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["Petrology Knowledge Survey -- this is an ungraded measure of your learning over the semester"]
[null,null,"A: you have no idea how to answer the question. B: you think you could get partial credit now, or you know where to look up the correct answer quickly. C: you can answer the question right now with confidence."]
["Bloom's Taxonomy:"]
["1 = knowledge/remembering   (describe, list, state, label, identify, recall)"]
["2 = understanding   (explain, summarize, interpret, predict, paraphrase, make sense of)"]
["3 = applying   (use, determine, classify, calculate, draw, demonstrate, solve)"]
["4 = analysing   (compare, characterize, illustrate, differentiate, deduce)"]
["5 = synthesizing   (design, formulate, integrate, propose, reorganize, substitute)"]
["6 = evaluating   (appraise, assess, critique, evaluate, interpret, predict, defend, infer)"]
[]
[null,"Bloom's level","A","B","C"]
[null,null,"no conf","50% conf","hi conf"]
["Optical mineralogy and petrography (15 questions)"]
["Describe the optical properties that can be observed in plane polarized light (PPL) to help identify an unknown mineral.",1]
["Describe the optical properties that can be observed in crossed polarized light (XN) to help identify an unknown mineral.",1]
["You look at a thin section of a pelitic rock and notice that it does not contain muscovite. What other mineral should you immediately look for?",1]
["Explain why orthorhombic minerals have parallel extinction, whereas monoclinic minerals have inclined extinction. ",2]
["Explain why calcite exhibits double refraction, and how this phenomenon is related to the birefringence of calcite.",2]
["Phenocrysts are generally interpreted to have started crystallizing before groundmass material in igneous rocks. Use your observations in several metamorphic thin sections to show that crystal size relationships cannot be interpreted in the same way in metamorphic rocks, i.e., porphyroblasts do not necessarily grow before matrix minerals. ",3]
["Use the interference color chart to determine the birefringence of olivine.",3]
["Use the inclusion patterns in a metamorphic garnet to determine whether garnet growth was pre-, syn- or post-kinematic.",3]
["Illustrate the textural relationships that you would expect to see developed between olivine and orthopyroxene in a basalt that crystallized at low pressure vs. one that crystallized at significant depth.",4]
["You look at a thin section of a plutonic rock and notice that the plagioclase shows oscillatory zoning. What can you deduce about processes that were occurring in the magma chamber while plagioclase was crystallizing?",4]
["Compare the composition of olivine that you determine in a specific thin section using birefringence with the value you determine from estimating 2V. Are the values the same? If not, what are possible source of uncertainty in your measurements? How could you minimize these uncertainties?","4/5"]
["Using your own observations (not Nesse's book), compare and contrast the optical properties of olivine and clinopyroxene, and devise a flow chart to distinguish between the two minerals in thin section.",5]
["You are studying the metamorphic histories of schists located on opposite sides of a major fault. Propose a series of petrographic criteria that you could use to determine whether metamorphism affected the region before or after movement on the fault. ",5]
["You observe a garnet rimmed by a corona of cordierite in a pelitic rock. How could you interpret this texture? What other minerals would you look for in thin section, and how would you use them to test your interpretation?",6]
["You collect a basalt from the Rio Puerco volcanic necks and find that it contains several mantle xenoliths. How can you use these xenoliths to place constraints on (a) the depth at which melting occurred, and (b) the ascent rate of the basalt from the source region to the surface of the earth? Be sure to give specifics about what you would analyze or measure and any other data you would need, as well as how you would use these data.",6]
[]
["Phase diagrams, phase rule, and reactions (18 questions)"]
["State the Gibbs Phase Rule for a system in which both temperature and pressure can change.",1]
["What is a chemical component, and how does it differ from a phase?",1]
["What is meant by the term \"incongruent melting\"?",1]
["Give a definition of the term \"liquidus\".",1]
["What is the significance of a eutectic point on an igneous phase diagram?",2]
["Explain why most rocks undergo partial melting over a temperature interval rather than melting completely at a fixed temperature",2]
["Summarize the difference between discontinuous and continuous reactions in terms of thermodynamic variance and the features that you might observe in thin section.",2]
["There is complete solid solution in the olivine series between forsterite and fayalite. Based on this observation, predict whether the Fo-Fa phase diagram will have a binary loop or will have a eutectic point.",2]
["Describe the difference between a eutectic reaction and a peritectic reaction on an igneous phase diagram.",2]
["Explain how the Clapeyron equation can be used to determine whether a particular metamorphic reaction will make a better geothermometer or geobarometer.",2]
["Use the Gibbs Phase Rule to calculate the variance of a 7-phase rock in a 6-component system.",3]
["Use an AFM diagram to determine the generalized reaction that occurs between garnet, chlorite, biotite, and staurolite in pelitic schists.",3]
["Use Le Chatelier's Principle to deduce the direction the reaction Grossular = Anorthite + Quartz + Kyanite will move in P-T space if iron is added to the system.",4]
["Starting with an AFM diagram, determine a balanced reaction among garnet, chlorite, biotite, and staurolite. Which phases are on the high-T side, and how do you know?",4]
["Would you expect to see textural evidence of a reaction in a metamorphic rock with a thermodynamic variance of 1? Why or why not?",4]
["Which type of reaction would make the most reliable isograd in a metamorphic terrane, a terminal reaction or a non-terminal reaction? Why?",4]
["Describe how you could integrate thin section observations with ternary phase diagrams to document the crystallization history of an igneous rock.",5]
["Given the binary phase diagrams for An-Ab, Di-Ab, and Di-An, construct a ternary liquidus phase diagram for the system anorthite-albite-diopside. ",5]
[]
["Chemistry and classification (15 questions)"]
["What is a compatible element?",1]
["What general name would you give to a microphenocrystic mafic igneous rock?",1]
["Does the metamorphic facies diagram allow you to classify metamorphic rocks by composition?",1]
["Explain why Eu (europium) sometimes shows a spike or valley on a REE diagram. How does Eu differ from the other REE?",2]
["Describe how the rare earth element (REE) signature of a basalt can be used to determine whether or not garnet was present in the mantle source area.",2]
["Describe how the texture of an igneous rock can be used to infer the rock's origin.",2]
["Why is it necessary to normalize REE data to chondritic or primitive mantle values?",2]
["Explain why Ti is likely to be less compatible than Mg in olivine.",2]
["Which process will result in greater enrichment of an incompatible element in the melt, 5% partial melting of spinel lherzolite or 20% partial melting of spinel lherzolite?",3]
["You find an equigranular igneous rock that contains 60% plagioclase, 10% olivine, and 30% clinopyroxene. Use the IUGS classification scheme to give this rock a name.",3]
["How could you recognize crustal contamination in a basaltic magma?",4]
["Igneous rock  A  has low SiO2 and high Na2O, rock B has high SiO2 and Na2O, and rock C has low SiO2 and low Na2O. Which rock is most likely to contain nepheline in the norm?",4]
["Propose at least one possible explanation for the observation that alkali basalts are enriched in LREE whereas most tholeiitic basalts (e.g., N-MORB) are depleted in LREE.",5]
["Regional metamorphism is often referred to as being nearly isochemical. Devise a scheme to test this idea in a particular metamorphic area. What would you look for in the field to ensure that you had chosen an appropriate test area? What analytical data would you need, and how would you use them?",5]
["Propose at least one possible explanation for the observation that some tholeiitic basalts (e.g., P-MORB) are moderately enriched in LREE. How might P-MORB tholeiites be generated?",5]
[]
["Igneous processes and histories (15 questions)"]
["What is the typical temperature of basaltic lava when it erupts at the surface of the earth?",1]
["What is the minimum temperature at which granitic melt can be generated in the crust?",1]
["What is the dominant cause of mantle melting beneath mid-ocean ridges?",1]
["Why must the dominant cause of mantle melting beneath island arcs differ from that under mid-ocean ridges?",2]
["Explain how fractional crystallization processes in a mafic melt could increase the concentration of iron in the remaining melt.",2]
["Explain how and why the REE pattern of mid-ocean ridge basalts indicates derivation from depleted mantle.",2]
["Give at least one explanation for why alkali basalts are common in continental rifts but do not typically erupt from mid-ocean ridges. ",2]
["Will fractional crystallization of olivine result in a relative increase or decrease in Al2O3 in the remaining melt?",3]
["Use Stoke's Law to determine how large a plagioclase grain (density=2.7 g/cm3) would have to be in order to settle to the bottom of a basaltic magma chamber at the same rate as an olivine grain (density=3.3 g/cm3).",3]
["You analyze a series of igneous rocks from a new field area, and find that they all have initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of less than 0.704. What can you say about the source region where melting occurred?",4]
["Given the necessary chemical data, devise a way to test magma mixing vs. fractional crystallization models for the formation of andesitic magmas. ",5]
["Andesites are generally thought to be indicative of arc volcanism at convergent plate boundaries, yet andesites occur locally in the Rio Grande Rift. Propose a model whereby andesitic magma could be produced in continental rift systems. What data would you need to test your model? ","5/6"]
["H2O plays an important role in modifying the structure of silicate melts. Based on your knowledge of this effect, predict whether the obsidian lava domes in the Jemez Mountains had a higher or lower H2O content than nearby rhyolite flows.",6]
["Propose at least one test of the hypothesis that arc plutonic rocks do *not* form from the same melts that produce arc volcanic rocks.",6]
["Many of the volcanic rocks that have erupted in the Rio Grande Rift are alkali basalts. If rifting continues into the future, how would mantle melting processes likely change over time? What, if anything, would be different in terms of the depths of melting, the amount of melting, and the composition of erupted lavas? Where could you go today to see an example of the transition from continental rift to production of incipient oceanic crust?",6]
[]
["Metamorphic processes and histories (17 questions)"]
["What are the two diagnostic minerals of the eclogite facies in metamorphosed basalts?",1]
["What is the maximum temperature that was likely experienced by a metamorphosed basalt that  contains the assemblage chlorite-actinolite-albite?",1]
["Which mineral are you more likely to find in a low-pressure contact metamorphic aureole, kyanite or andalusite?",1]
["Explain how differences in thermal conductivities of different metamorphic rock types could affect temperature distribution with depth in the crust.",2]
["Summarize the key ways in which pseudosections differ from petrogenetic grids.",2]
["Briefly summarize the thermodynamic basis for cation thermobarometry. ",2]
["Why don't we see textural evidence for exchange reactions in metamorphic rocks?",2]
["Why are the peak temperature conditions of a metamorphic rock commonly preserved?",2]
["What is the approximate pressure (in kilobars) that would be experienced by a rock buried to 35 km?","2/3"]
["Use the metamorphic facies diagram to determine the pressure-temperature conditions at which a glaucophane-bearing schist likely equilibrated. ",3]
["Given the compositions of coexisting mineral grains in a garnet-mica schist, use the garnet-biotite geothermometer to calculate the temperature at which the rock last equilibrated. ",3]
["Compare and characterize each of the following terms with respect to its meaning in a metamorphic terrane: geotherm, metamorphic field gradient, PTt path.",4]
["You have two samples of garnet-biotite schist, one of which was heated above the gar-bio closure temperature and one which experienced heating to temperatures below the closure temperature. Which one is most likely to record the maximum temperature of metamorphism?",4]
["You find two schists within 100 m of each other in the field. One contains garnet-biotite-chlorite and the other contains garnet-biotite-kyanite. Could these two samples have had the same metamorphic history, or must they have reached different P-T conditions? How could you answer this question while still in the field, i.e., without any quantitative data?","4/5"]
["You find two schists within 100 m of each other in the field. One contains garnet-biotite-chlorite and the other contains hornblende-epidote-plagioclase. Could these two samples have had the same metamorphic history, or must they have reached different P-T conditions? How could you answer this question while still in the field, i.e., without any quantitative data?","4/5"]
["You are working in a poorly exposed metamorphic terrane about which little is yet known. Propose a way that you could use pressure-temperature-time (PTt) paths to determine whether the region experienced contact or regional metamorphism.",5]
["Evaluate the relative merits of thermobarometry vs. pseudosections in constraining the pressure-temperature-time history of a granulite-facies metamorphic terrane. Would your answer be the same for rocks in all metamorphic facies? Why or why not?",6]
[]
["Tectonic settings (13 questions)"]
["In what tectonic setting does most regional metamorphism occur?",1]
["In what tectonic setting do most andesites erupt?",1]
["Why is there no igneous activity associated with continental transform boundaries?",2]
["Why are active arc volcanoes present in the Andes but absent in the Himalaya?",2]
["Draw and label a sketch that shows the igneous processes that occur and the rock types that are present at a mid-ocean ridge. Be sure your sketch is drawn to scale.",3]
["Draw and label a sketch that shows the igneous and metamorphic processes that occur and the rock types that are present at an ocean-continent convergent boundary. Be sure your sketch is drawn to scale.",3]
["Would you expect the igneous rocks present in island arcs to have the same compositions and petrographic features as igneous rocks in continental arcs? Why or why not?",4]
["Compare the metamorphic P-T conditions that exist in a subducting slab with those in an overriding continental arc terrane. Why do they differ?",4]
["Many volcanic rocks show evidence for having been derived from partial melting of an enriched or metasomatized source region. Using your knowledge of different tectonic settings and igneous processes, what can you deduce about where and how mantle metasomatism is most likely to occur?",4]
["Propose a mechanism whereby ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks could be returned to the surface without completely eradicating the evidence of their UHP history.",5]
["Construct a table that compares the characteristics of magmatism in a variety of tectonic settings. You should select at least one criterion from each of the following categories: petrography, rock type, major element chemistry. Also choose three other criteria that you think are diagnostic. For each of these three additional criteria, also note why you think each criterion is significant.",5]
["Propose a model to explain the distribution of lava types with time that is found at oceanic hot spots such as Hawaii (i.e., first alkaline, then \"tholeiitic\", and finally extremely alkaline). How could you test your model?",6]
["How could you use the chemistry of Archean igneous rocks and the PTt histories of Archean metamorphic rocks to test the hypothesis that plate tectonic processes have operated in a similar fashion from the start of the Archean to the present?",6]