also be synthesized and their activation of nitrogen-nitrogen double and triple bonds examined.\n\n\n\nThe goal of this research is to determine how a metal (iron) cluster in the nitrogenase enzymes functions. These enzymes provide fixed atmospheric nitrogen to living organisms, but the chemistry of this process remains a mystery. The results of this study will help to determine the mechanism of this critical enzymatic process. In addition, the knowledge gained can be used in the design of artificial systems to convert nitrogen from the air into ammonia and other useful compounds under much milder conditions than in current industrial processes. A new course combining research topics and cooperative learning will be developed, as well as an outreach program to the area public schools staffed by Princeton student-teachers and local industrial scientists. These activities will assist in the multidisciplinary training of both graduate and undergraduate students, and improve science education and public awareness of science in the primary and secondary schools."]
["CAREER:  Colloidal Sedimentation and Colloidal Clusters: Exploring New Ways for Making Microstructured Materials with Novel Optical Properties","DMR","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Rutgers, Maarten","OH","Ohio State University","maarten@sentiatech.com","MPS","This is a CAREER experimental research project that will explore colloidal sedimentation and colloidal cluster formation as a basis for generating new materials with important optical properties, such as photonic band gaps. Monodisperse colloids show great promise as building blocks for tomorrow's photonic materials since they self assemble into crystals with lattice repeats that are of the order of the wavelength of visible light. Two shortcomings, however, are low index of refraction for currently available monodisperse (crystallizable) spheres and crystal structures only moderately favorable for photonic bandgaps. To address the first issue this project will explore fluidization of colloidal materials as an effective means of particle size segregation. The final goal of this phase of the project is to narrow the size distribution of high index polydisperse particles, such as Titania, so they can be crystallized. The other research phase of the project will seek new colloidal crystal structures which have large predicted photonic bandgaps. Current colloidal crystals are nearly all grown from particles with spherically symmetric interaction potentials. Small clusters of spherical particles will have more complex inter-cluster interaction potentials and promise new crystal structures with potentially larger band gaps. Techniques for monodisperse colloidal cluster formation and crystallization will therefore be explored. The educational portion of the project will involve public outreach and collaboration with science museums. Exhibits based on giant soap films will be developed and new soap film physics experiments will be developed for high schools and colleges. Graduate and undergraduate students will participate in all phases of the proposed research. A graduate course on soft condensed matter physics will also be developed, enhancing the physics curriculum at the Ohio State University.\n\n%%%\n\nThis is a CAREER project that investigates colloidal crystalline materials that have interesting and technologically relevant optical properties. Opal is a naturally occurring gemstone gemstones that is a colloidal crystal built up of identical microscopic sand grains. Its iridescent properties show the profound influence that colloid lattices can have on light rays. Calculations show that colloidal crystalline materials, not unlike opal gems, called photonic bandgap materials, can be used to bend light rays around very sharp curves, much sharper than can be achieved by bending a glass fiber optic material. Further, by altering the properties of the sand grains and their structure, colloidal crystals can be synthesized that will reflect, but not transmit,  a particular range of colors, no matter what the position of the light source. When such materials are used to encase optical fibers the light cannot leak out, no matter how tight the turns. . Unfortunately the current state of the art in synthesizing colloidal crystals can not produce the right size particles nor arrange colloid particles in the crystal structures required by theory. This project addresses both these issues as it proposes ways to isolate new colloids and from them build new colloid crystals. This research in soft condensed matter physics may facilitate next generation computing and communications technologies. The educational portion of the project will involve public outreach and collaboration with science museums. Exhibits based on giant soap films will be developed and new soap film physics experiments will be developed for high schools and colleges. The project also provides an excellent means of educating students in this relatively new branch of physics through museum exhibits, high school and college laboratory experiments, and an advanced graduate course."]
["CAREER:  Sensory Map Formation in the Nervous System of C. elegans","IOB","DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE","Ryder, Elizabeth","MA","Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ryder@wpi.edu","BIO","Sensory systems often map spatial information from the external world onto the brain in an orderly way.  For example, in the visual system, cells in the retina that receive input from adjacent positions in the visual field make connections at adjacent positions in the brain.\n\nThis project proposes studying the formation of a simple topographic sensory map in the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans.  The overall goal of the laboratory is to use genetic and molecular methods to understand the formation of this simple map, and then to apply this knowledge to more complex vertebrate systems.  Previous studies have\n\nidentified two genes, dig-1 and mig-10, that have functions required for the correct formation of the C. elegans sensory map. Specific goals of the current project include studying these genes at the molecular level, in order to understand which cells express them and how they function in sensory map formation, and using genetic methods to identify other genes\n\nthat interact with dig-1 and mig-10 in sensory map formation.  \n\n\tThe educational goal of this project is to teach students to think and work\n\nas scientists. Students are taught to read and analyze papers from the scientific literature.  They learn to design, perform, and interpret experiments, and to communicate their results at weekly lab meetings throughout the year; graduate students also present their ongoing research at a seminar series on the WPI campus. Ultimately, students write up their results in standard scientific format, and present them orally, either on campus or at appropriate scientific meetings."]
["CAREER:     Evaluation of Impact Damage under Service Conditions of Fiber Composite Pipes","CMS","STRUCT SYS & HAZ MIT OF STRUCT|INFRASTRUCT MAT & STRUCT MECHA","Ramirez, Guillermo","KS","University of Kansas Center for Research Inc","willy@uta.edu","ENG","This research program will apply analysis, nondestructive and experimental techniques in order to develop an understanding of impact damage in composite pipes under service conditions.  The first phase will consist on the development of a finite element model that will include the effects of internal pressure as indicated by the service conditions of the structure. Endurance prediction models, of the composite after impact, will be developed and verified with experimental testing.  The second phase will consist of a testing program with different levels of impact energy and internal pressure ratios on fiber reinforced composite pipes.  During the experimental phase, nondestructive evaluation techniques such as acoustic emission, modal analysis and acousto-ultrasonics, will be applied to collect information about the mechanisms associated with failure induced by long term loading after impact.  The final phase will consist on the analytical reduction of the experimental results for comparison with predictions from phase one and, the necessary adjustments to the models.\n\nThis program will contribute to the understanding of the mechanical behavior of fiber composite materials, the ability to evaluate the significance of unexpected damage, and to the knowledge necessary for reliable implementation of composite materials in offshore structures."]
["CAREER: Development and Control of Distributed Computations in a Global Time Frame","CNS","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Mayo, Jean","MI","Michigan Technological University","jmayo@mtu.edu","CSE","The proposed research focuses on the application of a global time base toward development and control of widely geographically dispersed applications.  Recently available hardware, base on the Global Positioning System, is able to track the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) scale within a few microseconds.  The clocks of processors worldwide can then be kept within tens of microseconds of each other via their mutual synchronization to UTC.  Time-based protocols for the monitoring and control of distributed computations will be developed, including protocols for the detection and resolution of distributed deadlock, detection of the occurrence of certain unstable predicates at a point in time during a computation, and techniques for the monitoring and control of dynamic systems.  Additionally, the project will seek out new applications facilitated by this technology, as tight synchronization of widely dispersed processor clocks was not feasible prior to the appearance of this hardware.  Development protocols will be experimentally evaluated within a GPS-synchronized wide area network.  The project will result in techniques that enhance the development and control of widely dispersed computations, including distributed databases and multimedia applications.  These time-based techniques will be incorporated as part of an undergraduate course in the design of secure and reliable networked applications."]
["CAREER:  Real Time Studies of Domain Dynamics in Ferroelectrics for Photonic Applications","DMR","ELECTRONIC MATERIALS","Gopalan, Venkatraman","PA","Pennsylvania State Univ University Park","vgopalan@psu.edu","MPS","This CAREER project focuses on ferroelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO3 ) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3 ) relevant to integrated and nonlinear optics.  The approach is to directly probe the structure and dynamics of ferroelectric domains in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 by real-time, in-situ, and nondestructive probes. The proposed studies seek new information and understanding in the areas of (1) Real-time tracking of the motion of individual domain walls under electric fields in single crystals on nano-to-millisecond time scales by Electro-Optic Imaging Microscopy. (2) In-situ probing of the evolution of domain statistics in thin films with electric field and temperature by Second harmonic Generation measurements. (3) Probing domain wall pinning, bending and depinning processes on submicroscopic length scales using Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) and Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM).  Fundamental insights into the classical problems of domain wall structure, wall mobilities, merger dynamics, and pinning-depinning interactions between a domain wall and lattice defects are sought, and will be utilized to achieve more effective techniques to shape and control ferroelectric domains. \n\n%%%\n\nThe project addresses fundamental research issues in a topical area of materials science having high technological relevance. The research will contribute basic materials science, physics, and engineering knowledge at a fundamental level to important aspects of electronic/photonic materials and advanced devices/circuits. The scope of the project will expose students to challenges in materials synthesis, processing, and characterization. An important feature of the project is the strong emphasis on education, and on the integration of research and education.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Electric Power Distribution Systems: Theory, Applications and Performance","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Miu, Karen","PA","Drexel University","karen@ece.drexel.edu","ENG","The goal of this project is to develop an integrated research and education program in electric power distrubution systems.  Power distrubution systems are large-scale, low-voltage electric networks.  They are composed of individual loads, power sources and the pyhsical components that connect them together.  A unified approach toward electric power distribution systems research and education encompassing the interdependent areas of theory, practical applications and the performance of those applications is purposed.  The desire to automate functions in electric power distribution systems have never been greater.  Restructuring of the electric utilities has resulted in a renewed outlook toward customer satisfaction and public perception.  In order to maintain and improve reliability, as well as to obtain the ability to provide information to the public, electric distribution companies are looking to automate select functions in their distribution networks.  Successful wide-scale implementation of distribution automation begins with a comprehensive understanding of the distribution system itself.  This project sttempts to develop an integrated theoretical and software framework for progress in this area."]
["CAREER: Seasonal patterns of carbonate diagenesis in Casco Bay, Maine: An integrated project coupling research with undergraduate education.","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY","Green, Mark","ME","Saint Joseph's College","mgreen@sjcme.edu","GEO","ABSTRACT:\n\nGreen/9984708\n\nThis CAREER award provides funding to investigate the relationship between the seasonal patterns of calcium carbonate diagenesis and the time-dependent changes of benthic foraminifera and meiofaunal-sized bivalves in the nearshore deposits of Casco Bay, Maine. This work will contribute to our understanding of the marine cycling of CaCO3 and atmospheric CO2. In the educational portion of this proposal, the PI requests funding to develop and implement educational programs that integrate \"hands-on\" and \"minds-on\" research opportunities into undergraduate students' experiences at a small liberal arts college.  The program will be designed to encourage female undergraduates to pursue careers in science."]
["CAREER:  Resource Allocation Under Uncertainty","DMI","OPERATIONS RESEARCH","Henderson, Shane","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","shane@orie.cornell.edu","ENG","Integer programming is a powerful technique for solving problems that are combinatorial in nature, such as staff scheduling problems. To ensure that the assumptions underlying integer programming models are satisfied, one must typically apply strong simplifying assumptions to the system under study.  Discrete event simulation is a powerful technique for estimating the performance that can be expected from complex systems. One can model virtually arbitrary complexity in (discrete-event) simulation models.  This CAREER award  aims to link these two management science techniques in an attempt to provide a powerful optimization approach that allows great model complexity.  The  approach to linking these methods requires that the simulation satisfies various structural properties, and that this structural information can be communicated to the integer program.  The focus of this research is in identifying general conditions under which the linkage will be successful, identifying methods to reduce the computational requirements of the approach, and exploring various application methods and areas.\n\n\n\nIn addition to potential contributions to the theory of management science, potential applications of this research include call centre staffing and ambulance allocation.  In the call centre staffing problem one wishes to assign staff to shifts in a way that minimizes staffing costs, while ensuring that customer service is satisfactory.  Many call centres exhibit complex customer routing and other characteristics that mean that simulation is the preferred method for predicting customer service for a given staffing level.  It may be possible to achieve satisfactory customer service at less cost than is currently the case.  In the ambulance allocation problem, one is trying to determine when and where to place ambulances to ensure satisfactory response time performance to calls. Again, simulation may be needed to predict response time performance, and again, it may be possible to achieve satisfactory response time performance at less cost than is currently the case."]
["CAREER:  Data Mining Techniques for Geospatial Applications","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE","Gunopulos, Dimitrios","CA","University of California-Riverside","Dg@cs.ucr.edu","CSE","The goal of this research is to develop fundamental techniques to allow efficient and interactive knowledge discovery from large multidimensional datasets with spatial and temporal attributes. There are two general research goals. The first involves the investigation of effective density approximation techniques to approximate very large geospatial datasets. The proposed techniques are used both to facilitate simple exploratory data mining tasks on large geospatial datasets, and to efficiently provide accurate approximate solutions to general data mining tasks, such as clustering, classification and outlier detection. The second involves designing and implementing new algorithms and techniques for similarity queries in geospatial datasets. The educational component of the project aims to develop courses that emphasize the fundamental ideas in data mining, and introduce students to real data mining problems. The results of this project will have a significant impact on how large multidimensional datasets are analyzed, with applications in the fields of Geographic Information Systems, Epidemiology, and Environmental research."]
["CAREER:  Theory and simulation of folding polymers","CHE","STATISTICAL AND SIMULATIONS","Saven, Jeffery","PA","University of Pennsylvania","saven@sas.upenn.edu","MPS","Jeffery Saven of the University of Pennsylvania is supported by a CAREER grant from the Theoretical and Computational Chemistry program to develop new techniques to provide a quantitative understanding of protein folding. Three specific areas are targeted: 1) to generalize \"foldability criteria\" for identifying sequences that fold to a given structure; 2) to develop statistical methods that use these criteria to identify properties of sequences likely to fold to a target 3D structure; and 3) to study synthetic folding of non-biological polymers.  Saven's teaching plan consists of integrating chemical applications of statistical concepts in undergraduate and graduate level courses.  He will develop a number of modules that provide the student with visual interactive experiences.  \n\n\n\nOne of the next great advances in molecular science will be a quantitative understanding of molecular folding, the process by which proteins spontaneously acquire well-defined conformations.  Researchers have learned much about folding by examining the large diversity of proteins present in nature.  Combinatorial chemistry and molecular biology methods make it possible to create a huge diversity of sequences in the laboratory.  Saven will develop theoretical methods that can address the huge numbers of possible sequences.  The studies to be undertaken in this project will aid researchers in designing desired folded structures.  Ultimately, this work will lead to a greater understanding of how structure is related to sequence for proteins and for other folding polymers."]
["Career:  Photochemical Oxidation of Dissolved Sulfur Dioxide and Other Sulfur (IV) Species in the Presence of Iron Organic Complexes in Atmospheric Waters","ATM","ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY","Zuo, Yuegang","MA","University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth","yzuo@umassd.edu","GEO","Aqueous-phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an important component of the atmospheric sulfur cycle.  The Fe-catalyzed oxidation of dissolved SO2 by O2 in clouds is considered one of the three major pathways for the formation of sulfate, however parameterization of the Fe-catalyzed oxidation pathway in atmospheric models currently involves considerable uncertainty.  This CAREER project is an investigation of the photochemical oxidation of sulfur-IV species in the presence of iron and organic compounds in atmospheric liquids.  The objectives of this study are to: 1) determine the photochemical oxidation rates of sulfur-IV in both authentic atmospheric waters (e.g. rain, fog, and cloud waters) and modeled systems containing iron-organo complexes (e.g. oxalato-, glyoxalato-, and pyruvato iron complexes) 2) examine the influence of other organic pollutants (e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formate and acetate) and transition metals (e.g. Cu and Mn) on the photooxidation of dissolved S02 in the presence of Fe-organo complexes; 3) examine the effects of dissolved SO2 on the photochemical cycling of Fe-organo complexes; and 4) evaluate the relative contribution of photochemical oxidation of sulfur-IV in the presence of Fe-organo complexes to the overall formation of sulfate in atmospheric liquid phases.  The educational component of this project involves the integration of atmospheric aquatic photochemistry into a teaching program by using demonstrations, laboratory exercises, field studies, and independent research projects,"]
["CAREER: A Combinatorial Approach to the Discovery of New Metal Complexes for Peptide Cleavage.","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Grant, Kathryn","GA","Georgia State University Research Foundation, Inc.","kbgrant@gsu.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and organometallic Chemistry program supports research on the development of a new combinatorial method that will be used to rapidly screen metal ions and complexes for peptide cleavage, by Professor Kathryn Grant of the Department of Chemistry at the Georgia State University. This methodology involves the use of resin beads for immobilization of peptides followed by cleavage in the presence of various metal ions. The success of a particular metal ion-amino acid (mono-tripeptide) combination will be monitored by means of fluoresence. In addition to identifying active metals, the method will also reveal the degree of sequence specific cleavage and indicate the actual amino acid sequence motifs that are cleaved.\n\n\n\nThe goal of this research is to develop a method to quickly examine and identify metal compounds which can cleave peptides at selected sites. Such reagents have become increasingly important to the fields of chemistry and biology for protein structural analysis, and there is a great need for new ones which can operate under mild conditions. The results of this study will contribute to the design of second generation metal complexes with enhanced cleavage efficiencies. A new inorganic chemistry course on the roles of metal ions in biological systems will be introduced and students will participate in an ongoing statewide science TV series. An innovative student summer internship program working through a placement agency will be organized, and will allow undergraduates to gain valuable industrial experience."]
["CAREER: Nanocomposite Electrodeposition of Thin Films and High Aspect Ratio Deposits","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Podlaha, Elizabeth","LA","Louisiana State University & Agricultural and Mechanical College","podlaha@lsu.edu","ENG","The aim of this study is to integrate fundamental research with education in order to explore, understand and control the development of electrodeposited nanocomposite materials. The knowledge gained will be used to create a new class of composite materials and provide novel processing methods for electrodeposited metals. Inert, ultrafine particles are suspended in an electroplating solution and are embedded into the growing metal. The research aspect is divided into three parts: 1) experimental parameter exploration of thin nanocomposite films, 2) mathematical modeling and 3) experimental investigation of high aspect ratio nanocomposite deposits. Nanocomposite materials that are highlighted will offer improved strength and wear resistant properties. Nanometric size particles codeposited with metals may also be of interest for the control of the metal deposit structure and the local, metal deposition rate. \n\nThe research effort will be merged with an educational component. A newly created course at Louisiana State University (LSU), Electrochemical Engineering, will adopt a nanocomposite \"class-system\" that will be examined as a group using the techniques learned during lectures. Teaching methods will take advantage of computer generated partial notes that are to be completed with the student interactively. In addition, graduate and undergraduate students will participate in a research effort through graduate research and semester projects, respectively. Students will have the unique opportunity to take advantage of a university run synchrotron at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD) to fabricate microstructured nanocomposites and to examine them. In addition, students at all levels can participate in a monthly informal seminar series for microsystems at LSU, which encompasses several interdisciplinary departments."]
["Career: Principles and Practices of Dependable Distributed Computing","CNS","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Shvartsman, Alexander","CT","University of Connecticut","aas@cse.uconn.edu","CSE","This research will advance the theoretical foundations and \n\nexplore practical implementations of dependable distributed \n\nsystem technology. A distributed system is dependable, when \n\nit provides guarantees regarding its performance, fault-\n\ntolerance, correctness and compositionality.\n\nThe research objectives will be achieved through synergy \n\nbetween the research in distributed systems with its focus \n\non fault-tolerance and correctness, the research in \n\nparallel computing with its focus on speed-up and \n\nefficiency, and the practical engineering considerations of \n\nspecification, development, deployment and performance of \n\nsystems. This proposal envelops three investigation areas:\n\n(1) Robust Algorithmics: Development of fault-tolerant and \n\nefficient distributed algorithms and exploration of \n\nlimitations on achieving robustness in distributed \n\ncomputing.\n\n(2) Building Blocks: Definition and analysis of dependable \n\ndistributed building blocks needed by applications \n\nrequiring precise guarantees; and design of specification \n\nframeworks for capturing designs and optimizing distributed \n\nsystem deployment.\n\n(3) Distributed Implementation: Development of exploratory \n\nimplementations of compositional building blocks and robust \n\nalgorithms, and evaluation of their performance in \n\nrealistic and simulated settings; empirical evaluations \n\nwill complement the analytically established efficiency \n\ncharacterizations.\n\nThe educational component includes: developing and \n\ndelivering new courses in distributed computing in support \n\nof undergraduate and graduate programs in computer science; \n\nand, building a research group that attracts graduate \n\nstudents and postdoctoral researchers."]
["CAREER: Magnetic Thin Films and Devices","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Gomez, Romel","MD","University of Maryland College Park","rdgomez@eng.umd.edu","ENG","Romel Gomez\n\nECS-9984797\n\n\n\n\n\n\tA comprehensive research and educational initiative on the properties of magnetic thin film structures and novel devices is proposed.  The research goals are to understand the mechanisms that govern the magnetic and electrical characteristics of thin films with reduced dimensionality, and to exploit novel phenomena to design devices in the areas of ultra high density data storage, spin-dependent electronics, MEMS, and quantum computation. \n\nThe research activities are specifically directed towards:\n\na) establishing the correlation between surface morphology, micromagnetics and transport properties of thin-film multilayers,\n\nb) understanding the  reversal mechanisms of nanostructured ferromagnetic islands, \n\nc) developing novel spin-dependent magnetic tunnel junctions with voltage controllable exchange interactions and multi-layer spin-valves using half-metallic manganite oxide electrodes.\n\nThese efforts will utilize the existing technical expertise and experimental capabilities in surface science, molecular beam epitaxy, scanned probe microscopy, magnetic imaging, and device fabrication. Our projects are leveraged with our established collaborations with several academic institutions worldwide, national laboratories in the United States as well as the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at the University of Maryland. This project will also provide educational opportunities to train highly skilled professionals in the area of magnetic technology; as well as to provide pedagogical tools for magnetism in the undergraduate and pre-college educational levels. A specific project involves the production of animation videos, derived from experiments, that \"show\" the dynamics of magnetism at the microscopic level.  These will be disseminated electronically via the internet to reach a broad audience; thereby enhancing the understanding of magnetism and enthusiasm with science and technology."]
["CAREER: An Infrastructure for Multi-Technology Network Fault Management","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH|RES EXP FOR TEACHERS(RET)-SITE","Hood, Cynthia","IL","Illinois Institute of Technology","hood@iit.edu","CSE","Computer communication networks are evolving from convenient communication mechanisms\n\noffering \"best-effort\" service into key elements of our national infrastructure that we depend on for both business and personal use. As such, the need for improved fault management techniques is increasing and the open problem of network fault management continues to grow in complexity.\n\n     A major cause of the increase in complexity of this problem is the heterogeneity of networks.\n\nToday's networks are comprised of a variety of technologies (e.g. Wireless, ATM, Ethernet), that\n\nare required to support a diverse set of networked applications (WWW, electronic commerce, video conferencing).\n\n     The fault management problem has been studied in varying degrees for different technologies, but\n\nthere are many open issues and the research is unaware of any methods that can effectively be\n\napplied across technologies. Current methods are largely ad hoc and rely on the expertise of a\n\nhuman network manager. Even within single-technology networks (e.g. Ethernet LANs); strategies developed for one network cannot easily be generalized to other networks. In addition, the rate of change within a network makes it difficult for the network manager to maintain a high enough level of expertise to develop and maintain effective fault management strategies. New techniques that can be generalized and applied across technologies are needed to ensure network reliability in an efficient manner.\n\n     The long-term goal of this research is to move toward self-managing networks by automating as\n\nmuch of network management as possible. Within network management, the project will first focus on\n\nfault management. Fault management encompasses a large, complex set of problems that have not been well studied or defined. Before methods for automation can be studied, the fault management problem must be better understood. The research proposes a set of studies aimed at discovering aspects of the problem that are common across many different types of networks.\n\n     The proposed studies are primarily experimental. The research plans to use network fault insertion to study the impact of various faults on a network. Faults will be inserted into simulated networks, a\n\nnetwork testbed, and a campus network. The experiments will provide insight into fault propagation and allow the researcher to study how various aspects of the fault management problem change from fault to fault, with network dynamics, and with different network types. Data collected from two operational networks (CS Department network and Motorola wireless networks) will be analyzed and used to validate simulation accuracy. A set of benchmarks for testing and comparing fault management results will be created and made publicly available.\n\n     In the short-term, results can be used to develop fault management methods that (1) can be applied across different technologies, (2) can generalize from network to network, and (3) can adapt to changes in the network. Common traits discovered through experimentation can be used to formulate a theoretical foundation. This foundation coupled with the availability of benchmarks allows researchers to systematically decompose and demonstrate progress on widely applicable fault management problems. In the long-term, the results can help us understand how to design components for manageability."]
["CAREER: Advancing the Performance-Based Seismic Design of Buildings","CMS","STRUCT SYS & HAZ MIT OF STRUCT","Aschheim, Mark","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","maschheim@scu.edu","ENG","This work will develop and validate simple techniques for the performance-based seismic design and rehabilitation of multistory buildings. Design techniques will utilize a variant of the Capacity Spectrum Method known as Yield Point Spectra. Simple graphical techniques for determining combinations of strength and stiffness to achieve arbitrary performance objectives will be validated. Various strategies for addressing higher modes in design will be investigated to determine those for which response amplitudes are predicted well using a single mode analogy. Advanced multivariate statistical techniques will be applied to identify mode shapes in the results obtained from nonlinear dynamic analyses. Improved techniques for estimating peak interstory drifts will be evaluated.\n\n\n\nA laboratory module will be developed for use by the 22 undergraduate institutions nationwide that are acquiring benchtop shaking tables through the NSF CCLI program. Groups of students will design, build, instrument, and test small multistory frames. Data acquired will be post-processed to identify fundamental response characteristics. The performance of the system as well as the utility of the design methodology will be assessed."]
["CAREER:  Poly(ethylene oxide) Star Molecules for Targeted Drug Delivery","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING","Lopina, Stephanie","OH","University of Akron","lopina@uakron.edu","ENG","9984840\n\nLopina\n\nThe long-term objective of the proposed career plan is to build on the strengths of The University of Akron as a renowned polymer research facility to develop an internationally recognized biomaterials program.  Extending previous research experience on producing bioactive polymeric materials, the PI will establish a research program developing new materials for targeted and controlled drug release and for tissue engineering. The objective of the proposed research is to develop a targeted drug delivery system, which would transport bioactive compounds directly to the desired site of administration, thereby reducing side effects and increasing patient compliance. Adverse drug events and lack of patient compliance are responsible for up to 25% of hospital admissions, costing the health care system over $136 billion annually.  The unique drug delivery system proposed will combine bioinert poly(ethylene oxide) stars with targeting ligands (OX26) and drugs (venlafaxine) to achieve site-directed drug delivery. The monoclonal antibody OX26 targets transferrin receptors in brain capillary endothelial cells, thus allowing the construct to cross the blood-brain barrier.  Venlafaxine, an antidepressant, will then be released in the brain.  Long PEO arms, either underivatized or with OX26 ligand, will shield the venlafaxine from metabolism prior to crossing the blood-brain barrier.\n\n\n\nThe proposed research is interdisciplinary, combining polymer design, synthesis, and characterization with biochemistry and biological testing.  A new method has been developed for the synthesis of star polymers, starting from symmetric homo-bifunctional groups and a dendrimer core, which allows selective addition of polymer arms containing either ligands or drugs.  An in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier involving cocultures of capillary endothelial cells with astrocytes will be employed to examine the efficacy of the targeted drug delivery system.  \n\n\n\nThe intent is to completely integrate research activities with educational activities by including graduate students, undergraduates, high school students and high school teachers in the research group. Bringing together graduate and undergraduate students from varied disciplines to work on the research project will give them teamwork experience in preparation for their careers, whether in academia or industry.  Communication skills are enhanced as students present their work both orally and in written reports.  Undergraduates working on research projects participate in inquiry-based learning and gain skills required for life-long learning.  Outreach to the local high schools will stimulate high school faculty with cutting edge research and provide mentoring opportunities for talented high school students, perhaps lighting the spark for a future scientist or engineer. \n\n\n\nThe unique targeted drug delivery system proposed will open new therapeutic opportunities.  The combination of shielding drugs from metabolism while directing them to the desired site of administration creates a powerful new tool in the fight against disease.  Involving students in the research will provide mentoring opportunities, increasing student retention and serving as a forum for inquiry-based learning."]
["CAREER: Methods for Nonrigid Motion Analysis","IIS","ROBOTICS","Kambhamettu, Chandra","DE","University of Delaware","chandra@cis.udel.edu","CSE","This is the first year funding of a four year continuing award.  This proposal outlines an extended research program to investigate a hierarchy of nonrigid motion classes, along with their identification and analysis. The educational component of this plan involves graduate and undergraduate course development, efforts for a synergy between research and teaching activities and development of active learning strategies in the proposed courses.\n\n\n\nInvariant measures from differential geometry are mainly used for our purpose of nonrigid motion analysis. We propose algorithms for general nonrigid motion analysis, based on new distance measures using discriminant, unit?normal and Gaussian curvature variations of surfaces. The proposed system consists of a hierarchy of nonrigid motion models arranged in a simple?to?complex fashion. Our emphasis is not only in designing different classes of nonrigid motions and proposing different techniques to extract motion parameters and point correspondences, but also in applying these algorithms to extensive sets of real data involving face and cloud motion, in particular, hurricane motion. We feel that this is a good testbed for designing, testing, validating and evaluating our system, as face and clouds involve a wide variety of nonrigid motions.\n\n\n\nThis proposal seeks to address three major scientific issues: (i) How to efficiently estimate point correspondences and motion parameters during a general nonrigid motion? (ii) What motion parameters are to be used for an accurate model fit of a given unknown nonrigid motion? (iii) How to classify nonrigid motion?\n\n\n\nThe strengths of the proposed research are threefold. First, the use of invariant differential geometric parameters for nonrigid motion analysis allow the ability to be independent of coordinate system and parameterization, especially since our optimization functions are based on before motion frame's principal coordinate system. The second strength of our approach lies in its ability to interrelate the motion parameters of all the nonrigid motion classes in the hierarchy. The third strength is the ability to estimate point correspondences, nonrigid motion parameters and nonrigid motion type through a single optimization procedure.\n\n\n\nThe educational plan involves integration of research activities in teaching and efforts for undergraduate research involvement. Proposed new courses include graduate level courses in computer vision, video computing and seminar course in analysis and visualization of formable bodies."]
["CAREER: Infrared Spectroscopy of Synthetic and Semisynthetic Polypeptides","CHE","SPECTROSCOPY|STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY","Decatur, Sean","MA","Mount Holyoke College","sdecatur@mtholyoke.edu","MPS","Professor Sean Decatur of Mount Holyoke College is funded through a CAREER grant in the Experimental Physical Chemistry program.  He will study the fundamental infrared spectroscopic properties of peptides by the use of isotopically substituted  synthetic peptides.  Measurements include infrared absorption and vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy.  The thermodynamics and kinetics of the helix-coil transition of peptides will be studied at a level previously not possible using the isotopically substituted compounds.  Some synthetic strategies for the peptides are also the aim of this research.  The work will be of use in protein folding problems.  Professor Decatur's teaching efforts are focused on mentoring undergraduates in research, designing a new advanced chemistry laboratory course and conducting a new course on biotechnology and ethics.  \n\n\n\nUnderstanding the structures of proteins and how they fold into their native forms is a key goal in biophysics at present.  One experimental approach is to study peptides and their folding in real time using infrared light as a measurement technique.  However, the interaction of infrared light and peptides is not fully understood, and this work will fill in important gaps in the interpretation of a large amount of infrared data already in the literature.  The work will allow scientists to better ascertain protein structures, and to develop peptide and protein therapeutics.  Professor Decatur's education plan will serve both chemistry majors and nonmajors, and will have impact on promoting women in scientific fields."]
["CAREER: Micromechanics Mechanisms and Cyclic Mechanical Behavior","CMS","MECHANICS & STRUCTURE OF MATER","Jiang, Yanyao","NV","University of Nevada Reno","yjiang@unr.edu","ENG","The CAREER award is made to advance both research and education in engineering.  The researchis to study the microscopic features of physical mechanisms and their relations with macroscopic cyclic mechancial behavior in polycrystalline metallic materials near room temperature.  The goal is to bridge practical stress analysis with fundamental findings in material science.  The education plan consists of innovative teaching and developing undergraduate and graduate cuorses.  A systematic pilot research program will be created to involve undergraduate students in research projects to provide early exposure to practical problems.  Self-directed and open-ended laboratory experiments will be developed to encourage the students to be more creative."]
["CAREER:  A Robust, Low-Cost Vision System for Assessing Surface Appearance","DMI","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MANUFACTURING MACHINES & EQUIP","Parker, Johne'","KY","University of Kentucky Research Foundation","jparker@engr.uky.edu","ENG","A long-range goal of this research is the development of a low-cost, robust, automated on-line monitoring system that controls the automotive painting process based, in part, upon perceived surface appearance.  As a significant first step, this CAREER research plan will:   (1) develop a vision system hardware and software design which has reflectance models as a rational basis;  (2) determine the best image attributes and processing techniques to exploit the link between this design and perceived surface appearance; and (3) construct a prototype classification scheme to assess surface quality based on captured images.  The four-prong approach, which employs small-scale experiments, simulation, prototype testing and on-site testing in parallel with existing methods, is expected to yield an illumination design and sensing protocol which also yields improved results for current evaluation methods, captured images (and derived attributes) which are readily interpreted by both system software and line operators and a low-cost, flexible design which can be built with commercially available components.  Performance demands for automotive coatings are considerable.  In addition to providing protection and enhancing durability, coatings also have to be visually appealing.  It is well established that the appearance of a painted surface greatly affects a customer's perception of that product's quality and automotive manufacturers spend considerable sums each year to repair paint-related problems.  Therefore, robust methods to monitor surface quality on-line are critical.\n\n\n\nSince there is a widespread fascination with automobiles and students intuitively understand how the quality of the paint job fuels that excitement, this research plan is very easily integrated into a variety of educational activities.  Specific educational and outreach objectives projected as part of this effort include (1) a diverse research group that provides outreach and mentoring to undergraduates, K-12 students and their teachers; (2) capstone design projects; and (3) the analysis of research data (and subsequent dissemination of research results) in existing undergraduate courses.  Expected benefits of the educational plan include collaborative, hands-on research experiences and mentoring for a diverse population, and enhancement of the principal investigator's ability to build and maintain a competitive research program which attracts a well-prepared, diverse group of students."]
["CAREER: Redox-Mediated Cleavage of Peptides and Nucleic Acids","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Kelly, Lisa","MD","University of Maryland Baltimore County","lkelly@umbc.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Chemistry program supports research on the design, synthesis and study of a series of imide chromophores to photochemically cleave DNA, by Professor Lisa Kelly of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Maryland-Baltimore County. Thymidine sites will be targeted and cleavage of guanine will be measured. The photosensitizers will be recycled in the presence of oxygen and double stranded nucleic acid cleavage will be possible. Macrocycles will be covalently attached to the chromophores and a variety of metal ions coordinated to them. These metal ions will include Zn(II) (pyrimidine-specific), Cd(II) and Pb(II) (heavy atoms), and Co(III) and Cu(II) (electron acceptors). By use of these metal complexes the effect of site-targeting, increased excited state triplet yield, and electron-hole separation after photoactivation will be determined. These investigations will provide information on the mechanism of  oxidative damage in nucleic acid polymers, specifically on the relationship between the initial site of redox reactivity and the final site of cleavage.\n\n\n\nThe goal of this research is to develop optimized photoactive compounds which can be used to cleave DNA at specific sites in a well-understood manner. These compounds will be useful for fundamental studies of DNA damage and also find application to genomic sequencing and phototherapy. Using the photosciences as a cross-disciplinary unified forum, inquiry-based curricular revisions will be made to both the undergraduate advanced laboratory and graduate courses. A regional undergraduate research symposium in the chemical and biological sciences has been organized which will help prepare the participating students for careers in industry as well as for advanced graduate training."]
["CAREER:  Quantitative Studies of the Rate-Limiting Steps of Retroviral Production and Transduction to Achieve High Levels of Gene Transfer to In Vitro Skin Equivalents","BES","BIOTECHNOLOGY","Andreadis, Stelios","NY","SUNY at Buffalo","sandread@eng.buffalo.edu","ENG","The objective of this project is to identify the rate limiting steps of the processes of retroviral transduction and production and apply the quantitative understanding of these phenomena to optimize retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of human epidermal stem cells.  The ultimate goal is to use the technology of gene transfer in tissue engineering of skin equivalents to either impart new functions to cells or enhance existing cellular activities, in order to improve the therapeutic potential of skin substitutes. The project has four main objectives, which include: (1) to investigate the mechanisms of retroviral decay, (2) to investigate why increased the transduction efficiency of viruses is increased by reverse transcription caused by the exposure to dNTP, (3) to extend a previously developed mathematical model describing retroviral transduction to include a more detailed description of the phenomena, and (4) to develop a new technology to increase transduction efficiency."]
["CAREER:  Large-Scale Parallel Replacement Analysis","DMI","WESTERN EUROPE PROGRAM|SERVICE ENTERPRISE ENGINEERING|PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Hartman, Joseph","PA","Lehigh University","jch6@lehigh.edu","ENG","This grant provides funding for an investigation into the modeling and solution of large-scale parallel replacement problems.  Specifically, investigations will be pursued into problems under demand and capital budgeting constraints for heterogeneous groups of assets with multiple challengers.  Characteristics including economies of scale in purchase prices, asset availability constraints, and after-tax implications caused by group asset depreciation policies will also be explored.  A variety of modeling and solution procedures are to be examined, including:  (1) General integer programming with resource directive decomposition solution procedures and cutting plane algorithms developed from integer knapsack covers;  (2)Dynamic programming which capitalizes on the special structure of optimal solutions under capital budgeting constraints and economies of scale; and (3) Stochastic programming, with deterministic analyses extended to scenario analysis, stochastic dynamic programming and recourse models.  This career plan is also defined by a closely related educational component.  As replacement analysis is a fundamental problem in engineering economics, investigations will lead to teaching improvements in this core engineering subject area.\n\n\n\nIf successful, the results of this research will lead to the solution of new replacement problems, both in size and scope, commonly faced by industry, the government and the military.  These results are to be verified with industrial partners that operate large fleets of diverse assets.  The investigations should also provide further insight into the solution of large-scale mathematical programs with special structure and their application to real problems.  The educational investigation in this project will lead to an improvement and standardization of teaching engineering economy, regardless of the engineering discipline."]
["CAREER: Multidimensional THz Imaging and Collaborative Research Oriented Education","ECS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Cheville, Richard","OK","Oklahoma State University","kridnix@okstate.edu","ENG","9984896\n\nCheville\n\n\n\nA research program using optoelectronically generated pulses for imaging\n\nand characterization in the far infrared (FIR) spectral region will be\n\nintegrated into a curriculum providing research opportunities for\n\nundergraduate students.  \n\n\n\nResearch Career Goals:   A technique for broad bandwidth imaging in the far\n\ninfrared spectral region will be developed based on phase coherent\n\ndetection of scattered radiation.   Applications include biomedical\n\nimaging, nondestructive evaluation, and noncontact semiconductor\n\ncharacterization.  This new approach will address spatial resolution,\n\nsample limitations, and chemical content mapping.  The proposed technique\n\nis based on the existing ability to generate well characterized pulses of\n\nTHz radiation.??  Specifically the research program will:\n\n\n\nIncrease the power available in a compact, reliable THz source by at\n\nleast two orders of magnitude through enhancement of existing technologies,\n\nand collaborative work on magnetically enhanced THz sources.\n\n\n\nDevelop new sources including dipole antenna arrays to be integrated with\n\na programmable phase modulator to generate optically steerable far infrared\n\nradiation. These array sources combined with electro-optic imaging systems\n\nwill generate free space electromagnetic waves with soliton-like properties\n\nand applied to applications inTHz tomographic imaging.\n\n\n\nExisting work utilizing a THz impulse range for direct scattering\n\nmeasurements will be extended to measure inverse scattering using multiple\n\nsources and detectors.\n\n\n\nThis proposal seeks to open an underutilized region of the electromagnetic\n\nspectrum to practical engineering applications with profound impact across\n\na wide spectrum of disciplines.\n\n\t\n\nEducational Career Goals:  The thesis of the educational component of this\n\nproposal is that most students lack practical preparation for the demanding\n\nand cross-disciplinary tasks required in research.  A unique photonics\n\ncurriculum, based on a model implemented by the PI on a small scale for\n\nthree years, will be developed in which students will be given practical\n\ntechnical skills during the freshman or sophomore years.  This curriculum\n\nwill provide training in the  cross-disciplinary area of photonics and\n\nspecifically:\n\n\n\nMake use of practical, hands-on research training in an apprenticeship\n\nmodel, similar to the teaching hospital of medicine at the freshman and\n\nsophomore level.  \n\n  \n\nIntroduce students at the junior level to photonics research through a\n\nproblem based learning laboratory course. \n\n  \n\nProvide independent research opportunities for senior students. \n\n  \n\nUse effective pedagogies for education including scaffolding,\n\ncollaborative learning, and communities of research practice to target\n\nunder-represented students in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and\n\nTechnology (SMET) to improve retention. Particular efforts will be made to\n\nrecruit women for the program.\n\n  \n\nBe based on a structure that is easily exportable to other programs or\n\nsubject areas, involve the use of representatives from industry and\n\neducational consultants for assessment, and provide for the dissemination\n\nof the developed educational materials.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Methods for Real-Time Fleet Management and Customer Information","CMS","INFRASTRUC SYS MGMT & HAZ RESP","Hickman, Mark","AZ","University of Arizona","mhickman@engr.arizona.edu","ENG","PI: Mark Hickman\n\nInstitution: University of Arizona\n\nProposal Number: 9984906\n\nProposal Title: Methods for Real-Time Fleet Management and Customer Information\n\n\n\nAbstract:\n\n\n\nBoth public and private organizations have the responsibility to manage vehicle fleets so that their customers receive prompt and cost-effective transportation service. Through advances in information technology, these organizations may leverage existing real-time operations data to evaluate and improve customer service. To this end, this CAREER plan has two primary objectives: (1) to develop analytic methods and modeling tools that exploit real-time data to improve fleet operations and customer information; and, (2) to educate future transportation professionals about the use of information technology in transportation.\n\n\n\nThis CAREER plan is an integrated set of research and educational activities that:\n\n1. Explore current public transit fleet operations, using new technology for data collection and analysis;\n\n2. Develop new analytic methods for real-time fleet management;\n\n3. Explore analytic methods to provide customers with current service information and real-time itineraries;\n\n4. Develop and evaluate teaching materials to interest students in transportation and new technologies; and,\n\n5. Create an internet-based \"collaboratory\" for research and education in fleet operations and information technology.\n\n\n\nThe significance of the proposed research activities lies in the development of new tools and methods to exploit real-time data from transportation operations. These methods are useful to assist in managing fleets at the tactical and operational level and to generate useful and timely customer information. Work in this CAREER plan will expand both the state of knowledge about, and the set of available tools to solve, these transportation problems. The proposed educational activities have significance in developing and providing classroom- and internet-accessible teaching materials to encourage student interest in public transit, transportation systems analysis, and applications of information technology. In this CAREER plan, these materials are developed and evaluated, thereby filling an important gap in existing undergraduate- and graduate-level curricula."]
["CAREER: The Evolution of Phosphoryl Transfer and Protein    Sequence Analysis","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY","Sanders, David","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","retrovir@bragg.bio.purdue.edu","BIO","9984919\n\nSanders\n\nIn this proposal, the PI wishes to achieve a deeper understanding of the information content of the primary structure of a protein by studies of the evolution of an ancient and diverse family of phosphotransferases.  He will concentrate on the X-ray crystallographic determination of the structure of acetate kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila.  The chemical details of metal-ion and nucleotide binding, the mechanism of catalysis and the roles of each conserved amino-acid residue in protein structure and function will be explored.  From these analyses, he wishes to gain insight into the changes in the modes of substrate binding and catalysis that occurred during the divergence of the sugar kinase/actin/Hsc70 super-family of phosphotransferases.  The significance of the elements of secondary structure that have been added to the core protein fold in various members of the family will be investigated.  Catalysis of phosphoryl transfer by butyrate kinases and an exopolyphosphatase will also be examined through a combination of structural, biochemical, and mutagenesis approaches.  An examination of whether the Thermotoga maritima butyrate kinase catalyzes phosphoryl transfer through one or more covalent phosphoenzyme intermediates will be undertaken.\n\n     A course designed for the introduction of upper level undergraduates to protein sequence analysis will be developed further.  It will encompass an examination of how the interpretation of a protein sequence depends upon both comparison of different sequences and an understanding of the context-dependent chemistry of the amino-acid residues in proteins.  The students will have the opportunity to explore computer-generated representations of protein structures and to perform and probe the principles of protein-sequence analyses.  Course materials that may be beneficial to other researchers and students will be constructed and disseminated."]
["CAREER: Phenotypic Plasticity in Physiological Traits and Environmental Change: Mentored Research Experiences and Service Learning Projects in Undergraduate Education","IOB","ECOLOGICAL & EVOLUTIONARY PHYS|ENVIRON & STRUCTURAL SYS CL","McWilliams, Scott","RI","University of Rhode Island","srmcwilliams@uri.edu","BIO","A common theme used throughout this program is the involvement of undergraduate students in research that creates new knowledge and in the communication of this new knowledge. However, a basic premise of the work is that involving all undergraduates at research universities in such research experiences will not by itself produce inquiring students who can synthesize and analyze, who have leadership and problem-solving skills, and who can make meaningful connections between their academic coursework and the community in which they live. To achieve such a goal requires many pedagogical strategies and approaches including research projects conducted by vertically-integrated teams of scientists, classroom projects that use inquiry-based approaches, interdisciplinary creative projects, and mentored internships with business, industry, non-profit organizations, and government. As part of a new curriculum being developed and implemented in natural resource sciences at University of Rhode Island, the PI will revise two existing undergraduate courses, develop a new \"capstone\" course in physiological ecology, help develop a new freshman field course, develop ways that my research projects can involve undergraduates in new special programs, and utilize innovative methods for evaluation and assessment of the proposed education activities. The research is on phenotypic plasticity of body composition and digestive organs in migrating birds and its ecological implications. Goals of the research include (a) evaluate new nondestructive methods for measuring body composition dynamics in songbirds, (b) test contemporary hypotheses about the effect of diet quality and fasting on the metabolic routing of dietary nutrients in songbirds, (c) test key assumptions about the effect of certain physiological processes on stable isotope ratios in animal tissues, and (d) develop research projects that involve undergraduates in key educational activities. The PIs propose to test the hypotheses using stable isotopes to trace use and synthesis of body components. This will be the first study to manipulate body composition of migratory songbirds while using stable isotopes to measure metabolism of exogenous and endogenous nutrients. The proposed research and teaching program will establish a foundation for an academic career devoted to the development of novel integrative and inquiry-based approaches to research and education in animal biology, in general, and physiological ecology, in particular."]
["CAREER: Metathesis Strategies to Diverse Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Based Oligomers","CHE","SYNTHESIS","Hanson, Paul","KS","University of Kansas Center for Research Inc","phanson@ku.edu","MPS","The focus of this research is the development of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) strategies to structurally diverse polymeric motifs that contain sulfur- and phosphorus-based functional groups.  Emphasis will be placed on the design and synthesis of asymmetric monomeric units containing norbornene skeletons.  Sulfonamide-based oligopeptides, sulfamide scaffolds containing C2-symmetric pockets, polymeric nucleic acid scaffolds and polymeric lipid scaffolds will be prepared using the ROMP methodology.  These diverse polymers can potentially serve as novel pharmaceutical agents, ligands in asymmetric catalysis, artificial lipid scaffolds and DNA/RNA antisense agents.  The educational portion of the project stresses graduate student mentoring of  undergraduates, a vigorous undergraduate tutoring program, multi-media pre-laboratory preparation and lecture presentation, and high school outreach.\n\n\n\nWith this CAREER award, the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program is supporting the research and educational activities of Dr. Paul R. Hanson of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Kansas.  Professor Hanson will focus his research on the development of pharmaceutically relevant sulfur- and phosphorus-based oligomers. The foci of the educational activities involve mentoring, tutoring and undergraduate course development."]
["CAREER: Nanoscale Structure and Low Energy Dynamics at Aqueous-Oxide Interfaces","CHE","AFRICA, NEAR EAST, & SO ASIA|ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS & MEAS.|ELECTROCHEMISTRY & SURFACE CHE","Hirschmugl, Carol","WI","University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","cjhirsch@uwm.edu","MPS","This CAREER research project entitled \"Nanostructure and Low Energy Dynamics at Aqueous-Oxide Interfaces \" will be carried out by Dr. Carol Hirschmugl at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee and is supported by the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Division.  The purpose of the research is to study and structurally characterize oxide surfaces, and in particular, how those surfaces interact with adsorbates such as water, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and halogenated hydrocarbons.  Dr. Hirschmugl will utilize the advanced spectroscopic and structure characterization techniques of far-IR and pico-ampere LEED in this research.\n\n\n\nThe educational component of this research includes incorporation of the instrumental techniques in both graduate and undergraduate education.  The proximity of the synchrotron facility to the University makes it possible to effectively include undergraduates.  It is significant that undergraduates will be exposed to these state of the art techniques.\n\n\n\nThis research will involve novel experiments aimed at fundamental studies of surface interactions.  This research will impact the areas of surface science, catalyst design, environmental geochemistry and geophysics.  The reactants chosen; water, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide are of environmental importance.  Understanding their interactions with minerals could ultimately have an impact on society as well."]
["CAREER: Theoretical Studies of Morphological Instabilities and Evolution in Thin Solid Films","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CONDENSED MATTER & MAT THEORY","Wong, Harris","LA","Louisiana State University & Agricultural and Mechanical College","hwong@lsu.edu","MPS","This is a CAREER award to a young member of the faculty at the Louisiana State University.  The PI plans to study morphological instabilities and evolution of microstructures in thin films and ceramics.  There is a second project on diffusion controlled growth of a compound phase AnB between two parallel thin films of material A and B.  Furthermore, following LSU's interest in starting an education and research program in materials science and engineering, the PI proposes to intiate a virtual Materials Center on Internet.  The virtual center will serve to: (1) Introduce and attract undergraduate students to materials science and engineering, (2) Provide a teaching tool for undergraduate laboratory instruction, (3) Coordinate education and research efforts in the state of Louisiana and (4) Schedule equipment use at LSU.  The PI is also planning to introduce two courses, focusing on analytical and numerical techniques applied to real materials related problems, for graduate and undergraduate students.\n\n%%%\n\nThin films are an integral part of the current high technology.  There are a number of issues related to the role of defects in the processing of thin films.  How are the defects formed and how do they grow.   These are critical to a number of materials related precesses such as preparation of electronic materials, healing of cracks in ceramics and the compacting involved during sintering.  This PI plans to develop an academic career supported by this CAREER grant and consisting of research on these areas.  The education plan includes two courses, each involving a judicious mix of mathematics and computers for undergraduate and graduate students in materials.  In addition the PI has proposed to setup a webpage to inform and attract young undergraduates to LSU's materials program.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Biologically-Inspired Integrated Sensors for Robotics Applications","IIS","ROBOTICS|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Liu, Chang","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","changliu@uiuc.edu","CSE","Sensor development is an extremely costly and time-consuming process at the present time.  Integrated sensors based on unique performance specifications and low volume needs are unavailable for robotics use despite the advancement in sensor technologies.  The full potential of integrated sensors in robotics applications is not realized.  The PI proposes to introduce an artificial hair cell, which is inspired by biological hair cell receptors, as a modular building block for a variety of sensors.  The broad\n\nobjective is to establish a radical sensor architecture and a new approach for the efficient development of integrated sensors for robotics applications.  Specific objectives of this research project are: (1) to establish the design principles, fabrication processes, and material expertise for individual hair cell sensors and to assess and optimize their mechanical characteristics; (2) to implement artificial hair cells in two\n\nexemplary sensor systems - a gyroscopic and an artificial lateral-line\n\nsensor for underwater robots. \n\n\n\nExcellence in education will be vigorously pursued in the PI's career. During the period of this award, the PI plans to undertake fourinitiatives including (1) a new undergraduate/graduate curriculum in the\n\narea of micro electromechanical systems (MEMS); (2) a new MEMS class as an integral component of a joint Master of Engineering degree program to educate professionals; (3) an education outreach program that encourages high-school students to explore; (4) outreach activities.  It is anticipated that these developments will significantly enrich and strengthen the educational programs in the University of Illinois and the community."]
["CAREER: Generating Provably Correct Query Optimizers","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE","Cherniack, Mitch","MA","Brandeis University","mfc@cs.brandeis.edu","CSE","Database query optimizers are large, complex, and error-prone software systems. The goal of this project is to assist researchers and developers in building optimizers that are \"provably correct\". Specifically, this research group is building a framework which accepts specifications of optimizer components and their interactions, and generates optimizers that can be shown to satisfy the property that the plans they construct always return the data specified in a user queries. The group's approach separates the components of the optimizer into those that require correctness proofs (the safety critical components) from those that do not. Languages are under design for formally specifying those components, and tools are under construction that both generate these components according to the specifications, and generate proof obligations enabling their verification with an automated theorem prover. The experimental research is linked to the educational goal of training students in the application of formal methods in building large software systems. The results of this project will provide a sandbox for database researchers in both academia and industry, to introduce new optimizer techniques and products while providing tangible guarantees that they are free of errors. \n\n{http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~mfc/cokokola.html}"]
["CAREER: High-Intensity Laser Irradiation of Microstructures","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Phinney, Leslie","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","phinney@uiuc.edu","ENG","ABSTRACT\n\n\n\nHigh-Intensity Laser Irradiation of Microstructures \n\n\n\nA series of experimental and analytical techniques will be used to determine the thermal and mechanical responses of microstructures exposed to laser irradiation.  Arrays of microcantilevers will be fabricated using surface micromachining techniques and irradiated by lasers with varying pulse widths and wavelengths.  The deflections of a microcantilever will be monitored as a function of time.  Temperature and thermal expansion measurements will also be conducted.  The experimental results will be compared to predicted temperatures and deflections.  Also, an educational plan will be implemented to increase the number of women in engineering and to develop interdisciplinary microscale phenomena courses.  \n\n\n\nAn understanding of the behavior of microstructures exposed to radiation is required for applications like room temperature infrared sensing, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for satellites and space vehicles, and laser processing.  This research project examines the interaction of laser radiation with microstructures concentrating on a novel laser process for repairing microcantilevers adhered to the substrate."]
["CAREER: Accelerated Analyses of Complex Structures by Frequency-Windowed Condensations","CMS","CONTROL SYSTEMS PROGRAM","McDaniel, James","MA","Boston University","jgm@bu.edu","ENG","Proposal Title:\t\"CAREER: Accelerated Analyses of Complex Structures by Frequency-Windowed Condensations\" \n\nProposal Number: \t9984994\n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract\n\n\n\nThis CAREER project involves integrated research and educational activities whose focus is a new approach to analyzing the vibrations of complex vibrating structures.  Currently, efforts to model the vibrations of complex structures are severely limited by the computational expenses incurred in finding either the modal properties or the forced responses of the structures.  The research could dramatically reduce these expenses, and hence enable more complete and accurate vibration studies, by developing a novel means of condensing the dynamic equations of motion.  This condensation will be achieved by an innovative transformation that uses the forced responses of the structure evaluated at a few sampled frequencies in the band.  Preliminary estimates indicate that, for structures of current interest to industry, the reductions in computational times will be several orders of magnitude.  Two industrial collaborators will provide finite element models of complex structures for use in developing and demonstrating the proposed approach.  Educational activities include the development, use, and assessment of a unique computer-based educational resource that allows students to interactively explore the vibrations of real-world structures.  When combined with a course module that introduces students to the vibrations of many degree-of-freedom systems, the resource is expected to complement studies of lumped-parameter models that are currently the focus of undergraduate vibration curriculums.  By employing the research method to expedite response calculations, the package will allow students to interactively explore vibration phenomena for industry-supplied models of real structures.  It is expected that this package will create a new avenue for the involvement of industry in engineering education."]
["CAREER:  Vascular Gene Therapy:  Characterization and Optimization","BES","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING","Chesler, Naomi","VT","University of Vermont & State Agricultural College","Chesler@engr.wisc.edu","ENG","9985012\n\nChesler\n\nGene therapy is an exciting new modality for treating and preventing vascular disease. Engineered gene therapy delivery techniques could make this technology more affordable and thus broadly accessible to the cardiovascular patient population. By applying quantitative engineering analyses to a living, biological system, the PI hopes to further our knowledge of human vascular transport mechanisms (aim 1), optimize adenoviral gene therapy methods (aim 2), and assess the efficacy of optimized gene therapy treatment strategies in human arteries and veins (aim 3). An ex vivo vascular culture system will be used to pursue each of these goals. Ex vivo arterial and venous organ culture is an ideal experimental paradigm for investigating vascular transport phenomena under rigorous environmental and mechanical control.  Further, it allows living human tissue experimentation in a three-dimensional, near-physiological environment. \n\n\n\nThe first educational goal of the proposed career plan is to teach engineering students the fundamentals in the PI's area of specialization: the thermofluid sciences (aim 1). The techniques of problem-based learning and interaction with local industry will be used to achieve this goal. The second aim is to strengthen teamwork and communication skills in both graduate and undergraduate engineers (aim 2).  Specifically, students will be given design projects in classes and assigned to mixed-level and mixed-gender teams. They will be given instruction in technical communication and practice by giving presentations to their peers and a lay audience (local middle-school children). The third goal of the educational program is to addresses the problem of diversity in the engineering workforce (aim 3). University-level mentoring will be frequent and informal.  Through outreach and mentoring at the university, high school and middle school levels, the PI hopes to increase the number of women in engineering and in the pipeline."]
["CAREER:  Synthesis and Modeling of Novel Mesoporous Materials","CTS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|CATALYSIS AND BIOCATALYSIS","Bruce, David","SC","Clemson University","dbruce@clemson.edu","ENG","This research will focus on developing mesoporous materials that can be used as oxidation catalysts.  Semi-rigid organic oligomers will be used as structure-directing agents in the synthesis of novel mesoporous materials.  The oligomeric templates can adopt various regular geometries, and the resultant crystalline oxide structures can be analyzed.  From these observations a generalized synthesis model that can describe the essential molecular characteristics of a sol-gel template will be developed.  The specific molecular interactions affecting sieve formation will be studies using molecular dynamics as well as quantum mechanical techniques.  The effects of advanced sol-gel processing techniques, such as microwave heating, supercritical carbon dioxide template extraction, and ultrasonic mixing will also be examined.  An educational plan includes the development of an ensemble of teaching devices that will enhance low-level cognitive skills.  The development of oxidation catalysts is important, as oxidation processing have become critical reaction steps in the production of pharmaceuticals, aroma chemicals, food additives, polymer precursors, and insecticides.  The novel materials molecular modeling, and advanced processing techniques developed could expand the number of highly selective mesoporous catalysts available for the production of specialty chemicals."]
["CAREER: Resolving Lexical Ambiguities in Natural Language Processing","IIS","|HUMAN COMPUTER INTER PROGRAM","Yarowsky, David","MD","Johns Hopkins University","yarowsky@cs.jhu.edu","CSE","This is the first year of funding of a 4 year, continuing award. One of the major roadblocks in the\n\nefficient and accurate communication between humans and machines is the resolution of the\n\nambiguity inherent in natural languages. A major bottleneck in developing solutions is the severe\n\nshortage of training data that distinguishes word senses, and the high cost of inputting this\n\ninformation manually. A focus of this project is the development of unsupervised and minimally\n\nsupervised algorithms for acquiring such skills without costly hand-tagged training data. Such\n\nmethods will exploit the distribution properties observed in very large text corpora (over 10 billion\n\nwords); the PI will also investigate richer representations of feature space, class models,\n\nsmoothing methods and learning algorithms specialized for classification in very high-dimensional\n\nfeaturespaces. In addition to the problem of word-sense disambiguation, this project will explore\n\nshared solutions to a closely related set of lexical-ambiguity tasks including spelling correction,\n\npropername classification, capitalization restoration, accent and diacritic restoration for, diverse\n\nlanguages, vowel restoration in Hebrew and Arabic, speech synthesis on homographs, lexical\n\nchoice in machine translation, and certain aspects of choosing among phonetically confusable\n\ncandidates in speech recognition. These diverse problems are not normally recognized as being\n\nmembers of the same class, and this project seeks to exploit the synergies present by developing\n\nmethods and training data on one member of the class and utilizing the methods and data on other.\n\nproblems in the class. Thus this unified approach offers the potential for rapid parallel progress on\n\nkey problems in human-computer interaction and information extraction."]
["CAREER: An Integrated Research/Educational Plan to Develop and Deploy a Pointable, Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Instrument on a Tethered Balloon","DBI","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|INSTRUMENTAT & INSTRUMENT DEVP","Vierling, Lee","SD","South Dakota School of Mines and Technology","leev@uidaho.edu","BIO","CAREER:  An Integrated Research and Education Plan to Develop and Deploy a Pointable, Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Instrument on a Tethered Balloon\n\n\n\n\n\nImages of the earth taken by satellite and aircraft-based remote sensing instruments offer an immensely valuable, yet limited perspective.  While remote sensing technologies have revolutionized the study of the earth system by enabling large surface areas to be imaged quickly and frequently, various limitations can restrict the spatial resolution (i.e. pixel size) of remote sensing data to the point where observable surface detail is insufficient to study critical environmental processes.  As a result, complex mathematical procedures are often necessary to derive \"sub-pixel\" fractions of various ground cover types such as trees, grasses, bare soil, and water.  To complement and validate these mathematical procedures, novel remote sensing techniques are needed to bridge the gap between small-scale, ground-based observations and larger scale aircraft- and satellite-based measurements. A instrument  will be developed that can be attached to the tether line of a large, unmanned blimp and raised and lowered to view the earth across a range of intermediate perspectives.\n\n An integrated research/education program at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSM&T) will develop and deploy a lightweight, state-of-the-art remote sensing instrument package for use on such a tethered balloon platform.  Graduate students and faculty in the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences will team with undergraduate engineering students participating in the SDSM&T Center of Excellence for Advanced Manufacturing and Production (CAMP) and Senior Design Courses to design, construct, and test the instrument.  In addition, the instrument will be used to develop a remote sensing educational module for integration into the SDSM&T Scientific Knowledge for Indian Learning and Leadership (SKILL) summer program for pre-college Native American students.  Instrument development will occur incrementally during each academic year of the five-year development period.  Upon the completion of each stage of instrument development, graduate students and the Principal Investigator will use the instrument to conduct several remote sensing experiments made possible by the balloon platform.  For example, the balloon platform will be used to investigate how cover estimates of sub-pixel landscape components using various mathematical \"spectral mixture analysis\" techniques can be validated and improved.  By the end of the project, the hyperspectral instrument platform will be capable of stable flight, real-time instrument-to-ground data transmission, and will be remotely pointable from the ground.  \n\nThe overarching goals of this work are 1) to foster collaboration between student scientists and engineers, 2) to utilize the results of this collaboration in order to conduct novel research and make advances in terrestrial remote sensing, and 3) to make this technology and research familiar to minority students and encourage them to pursue careers in science and technology."]
["CAREER: Molecular Systematics of Ray-finned Fishes","DEB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","Orti, Guillermo","NE","University of Nebraska-Lincoln","gorti1@unl.edu","BIO","9985045\n\nOrti\n\n\n\nThe ray-finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii) comprise the largest group of living fishes, with more than 23,000 species. They are the most successful of all vertebrate classes and a key component to understanding the evolutionary radiation of vertebrates. Although a well-corroborated hypothesis of relationships among all major groups of ray-finned fishes is lacking, much progress towards a phylogenetic synthesis has been achieved by cladistic analysis of morphological characters of living and fossil taxa. In contrast, molecular systematic studies among major groups of ray-finned fishes have not kept pace with morphological studies. This project involves a large-scale effort to develop suitable molecular markers for higher-level systematics and to compile a large data set of DNA sequences for candidate nuclear genes, for at least 150 representative fish taxa. At the same time, an alternative strategy is also proposed whereby ten carefully selected fish mitochondrial genomes will be sequenced and phylogenetically compared to published sequences that already include 13 complete mitochondrial genomes of sharks and rays, lungfish, and other actinopterygians. The data generated by these two approaches will be used to study phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of ray-finned fishes and to improve our understanding of the major evolutionary transitions in the radiation of fishes. The existing morphological information will be brought together with the new molecular data for analysis. The research proposed should establish a sound framework of reference for future phylogenetic studies of fishes. The goal of the educational component of the project is to develop an integrated program in systematics in general with emphases in vertebrate zoology and molecular systematics, to enhance undergraduate and graduate learning of evolutionary biology.  A new five-week, hands-on laboratory course on molecular techniques for ecology and evolution will be developed. Application of both established and innovative teaching resources are proposed as a means to enhance student involvement in the learning process.   Active participation in cooperative learning groups, exploration and analysis of WWW resources, and critical evaluation of the primary literature are some of the proposed activities to complement more traditional teaching practices. Web sites for the courses are an integral part to achieving these goals.  The tight relationship between active research and the learning process will be emphasized throughout, steadily pursuing promising answers rather than final truths."]
["CAREER: Measurements of Local Viscoelastic Properties by Nanointendation","CMS","|EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|MATERIALS DESIGN & SURFACE ENG","Lu, Hongbing","OK","Oklahoma State University","hongbin@ceat.okstate.edu","ENG","This CAREER project will develop and validate a method to determine linearly and nonlinearly viscoelastic properties of time-dependent materials using nanoindentation technology. A nanoindenter will be used to determine the load or displacement as a function of time of a viscoelastic material for prescribed displacement or loading history. Analysis and numerical simulation of the material response will be performed to develop a method of analysis for extracting the surface local relaxation or creep functions. The method will allow the measurements of viscoelastic functions for very small amounts of materials such as thin films deposited on substrates used in microelectronics, very small structures such as Micro-Electrical-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS), gradient materials with material properties varying spatially, and heterogeneous materials such as human bones. This method will enable the measurements of viscoelastic properties on the sub-micron scale that cannot be determined from conventional material testing systems that are designed for bulk material samples \n\n\n\nThe educational activities are planned to fulfill the following objectives: (1) Involving more undergraduate students in research activities that allow them to experience the excitement in scientific research and discovery, as well as combining and using the knowledge they have acquired in different courses. (2) Introduce to the curriculum modern experimental techniques in mechanics, including the measurements of material properties on the sub-micron scale using nanoindentation. (3) Integrate the approach of Computer Aided Engineering into the Mechanical Design and Aerospace Structures courses, and introduce experimental content and manufacturing experience in the curriculum. (4) Develop graduate level courses that provide knowledge of mechanics to graduate students in the Web Handling Research Center, an Industry/University Cooperative Research Center at Oklahoma State University."]
["CAREER: Hybrid Control of Complex Networked Systems","ECS","CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Tomlin, Claire","CA","Stanford University","tomlin@leland.stanford.edu","ENG","This project is devoted to research and teaching in the area of hybrid systems theory.  The goal is to develop a control theory for complex networks of systems, each with its own objectives, decision-making, and information processing capabilities.  The systems have dynamics which are primarily continuous-state and continuous-time, yet the aggregate network is in general too complex to model with continuous tools alone.  Control theory to date has achieved tremendous success in the analysis and synthesis of single control systems, as well as the development of control laws for groups of systems which are connected together by point-to-point links so that information is received and processed synchronously at each subsystem.  Using continuous-state tools, simple hierarchical control schemes have also been designed and used with great success.  The control of an aircraft is an excellent example: the complex system of hydraulic valves which controls the surfaces of today's commercial jets is transparent to the pilot, due to a control layer in between that bounds the operation of the hydraulics and displays this simplified abstraction of the complex system to the pilot.\n\n\n\nWe are now interested in designing control laws for systems which are vastly more complex than continuous, synchronous control theory allows.  Examples include air traffic control systems,  highway systems, communication systems, the interconnected power grid, financial networks such as the stock market, and networks of distributed MEMS sensors.  In each of these examples, the sensors and resources are distributed across the systems, yet there is a strong need for the systems to coordinate to perform some task or achieve some goal.  The systems are also asynchronous, since correlated but different information is available to the controllers at different times.  We propose to design hierarchical, hybrid control systems: ours will be a hierarchy in which discrete state models are used at the highest level to model the large mode spaces in the system, and in which the lowest level incorporates distributed sensing and control, asynchronous receipt and processing of information, and multiple objective functions.  Our research will focus on:\n\n\n\n1. Design of the real-time hybrid interface: A key focus of this research is on the development of a robust and computationally efficient hybrid system interface between the discrete-state system abstraction and the continuous-state subsystems.  This interface will provide a priori proofs that the system will function as desired, and automatic synthesis of both discrete and continuous control laws.\n\n\n\n2. Control of asynchronous systems: Hand-in-hand with autonomous interacting agents comes the issue of asynchrony.  In classical control theory, sensor data is sampled and actuator commands are issued at a fixed rate.  We propose to design an asynchronous control theory, in which sensors transmit time-stamped data packets whenever new information is available and controllers pick up packets relevant to their current function.\n\n\n\n3. Algorithms for automated air traffic systems: In future air transportation systems, it is proposed to automate and move much of the current air traffic control functionality on board the aircraft.  This provides a superb environment in which to develop the theory proposed here, and we will draw on this rich application domain for examples and laboratory experiments.\n\n\n\nThe education component of this project is a new curriculum in control theory at Stanford.  The courses will combine systems theory from both control theoretic and computer science perspectives.  In addition, a new Laboratory will be developed, with the goal of studying, modeling, and controlling complex systems."]
["CAREER:  Team-Based Research as an Integrative Teaching Tool for Secondary, Post-Secondary and Graduate Education","IOB","NEURONAL AND GLIAL MECHANISMS","Schulte, Marvin","LA","The University of Louisiana at Monroe","ffmks@uaf.edu","BIO","This project explores the fundamental mechanisms by which human central nervous system nicotinic and serotonin receptors interact with endogenous compounds as well as therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse.   This project is unique in that it utilizes general anesthetics to probe the receptor's molecular structure. Anesthetics exert a wide range of effects on these receptors, displaying different effects on different receptors.  Using cloned receptors and modern molecular techniques, this project will identify the differences between these receptors at a molecular level that give rise to these differential effects.  By utilizing this information, an improved understanding of the relationship between the site of drug interaction and the functional effects on the receptor can be achieved.   The focus on general anesthetics increases the scope of the project by enabling the mapping of several different functional regions of the receptor.  These functional regions may provide additional targets for drug development, thus permitting a \"fine tuning\" of the receptors function via novel pharmaceutical agents.\n\n New drug types developed as a result of this research would be potentially useful in the treatment and prevention of a number of human diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, age associated memory impairment, nausea associated with chemotherapy and withdrawal from drugs of abuse.  Since this project investigates fundamental structural and functional relationships of receptor proteins, this research will also increase our knowledge of other similar proteins - thus facilitating a broader understanding of protein/drug interactions.  In addition to scientific benefits, the educational impact of this project is also substantial.  Students from widely different educational backgrounds will conduct much of the proposed research.  High school teachers, high school students, undergraduate college students and graduate students will work as a team to accomplish the research goals of the project.  The composition of the research team is designed to establish improved ties between secondary and post-secondary education and encourage high school students to pursue careers in biomedical research."]
["CAREER: The Long-Term Effects of Technology on Microprocessors","CCF","COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE","Burger, Doug","TX","University of Texas at Austin","dburger@cs.utexas.edu","CSE","ABSTRACT\n\nProposal: 9985109\n\nTitle: CAREER: The Long-Term Effects of Technology on Microprocessors\n\nPI: Doug Burger, University of Texas at Austin\n\n\n\nThe research funded by this CAREER grant is addressing three of the microprocessor design challenges posed by deep submicron technologies: slowing performance growth, decreasing reliability, and increasing power dissipation. This research is attacking these challenges by proposing new technology-sensitive designs across three design categories: individual microarchitectural cores, large on-chip memory systems, and chip multiprocessors.\n\n\n\nThe microarchitecture research is organized into two parts: a technology-based scalability analysis of current microarchitectures, to determine and quantify future microarchitectural bottlenecks, and an evaluation of the grid instruction processor--a new microarchitecture, containing two-dimensional arrays of functional units, which eliminates many of the microarchitecture bottlenecks that will arise from advancing technologies.\n\n\n\nThe research is also evaluating how multi-megabyte on-chip memory systems should be designed in future wire-dominated environments. Both the physical design (which will have sub-banks numbering in the thousands) and the logical organization (how to map data into caches with non-uniform, position-dependent latencies) are being explored.\n\n\n\nFinally, the funded research is exploring ways of accelerating single-thread performance by adding new mechanisms to chips with multiple processor/memory tiles each.  These mechanisms include fine-grained computation migration, dynamic thread parallelization, redundant computation, and working set size-based dynamic allocation and adjustment of on-chip memory."]
["PECASE: Flexible Construction and Management of Web Sites","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE","Halevy, Alon","WA","University of Washington","alon@cs.washington.edu","CSE","The World-Wide Web has become a prime vehicle for disseminating information. As a result, the number of large Web sites with complex structure and that serve information derived from multiple data sources is increasing. Building a web site involves the tasks of selecting the data that will be displayed at the site, designing the site's structure, and designing the visual presentation of pages. In existing Web-site management tools, these three tasks are, for the most part, interdependent, and as a result, many maintenance tasks become tedious to perform. The goal of this research project is to develop tools for flexible construction, maintenance and management of web sites. Two specific problems are being studied in detail. The first is the development of policies for efficient run-time management of Web sites. As a part of designing such policies, novel methods for selecting which views over the underlying data can be materialized in order to speed up the performance of the site. In addition, methods are being developed for the automatic restructuring of web sites in response to user browsing patterns. The second problem under consideration is the development of an architecture in which several web-site management tools can interoperate. The goal of such an architecture is to be able to support the larger scope of tasks involved in the lifecycle of a web site, which undoubtedly will require a multitude of tools. This research program is closely coordinated with the development of a database curriculum at the University of Washington, and is carried out in collaboration with industry that is likely to lead to technology transfer with a broad impact. \n\nhttp://data.cs.washington.edu/"]
["CAREER: Genetic Dissection of The Signaling Pathway of A Family of Cell Wall-Associated Protein Receptor Kinases","MCB","SIGNAL TRANSDCTN/CELL REGULATN","He, Zheng-Hui","CA","San Francisco State University","zhe@sfsu.edu","BIO","The overall scientific objective of this CAREER development project is to dissect genetically the signaling pathway of a family of cell wall-associated protein kinases (WAKs) in the plant, Arabidopsis.  The extracellular cell wall serves a vital role in plant development and survival.  Despite its importance, however, it is not well understood how the wall interacts with the intracellular compartment.  Preliminary studies have identified a family of five WAKs.  All members have an extracellular domain tightly linked to the cell wall, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase.  WAKs are required for normal plant development and play an important role during pathogen responses.  More recent results have shown that transgenic suppression of WAKs results in the inhibition of cell elongation, a complete arrest in development, and cell death.  In these studies extragenic suppressor screening will be used to identify and characterize components in the signaling pathway mediated by WAKs.  The specific scientific aims are (1) to create an inducible transgenic line that will be used for suppressor screening, (2) to identify and characterize extragenic suppressor mutants, and (3) to analyze the interactions between suppressors and specific WAKs.  The overall educational goal for this project is to integrate this research with a teaching program that will educate students in plant molecular genetics.  Part of this goal will be to foster the excitement of scientific discovery in undergraduate and graduate students at San Francisco State University, and to provide them with tools to pursue a successful career in science.   Specific educational aims are (1) to incorporate modern molecular genetic techniques into a plant physiology laboratory course, (2) to develop a new course in plant molecular biology, (3) to recruit and mentor minority students in the fields of plant molecular biology and genetics.  This last aim will include participation in institutional and community outreach programs for minorities, and the mentoring of minority students undertaking independent research. These objectives are firmly supported by both the faculty in the department of biology and the university administration.  Both believe strongly that an active research program provides students with opportunities to gain first hand experience in how science operates and gives them skills not attainable in a traditional classroom setting.  In addition, the university at large is committed to the education of the ethnically diverse Bay Area population."]
["CAREER: The Relationship Between Transcription Termination and Replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","MCB","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|BIOMOLECULAR PROCESSES|GENES AND GENOME SYSTEMS","Magrath, Christi","AL","Troy State University Main Campus","cmagrath@troy.edu","BIO","MAGRATH\n\nThe molecular processes that occur on a chromosome must either tolerate an overlap of factors and structures required for the independent molecular events or the processes must be separated. This research investigation will establish the relationship between two distinct molecular processes that require the utilization of genomic DNA as the primary molecular substrate - transcription termination by RNA polymerase II and DNA replication.  Previous research has demonstrated that the sequences that mediate termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II are localized to the same genomic region as ARS (autonomous replication sequence) elements, and transcription directed into an ARS element can interfere with normal replicative activity. To extend these findings, the extent of protection from transcriptional interference that the transcriptional terminators that flank ARS elements provide will be established. Using the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the maximal level of transcriptional activity that can be directed into an ARS/terminator cassette, while still maintaining replicative efficiency, will be established.  The creation of a battery of mutants will establish if an ARS/terminator cassette can be dissected into two independent activities. The level of transcription read-through from yeast genes located upstream of genomic ARS elements will be assessed, and the effect of disrupting normal transcription termination on replicative activity will be evaluated. In that all ARSs do not function as origins under all conditions, the level of transcription termination evident at various ARS sequences that are both replicatively functional and non-functional will be determined. Finally, to expand our studies to other diverse molecular processes, non-coding sequences within the yeast genome will be examined to determine the relative ability to terminate transcription and potentially reveal a more global role for transcription termination signals as molecular shields. In summary, this research investigates the potential overlap of different processes and determines if conflict among the different processes on the DNA exists. This project is ideal for inclusion into a molecular biology curriculum. While enriching students' education on the scientific process, this project will also give students a thorough and complete understanding of the molecular processes occurring on the chromosome."]
["CAREER:  Polyarylene Networks and Hybrid Molecular Composites - An Inter-disciplined Approach to Polymer Research and Education","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|POLYMERS","Smith, Dennis","SC","Clemson University","dwsmith@clemson.edu","MPS","A new family of polyarylene derivatives is proposed which are of interest and potentially useful in a variety of high performance, optoelectronic, and high yield carbon applications.  Polyarylenes, in general, are currently limited by poor melt and solution processability and traditional strategies to improve processability typically sacrifice performance.  To enable the use of polyarylenes as fabricated high performance materials and as functional hybrid molecular composites, the proposed research will provide access to polyarylene networks from processable intermediates.  The recently discovered synthetic approach consists of three steps starting from commercial bisphenols and affords bis-ortho-diynylarene(BODA) monomers in high yield.  When heated, BODA tetraynes undergo Bergman cyclopolymerization and further thermal cure results in high performance networks, optoelectroactive materials, and high yield semiconductor glassy carbon.  As a significant extension to this projects preliminary results, this work seeks to:  (1) Prepare new BODA compounds and determine structure/property relationships for both thermal and catalytic/initiated routes.  (2) Combine monomers and reactive intermediates with inorganic spacers, metal complexes, sol-gel precursors, and polymer electrolytes.  (3) Expand preliminary microfabrication and pyrolysis studies to tailored semi-conductive glassy carbon and carbon/inorganic hybrid molecular composites.\n\n\n\nThis project offers a new approach to processable and property-timable architectures for advanced application such as light emitting diodes, optical waveguides, low dielectric insulators, polymer electrolyte membranes, membrane electrode assemblies, and bipolar plates for batteries and fuel cells, microelectro/magnetomechanical systems, and microsemiconductors for optical signal processors, sensors, and switches.  An inter-disciplinary approach spanning synthesis, materials science, polymer physics, and device fabrication is planned.  Over the next five years, the proposed education and outreach plan will:  (1) Establish an interdisciplinary basic polymer science curriculum that complements the rich variety of applied polymer studies currently offered at Clemson University.  (2) Expose undergraduate and graduate students to inter-disciplinary collaborations on campus and industrial cooperative education/internships.  (3) Team with the Intersociety Polymer Education Council (IPEC) and education faculty to implement a plan for teacher training workshops in polymer chemistry.  (4) Use current and future positions at the national ACS level to enhance the local ACS section and extend leadership to the student affiliate programs."]
["CAREER: Energy-Filtered STM: A Novel Technique for Imaging and Spectroscopy of Single Molecules","DMR","SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY|CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS","Sutter, Peter","CO","Colorado School of Mines","psutter@bnl.gov","MPS","This integrated education and research project is aimed at developing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) instrumentation that will provide chemical specificity by measuring inelastic scattering of tunneling electrons that undergo energy losses characteristic of specific surface chemical bonding arrangements.  The goal is to develop a novel substrate structure comprising a superlattice energy analyzer which together with the development of STM tips from semiconductor materials will make possible the detection of inelastically scattered carriers and the suppression of a large background of electrons that do not scatter when they tunnel through specific surface adsorbate molecular structures.  The education project focuses on student research and design needed to advance the STM instrumentation development.  Advising and mentoring student research, course development and outreach that includes stimulating interest in science for both students and families through the Denver Museum of Natural History are the central activities in the overall integrated research and education plan.\n\n%%%\n\nThis well integrated research and education project will provide student training in an important area of atomic and molecular level characterization and manipulation that serve for nanoscience and nanotechnology.  These areas are highly relevant to applied science and engineering, and crucial to advancing the U.S. position in the modern high technology world.  Students trained in these areas will gain significant advantages in the overall competition for high-powered industrial jobs.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Multicast Protocols and Topology Models for the Internet","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Faloutsos, Michalis","CA","University of California-Riverside","michalis@cs.ucr.edu","CSE","The proposed research focuses on practical solutions that will advance the current Internet technology to meet the challenge of the Next Generation Internet.  The educational component of the project aims to train the network experts that the industry needs. \n\n\tOne of the main problems of the current Internet infrastructure is its inability to provide services at high Quality-of-Service (QoS) levels.  The lack of such quality guarantees affects the reliability and the commercial value of the services.  New protocols and architectures are needed to support the emerging applications.  An impediment in the development of such architectures is our limited ability to understand, model and simulate the Internet and its topology.  The proposed work tackles these two problems.  First, the project proposes to develop a multicast protocol for the Internet that will support group applications with high QoS requirements such as tele-conferencing.  Second, the project proposes to develop a novel method to characterize the topology of the Internet and explore its applications.\n\n\tThe project proposes the QoSMIC Internet routing protocol to support QoS in group (multicast) communications.  The researcher's Ph.D. work  introduced QoSMIC, a new QoS0sensitive multicast protocol.  QoSMIC differs from the previous protocols in that it identifies multiple paths and selects the one that can provide the QoS level the applications requires.  In addition, QoSMIC is resource-efficient and flexible without compromising its scalability.  Preliminary simulations show that QoSMIC can support 4 times as many users with a specified QoS level compared to the current protocols.  There are a lot of research issues that are needed to complete the protocol.  The research proposes to develop, implement and test protocol in three steps: extensive simulations, software implementation, and testing in the researcher's network campus. The long-term goal is to incorporate QoSMIC in commercial routers through an industrial collaboration.\n\n\tOne of the most difficult tasks in the design and the testing of a new protocol is predicting its behavior in a large-scale realistic network.  Thus, the research proposes to model, re-create, and predict the growth of the Internet topology.  The research presents a novel way to describe topological properties of large networks using power-laws.  Despite the randomness of the Internet, the researcher has discovered that some surprisingly simple power-laws can describe the Internet topology based on measurement data during the year 1998.  The power-laws fit the real data very well, with correlation coefficients of 96% of higher.  The rsearcher's initial set of power-laws is only the beginning of a new way to view and model the Internet.  The project proposes to continue  work focusing on three major research directions.  First, it will identify more power-law properties and thus characterize and classify graphs effectively.  Second, it will develop a new graph model for realistic topologies.  Finally, it will measure and predict the growth patterns of Internet.  In all three areas,  software tools will be developed to analyze, generate, and predict graphs and their topological properties.\n\n\tThe project proposes to develop a strong educational program as a vital part of the career development plan.  The goal of the educational plan is to provide students with a soled theoretical background and practical experience on cutting-edge technologies.  The project proposes an educational framework that is based on a) a strong theoretical and technical curriculum, b) early student involvement in research and teaching, and c) collaboration with the industry through internships and sponsorships."]
["CAREER: Comparative Vertebrate Phylogeography as a Tool for Reconstructing Environmental Change and Effect in Madagascar","DEB","PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS","Yoder, Anne","IL","Northwestern University","anne.yoder@duke.edu","BIO","9985205 \n\nYoder \n\n\n\n\tMadagascar is home to some of the most rare and endangered organisms on Earth. Unfortunately, many of these unique species are under immediate threat of extinction due to a combination of natural and human-induced alteration of the environment (e.g., deforestation).  This career development plan will explore the evolutionary history of Malagasy vertebrates using \"comparative phylogeographic\" methods and will reveal aspects of the recent history of landscape evolution in Madagascar and its impact on the native vertebrates. The results will be significant for understanding the consequences of natural climate change for vertebrate speciation mechanisms and dispersal patterns and of human impact on genetic diversity of forest-dependent taxa.  In addition to revealing the impact of environmental events on vertebrate evolution, the research has the potential to inform conservation policy for one of earth's most ecologically-diverse and threatened environments.  The research is highly collaborative in that each taxon-specific project will be coordinated with the research efforts of an individual Malagasy-student collaborator.  The advantages of this system are two-fold in that it offers research training to Malagasy scientists while also providing the research program with unprecedented access to biological samples from an array of rare and endangered Malagasy vertebrates. A fundamental strength of the research is that it so naturally integrates research with training and education.  The educational link will be further enhanced via a new course in conservation genetics to be offered at the undergraduate level.  The objectives of this course are threefold:  1) to convey an understanding of the evolutionary process and its outcome, 2) to educate students in the basics of evolutionary-genetic and phylogenetic techniques, and their applications for conservation strategy, and 3) to confront the difficult practicalities of instituting conservation measures in the real world.  The Malagasy-student collaborators will participate in the course both as students and as visiting scholars.  It is anticipated that the interaction of international and U. S. students from very different cultural and economic backgrounds will be a revealing experience for both."]
["CAREER: MECHANISTIC BASIS OF AFFINITY ENHANCEMENT","CHE","BIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Wandless, Thomas","CA","Stanford University","wandless@stanford.edu","MPS","This project involves a range of educational activities that will continue to build a solid foundation for further contributions to teaching and research.  The specific focus of the research component is to develop a novel method to improve binding of small organic molecules to their target proteins.  Synthetic chemistry is used to construct bifunctional molecules which are capable of binding to two different proteins, whereupon additional stabilizing interactions may be acquired.  Mechanistic studies are proposed to directly examine the trimeric complexes in solution, including high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.\n\n\n\nWith this CAREER Award the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Program's Organic Dynamics Program supports the integrated research and educational activities of Professor Thomas J. Wandless of Stanford University.  The proposed research will be used to take an observation from Nature (binding of small molecules with proteins to form bioactive complexes) to its recapitulation in the laboratory.  This will provide biological and medicinal chemists with another tool in the ongoing search for biologically active and useful molecules.  Activities are planned that contribute to curriculum development and improved student mentoring, including an outreach program for beginning organic chemistry students to promote improved mentoring and self-directed learning through research."]
["CAREER: Value Function Approximation for Control of Complex Systems","ECS","|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Van Roy, Benjamin","CA","Stanford University","bvr@stanford.edu","ENG","9985229\n\nVan Roy\n\n\n\nThis proposed research is devoted to the development of streamlined and reliable computational methods for value function approximation.  A successful outcome would be approximation algorithms that are widely-accessible and effective in the control of complex systems.\n\n\n\nProposed approximation methods build on work in the area of neuro-dynamic programming which is sometimes called \"Approximate Dynamic Programming\" or \"Reinforcement Learning.\"  Algorithms that will be developed are based on approximate value iteration, temporal-difference, learning, and linear programming.  A method for \"feature selection\" involving the use of value functions associated with simplified problems will also be explored.\n\n\n\nTo promote a pragmatic view of methods under development, and to provide a testbed for evaluation of ideas, two applications have been chosen to play integral roles in the project: dynamic risk management and the control of multiclass queuing networks.\n\n\n\nThe educational component of this project includes a new graduate level course on neurodynamic programming together with a realignment of current courses to incorporate a greater emphasis on computation, to foster an appreciation for the use of approximations when system become more complex, and to promote a unified view of stochastic control problems across many disciplines.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Oxygen & Iron Isotopic Analyses of Bacterially-Produced Iron Oxides in the Laboratory & in Acid Mine Drainage:  A Watershed Approach to Classroom Instruction & Research","EAR","EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC PROGRAM|AFRICA, NEAR EAST, & SO ASIA|INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES|HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES|PALEOCLIMATE PROGRAM","Mandernack, Kevin","CO","Colorado School of Mines","kmandern@mines.edu","GEO","9985234\n\nMandernack\n\n\n\nOxygen and Iron Isotopic Analyses of Bacterially-Produced Fe Oxides in the Laboratory and in Acid Mine Drainage: A Watershed Approach to Classroom Instruction and Research\n\n\n\nBacteria serve as important catalysts in many geochemical cycles, including the oxidation of Fe(II) and Mn(II) in aquatic and terrestrial environments. As catalysts, bacteria influence the mobilization and precipitation of these metals. The formation of insoluble Fe(III) and Mn(III, IV) oxides that result from bacterial oxidation in turn can control the fate of other trace metals, as these oxides can actively adsorb metal cations. In soils and in freshwater and marine nodules, iron and manganese oxides often coexist as ferromanganese deposits. In the case of acid mine drainage (AMD) where pH is low (e.g., <3.0), Mn(II) oxidation is inhibited and bacterial Fe(II) oxidation is favored. Therefore, pure (Mn-free) Fe(III) oxides of bacterial origin are likely to be formed in AMD environments, and in turn can control the fate and transport of other trace metals that are common to AMD waters. The importance of bacteria in the formation of AMD and in the precipitation of iron oxides is well documented. The bacterial influence on Fe(II) oxidation  may be preserved in the oxygen isotopic signatures of the Fe oxide products. Previous results of mine from oxygen isotope analyses of Mn(IV) manganates indicated that the d18O values of chemically and biologically produced manganates may be discerned due to differences in isotopic fractionation and oxidation pathways. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the binding of Mn2+ or Fe2+ to the bacterial cell wall may be the rate limiting step for subsequent oxidation and mineral formation, and thus exert an important kinetic control on the final d18O value of bacterially-produced Fe and Mn oxides. Coexisting Fe and Mn oxides in a freshwater nodule had very different d18O values as a result of different oxidation pathways . Consequently, the d18O values of iron and manganese oxides may independently reflect different types of information (Fe oxides can reflect temperature and the d18O of water, whereas Mn oxides have been shown to reflect bacterial origins by incorporation of molecular O2, and consequently may also serve as paleo-oxygen indicators). The d18O signatures of mixed phases of iron and manganese oxides, therefore, may reflect abundant information for paleo-environmental studies. This will be examined from additional d18O studies of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules that are part of the extensive collection at the Smithsonian Natural History Museum. \n\nAlthough, iron oxides are the most abundant metal oxide in soils and sediments, there has been no systematic laboratory study of the bacterial influences on the d18O signatures of Fe(III) oxides. Therefore, this study will examine the d18O and d 56Fe values of Fe(III) oxides produced from laboratory cultures of Fe2+-oxidizing bacteria, as well as those produced in AMD environments. AMD environments provide a convenient location to study the activities of certain iron oxidizing bacteria that are important in AMD formation and to collect bacterially-produced Fe(III) oxides for stable isotopic anlysis. The close proximity of AMD sites that drain into the Clear Creek watershed near the Colorado School of Mines Campus provides an ideal opportunity for students to participate in this research and be engaged in an active learning experience as part of my ongoing courses in environmental microbiology. The students will receive instruction in microbiological principles that directly apply  to a geochemical problem common in Colorado watersheds. The focus of my classes will shift from a classic lecture-style approach, to hands-on instruction whereby students learn microbiological principles as they apply to a local watershed. This will provide the students with an experiential and highly visual means for learning microbiology while engaged in original research."]
["PECASE: OceanStore: An Oceanic Data Utility for Ubiquitous, Highly-Available, Reliable, and Persistant Storage","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Kubiatowicz, John","CA","University of California-Berkeley","kubitron@cs.berkeley.edu","CSE","This is an NSF CAREER/PECASE grant proposal for research into Extremely Wide-Area StorageSystems (EWASS). Ideally, such storage systems are highly-available from anywhere in the network, exploit automatic replication for disaster recovery, employ strong security by default, and provide performance that is similar to that of local storage under numerous circumstances. Further, such systems are self-repairing, providing automatic serviceability and maintainability.\n\n     The research  envisions a utility model in which users pay a monthly fee to one particular \"utility provider\" while consuming resources from many providers. The utility providers buy and sell capacity amongst themselves in direct analogy to the deregulated electric industry. A demand for capacity or bandwidth in one region of the country would encourage entrepreneurs to bring additional services online. One of the key requirements for such utilities is nomadic data, i.e., data that is free to migrate and be replicated anywhere within the system. Nomadic data lends itself to fluid analogies (data is free to \"flow\" wherever it is needed) and permits flexible exploitation of spatial locality. This property is in contrast to existing distributed systems that confine their data to a small number of physical servers within the network.\n\n     Given the fluid analogy, the EWASS prototype described within this proposal is called the \"Oceanic Data Utility\" or \"OceanStore\".  The project outlines five assumptions for the OceanStore utility:\n\n     (1) The \"Mostly Well-Connected\" Assumption: Most of the network is comprised of high-bandwidth links\n\nand periods of disconnection are brief - even at the leaves.\n\n      (2) The \"Promiscuous Caching\" Assumption: Data can be cached anywhere, anytime.\n\n      (3)The \"Operations-based Interface with Conflict Resolution\" Assumption: Applications utilize an operation-based interface that is oriented toward conflict resolution.\n\n      (4)The \"Untrusted Infrastructure\" Assumption: The infrastructure is fundamentally untrusted. This means that only ciphertext is stored in the network.\n\n      (5)The \"Responsible Party\" Assumption: Each repository of data has at least one responsible party that is charged with knowing where the data actually resides and ensuring that it is properly replicated.\n\n     These assumptions define the OceanStore infrastructure. In constructing this infrastructure, the research proposes to utilize a number of technologies, some of them mature, others relatively new:\n\n      (1)Organization of data as a series of \"pools\" of information. Each pool will include a randomized tree indexing structures (e.g., treaps) connected via Bloom-filter summaries.\n\n      (2)Transaction-like operation structures to describe updates and permit infrastructure-side conflict resolution (similar to Bayou), combined with incremental cryptographic techniques to operate directly on encrypted information in the infrastructure.\n\n      (3)Use of erasure-tolerant coding and replication to enhance the survivability of data.\n\n     (4)  Online Introspection to detect and exploit patterns of access in order to optimize the position of nomadic data.\n\n     The research proposes two distinct phases of OceanStore prototype, one read-only, the other complete with conflict resolution. This phased style of implementation permits incremental testing and analysis of components of the system that are somewhat orthogonal. Further, we propose to use the OceanStore infrastructure to enhance education at Berkeley in several ways. Among them:\n\n      (1) Collaborate with other faculty to combine the persistent storage system with experimental wireless infrastructures in order to exploit online content during class and to provide novel faculty/student interactions at nonstandard venues such as cafes.\n\n      (2) Provide a fundamental infrastructure for undergraduates and graduates exploiting the consequences of ubiquitous computing.\n\n     OceanStore provides a foundation for ubiquitous computing, and as such will doubtless have a major impact on educational paradigms."]
["CAREER:  In-Situ Characterization of Materials","DMR","METALS","Ustundag, Ersan","CA","California Institute of Technology","ustundag@iastate.edu","MPS","9985264\n\nUstundag\n\n\n\nThis grant presents a detailed CAREER plan that will employ the latest improvements in neutron and X-ray diffraction instruments to characterize the response of individual phases in a composite to applied loading. Model specimens are prepared that are essentially fibrous composites, and progress from a single fiber to an array of fibers and finally to a three-dimensional stacking of fibers approaching the geometry of  \"real\" composites. The specimens are loaded under an X-ray or neutron beam to measure the strain response of each phase. By varying applied stress and temperature, crucial phenomena is determined, such as in-situ yield stress, matrix or fiber cracking, interface debonding, evolution of load sharing due to creep in one phase, interactions between neighboring fibers, and evolution of damage zones. The overall macroscopic response of the composite is measured via strain gauges or extensometers attached to its surface. The main goal is to provide reliable mechanical behavior data that will lead to development of constitutive equations that take into account the in-situ behavior of each phase. The education activities include research experience for undergraduate students at Caltech and in national laboratories; new course development that leads to a more balanced Materials Science curriculum at Caltech; and adaptation of advanced computational tools in teaching, especially the use of the Internet in research and education. \n\n%%%\n\nMaterials with complicated microstructures or multiple phases (composites) are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in critical applications such as aerospace structures and engine components. The successful application of these complex materials requires knowledge about the in-situ, co-deformation of each phase. This deformation, however, has not been investigated systematically. In order to develop more sophisticated micromechanics models and to eventually improve the design of composites, detailed information on multiscale deformation behavior of each phase comprising a composite is needed.\n\n***"]
["CAREER: Biomimetic Carbon Dioxide Fixation Reactions","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Caudle, Matthew","AZ","Arizona State University","TCaudle@asu.edu","MPS","This CAREER award in the Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Chemistry program supports research to characterize the mechanism of biotin-dependent carboxylase (BDC) enzymes, by Professor Matthew Caudle of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Arizona State University. This class of enzymes, along with related enzymes, is responsible for the bioconversion of carbon dioxide and carbonates into organic compounds. The strategy employed involves the preparation of Mg(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and other first-row divalent metal complexes functionally similar to BDC enzymes using ligands ranging from simple amido anions to biotin itself. Following synthesis and characterization of these complexes, they will be examined for carbon dioxide uptake, transfer and reaction in the presence of potential organic substrates. The specific chemico-structural features of those complexes which result in carbon dioxide sequestration and carbon-carbon bond formation will be identified.\n\n\n\nThe goal of this research is to develop non-biological chemical compounds that can fix carbon dioxide by analogy to the functioning of  the relevant enzymes. These materials contain metal ions complexed to amino acids and related ligands and will provide new insight into the mechanism of carbon dioxide fixation by biological systems, as well as contribute to the design of synthetic catalysts.  Such catalysts will have considerable environmental and industrial impacts by converting a greenhouse gas into useful substances. There is a strong focus on motivating undergraduates to become involved in research through direct participation in departmental seminars. A significant feature of this effort is a corresponding assessment plan which will evaluate the effectiveness of the program and provide a means for continuous improvement."]
["CAREER: Accessing Shared Objects and Routing in Distributed Environments","CNS","DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS","Richa, Andrea","AZ","Arizona State University","aricha@asu.edu","CSE","The research component of this project focuses on two fundamental\n\ndistributed network problems.  The first problem is that of devising\n\nan efficient method for accessing shared information (objects) in a\n\ndistributed scenario (Problem A); the second problem is probably the\n\nmost fundamental problem that arises in any communication network,\n\nnamely that of devising efficient point-to-point routing protocols\n\n(Problem B).\n\n\n\nMore specifically, the PI proposes to accomplish the following\n\nresearch items:\n\n\n\n- to deliver solutions to Problem A in fixed-connection networks,\n\n  taking into account several important network parameters -- such as\n\n  link congestion, dynamic link costs, and multiple representations of\n\n  objects -- and in cellular and ad-hoc wireless mobile scenarios.\n\n\n\n- to deliver solutions to Problem B in conjunction with Problem A,\n\n  with the aim of minimizing the cost of accessing an object.\n\n\n\n- to deliver solutions to Problem B on its own, in wireless mobile and\n\n  fixed-connection scenarios.\n\n \n\nNot surprisingly, the problem of accessing shared objects and the\n\nrouting problem in distributed environments are strongly related in\n\nmany ways. For example, they are directly related in dynamic\n\nscenarios. Therefore the PI anticipates that studying these two\n\nproblems together in mobile scenarios will help devise better\n\nsolutions for both problems."]
["Career:  Quantitative Studies of Weak Interactions in Aqueous Solution: Anion Binding by Cationic Cyclodextrins","CHE","BIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Smith, Paul","MD","University of Maryland Baltimore County","pjsmith@umbc.edu","MPS","This project has as its goal the integration of research and educational activities.  The research activities involve the determination of thermodynamic binding parameters for a number of biologically important ion-pairing interactions involving ammonium and guanidinium groups.  These determinations will be made in aqueous solution using a series of cationic cyclodextrin derivatives and appropriate anionic guests.  Methods employed for these studies will include titration calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling.\n\n\n\nWith this Award, the Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry  Program supports the research and educational activities of Professor Paul J. Smith of the University of Maryland Baltimore County.  Professor Smith will integrate research and education by involving students in the study of chemical problems that are at the interface between chemistry and biology.  The research exploring the binding of biologically important ions will indeed have important ramifications in biochemistry and in molecular design."]
["CAREER:  Application of Ultrasonic Pulses to MEMS","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Lal, Amit","WI","University of Wisconsin-Madison","lal@ece.cornell.edu","ENG","The proposed technology integrates piezoelectric plates onto MEMS substrates to generate ultrasonic stress pulses incident on surface micromachines. The piezoelectric plate actuators can deliver energy from the bottom of the substrate to surface micromachines, giving three dimensionality to two-dimensional sur-face micromachines. The proposal focuses on using the ultrasonic pulse energy to address two challenges in making MEMS more practical. The first is to de-stick stuck surface micromachines to solve the in-use stiction problem. The second is to actuate hinged surface micromachines to enable massively parallel assembly and actuation of surface micromachines. In order to explore the ultimate limits of the technology, analytical and numerical models of the pulse generation will be developed. These models will be used to design electronic circuits and actuator struc-tures that are efficient couple energy to surface micromachines. The techniques developed will enable interconnect-less actuation of surface micromachines made by any surface micromachine process.\n\n       Realizing that the US industry needs many more MEMS students than can be generated by the US grad-uate programs, and that the MEMS field originated from the microelectronics fabrication community, a plan to assimilate MEMS concepts into core microelectronics courses will be implemented. Assimilation into department core courses in cooperation with non-MEMS faculty will be conducted. The strategy should result in MEMS know-how in all electrical engineers taking microelectronics courses. This massive proliferation of MEMS knowledge in a broad community will allow industrial design teams to use MEMS devices more readily, paving the way for large scale entry of MEMS into everyday technology. A course in BioMEMS focused on fundamentals of chemistry, biology, and fluid mechanics will be developed for electrical engineering students."]
["CAREER: Internet Telephony Services and Mobile Multimedia Services","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Schulzrinne, Henning","NY","Columbia University","hgs@cs.columbia.edu","CSE","The proposed research project is focused on Internet telephony and novel ad-hoc data distribution\n\ntechniques.\n\n     In the area of Internet telephony research, the research proposes to focus on the following topics:\n\n\n\n     Programming Internet telephony services: The research proposes new mechanisms for programming In-ternet telephony services, usable by both end users and service providers.  The mechanisms\n\nare designed to be robust, offer predictable performance and allow a large set of users to\n\nsafely share server resources. The programming facilities are to be enhanced with a graphical\n\nservice creation environment for Internet telephony.\n\n     Feature interaction: The research plans to investigate the problem of feature interaction in Internet telephony, as the feature interaction problem differs significantly from that encountered in traditional\n\ntelephony.\n\n     Collaborative call filtering: The research plans to design, implement and analyze a system that allows Internet users to collaborate in filtering undesirable calls, based on group preferences.  This\n\navoids the current reliance on unlisted phone numbers and answering machines for call filtering.\n\n     Scaling Resource Reservation: Particularly for the large number of small flows anticipated for\n\nInternet telephony, associated with their stringent delay and loss requirements, scaling resource\n\nreservations is of vital importance.  The research proposes to investigate the performance of two\n\nnew scaling mechanisms, sink-tree reservations as part of the Border Gateway Reservation\n\nProtocol (BGRP) and partial reservations.\n\n     Performance prediction: The research plans to investigate simple statistical characterizations that predict\n\nthe performance of a variety of standard forward error correction and playout delay algorithms\n\nfor packet voice.\n\n     911 services: Internet telephony offers the opportunity to significantly enhance emergency call\n\nservices compared to existing mechanisms.  The research plans to investigate how to reliably identify\n\nusers and grant temporary access to personal data to medical personnel, without having to\n\nstore medical data in centralized locations.\n\n     Mobility: The research proposes to investigate application-layer mobility mechanisms to complement traditional IP-layer mobility, potentially affording greater security and faster hand-off, with no\n\nnetwork infrastructure modifications required.\n\n     In addition, the research proposes a new data and media distribution system, e*meme, that allows data to\n\npropagate in ad-hoc networks where network nodes are only sporadically connected to the wide-area\n\nnetwork, as is the case in areas where wireless connectivity is spotty.  The research plans to investigate\n\nefficient, popularity-based cache replication algorithms, taking into account the particular considerations\n\nof power- and storage-limited mobile computers."]
["CAREER: A Mechanism for Rapid Soil-water Transport","EAR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|AMERICAS PROGRAM|INSTRUMENTATION & FACILITIES|GLOBAL CHANGE","Torres, Raymond","SC","University of South Carolina at Columbia","torres@geol.sc.edu","GEO","9985345\n\nTorres\n\n\n\nSoil with highly non-linear water retention or conductivity functions may exhibit both rapid and slow soil-water advection processes.  I hypothesize that a near-zero threshold pressure head separates a non-linear unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function into regions where  constant and where  hydraulic conductivity and  soil-water content pressure head).  I propose that high intensity bursts of rainfall upon a soil at or near the threshold pressure head will produce a subtle but rapidly advancing pressure wave through the soil profile.  The pressure wave will cause a large increase in K, the release of stored soil-water, and the rapid development of high pore pressures.  Such a \"pressure wave-release mechanism\" may lead to water potential conditions favoring flow into non-capillary sized pores (macropores).  Hence, the \"pressure wave-release hypothesis\" may describe conditions that dictate when soil macropores \"switch on\".  The combined effects of water transported by pressure wave-release and  the initiation of macropore flow may lead to the rapid development of high pore pressures and slope instability.  I will conduct theoretical, laboratory and field experiments to investigate the pressure wave-release hypothesis and its effect on rates of water advection and pore pressure development.\n\n\n\nThe educational initiatives herein directly link experimentation with observation, and they create a unique opportunity for students to acquire \"hand on\" hydrology experience in a field laboratory. Easy to use instrumentation and analyses will facilitate undergraduate research on 1) rainfall-runoff processes and 2) subsurface path length effects on buffering capacity of an urbanized riparian corridor.  Approximately 20 faculty expressed their support for the proposed research-education facility; consequently, the field hydrology laboratory can become an integral part of thousands of students' education each year."]
["CAREER: Exploring The Mechanisms Of Organic Surface Modification Processes","CHE","WESTERN EUROPE PROGRAM|ELECTROCHEMISTRY & SURFACE CHE","Fairbrother, Howard","MD","Johns Hopkins University","howardf@jhu.edu","MPS","This CAREER award to Professor Howard Fairbrother of Johns Hopkins University is supported by the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program in the Chemistry Division. The primary research objective is to study the behavior of self assembled monolayers and polyethylene surfaces when they are subjected to x-ray irradiation, and ion bombardment under ultra-high vacuum conditions.  A molecular level understanding of the surface modification processes will be developed. Results from these studies will provide a detailed picture of the evolving interface during modification. Such information is important in the design of future treatment strategies and to the emerging field of polymer surface engineering.  The educational aspect of this program has two main components.  One is to use atomic force microscopy as a teaching tool in  the University's physical chemistry lab and in outreach programs. The other is to develop experimental physical chemistry modules for inclusion on the University's web site.   \n\n\n\nThis project  focuses on how x-rays, ions, and particles interact with organic surfaces to effect chemical transformations. The resulting knowledge of the changing surface will aid in the design of future surface treatment strategies and will be important to the emerging field of polymer surface engineering."]
["CAREER: Structure Formation and Support by Magnetized, Supersonic Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium and Star-Forming Regions","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Mac Low, Mordecai-Mark","NY","American Museum Natural History","mordecai@amnh.org","MPS","AST-9985392\n\nMAC LOW\n\n\n\nThe appointment of Dr. Mordecai-Mark Mac Low to a position as Assistant Curator of Astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History presents an extraordinary opportunity to combine public education using the assets of a state-of-the-art planetarium with fundamental research on the birth of stars and the structure of the interstellar gas.  Stars are formed from huge clouds of interstellar gas that collapse under the force of their own gravity.  The gas observed in our own and other galaxies would all collapse into stars in a small fraction of the lifetimes of the galaxies if it were not somehow supported.  Supersonic random motions (turbulence) are observed in the interstellar gas, and in the denser star-forming clouds observed in that gas.  These supersonic motions appear to support the clouds against immediate collapse, yet shock waves from these supersonic motions sweep gas up into extremely dense sheets and filaments.  In the interstellar gas, these dense regions may be the progenitors of the star-forming clouds, while within the clouds, these regions appear to evolve into the even denser cores in which the very youngest stars are observed.  Understanding how the balance between support and collapse caused by the supersonic motion works will open the way to understanding the evolution of star-forming galaxies and the origins of stars including our own Sun\n\n\n\nDr. Mac Low is computing three-dimensional models of supersonic turbulence in magnetized gas in order to study how star-forming clouds are swept up in the interstellar gas and how protostellar cores are in turn swept up in the clouds.  He includes realistic descriptions of the supernova explosions and protostellar outflows that drive the supersonic motions in the gas, as well as the heating and cooling of the gas.  He also models how ionizing radiation is transferred through the modeled density structure to understand how the gas in our own and other galaxy is ionized at enormous distances from hot stars, as well as how molecular clouds emit and are radiatively cooled.  The Rose Center for Earth and Space Sciences at the Museum includes two permanent exhibition halls---the Hall of the Universe and the Hall of Planet Earth---and a new Hayden Planetarium.  The new Planetarium has both a Zeiss star projector incorporating the latest developments in analog projection technology, and a Digital Dome that allows the projection of nine megapixels of computer-generated graphics in real time.  Dr. Mac Low incorporates the results of his research, as well as his general knowledge of modern astrophysics, into the Space Shows produced for the Planetarium, into other exhibits in the Planetarium and the Hall of the Universe, and into their associated web sites.  He also works with pre-college teachers to incorporate the spirit and results of modern research into their teaching.\n\n\n\nThis project is supported by funds from the Division of Astronomical Sciences.\n\n***"]
["CAREER:  Continuum Modeling of Sintering","DMI","WESTERN EUROPE PROGRAM|CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE PROGR|MATERIALS PROCESSING & MANUFCT","Olevsky, Eugene","CA","San Diego State University Foundation","olevsky@kahuna.sdsu.edu","ENG","Sintering is an important technological process of powder and porous material consolidation used in various fields of manufacturing ranging from electronic circuit production to large-scale tooling.  The continuum approach enables prediction of shape distortions and density distributions under sintering which are critical in modeling net-shape processing of powder materials including both conventional powder thermoprocessing and novel areas such as laser, microwave, and plasma sintering.  Thereby one of the most important problems of powder treatment - dimension control - can be successfully resolved.  A considerable amount of research activity is presently taking place in this area but there is a lack of effort in the following directions which will be the focus of the present research:  (1) modeling at different hierarchical physical scales taking into consideration material micro-structure characteristics in continuum models of sintering; (2) taking into account additional factors such as phase transformations; (3) prediction of sintering stability and  development of sintering damage criteria.\n\n\n\nThe educational part of the career program incorporates the development of undergraduate and graduate courses including the preparation of a textbook on physics and mechanics of sintering which will combine theoretical concepts developed in three major schools (U.S., Eastern and Western European) of science of sintering."]
["CAREER: Liquid Crystal Imprinting","CHE","MATERIALS SYNTHESIS & PROCESSN","Patrick, David","WA","Western Washington University","patrick@chem.wwu.edu","MPS","This Faculty Early Career Development Program award to Dr. David Patrick of Western Washington University is supported by the Advanced Materials and Processing Program in the Chemistry Division.  The focus of the research will be the use of thermotrophic liquid crystal solvents to prepare organic thin films with tailored and oriented building blocks.  This liquid crystal imprinting will also be used to prepare two component re-writable composite films with tailored alignments of building blocks in the films. The technology has potential applications in re-writable films controlled by lasers, and magnetic and electric fields.  Part of the educational plan is to revise and modernize undergraduate analytical chemistry curriculum with active participation of selected undergraduate students in part time research during the academic year and full time during the summer. Students will have opportunity to publish and present their findings.\n\n\n\nThin films with ordered and oriented functional groups will be prepared and characterized under this research. These materials with electrooptic and thermal properties will have applications in re-writable memory and storage devices.  In addition, the interdisciplinary approaches of the project will provide knowledge and training to undergraduate students from the undergraduate university in materials synthesis, processing and applications."]
["CAREER Proposal: Fundamental Algorithmic, Architectural and Economic Issues in Designing High Speed QoS-capable Data Networks","CNS","NETWORKING RESEARCH","Prabhakar, Balaji","CA","Stanford University","balaji@stanford.edu","CSE","A broad research program is outlined for investigating fundamental issues arising in the design of high speed, quality-of-service (QoS) capable data networks. Several key problems are identified within an over all architectural framework, similar to that considered by the IETF Working Group on Differentiated Services (DIFFSERV) for the Next Generation Internet (NGI). The research program consists of technological and economic components, each containing several problems that confront the research community.\n\n     The essential issue of providing differentiated QoS to individual users is the fair allocation of network resources among the users. The network can accomplish this by employing packet scheduling mechanisms like Weighted Fair Queueing (WFQ) at the switching nodes.  It has been shown that these schemes effectively erect bandwidth firewalls between the flows of different users, thus guaranteeing that the QoS of one flow is not at the mercy of other flows. But schemes like WFQ suffer from the curse of dimensionality: They require switches/routers to maintain flow state information for distinguishing the packets of individual flows. This renders them too complex to be used in large high speed networks.\n\n     Alternatively, if users can be incentivised to condition their flows to prescribed parameters, then the network can be spared the burden of having to erect bandwidth firewalls. This considerably reduces the complexity of router design. Using economic thinking researchers argue that the requisite incentive can be provided by charging users for the damage caused to other traffics by their ill-conditioned flows. But the feasibility of charging schemes depends on their implementability: Although they reduce the cost of routers, they require the installation of devices for monitoring each flow and for producing a charge accordingly.\n\n     This research program taps into both these interrelated currents and takes a unified\n\napproach. The central questions addressed are: (i) Can implementationally simple router\n\nmechanisms be designed for providing QoS guarantees to individual flows? (ii) Can simple and effective charging mechanisms be devised for incentivising users to condition their flows? Preliminary work conducted by the proposer gives an encouraging answer to these questions, and suggests a general approach to the problem of providing QoS with minimal implementation overhead. The overall program involves devising algorithms, considering architectural issues, analyzing mathematical models, and using game theoretic and economic ideas. The robustness of solutions will be tested through extensive simulation of a wide range of network topologies and parameter values. The complexity of implementing them will be explored through simulation and possibly through prototype design.\n\n     The education plan consists of developing an advanced networking course which aims to closely integrate theory and practice, developing an undergraduate course in Networking over the next two years, initiating cross-disciplinary education and research activities, and involving undergraduate and graduate students in research."]
["CAREER: An Integrated Framework for Data-Adaptive Representations and Algorithms in Visual Computing","IIS","INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE MANAGE|ROBOTICS","Kakadiaris, Ioannis","TX","University of Houston","ioannisk@uh.edu","CSE","This is the first year funding of a four-year continuing award. The goal of this CAREER project is to develop the theoretical framework, algorithms, and computational tools for improved data representation, analysis, and visualization. To that end, we propose to develop data-adaptive algorithms for both low-level signal processing tasks (e.g., interpolation) and high-level data interrogation tasks. For the high-level tasks, we propose to develop hybrid representations for volumetric data (multiresolution volumetric deformable models) that will be useful for both detection and simulation. The proposed representations and algorithms will be tested on 3D MR data (breast cancer detection and surgery planning) and seismic data (detection of sequence stratigraphy derived objects). The educational component seeks to address some important challenges in the effective teaching and training of students in the Visual Computing field. In particular, the educational goals of this CAREER plan are the following: (1) to promote an interdisciplinary Visual Computing education at the University of Houston by fostering cross-departmental teaching activities, (ii) to provide a practitioner's perspective in Visual Computing education and to address \"real-world\" problems in the Visual Computing Curriculum, and (iv) to attract incoming students into Visual Computing and to motivate high-school students towards the sciences. A project on a prototype minimal invasive heart surgery simulator will be used as a demonstration paradigm for the interdisciplinary teaching of Visual Computing. Domain expertise and domain data will be provided through close collaborations with the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Veritas Exploration Services."]
["CAREER:  BioPolymer Physics-Understanding Protein Conformational Change","MCB","CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS|MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS|CELLULAR ORGANIZATION|CELLULAR SYSTEMS","Fygenson, Deborah","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","deborah@physics.ucsb.edu","BIO","The project will measure structural and dynamical properties of aggregates of the protein tubulin. These measurements will test the current understanding of microtubule dynamic instability, improve the ability to discriminate between competing models of the conformational change of tubulin and, within those models, refine the description of the structure-function relationship. This approach is inspired by the hypothesis that GTP-hydrolysis results in the unfolding of a portion of the beta-monomer of the tubulin dimer into a random-coil. This hypothesis is part of a unique, physical approach to understanding protein design. This radical new approach could have profound impact. In the context of tubulin, the hypothesis, if supported, will inform proposed mechanisms for how various proteins and drugs interact with tubulin to affect the stability of its aggregates. More broadly, evidence of the proposed 'simple' conformational change will stimulate novel applications of polymer physics to protein design, which might elucidate the engineering of single molecule machines. One set of experiments will involve varying assembly conditions and measuring structural differences among the resulting tubulin aggregates. Parameters to be varied include tubulin concentration, proportion of non-hydrolyzable GTP analog, and concentration of non-specific solutes (e.g. glycerol) which, by altering the solvation of polypeptides, predictably change the effective size of a random coil. Structural measurements will be made using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Another set of experiments will involve observing single microtubules by video-enhanced DIC microscopy and characterizing their dynamic instability as a function of similar parameters. The focus will be on microtubule disassembly and the distribution of lengths lost. The innovation is to observe disassembly in microtubules that were intentionally grown to very long lengths under one set of solution conditions and then switched to the solution conditions of interest and/or severed in situ, so as to optimize the chances of observing a transition to the growing state. These experiments are biochemically simple, but technically complex. Their interpretation will demand quantitative analysis and rigorous physical modeling. Thus, they are ideally suited for physics students at both the graduate and undergraduate level, providing a concrete and tested path for introducing them to the basics of biochemistry and cell biology. A final experiment will involve directly engineering a variant of tubulin to have a smaller random-coil domain. It offers a well-motivated introduction to the powerful techniques of molecular biology for a student with interdisciplinary undergraduate training. As a result, students involved in this educational program will be well prepared to appreciate and contribute to the unfolding \"biotech\" renaissance. Meanwhile, their experience will be vital in formalizing an interdisciplinary education along such lines, including a minor in biophysics and a graduate program in bioengineering and physics. Educational aspects of this proposal that are not directly related to the research plan, are also designed to involve students in hands-on discovery. The central aim of the educational component of this project will be to place students at the limits of their knowledge in an environment where they can learn by doing."]
["CAREER: Plasma and Surface Chemistry in Depositing and Etching Metal Oxides","CTS","COMBUSTION AND PLASMA SYSTEMS","Chang, Jane","CA","University of California-Los Angeles","jpchang@seas.ucla.edu","ENG","Understanding of complex plasma-chemical processes has enabled many technological breakthroughs for thin-film deposition, etching, surface cleaning, and surface modification in silicon-based microelectronic systems.  The objective of this CAREER effort is to extend plasma processing technology to metal oxides, a nonsilicon class of dielectric materials, by elucidating the gas-phase and surface reaction mechanisms and the origins of electronic defects in metal-oxide thin films and their effects on the conduction mechanisms of these films.  Plasma diagnostic and surface analytical techniques are used to obtain quantitative information on plasma chemistry, identify reaction intermediates, and determine surface reaction-rate coefficients needed to model and control deposition and etching processes under real processing conditions.  Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to determine local surface electronic structure and point defects during initial growth of the ultrathin dielectrics.\n\n\n\nAn undergraduate semiconductor manufacturing option is to be established featuring a Semiconductor Manufacturing and Micro-Fabrication Laboratory to give chemical engineering students hands-on experience in fabricating and testing miniature electronic devices and micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS)."]
["CAREER: Decadal Variability in the Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans -An Interdisciplinary Pathway for Global Change Education and Research","ATM","PALEOCLIMATE PROGRAM","Cole, Julia","AZ","University of Arizona","jcole@geo.arizona.edu","GEO","The teaching and research program for this CAREER award is a continuum from basic education through leading-edge research, involving students at every step. A new educational initiative aims to expand the pipeline of talented students entering the field by developing a new web-based educational resource for high-school teaching of global change science and linking secondary school classrooms with university researchers. Research on decadal climate variability will incorporate undergraduate and graduate participation. Classroom teaching will cover diverse aspects of global change at all levels (from introductory undergraduate through advanced graduate seminars) with a multidisciplinary approach. The research component aims to characterize decadal variability in the tropical Indian and Pacific Ocean, building on new results that indicate a dominant and far-reaching role for the tropical Pacific even at this time scale. Using multiple geochemical tracers in long-lived coral skeletons, this project will expand the record of variability in the central Pacific and western Indian Oceans. Coral records from the central Pacific clearly record the multiple time scales of variability in this region: they offer reconstructions of ENSO that are comparable in quality to instrumental data, and they reveal decadal variability that is coherent with other records in the tropics. This project will expand on previous work by recovering longer cores from this key region and by developing reconstructions from multiple tracers that allow the separation of salinity (rainfall) and temperature variance. Additional coring in the western Indian Ocean will extend the record of variance in that region both spatially and temporally, allowing characterization of the extent to which regional variance is driven by Pacific versus more regional (e.g. monsoonal) processes."]
["CAREER:  The Interstellar Disk-Halo Connection in Edge-on Galaxies - Bringing Research to a Large Audience","AST","SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Rand, Richard","NM","University of New Mexico","rjr@phys.unm.edu","MPS","AST-9986113\n\nRand\n\nIn recent years it has been realized that the Interstellar Medium (ISM) and galaxy evolution depend pivotally on the cycling of gas between a galaxy's disk and halo. Recent discoveries of huge, vertically extended coherent structures in the ISM are called superbubbles and chimneys.   The results from observations of thick layers of diffuse gas have enabled scientists to begin to form a picture of how stars energize and shape the ISM, and how, through these processes, the diffuse gas affects the future evolution of a galaxy. This \"disk-halo connection\" is therefore critical for star formation feedback on the ISM, chemical evolution, and possibly the escape of gas from galaxies and the production of large gaseous halos responsible for QSO metal absorption line systems.\n\n\n\nA feature of the ISM, which is now giving us a strong handle on the disk-halo connection, is the Diffuse Ionized Gas (DIG). In the Milky Way Galaxy, this vertically extended medium is known as the Reynolds layer. While it is generally accepted that the great thickness of the Reynolds layer is probably due to processes such as chimneys, we still have only a rudimentary understanding of (a) the extent of the layer and variations thereof, (b) sources of ionization and heating, (c) the kinematics of the gas far from the plane, and (d) the relation of other thick gaseous layers to the Reynolds layer and the disk-halo connection.   For several reasons, many ISM issues are better addressed through studies of external galaxies, which provide a synoptic view of the emission. The relatively new area of DIG in edge-on spirals, where recent efforts have been focused, has given us a powerful tool for understanding the disk-halo connection and the ISM in general. Through imaging of edge on galaxies we are now beginning to obtain information on the structure of DIG layers and their relation to other thick gaseous layers and star formation activity. The DIG is found to be an excellent tracer of candidate chimneys. Spectroscopy of DIG layers is now being used to study the ionization, heating, kinematics and vertical extent at faint levels of this phase. Hence, such observations have great potential to address the four issues listed above. The goal of this research effort is to expand greatly these DIG observations using sensitive spectroscopy and new imaging possibilities, and to carry out searches for neutral hydrogen (HI) and cosmic ray halos. In this way it is hoped to learn about how the disk-halo connection operates in detail, as input into our larger understanding of galaxy evolution.\n\n\n\nInformation on the research that is being carried out will be brought to a large audience as part of an effort to improve scientific awareness and literacy.  An innovative project at the University of New Mexico (UNM), called LodeStar, combines education and outreach with information on current forefront research. LodeStar will soon open an Astronomy Science Center in Albuquerque, thus providing the infrastructure for bringing research results to the public. Through a theme called \"Galaxies Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum\", the interpretations and explanations of the results of this research, and results from the UNM astronomy group in general, will be used to develop programs to educate the general public and K-12 school classes about the physics of galaxies, the methods of astronomy, and the importance of astronomical research in their own State.  Crucially, ethnic groups underrepresented in science, but with a strong presence in New Mexico, will be reached through these efforts.  Thus the awareness of opportunities to study science at all levels will be increased.   Other roles for LodeStar will be developed which will lead to effective public outreach projects. \n\n***"]
["CAREER:  African American Mothers' School Involvement at the Kindergarten Transition","BCS","CHILD LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT","Rowley, Stephanie","NC","University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","srowley@umich.edu","SBE","Award Abstract\n\nPI:  Rowley\n\n\n\nCAREER:  African American Mothers' School Involvement at the \n\nKindergarten Transition\n\n\n\nAs the number of people from ethnic minority backgrounds in the United States is rapidly increasing, it is important that researchers improve the research methods used to address development in minority children.  Much of the current research on ethnic minority children is fraught with theoretical, methodological, and conceptual problems.  Some issues that are prevalent in current studies are the equation of race and social class, the overuse of designs that compare people of color with Whites, and the negative focus on social class as an explanation for school failure. This project will address these issues through a research project, the teaching of a graduate course on research methods with minorities, and the training and mentoring of African-American undergraduate students with minimal access to research opportunities. \n\n\n\nFor the research project, one hundred African-American children and their mothers will be followed from just before kindergarten begins through the end of their second grade year.  The study will employ a multi-method, longitudinal strategy to examine the way that African-American mothers' memories of school experiences, current beliefs about school, sense of parenting efficacy, racial identity, perceptions of discrimination, and interactions with their children influence that child's social and academic adjustment to kindergarten and beyond by way of mothers' involvement in the child's schooling.  It is assumed that mothers' memories of their experiences in school will frame the way they socialize their children for school, the activities they engage in, the discussions they share, and their modeling of school-related behaviors and attitudes.  There will be considerable emphasis placed on the mothers' experiences as African Americans, including their perceptions of discrimination occurring currently and when they were in school.  The study is aimed at further examining the strong relationship between social class and children's school adjustment and at further explicating the complex beginnings of home-school interactions.  \n\n\n\nThe teaching aspect of the project will be fully integrated with the research program and entails a mentoring component and a curriculum development component.  For the mentoring component, six undergraduate students, two from the host institution and four from North Carolina Central University, a local Historically Black University (HBU), will be involved in each stage of the research process, much like graduate students.  For the curriculum development component, the principal investigator will design and teach a graduate level course on research methods with populations of color."]
["CAREER:  Structure/Property Relationships for Dendritic     Macromolecules Containing Stereogenic Centers","DMR","POLYMERS|SOLID-STATE CHEMSTRY & POLYMRS","McGrath, Dominic","AZ","University of Arizona","mcgrath@u.arizona.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER: Mixing and Segregation in Single and Multi-         Component Assemblies of Granular Material Subject to        Vibration","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Wassgren, Carl","IN","Purdue Research Foundation","wassgren@purdue.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER: Testing of Integrated Passive Components and        Interconnects in MCM Substrates","CCF","PROTOTYPING TOOLS & METH PROGR|DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Kim, Bruce","MI","Michigan State University","bruce.kim@ua.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  Mathematical Optimization for Inductive            Machine Learning","IIS","ARTIFICIAL INTELL & COGNIT SCI","Street, W. Nick","IA","University of Iowa","nick-street@uiowa.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER: Geometric Methods for Numerical Computing: Graph    Partitioning, Mesh Generation and Parallel Computation","CCF","CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES|NUMERIC, SYMBOLIC & GEO COMPUT","Teng, Shanghua","IL","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","steng@cs.bu.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  Sensor Assimilation for Micromanipulation","IIS","ROBOTICS","Nelson, Bradley","MN","University of Minnesota-Twin Cities","nelson@me.umn.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  MEMS for the Masses","CCF","PROTOTYPING TOOLS & METH PROGR|MICROELECTROMECHANICAL RSCH","Pister, K","CA","University of California-Berkeley","pister@robotics.EECS.Berkeley.EDU","CSE"]
["CAREER: Calbindin D28k: A Synthetic Peptide Approach","CHE","UNIMOLECULAR PROCESSES","Akerfeldt, Karin","PA","Haverford College","kakerfel@haverford.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER: An Infrastructure in Support of Configurable,       Consistent, Interactive Computational Steering","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Kraemer, Eileen","GA","University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc","eileen@cs.uga.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  An Energy-Subtraction Compton Scatter Camera for   Medical Imaging","BES","BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING|COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS","Valentine, John","GA","Georgia Tech Research Corporation - GA Institute of Technology","john.valentine@me.gatech.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  Computer Aided Design Tools for Fault-Tolerant     and Highly-Reliable Scalable VLSI Systems","CCF","DES AUTO FOR MICRO & NANO SYS","Karri, Ramesh","NY","Polytechnic University of New York","ramesh@india.poly.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER: Teaching through Research: Plume-Ridge Interactions in the Galapagos as Focus of an Integrated InterdisciplinaryChemistry Curricular Initiative","CHE","SYNTHETIC INORGANIC|PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY","Harpp, Karen","NY","Colgate University","kharpp@mail.colgate.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER: Lossless, Near-Lossless and Lossy Plus              Lossless Image Compression","CCF","SIGNAL PROCESSING SYS PROGRAM|COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH|CISE RESEARCH RESOURCES","Memon, Nasir","NY","Polytechnic University of New York","memon@poly.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  Living Ring-Opening Polymerization:  A New Route   to Emissive Materials","DMR","POLYMERS","Bazan, Guillermo","CA","University of California-Santa Barbara","bazan@chem.ucsb.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER: Development of a Mobile Architecture                (Mobi-Arch)","CNS","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|NETWORKING RESEARCH","Camp, Tracy","CO","Colorado School of Mines","tcamp@mines.edu","CSE"]
["Mathematical Fluid Dynamics and Education Turbulent         Transport, Combustion, and Compressible Convection","DMS","APPLIED MATHEMATICS","McLaughlin, Richard","NC","University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","rmm@amath.unc.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER:  A Research and Educational Career Program:         Improving Gas Turbine Technology and Increasing the Number  of Women in Engineering","CTS","THERMAL TRANSPORT & THERM PROC","Thole, Karen","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","thole@vt.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  Principled Foundations for Programming with Objects","CCF","SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND LANGU","Pierce, Benjamin","PA","University of Pennsylvania","bcpierce@cis.upenn.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER: Integration of Biological and Engineering           Inspiration into the Classroom Experience and the Design of Chemical Sensing Microsystems","ECS","ELECT, PHOTONICS, & DEVICE TEC","Wilson, Denise","WA","University of Washington","wilson@ee.washington.edu","ENG"]
["The Effect of Hierarchical Cluster Formation on Galaxy      Evolution","AST","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|SPECIAL PROGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY","Henriksen, Mark","MD","University of Maryland Baltimore County","henrikse@umbc.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER: The Role of Ecosystem Rooting Depth in Predicting   Global Carbon and Water Fluxes","DEB","ECOSYSTEM STUDIES","Jackson, Robert","NC","Duke University","jackson@duke.edu","BIO"]
["CAREER:  Building a Bridge Between Research and Education in Materials Chemistry: A Career Development Plan","DMR","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|SOLID-STATE CHEMISTRY","Huang, Songping","OH","Kent State University","shuang1@kent.edu","MPS"]
["Career:  Properties of Typical Computable Languages","CCF","THEORY OF COMPUTING","Fenner, Stephen","SC","University of South Carolina at Columbia","fenner@cse.sc.edu","CSE"]
["CAREER:  Design of Bioceramics for Controlled Protein Adsorption and Biological Activity","DMR","CERAMICS","Burkett, Sandra","MA","Amherst College","slburkett@amherst.edu","MPS"]
["PECASE:  Effects of Morphology and Water Velocity on Mass   Transfer:  A Partnership in Research and Education","OCE","EDUCATION/HUMAN RESOURCES,OCE|BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY","Thomas, Florence","FL","University of South Florida","fthomas@cas.usf.edu","GEO"]
["CAREER: An Investigation of Protein Dimer Interactions by   Exploiting the Unique Properties of Chemokines","MCB","MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS","LiWang, Patricia","TX","Texas A&M Research Foundation","pliwang@tamu.edu","BIO"]
["CAREER: Developing an Understanding of Asymmetric Induction:The Use of Inorganic Titanium Bissulfonamido Based Complexesin Asymmetric Catalysis","CHE","AMERICAS PROGRAM|SYNTHETIC INORGANIC","Walsh, Patrick","PA","University of Pennsylvania","pwalsh@sas.upenn.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER:  Abiotic Iron Redox Processes in the Environment from Molecules and Nanosize Clusters to the Rusting of the Titanic","BES","OCEAN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS|ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Carraway, Elizabeth","SC","Clemson University","ecarraw@clemson.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  Funtional and Structural Evolution of              Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone","IOB","NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY","Tsai, Pei-San","CO","University of Colorado at Boulder","Pei-San.Tsai@colorado.edu","BIO"]
["CAREER: New Porous inorganic Materials Prepared from Old    Solids","CHE","MATERIALS SYNTHESIS & PROCESSN","Yaghi, Omar","MI","University of Michigan Ann Arbor","oyaghi@umich.edu","MPS"]
["Career Program:  New Approaches of Holographic Particle     Velocimetry for Studying Turbulence","CTS","PARTICULATE &MULTIPHASE PROCES","Meng, Hui","NY","SUNY at Buffalo","huimeng@eng.buffalo.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER: Neural Network-Based Adaptive Critic Designs for Broadband Network Traffic Control","ECS","RESEARCH/TESTBEDS|CONTROL, NETWORKS, & COMP INTE","Liu, Derong","IL","University of Illinois at Chicago","dliu@ece.uic.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  Novel Materials Based on Metal-Terpyridyl Building Blocks","CHE","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|METHODOLOGY|OFFICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY AC","Mohler, Debra","GA","Emory University","dmohler@emory.edu","MPS"]
["CAREER:  Integrated Production System Operations and Facility Layout Decisions","DMI","EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES|PRODUCTION SYSTEMS","Meller, Russell","VA","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","rmeller@uark.edu","ENG"]
["CAREER:  Communicating with Chaos","PHY","MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS","Lai, Ying-Cheng","AZ","Arizona State University","yclai@chaos1.la.asu.edu","MPS"]