Teaching Notes

• Explain how technology has been used through history to explore Earth's coastlines and the seafloor
• Download, install, and use GeoMapApp for geospatial data analysis
• Generate and interpret visualizations of seafloor depth data
• Record, graph, and analyze geospatial information
• Hypothesize about the formation of observed seafloor features

High school students are usually familiar with topographic maps that show elevations ranging from zero (sea level) upward. They have also been introduced to the basic concepts of plate tectonics. However, they have generally had little experience exploring the topography of the seafloor.

The bathymetric images in GeoMapApp are not satellite images or photographs, as many users may initially assume. Rather, they represent sonar data (depth measurements) that are compiled by computer software into a continuous grid. The sonar data are collected by oceanographic research ships. Displaying the grid of measurements according to a color code helps us interpret the imagery as the topography we would see if the water were removed from the ocean basins. You can find out more about the data collected by and used for marine research at the Marine Geoscience Data System site.

Instructors may want to preface this activity by demonstrating how we can map something which we cannot see. Prepare a box with a familiar object attached to the inside bottom and a wide grid of small holes in the top. Probe the holes a "sonar stick" (chopstick) to determine the depths to the bottom of the box across the grid. Construct a map using color to indicate the shape of the object. Replace the box top with one that has a finer grid of holes and repeat. This will show that taking more measurements will result in a more detailed map.

The following questions can be used to elicit students' current understandings before the activity.

• How deep do you think the ocean is?
• Do you know how to convert feet to meters?
• Describe what you think the seafloor looks like. Sketch a picture.
• How do you think experts in oceanography know about the seafloor?
• Why might the depth of the oceans and the shape of the seafloor be of interest to humans?.

The chapter culminates with a collaborative project on contour mapping. The quality of the final project depends on:

• initial group work - accuracy of collecting data from GeoMapApp and creating a profile graph
  
• whole class collaboration - translating data from the graphs into one large grid
  
• individual and group work using GeopMapApp to verify the product
  
• individual analyses of maps
  
• group presentation of analyses with justified reasoning

• Scientific investigations are conducted for different reasons, including to explore new phenomena, to check on previous results, to test how well a theory predicts, and to compare different theories.
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  Hypotheses are widely used in science for choosing what data to pay attention to and what additional data to seek, and for guiding the interpretation of the data (both new and previously available). Sometimes, scientists can control conditions in order to obtain evidence. When that is not possible for practical or ethical reasons, they try to observe as wide a range of natural occurrences as possible to be able to discern patterns.
• Science disciplines differ from one another in what is studied, techniques used, and outcomes sought, but they share a common purpose and philosophy, and all are part of the same scientific enterprise.
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  Although each discipline provides a conceptual structure for organizing and pursuing knowledge, many problems are studied by scientists using information and skills from many disciplines. Disciplines do not have fixed boundaries, and it happens that new scientific disciplines are being formed where existing ones meet and that some subdisciplines spin off to become new disciplines in their own right.
• Technological problems often create a demand for new scientific knowledge, and new technologies make it possible for scientists to extend their research in new ways or to undertake entirely new lines of research. The very availability of new technology itself often sparks scientific advances.
• Mathematics, creativity, logic and originality are all needed to improve technology.
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  Technology usually affects society more directly than science because it solves practical problems and serves human needs (and may create new problems and needs). In contrast, science affects society mainly by stimulating and satisfying people's curiosity and occasionally by enlarging or challenging their views of what the world is like.

Ridge 2000 Program: Exploring the links between Planetary Renewal and Life in the Deep Ocean R2K

MARGINS: A project to understand the complex interplay of processes that govern the evolution of continental margins. MARGINS

NOAA's Ocean Explorers Seafloor Mapping Site Sea Floor Mapping

Data Aquisition, Processing , Interpretation, and Archiving USGS Sea Floor Mapping Site

The Physics of Sound NOAA - Ocean Explorer

1998 International Year of the Ocean Year of the Ocean.