Waterfall Formation/Nick Point Migration
Compiled by Mark Francek (more info) at Carleton College (SERC) and Central Michigan University
Find animations showing how waterfalls are created, examples of spectacular waterfalls from around the world, and how falling water is used in hydroelectric power.
Waterfall Formation, Wycombe (more info) : This Flash slide show illustrates how the erosion of weaker rock layers eventually undermines the overlying, more resistant caprock. The formation of eroded debris at the base of the waterfall is also illustrated.
Waterfalls and Headward Erosion, Exploring Earth (more info) : Although the effect of varying rock layers upon the undermining process is not illustrated, this Flash animation nicely emphasizes the process of headward erosion. Note that the headward erosion process as portrayed here is greatly accelerated. The animation can be paused and rewound to emphasize important points.
Examples of Waterfalls from around the World, Wiley (more info) : This QuickTime movie uses actual film footage to discuss the causes of two of the world's great falls, Niagara Falls and South America's Iguassu Falls. The ephemeral nature of falls is emphasized.
Hydroelectric Power, Michigan Tech University (more info) : This Flash animation uses rollovers to define the key fixtures allowing for the generation of hydroelectric power. Terms like "penstock," "turbine," and "transformer," are defined in relation to the power production process.
